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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9ismes_de_1811-1812_%C3%A0_New_Madrid" title="Séismes de 1811-1812 à New Madrid – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Séismes de 1811-1812 à New Madrid" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1811~1812%EB%85%84_%EB%89%B4%EB%A7%A4%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C_%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84" title="1811~1812년 뉴매드리드 지진 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1811~1812년 뉴매드리드 지진" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terremoti_di_New_Madrid_del_1811-1812" title="Terremoti di New Madrid del 1811-1812 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terremoti di New Madrid del 1811-1812" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93_(1811%E2%80%931812)" title="רעידות האדמה בניו מדריד (1811–1812) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רעידות האדמה בניו מדריד (1811–1812)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardbevingen_van_New_Madrid_(1811-1812)" title="Aardbevingen van New Madrid (1811-1812) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aardbevingen van New Madrid (1811-1812)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="ニューマドリッド地震 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニューマドリッド地震" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trz%C4%99sienia_ziemi_w_New_Madrid_(1811%E2%80%931812)" title="Trzęsienia ziemi w New Madrid (1811–1812) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trzęsienia ziemi w New Madrid (1811–1812)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutremurele_de_la_Noul_Madrid_(1811-1812)" title="Cutremurele de la Noul Madrid (1811-1812) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cutremurele de la Noul Madrid (1811-1812)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1811%E2%80%931812_New_Madrid_earthquakes" title="1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordb%C3%A4vningarna_i_New_Madrid_1811%E2%80%931812" title="Jordbävningarna i New Madrid 1811–1812 – Swedish" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1811%E2%80%931812_New_Madrid_earthquakes&params=36.4_N_89.6_W_dim:200000_region:US"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°24′N</span> <span class="longitude">89°36′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.4°N 89.6°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.4; -89.6</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of earthquakes during 1811-1812 impacting on Missouri USA</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Madrid_Erdbeben.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/New_Madrid_Erdbeben.jpg/260px-New_Madrid_Erdbeben.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/New_Madrid_Erdbeben.jpg/390px-New_Madrid_Erdbeben.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/New_Madrid_Erdbeben.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="322" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>The Great Earthquake at New Madrid</i>, a 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> from Devens' <i>Our First Century</i> (1877)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:right;clear:right"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Missouri_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes is located in Missouri"><img alt="1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes is located in Missouri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/USA_Missouri_relief_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Missouri_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/USA_Missouri_relief_location_map.svg/375px-USA_Missouri_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/USA_Missouri_relief_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Missouri_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1282" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:88%;left:90.141%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-25px;top:-25px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes"><img alt="1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bullseye1.png/50px-Bullseye1.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bullseye1.png/75px-Bullseye1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bullseye1.png/100px-Bullseye1.png 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="1610" /></span></span></div></div></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Missouri</span></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:right;clear:right"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Tennessee_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes is located in Tennessee"><img alt="1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes is located in Tennessee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/USA_Tennessee_relief_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Tennessee_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/USA_Tennessee_relief_location_map.svg/375px-USA_Tennessee_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/USA_Tennessee_relief_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Tennessee_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1068" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.778%;left:9.89%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-25px;top:-25px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes"><img alt="1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bullseye1.png/50px-Bullseye1.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bullseye1.png/75px-Bullseye1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bullseye1.png/100px-Bullseye1.png 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="1610" /></span></span></div></div></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Tennessee</span></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:right;clear:right"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes is located in the United States"><img alt="1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/250px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/375px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/500px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.733%;left:61.101%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-25px;top:-25px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes"><img alt="1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bullseye1.png/50px-Bullseye1.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bullseye1.png/75px-Bullseye1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bullseye1.png/100px-Bullseye1.png 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="1610" /></span></span></div></div></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> time</th><td class="infobox-data">1811-12-16 08:15:00</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">1811-12-16 13:15:00</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">1812-01-23 15:15:00</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">1812-02-07 09:45:00</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">USGS-<a href="/wiki/Advanced_National_Seismic_System" title="Advanced National Seismic System">ANSS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official18111216081500000">ComCat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official18111216131500000">ComCat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official18120123150000000">ComCat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official18120207094500000">ComCat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Local date</th><td class="infobox-data">December 16, 1811</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">December 16, 1811</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">January 23, 1812</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">February 7, 1812</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Local time</th><td class="infobox-data">02:15</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">07:15</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">09:15</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">03:45</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Magnitude</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">M<sub>w</sub>  7.5<sup id="cite_ref-USGSDec16A_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGSDec16A-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">M<sub>w</sub>  7.0<sup id="cite_ref-USGSDec16B_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGSDec16B-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">M<sub>w</sub>  7.3<sup id="cite_ref-USGSJan23_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGSJan23-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">M<sub>w</sub>  7.5<sup id="cite_ref-USGSFeb7_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGSFeb7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Maximum">Max.</abbr> intensity</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="background-color:rgba(128, 0, 0); padding:4px; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale#mmi-12" title="Modified Mercalli intensity scale"><span style="color:white;">MMI XII (<i>Extreme</i>)</span></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Aftershocks</th><td class="infobox-data">M<sub>w</sub>  6.3,<sup id="cite_ref-USGS-AS-Dec16A_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-AS-Dec16A-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 6.3,<sup id="cite_ref-USGS-AS-Dec16B_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-AS-Dec16B-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 6.1<sup id="cite_ref-USGS-AS-Dec17_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-AS-Dec17-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> & 6.3<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Casualties</th><td class="infobox-data">Unknown<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NMSZBig.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/NMSZBig.gif/300px-NMSZBig.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/NMSZBig.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>New Madrid fault and earthquake-prone region considered at high risk today</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes</b> were a series of intense <a href="/wiki/Intraplate_earthquake" title="Intraplate earthquake">intraplate earthquakes</a> beginning with an initial earthquake of <a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">moment magnitude</a> 7.2–8.2 on December 16, 1811, followed by a moment magnitude 7.4 <a href="/wiki/Aftershock" title="Aftershock">aftershock</a> on the same day. Two additional earthquakes of similar magnitude followed in January and February 1812. They remain the most powerful earthquakes to hit the contiguous United States east of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> in recorded history.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_MM_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS_MM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USGS_NM_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS_NM-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Enigma_of_the_New_Madrid_Earthquakes_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enigma_of_the_New_Madrid_Earthquakes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earthquakes, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Seismic_zone" title="Seismic zone">seismic zone</a> of their occurrence, were named for the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> town of <a href="/wiki/New_Madrid,_Missouri" title="New Madrid, Missouri">New Madrid</a>, then part of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Louisiana Territory</a> and now within the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">epicenters</a> of the earthquakes were located in an area that at the time was at the distant western edge of the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a>, only sparsely settled by European settlers. Contemporary accounts have led seismologists to estimate that these stable continental region earthquakes were felt strongly throughout much of the central and eastern United States, across an area of roughly 50,000 square miles (130,000 km<sup>2</sup>), and moderately across nearly 1 million sq mi (3 million km<sup>2</sup>). The <a href="/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake">1906 San Francisco earthquake</a>, by comparison, was felt moderately over roughly 6,200 sq mi (16,000 km<sup>2</sup>). The earthquakes were interpreted by <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a>'s pan-Indian alliance, to mean that Tecumseh and his brother the Prophet must be supported.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1811%E2%80%931812_New_Madrid_earthquakes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>December 16, 1811</b>, 08:15 UTC (02:15 am local time): M 7.2–8.2,<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_NM_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS_NM-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Enigma_of_the_New_Madrid_Earthquakes_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enigma_of_the_New_Madrid_Earthquakes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> epicenter in what is now northeast <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>. It caused only slight damage to man-made structures, mainly because of the sparse population in the epicentral area. The future location of <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, experienced level IX shaking on the <a href="/wiki/Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale" title="Modified Mercalli intensity scale">Mercalli intensity scale</a>. A seismic <a href="/wiki/Seiche" title="Seiche">seiche</a> propagated upriver, and Little Prairie (a village that was on the site of the former <a href="/wiki/Fort_San_Fernando_De_Las_Barrancas" title="Fort San Fernando De Las Barrancas">Fort San Fernando</a>, near the site of present-day <a href="/wiki/Caruthersville,_Missouri" title="Caruthersville, Missouri">Caruthersville, Missouri</a>) was heavily damaged by <a href="/wiki/Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">soil liquefaction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Enigma_of_the_New_Madrid_Earthquakes_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enigma_of_the_New_Madrid_Earthquakes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modified Mercalli intensity VII or greater was observed over a 600,000 km<sup>2</sup> (230,000 sq mi) area.<sup id="cite_ref-USGSSummary_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGSSummary-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>December 16, 1811 (aftershock)</b>, 13:15 UTC (07:15 am local time): M 7.4,<sup id="cite_ref-Enigma_of_the_New_Madrid_Earthquakes_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enigma_of_the_New_Madrid_Earthquakes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> epicenter in southeast Missouri. This shock followed the first earthquake by six hours and was similar in intensity.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_NM_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS_NM-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>January 23, 1812</b>, 15:15 UTC (09:15 am local time): M 7.0–8.0,<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_NM_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS_NM-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Enigma_of_the_New_Madrid_Earthquakes_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enigma_of_the_New_Madrid_Earthquakes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> epicenter in the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Bootheel" title="Missouri Bootheel">Missouri Bootheel</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Meizoseismal_area" title="Meizoseismal area">meizoseismal area</a> was characterized by general ground warping, ejections, fissuring, severe <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a>, and caving of stream banks. Johnston and Schweig attributed this earthquake to a rupture on the New Madrid North Fault. This may have placed strain on the <a href="/wiki/Reelfoot_Rift" class="mw-redirect" title="Reelfoot Rift">Reelfoot Fault</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Enigma_of_the_New_Madrid_Earthquakes_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enigma_of_the_New_Madrid_Earthquakes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>February 7, 1812</b>, 09:45 UTC (03:45 am local time): M 7.4–8.6, epicenter near <a href="/wiki/New_Madrid,_Missouri" title="New Madrid, Missouri">New Madrid, Missouri</a>. The town of New Madrid was destroyed. In <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>, many houses were severely damaged and their chimneys were toppled. This shock was definitively attributed to the Reelfoot Fault by Johnston and Schweig. Uplift along a segment of this <a href="/wiki/Reverse_fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse fault">reverse fault</a> created temporary <a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">waterfalls</a> on the Mississippi at <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Bend" title="Kentucky Bend">Kentucky Bend</a>, created waves that propagated upstream, and caused the formation of <a href="/wiki/Reelfoot_Lake" title="Reelfoot Lake">Reelfoot Lake</a> by obstructing streams in what is now <a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_Tennessee" title="Lake County, Tennessee">Lake County, Tennessee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Enigma_of_the_New_Madrid_Earthquakes_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enigma_of_the_New_Madrid_Earthquakes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maximum Modified Mercalli intensity observed was XII.<sup id="cite_ref-USGSFeb7.8_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGSFeb7.8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The many more aftershocks include one magnitude 7 aftershock to the December 16, 1811, earthquake which occurred at 6:00 UTC (12:00 am local time) on December 17, 1811, and one magnitude 7 aftershock to the February 7, 1812, earthquake which occurred on the same day at 4:40 UTC (10:40 pm local time).<sup id="cite_ref-Enigma_of_the_New_Madrid_Earthquakes_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enigma_of_the_New_Madrid_Earthquakes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Hough" title="Susan Hough">Susan Hough</a>, a seismologist of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, has estimated the earthquakes' magnitudes as around magnitude 7.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>New Madrid earthquake sequence, USGS catalog (1811–1812)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Date </th> <th scope="col">Time (UTC) </th> <th scope="col">Magnitude M<sub>w</sub>  </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Location </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Reference">Ref.</span> </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="ff77777"> <td><span data-sort-value="1000000000000000000♠">December 16</span></td> <td>08:15:00</td> <td>7.5</td> <td>Northeast Arkansas</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-USGSDec16A_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGSDec16A-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="ffbbbb"> <td><span data-sort-value="1000000000000000000♠">December 16</span></td> <td>09:00:00</td> <td>6.3</td> <td>Near New Madrid, Missouri</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-USGS-AS-Dec16A_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-AS-Dec16A-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="ff77777"> <td><span data-sort-value="1000000000000000000♠">December 16</span></td> <td>13:15:00</td> <td>7.0</td> <td>Western Tennessee</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-USGSDec16B_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGSDec16B-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="ffbbbb"> <td><span data-sort-value="1000000000000000000♠">December 16</span></td> <td>18:00:00</td> <td>6.3</td> <td>Near New Madrid, Missouri</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-USGS-AS-Dec16B_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-AS-Dec16B-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="ffbbbb"> <td><span data-sort-value="1000000000000000000♠">December 17</span></td> <td>18:00:00</td> <td>6.1</td> <td>Near Memphis, Tennessee</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-USGS-AS-Dec17_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-AS-Dec17-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="ff77777"> <td><span data-sort-value="1000000000000000000♠">January 23</span></td> <td>15:00:00</td> <td>7.3</td> <td>North of New Madrid, Missouri</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-USGSJan23_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGSJan23-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="ff77777"> <td><span data-sort-value="1000000000000000000♠">February 7</span></td> <td>09:45:00</td> <td>7.5</td> <td>Western Tennessee</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-USGSFeb7_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGSFeb7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="1000000000000000000♠">November 9</span></td> <td>22:00:00</td> <td>4.0</td> <td>New Madrid, Missouri area</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eyewitness_accounts">Eyewitness accounts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1811%E2%80%931812_New_Madrid_earthquakes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Eyewitness accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Bradbury_(naturalist)" title="John Bradbury (naturalist)">John Bradbury</a>, a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnean Society">Linnean Society</a>, was on the Mississippi on the night of December 15, 1811, and describes the tremors in great detail in his <i>Travels in the Interior of America in the Years 1809, 1810 and 1811</i>, published in 1817:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>After supper, we went to sleep as usual: about ten o'clock, and in the night I was awakened by the most tremendous noise, accompanied by an agitation of the boat so violent, that it appeared in danger of upsetting ... I could distinctly see the river as if agitated by a storm; and although the noise was inconceivably loud and terrific, I could distinctly hear the crash of falling trees, and the screaming of the wild fowl on the river, but found that the boat was still safe at her moorings. By the time we could get to our fire, which was on a large flag in the stern of the boat, the shock had ceased; but immediately the perpendicular banks, both above and below us, began to fall into the river in such vast masses, as nearly to sink our boat by the swell they occasioned ... At day-light we had counted twenty-seven shocks.</p></blockquote> <p>Eliza Bryan<sup id="cite_ref-eyewitness_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eyewitness-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in New Madrid, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Territory of Missouri</a>, wrote the following eyewitness account in March 1812: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On the 16th of December 1811, about two o'clock, a.m., we were visited by a violent shock of an earthquake, accompanied by a very awful noise resembling loud but distant thunder, but more hoarse and vibrating, which was followed in a few minutes by the complete saturation of the atmosphere, with sulphurious vapor, causing total darkness. The screams of the affrighted inhabitants running to and fro, not knowing where to go, or what to do—the cries of the fowls and beasts of every species—the cracking of trees falling, and the roaring of the Mississippi— the current of which was retrograde for a few minutes, owing as is supposed, to an irruption in its bed— formed a scene truly horrible.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Reynolds_(Illinois_politician)" title="John Reynolds (Illinois politician)">John Reynolds</a>, the fourth <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Illinois" title="Governor of Illinois">governor of Illinois</a>, among other political posts, mentions the earthquake in his biography <i>My Own Times: Embracing Also the History of My Life</i> (1855):<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On the night of the 15th of December 1811, an earthquake occurred, that produced great consternation amongst the people. The centre of the violence was in New Madrid, Missouri, but the whole valley of the Mississippi was violently agitated. Our family all were sleeping in a log cabin, and my father leaped out of bed crying aloud "the Indians are on the house" ... We laughed at the mistake of my father, but soon found out it was worse than the Indians. Not one in the family knew at the time that it was an earthquake. The next morning another shock made us acquainted with it, so we decided it was an earthquake. The cattle came running home bellowing with fear, and all animals were terribly alarmed on the occasion. Our house cracked and quivered, so we were fearful it would fall to the ground. In the <a href="/wiki/American_Bottom" title="American Bottom">American Bottom</a> many chimneys were thrown down, and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Family_(Cahokia,_Illinois)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Holy Family (Cahokia, Illinois)">the church</a> bell in <a href="/wiki/Cahokia,_Illinois" title="Cahokia, Illinois">Cahokia</a> sounded by the agitation of the building. It is said the shock of an earthquake was felt in <a href="/wiki/Kaskaskia,_Illinois" title="Kaskaskia, Illinois">Kaskaskia</a> in 1804, but I did not perceive it. The shocks continued for years in Illinois, and some have experienced it this year, 1855.</p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shaker</a> diarist Samuel Swan McClelland described the effects of the earthquake on the Shaker settlement at <a href="/wiki/West_Union_(Busro),_Indiana" title="West Union (Busro), Indiana">West Union (Busro), Indiana</a>, where the earthquakes contributed to the temporary abandonment of the westernmost Shaker community.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geologic_setting">Geologic setting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1811%E2%80%931812_New_Madrid_earthquakes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geologic setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reelfoot_Rift_diagram_from_USGS_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Reelfoot_Rift_diagram_from_USGS_en.svg/220px-Reelfoot_Rift_diagram_from_USGS_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Reelfoot_Rift_diagram_from_USGS_en.svg/330px-Reelfoot_Rift_diagram_from_USGS_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Reelfoot_Rift_diagram_from_USGS_en.svg/440px-Reelfoot_Rift_diagram_from_USGS_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>Reelfoot Rift</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Madrid_Seismic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="New Madrid Seismic Zone">New Madrid Seismic Zone</a></div> <p>The underlying cause of the earthquakes is not well understood, but modern faulting seems to be related to an ancient geologic feature buried under the Mississippi River <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">alluvial plain</a>, known as the Reelfoot Rift. The <a href="/wiki/New_Madrid_seismic_zone" title="New Madrid seismic zone">New Madrid seismic zone</a> is made up of reactivated <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faults</a> that formed when what is now North America began to split or <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">rift</a> apart during the breakup of the supercontinent <a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">Rodinia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic</a> era (about 750 million years ago). Faults were created along the rift, and <a href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">igneous</a> rocks formed from <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> that was being pushed towards the surface. The resulting rift system failed to split the plate, but has remained as an <a href="/wiki/Aulacogen" title="Aulacogen">aulacogen</a> (a scar or weak zone) deep underground. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Madrid_Seismic_Zone_activity_1974-2011.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/New_Madrid_Seismic_Zone_activity_1974-2011.svg/220px-New_Madrid_Seismic_Zone_activity_1974-2011.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/New_Madrid_Seismic_Zone_activity_1974-2011.svg/330px-New_Madrid_Seismic_Zone_activity_1974-2011.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/New_Madrid_Seismic_Zone_activity_1974-2011.svg/440px-New_Madrid_Seismic_Zone_activity_1974-2011.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>6057 earthquakes have been reported in the New Madrid Seismic Zone from 1974 to 2011.</figcaption></figure> <p>In recent decades, minor earthquakes have continued.<sup id="cite_ref-usgs-factsheet_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-factsheet-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The epicenters of over 4,000 earthquakes can be identified from seismic measurements since 1974, originating from the seismic activity of the Reelfoot Rift. Forecasts for the next 50 years estimate a 7–10% chance of a major earthquake like those of 1811–1812, and a 25–40% chance of a quake of magnitude 6 or greater.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a report filed in November 2008, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a> warns that a serious earthquake in the New Madrid Seismic Zone could inflict "the highest economic losses due to a natural disaster in the United States", further predicting "widespread and catastrophic" damage across Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, and particularly Tennessee, where a 7.7 or greater magnitude quake would cause damage to tens of thousands of structures affecting <a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water distribution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">transportation systems</a>, and other vital infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1811%E2%80%931812_New_Madrid_earthquakes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The quakes caused extensive changes to the region's topography. <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">Subsidence</a>, uplift, fissures, landslides and riverbank collapses were common. Trees were uprooted by the intense shaking; people drowned when subsided land flooded. <a href="/wiki/Reelfoot_Lake" title="Reelfoot Lake">Reelfoot Lake</a> was formed in Tennessee by subsidence of 1.5 meters to 6 meters in some places. Lake St. Francis in eastern Arkansas was expanded by subsidence, with sand and coal being ejected from fissures in the adjacent swamps as water levels rose by 8 to 9 meters. Waves on the Mississippi River caused boats to wash ashore; river banks rose, sand bars were destroyed, and some islands completely disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-usgs_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sand_boil" title="Sand boil">Sand blows</a> occurred in Missouri, Tennessee, and Arkansas, covering farmland. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V69_D085_Trees_tilted_by_the_new_madrid_earthquake.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/PSM_V69_D085_Trees_tilted_by_the_new_madrid_earthquake.png/220px-PSM_V69_D085_Trees_tilted_by_the_new_madrid_earthquake.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/PSM_V69_D085_Trees_tilted_by_the_new_madrid_earthquake.png/330px-PSM_V69_D085_Trees_tilted_by_the_new_madrid_earthquake.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/PSM_V69_D085_Trees_tilted_by_the_new_madrid_earthquake.png/440px-PSM_V69_D085_Trees_tilted_by_the_new_madrid_earthquake.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1027" /></a><figcaption>Tilted trees following the New Madrid Earthquakes.</figcaption></figure><p>The continuous underlying rock mass, uninterrupted by fractures or faults, conducted the seismic waves from the earthquakes over great distances, with perceptible ground shaking as far away as Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intense effects were widely felt in Illinois, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky and Missouri. </p><p>The number of people who died is unknown; as a frontier area, the region was sparsely populated, and communications and records were poor. The predominantly wooden buildings resisted collapse,<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the intense shaking caused many chimneys to fall, wood structures to crack, and trees to fall on buildings,<sup id="cite_ref-usgs_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly in the epicentral area during the first earthquake on December 16, 1811.<sup id="cite_ref-usgs_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rated at VII on the Mercalli Intensity Scale, the New Madrid earthquakes remain the strongest recorded North American earthquakes east of the Rocky Mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-usgs_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earthquakes strengthened the <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a> prophet <a href="/wiki/Tenskwatawa" title="Tenskwatawa">Tenskwatawa</a> after the defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Battle of Tippecanoe</a> and the destruction of Prophetstown, with local Native Americans seeing it as a vindication of his teachings and of the warnings of his brother <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1811%E2%80%931812_New_Madrid_earthquakes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V69_D087_Cypress_growth_in_reelfoot_lake_tenn_after_new_madrid_earthquake.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/PSM_V69_D087_Cypress_growth_in_reelfoot_lake_tenn_after_new_madrid_earthquake.png/220px-PSM_V69_D087_Cypress_growth_in_reelfoot_lake_tenn_after_new_madrid_earthquake.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/PSM_V69_D087_Cypress_growth_in_reelfoot_lake_tenn_after_new_madrid_earthquake.png/330px-PSM_V69_D087_Cypress_growth_in_reelfoot_lake_tenn_after_new_madrid_earthquake.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/PSM_V69_D087_Cypress_growth_in_reelfoot_lake_tenn_after_new_madrid_earthquake.png/440px-PSM_V69_D087_Cypress_growth_in_reelfoot_lake_tenn_after_new_madrid_earthquake.png 2x" data-file-width="1573" data-file-height="1214" /></a><figcaption>Subsidence of Reelfoot Lake in Tennessee. The subsidence was between 4.9 and 19.6 feet.</figcaption></figure><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NMSZ_Erdbeben.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reelfoot Rift and NMSZ"><img alt="Reelfoot Rift and NMSZ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/NMSZ_Erdbeben.jpg/109px-NMSZ_Erdbeben.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/NMSZ_Erdbeben.jpg/164px-NMSZ_Erdbeben.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/NMSZ_Erdbeben.jpg/218px-NMSZ_Erdbeben.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="475" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reelfoot Rift and NMSZ</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NMSZ_Vergleich.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Damage-range comparison between a moderate New Madrid zone earthquake (1895, magnitude 6.8), and a similar Los Angeles event (1994, magnitude 6.7)."><img alt="Damage-range comparison between a moderate New Madrid zone earthquake (1895, magnitude 6.8), and a similar Los Angeles event (1994, magnitude 6.7)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/NMSZ_Vergleich.jpg/120px-NMSZ_Vergleich.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/NMSZ_Vergleich.jpg/180px-NMSZ_Vergleich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/NMSZ_Vergleich.jpg/240px-NMSZ_Vergleich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="281" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Damage-range comparison between a moderate New Madrid zone earthquake (<a href="/wiki/1895_Charleston_earthquake" title="1895 Charleston earthquake">1895, magnitude 6.8</a>), and a similar Los Angeles event (<a href="/wiki/1994_Northridge_earthquake" title="1994 Northridge earthquake">1994, magnitude 6.7</a>).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1811%E2%80%931812_New_Madrid_earthquakes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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.reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-USGSDec16A-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGSDec16A_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGSDec16A_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official18111216081500000/executive">"M 7.5 – Northeastern Arkansas (New Madrid Seismic Zone)"</a>. United States Geological Survey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M+7.5+%E2%80%93+Northeastern+Arkansas+%28New+Madrid+Seismic+Zone%29&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Fearthquakes%2Feventpage%2Fofficial18111216081500000%2Fexecutive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1811%E2%80%931812+New+Madrid+earthquakes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGSDec16B-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGSDec16B_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGSDec16B_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official18111216131500000/executive">"M 7.0 – Western Tennessee (New Madrid Seismic Zone)"</a>. United States Geological Survey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M+7.0+%E2%80%93+Western+Tennessee+%28New+Madrid+Seismic+Zone%29&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Fearthquakes%2Feventpage%2Fofficial18111216131500000%2Fexecutive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1811%E2%80%931812+New+Madrid+earthquakes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGSJan23-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGSJan23_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGSJan23_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official18120123150000000/executive">"M 7.3 – North of New Madrid, Missouri (New Madrid Seismic Zone)"</a>. United States Geological Survey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M+7.3+%E2%80%93+North+of+New+Madrid%2C+Missouri+%28New+Madrid+Seismic+Zone%29&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Fearthquakes%2Feventpage%2Fofficial18120123150000000%2Fexecutive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1811%E2%80%931812+New+Madrid+earthquakes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGSFeb7-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGSFeb7_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGSFeb7_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official18120207094500000/executive">"M 7.5 – Western Tennessee (New Madrid Seismic Zone)"</a>. United States Geological Survey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M+7.5+%E2%80%93+Western+Tennessee+%28New+Madrid+Seismic+Zone%29&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Fearthquakes%2Feventpage%2Fofficial18120207094500000%2Fexecutive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1811%E2%80%931812+New+Madrid+earthquakes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS-AS-Dec16A-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS-AS-Dec16A_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS-AS-Dec16A_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official18111216090000000/executive">"M 6.3 – Near New Madrid, Missouri (New Madrid Seismic Zone)"</a>. United States Geological Survey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M+6.3+%E2%80%93+Near+New+Madrid%2C+Missouri+%28New+Madrid+Seismic+Zone%29&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Fearthquakes%2Feventpage%2Fofficial18111216090000000%2Fexecutive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1811%E2%80%931812+New+Madrid+earthquakes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS-AS-Dec16B-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS-AS-Dec16B_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS-AS-Dec16B_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official18111216180000000/executive">"M 6.3 – Near New Madrid, Missouri (New Madrid Seismic Zone)"</a>. United States Geological Survey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M+6.3+%E2%80%93+Near+New+Madrid%2C+Missouri+%28New+Madrid+Seismic+Zone%29&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Fearthquakes%2Feventpage%2Fofficial18111216180000000%2Fexecutive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1811%E2%80%931812+New+Madrid+earthquakes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS-AS-Dec17-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS-AS-Dec17_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS-AS-Dec17_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official18111217180000000/executive">"M 6.1 – Near Memphis, Tennessee"</a>. United States Geological Survey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M+6.1+%E2%80%93+Near+Memphis%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Fearthquakes%2Feventpage%2Fofficial18111217180000000%2Fexecutive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1811%E2%80%931812+New+Madrid+earthquakes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ushis54/executive">"M 6.3 – Near Marked Tree, Arkansas"</a>. United States Geological Survey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M+6.3+%E2%80%93+Near+Marked+Tree%2C+Arkansas&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Fearthquakes%2Feventpage%2Fushis54%2Fexecutive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1811%E2%80%931812+New+Madrid+earthquakes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO.W._Nuttli1974" class="citation journal cs1">O.W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earthquake+Information+Bulletin+%28USGS%29&rft.atitle=The+Mississippi+Valley+earthquakes+of+1811+and+1812&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=8-13&rft.date=1974&rft.au=O.W.+Nuttli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fnatural-hazards%2Fearthquake-hazards%2Fscience%2F1811-1812-new-madrid-earthquakes-overview-otto-w-nuttli%3Fqt-science_center_objects%3D0%23qt-science_center_objects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1811%E2%80%931812+New+Madrid+earthquakes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS_MM-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USGS_MM_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161213052427/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/10_largest_us.php">"U.S. Geological Survey: Largest Earthquakes in the United States"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/10_largest_us.php">the original</a> on December 13, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Geological+Survey%3A+Largest+Earthquakes+in+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Fearthquakes%2Fstates%2F10_largest_us.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1811%E2%80%931812+New+Madrid+earthquakes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS_NM-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_NM_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_NM_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_NM_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_NM_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1811-1812.php">Historic Earthquakes New Madrid Earthquakes 1811–1812</a> United States Geological Survey <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608112748/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1811-1812.php">Archived</a> June 8, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enigma_of_the_New_Madrid_Earthquakes-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Enigma_of_the_New_Madrid_Earthquakes_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enigma_of_the_New_Madrid_Earthquakes_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enigma_of_the_New_Madrid_Earthquakes_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enigma_of_the_New_Madrid_Earthquakes_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enigma_of_the_New_Madrid_Earthquakes_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enigma_of_the_New_Madrid_Earthquakes_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enigma_of_the_New_Madrid_Earthquakes_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enigma_of_the_New_Madrid_Earthquakes_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1996AREPS..24..339J">The Enigma of the New Madrid Earthquakes of 1811–1812</a>. Johnston, A. C. & Schweig, E. S. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 24, 1996, pp. 339–384. Available on SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Ehle1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Ehle" title="John Ehle">John Ehle</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trailoftearsrise00ehle/page/102"><i>Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trailoftearsrise00ehle/page/102">102–4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-23954-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-23954-7"><bdi>978-0-385-23954-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trail+of+Tears%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Cherokee+Nation&rft.pages=102-4&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-385-23954-7&rft.au=John+Ehle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrailoftearsrise00ehle%2Fpage%2F102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1811%E2%80%931812+New+Madrid+earthquakes" class="Z3988"></span> (Page numbers may be for a different printing.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGSSummary-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USGSSummary_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/programs/earthquake-hazards/science/summary-1811-1812-new-madrid-earthquakes-sequence?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects">"Summary of 1811-1812 New Madrid Earthquakes Sequence"</a>. United States Geological Survey. October 2, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary+of+1811-1812+New+Madrid+Earthquakes+Sequence&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fprograms%2Fearthquake-hazards%2Fscience%2Fsummary-1811-1812-new-madrid-earthquakes-sequence%3Fqt-science_center_objects%3D0%23qt-science_center_objects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1811%E2%80%931812+New+Madrid+earthquakes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGSFeb7.8-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USGSFeb7.8_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Earthquake_Information_Center" class="citation web cs1">National Earthquake Information Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official18120207094500000/executive">"M 7.8 – Western Tennessee (New Madrid Seismic Zone)"</a>. United States Geological Survey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M+7.8+%E2%80%93+Western+Tennessee+%28New+Madrid+Seismic+Zone%29&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.au=National+Earthquake+Information+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Fearthquakes%2Feventpage%2Fofficial18120207094500000%2Fexecutive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1811%E2%80%931812+New+Madrid+earthquakes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard A. Lovett, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100429/full/news.2010.212.html">Quake analysis rewrites history books</a>, Nature News, April 29, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/?extent=31.513,-97.88818&extent=39.46164,-81.62842&range=search&sort=oldest&showPopulationDensity=true&baseLayer=street&timeZone=utc&search=%7B%22name%22:%22Search%20Results%22,%22params%22:%7B%22starttime%22:%221810-01-01%2000:00:00%22,%22endtime%22:%221815-01-01%2000:00:00%22,%22maxlatitude%22:38,%22minlatitude%22:33,%22maxlongitude%22:-87,%22minlongitude%22:-93,%22minmagnitude%22:0,%22orderby%22:%22time%22%7D%7D">"NMSZ, 1810-1815"</a>. United States Geological Survey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NMSZ%2C+1810-1815&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Fearthquakes%2Fmap%2F%3Fextent%3D31.513%2C-97.88818%26extent%3D39.46164%2C-81.62842%26range%3Dsearch%26sort%3Doldest%26showPopulationDensity%3Dtrue%26baseLayer%3Dstreet%26timeZone%3Dutc%26search%3D%257B%2522name%2522%3A%2522Search%2520Results%2522%2C%2522params%2522%3A%257B%2522starttime%2522%3A%25221810-01-01%252000%3A00%3A00%2522%2C%2522endtime%2522%3A%25221815-01-01%252000%3A00%3A00%2522%2C%2522maxlatitude%2522%3A38%2C%2522minlatitude%2522%3A33%2C%2522maxlongitude%2522%3A-87%2C%2522minlongitude%2522%3A-93%2C%2522minmagnitude%2522%3A0%2C%2522orderby%2522%3A%2522time%2522%257D%257D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1811%E2%80%931812+New+Madrid+earthquakes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ushis30">"M 4.0 – New Madrid"</a>. United States Geological Survey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M+4.0+%E2%80%93+New+Madrid&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Fearthquakes%2Feventpage%2Fushis30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1811%E2%80%931812+New+Madrid+earthquakes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ia800708.us.archive.org/24/items/travelsininterio1817brad/travelsininterio1817brad.pdf">[1]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradbury1817" class="citation book cs1">Bradbury, John (1817). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O0IcyhSpN8EC"><i>Bradbury's Travels in the interior of America, 1809–1811</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Applewood_Books" title="Applewood Books">Applewood Books</a>. pp. 199–207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4290-0055-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4290-0055-0"><bdi>978-1-4290-0055-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bradbury%27s+Travels+in+the+interior+of+America%2C+1809%E2%80%931811&rft.pages=199-207&rft.pub=Applewood+Books&rft.date=1817&rft.isbn=978-1-4290-0055-0&rft.aulast=Bradbury&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO0IcyhSpN8EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1811%E2%80%931812+New+Madrid+earthquakes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eyewitness-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eyewitness_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter of Eliza Bryan found in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsv.com/genlintr/newmadrd/accnt1.htm">Lorenzo Dow's Journal</a></i>, Published By Joshua Martin, Printed By John B. Wolff, 1849, p. 344. Accessed September 17, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091004215057/http://www.hsv.com/genlintr/newmadrd/accnt1.htm">Archived</a> September 21, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1855" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Reynolds_(Illinois_politician)" title="John Reynolds (Illinois politician)">Reynolds, John</a> (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/myowntimesembrac00reyn"><i>My own times: embracing also the history of my life</i></a>. B. H. Perryman and H. L. Davison. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/myowntimesembrac00reyn/page/125">125</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+own+times%3A+embracing+also+the+history+of+my+life&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=B.+H.+Perryman+and+H.+L.+Davison&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmyowntimesembrac00reyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1811%E2%80%931812+New+Madrid+earthquakes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diary of Samuel Swan McClelland, in "Shakers of Eagle and Straight Creeks," Shakers of Ohio: Fugitive Papers Concerning the Shakers of Ohio, with unpublished manuscripts, <a href="/wiki/John_Patterson_MacLean" title="John Patterson MacLean">J. P. MacLean</a>, ed. Columbus, Ohio, 1907.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usgs-factsheet-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usgs-factsheet_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweigGombergHendley1995" class="citation cs2">Schweig, Eugene; <a href="/wiki/Joan_Gomberg" title="Joan Gomberg">Gomberg, Joan</a>; Hendley, James W. II (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/fs16895">"The Mississippi Valley-"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>, <i>Fact Sheet</i>, USGS Fact Sheet: 168-95, United States Geological Survey, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3133%2Ffs16895">10.3133/fs16895</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.31210010703609">2027/uc1.31210010703609</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mississippi+Valley-%22Whole+Lotta+Shakin%27+Goin%27+On%22&rft.btitle=Fact+Sheet&rft.series=USGS+Fact+Sheet%3A+168-95&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuc1.31210010703609&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3133%2Ffs16895&rft.aulast=Schweig&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft.au=Gomberg%2C+Joan&rft.au=Hendley%2C+James+W.+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.er.usgs.gov%2Fpublication%2Ffs16895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1811%E2%80%931812+New+Madrid+earthquakes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=215">"USGS Release: Scientists Update New Madrid Earthquake Forecasts"</a>. United States Geological Survey. January 13, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Release%3A+Scientists+Update+New+Madrid+Earthquake+Forecasts&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2003-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Farticle.asp%3FID%3D215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1811%E2%80%931812+New+Madrid+earthquakes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey_Gillam2008" class="citation news cs1">Carey Gillam (November 20, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-earthquake-study-idUSTRE4AJ9EV20081120">"Government warns of 'catastrophic' U.S. quake"</a>. Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Government+warns+of+%27catastrophic%27+U.S.+quake&rft.date=2008-11-20&rft.au=Carey+Gillam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-earthquake-study-idUSTRE4AJ9EV20081120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1811%E2%80%931812+New+Madrid+earthquakes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usgs-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usgs_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgs_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgs_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgs_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/earthquake-hazards/science/summary-1811-1812-new-madrid-earthquakes-sequence?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects">"Summary of 1811-1812 New Madrid Earthquakes Sequence"</a>. United States Geological Survey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary+of+1811-1812+New+Madrid+Earthquakes+Sequence&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fnatural-hazards%2Fearthquake-hazards%2Fscience%2Fsummary-1811-1812-new-madrid-earthquakes-sequence%3Fqt-science_center_objects%3D0%23qt-science_center_objects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1811%E2%80%931812+New+Madrid+earthquakes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/New-Madrid-earthquakes-of-1811-1812">"New Madrid earthquakes of 1811–12 | United States | Britannica"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=New+Madrid+earthquakes+of+1811%E2%80%9312+%7C+United+States+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FNew-Madrid-earthquakes-of-1811-1812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1811%E2%80%931812+New+Madrid+earthquakes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCozzens2021" class="citation book cs1">Cozzens, Peter (2021). <i>The Warrior and the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Brothers Who Led the Native American Resistance</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warrior+and+the+Prophet%3A+The+Epic+Story+of+the+Brothers+Who+Led+the+Native+American+Resistance&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Cozzens&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1811%E2%80%931812+New+Madrid+earthquakes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1811%E2%80%931812_New_Madrid_earthquakes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jay Feldman. <i>When the Mississippi Ran Backwards : Empire, Intrigue, Murder, and the New Madrid Earthquakes</i> Free Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4278-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4278-3">978-0-7432-4278-3</a></li> <li>Conevery Bolton Valencius, <i>The Lost History of the New Madrid Earthquakes</i> The University of Chicago Press, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2260-5389-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2260-5389-9">978-0-2260-5389-9</a></li> <li>Conevery Bolton Valencius, "Accounts of the New Madrid earthquakes: personal narratives and seismology over the last two centuries," in Deborah R. Coen, ed., "Witness to Disaster: Earthquakes and Expertise in Comparative Perspective," *Science in Context*, 25, no. 1 (February 2012): 17–48.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViitanen1973" class="citation cs2">Viitanen, Wayne (1973), "THE WINTER THE MISSISSIPPI RAN BACKWARDS: Early Kentuckians Report the New Madrid, Missouri, Earthquake of 1811–12", <i>The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society</i>, <b>71</b> (1): 51–68, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23377345">23377345</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register+of+the+Kentucky+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=THE+WINTER+THE+MISSISSIPPI+RAN+BACKWARDS%3A+Early+Kentuckians+Report+the+New+Madrid%2C+Missouri%2C+Earthquake+of+1811%E2%80%9312&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-68&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23377345%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Viitanen&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1811%E2%80%931812+New+Madrid+earthquakes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1811%E2%80%931812_New_Madrid_earthquakes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1996AREPS..24..339J/0000339.000.html">The Enigma of the New Madrid Earthquakes of 1811–1812</a>. Johnson, A.C. and Schweig, E.S. (1996) <i>Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences</i>, Volume 24, pp. 339–384. SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.uchicago.edu/books/excerpt/2013/valencius_earthquakes.html">The Introduction</a> to <i>The Lost History of the New Madrid Earthquakes</i> by Conevery Bolton Valencius.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quake.ualr.edu/public/nmfz.htm">The New Madrid Fault Zone (NMFZ)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219103741/http://quake.ualr.edu/public/nmfz.htm">Archived</a> December 19, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (links to maps, history, predictions, etc. from the Arkansas Center for Earthquake Education)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.hanover.edu/texts/1811/Web/Topic-Earthquake.html">Steamboat Adventure: The New Madrid Earthquakes</a> (dozens of contemporary accounts of the earthquake, provided by Hanover College)</li> <li>USGS, Summary of 1811-1812 New Madrid Earthquake Sequence, at https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/earthquake-hazards/science/summary-1811-1812-new-madrid-earthquakes-sequence?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nj-cYe9yMNU">[2]</a> The "Hard Shock:" The New Madrid Earthquakes. The History Guy</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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earthquakes">Earthquakes in the 1800s</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1800s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1802_Vrancea_earthquake" title="1802 Vrancea earthquake">1802 Vrancea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1803_Garhwal_earthquake" title="1803 Garhwal earthquake">1803 Garhwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_Kisakata_earthquake" title="1804 Kisakata earthquake">1804 Kisakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_Almer%C3%ADa_earthquake" title="1804 Almería earthquake">1804 Almería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1805_Molise_earthquake" title="1805 Molise earthquake">1805 Molise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1810s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1810_Crete_earthquake" title="1810 Crete earthquake">1810 Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1810_North_Korea_earthquake" title="1810 North Korea earthquake">1810 North Korea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1811–1812 New Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_Caracas_earthquake" title="1812 Caracas earthquake">1812 Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_San_Juan_Capistrano_earthquake" title="1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake">1812 San Juan Capistrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_Ventura_earthquake" title="1812 Ventura earthquake">1812 Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1815_Pinglu_earthquake" title="1815 Pinglu earthquake">1815 Pinglu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1815_Bali_earthquake" title="1815 Bali earthquake">1815 Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_North_Atlantic_earthquake" title="1816 North Atlantic earthquake">1816 North Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_Guatemala_earthquake" title="1816 Guatemala earthquake">1816 Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1817_Santiago_del_Estero_earthquake" title="1817 Santiago del Estero earthquake">1817 Santiago del Estero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1819_Copiap%C3%B3_earthquake" title="1819 Copiapó earthquake">1819 Copiapó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1819_Rann_of_Kutch_earthquake" title="1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake">1819 Rann of Kutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1820s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1822_Costa_Rica_earthquake" title="1822 Costa Rica earthquake">1822 Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1822_Aleppo_earthquake" title="1822 Aleppo earthquake">1822 Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1825_Blida_earthquake" title="1825 Blida earthquake">1825 Blida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_Sanj%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1828 Sanjō earthquake">1828 Sanjō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1829_Torrevieja_earthquake" title="1829 Torrevieja earthquake">1829 Torrevieja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1830s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1830_Cixian_earthquake" title="1830 Cixian earthquake">1830 Cixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1833_Bihar%E2%80%93Nepal_earthquake" title="1833 Bihar–Nepal earthquake">1833 Bihar–Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1833_Kunming_earthquake" title="1833 Kunming earthquake">1833 Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1833_Sumatra_earthquake" title="1833 Sumatra earthquake">1833 Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1833_Sh%C5%8Dnai_earthquake" title="1833 Shōnai earthquake">1833 Shōnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1834_Jerusalem_earthquake" title="1834 Jerusalem earthquake">1834 Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1834_Java_earthquake" title="1834 Java earthquake">1834 Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Concepci%C3%B3n_earthquake" title="1835 Concepción earthquake">1835 Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1837_Galilee_earthquake" title="1837 Galilee earthquake">1837 Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1837_Valdivia_earthquake" title="1837 Valdivia earthquake">1837 Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_Vrancea_earthquake" title="1838 Vrancea earthquake">1838 Vrancea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_San_Andreas_earthquake" title="1838 San Andreas earthquake">1838 San Andreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1839_Ava_earthquake" title="1839 Ava earthquake">1839 Ava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1840s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1840_Ahora_earthquake" title="1840 Ahora earthquake">1840 Ahora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1841_Kamchatka_earthquake" title="1841 Kamchatka earthquake">1841 Kamchatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1841_Ca%C3%ADda_da_Praia_earthquake" title="1841 Caída da Praia earthquake">1841 Caída da Praia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1842_Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien_earthquake" title="1842 Cap-Haïtien earthquake">1842 Cap-Haïtien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1843_Nias_earthquake" title="1843 Nias earthquake">1843 Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1843_Guadeloupe_earthquake" title="1843 Guadeloupe earthquake">1843 Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1843_Wanganui_earthquake" title="1843 Wanganui earthquake">1843 Wanganui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Salta_earthquake" title="1844 Salta earthquake">1844 Salta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1847_Zenkoji_earthquake" title="1847 Zenkoji earthquake">1847 Zenkoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Marlborough_earthquake" title="1848 Marlborough earthquake">1848 Marlborough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1850s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1850_Xichang_earthquake" title="1850 Xichang earthquake">1850 Xichang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1851_Vulture_earthquake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1851 Vulture earthquake (page does not exist)">1851 Vulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Banda_Sea_earthquake" title="1852 Banda Sea earthquake">1852 Banda Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Acapulco_earthquake" title="1852 Acapulco earthquake">1852 Acapulco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1853_Shiraz_earthquake" title="1853 Shiraz earthquake">1853 Shiraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_Iga%E2%80%93Ueno_earthquake" title="1854 Iga–Ueno earthquake">1854 Iga–Ueno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_T%C5%8Dkai_earthquake" title="1854 Tōkai earthquake">1854 Tōkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_Nankai_earthquake" title="1854 Nankai earthquake">1854 Nankai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1855_Wairarapa_earthquake" title="1855 Wairarapa earthquake">1855 Wairarapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1855_Bursa_earthquake" title="1855 Bursa earthquake">1855 Bursa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1855_Edo_earthquake" title="1855 Edo earthquake">1855 Edo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Djijelli_earthquakes" title="1856 Djijelli earthquakes">1856 Djijelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Heraklion_earthquake" title="1856 Heraklion earthquake">1856 Heraklion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_Fort_Tejon_earthquake" title="1857 Fort Tejon earthquake">1857 Fort Tejon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_Basilicata_earthquake" title="1857 Basilicata earthquake">1857 Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1858_Hietsu_earthquake" title="1858 Hietsu earthquake">1858 Hietsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1859_Erzurum_earthquake" title="1859 Erzurum earthquake">1859 Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1859_Shamakhi_earthquake" title="1859 Shamakhi earthquake">1859 Shamakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1860s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1861_Sumatra_earthquake" title="1861 Sumatra earthquake">1861 Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_Mendoza_earthquake" title="1861 Mendoza earthquake">1861 Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_Mendoza_earthquake" title="1861 Mendoza earthquake">1861 Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Jujuy_earthquake" title="1863 Jujuy earthquake">1863 Jujuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Hawke%27s_Bay_earthquake" title="1863 Hawke's Bay earthquake">1863 Hawke's Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Manila_earthquake" title="1863 Manila earthquake">1863 Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Memphis_earthquake" title="1865 Memphis earthquake">1865 Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Bing%C3%B6l_earthquake" title="1866 Bingöl earthquake">1866 Bingöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Manhattan,_Kansas_earthquake" title="1867 Manhattan, Kansas earthquake">1867 Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Java_earthquake" title="1867 Java earthquake">1867 Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Virgin_Islands_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="1867 Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunami">1867 Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Keelung_earthquake" title="1867 Keelung earthquake">1867 Keelung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Hawaii_earthquake" title="1868 Hawaii earthquake">1868 Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Arica_earthquake" title="1868 Arica earthquake">1868 Arica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Ecuador_earthquakes" title="1868 Ecuador earthquakes">1868 Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Hayward_earthquake" title="1868 Hayward earthquake">1868 Hayward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Christchurch_earthquake" title="1869 Christchurch earthquake">1869 Christchurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Cachar_earthquake" title="1869 Cachar earthquake">1869 Cachar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1870s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1870_Batang_earthquake" title="1870 Batang earthquake">1870 Batang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Charlevoix_earthquake" title="1870 Charlevoix earthquake">1870 Charlevoix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_L%C4%81na%CA%BBi_earthquake" title="1871 Lānaʻi earthquake">1871 Lānaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Or%C3%A1n_earthquake" title="1871 Orán earthquake">1871 Orán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871%E2%80%9372_Quchan_earthquakes" title="1871–72 Quchan earthquakes">1871–72 Quchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Hamada_earthquake" title="1872 Hamada earthquake">1872 Hamada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Owens_Valley_earthquake" title="1872 Owens Valley earthquake">1872 Owens Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Amik_earthquake" title="1872 Amik earthquake">1872 Amik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_North_Cascades_earthquake" title="1872 North Cascades earthquake">1872 North Cascades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Alpago_earthquake" title="1873 Alpago earthquake">1873 Alpago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_C%C3%BAcuta_earthquake" title="1875 Cúcuta earthquake">1875 Cúcuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_Iquique_earthquake" title="1877 Iquique earthquake">1877 Iquique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1879_Bozqush_earthquake" title="1879 Bozqush earthquake">1879 Bozqush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1879_Surigao_earthquake" title="1879 Surigao earthquake">1879 Surigao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1879_Gansu_earthquake" title="1879 Gansu earthquake">1879 Gansu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1880s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1880_Southern_Luzon_earthquakes" title="1880 Southern Luzon earthquakes">1880 Southern Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Zagreb_earthquake" title="1880 Zagreb earthquake">1880 Zagreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_Chios_earthquake" title="1881 Chios earthquake">1881 Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_Nicobar_Islands_earthquake" title="1881 Nicobar Islands earthquake">1881 Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1882_Panama_earthquake" title="1882 Panama earthquake">1882 Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1883_Casamicciola_earthquake" title="1883 Casamicciola earthquake">1883 Casamicciola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1883_%C3%87e%C5%9Fme_earthquake" title="1883 Çeşme earthquake">1883 Çeşme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Colchester_earthquake" title="1884 Colchester earthquake">1884 Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Andalusian_earthquake" title="1884 Andalusian earthquake">1884 Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1885_Belovodoskoe_earthquake" title="1885 Belovodoskoe earthquake">1885 Belovodoskoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_Peloponnese_earthquake" title="1886 Peloponnese earthquake">1886 Peloponnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_Charleston_earthquake" title="1886 Charleston earthquake">1886 Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_Sonora_earthquake" title="1887 Sonora earthquake">1887 Sonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_Verny_earthquake" title="1887 Verny earthquake">1887 Verny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Ritter_Island_eruption_and_tsunami" title="1888 Ritter Island eruption and tsunami">1888 Ritter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata_earthquake" title="1888 Río de la Plata earthquake">1888 Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_North_Canterbury_earthquake" title="1888 North Canterbury earthquake">1888 North Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889_Chilik_earthquake" title="1889 Chilik earthquake">1889 Chilik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889_Kumamoto_earthquake" title="1889 Kumamoto earthquake">1889 Kumamoto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1890s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1891_Port_Waikato_earthquake" title="1891 Port Waikato earthquake">1891 Port Waikato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_Mino%E2%80%93Owari_earthquake" title="1891 Mino–Owari earthquake">1891 Mino–Owari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Laguna_Salada_earthquake" title="1892 Laguna Salada earthquake">1892 Laguna Salada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Recreo_earthquake" title="1892 Recreo earthquake">1892 Catamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Vacaville%E2%80%93Winters_earthquakes" title="1892 Vacaville–Winters earthquakes">1892 Vacaville–Winters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Malatya_earthquake" title="1893 Malatya earthquake">1893 Malatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Quchan_earthquake" title="1893 Quchan earthquake">1893 Quchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Vlor%C3%AB_earthquake" title="1893 Vlorë earthquake">1894 Vlorë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_Atalanti_earthquakes" title="1894 Atalanti earthquakes">1894 Atalanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_Tokyo_earthquake" title="1894 Tokyo earthquake">1894 Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_Istanbul_earthquake" title="1894 Istanbul earthquake">1894 Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_Sh%C5%8Dnai_earthquake" title="1894 Shōnai earthquake">1894 Shōnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_San_Juan_earthquake" title="1894 San Juan earthquake">1894 San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_Quchan_earthquake" title="1895 Quchan earthquake">1895 Quchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_Ljubljana_earthquake" title="1895 Ljubljana earthquake">1895 Ljubljana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_Balkan_earthquake" title="1895 Balkan earthquake">1895 Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_Charleston_earthquake" title="1895 Charleston earthquake">1895 Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Sanriku_earthquake" title="1896 Sanriku earthquake">1896 Sanriku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Rikuu_earthquake" title="1896 Rikuu earthquake">1896 Rikuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_Assam_earthquake" title="1897 Assam earthquake">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_Mindanao_earthquakes" title="1897 Mindanao earthquakes">1897 Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_Bal%C4%B1kesir_earthquake" title="1898 Balıkesir earthquake">1898 Balıkesir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_Mare_Island_earthquake" title="1898 Mare Island earthquake">1898 Mare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_Trilj_earthquake" title="1898 Trilj earthquake">1898 Trilj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_Yakutat_Bay_earthquakes" title="1899 Yakutat Bay earthquakes">1899 Yakutat Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_Ayd%C4%B1n%E2%80%93Denizli_earthquake" title="1899 Aydın–Denizli earthquake">1899 Aydın–Denizli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_Ceram_earthquake" title="1899 Ceram earthquake">1899 Ceram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_San_Jacinto_earthquake" title="1899 San Jacinto earthquake">1899 San Jacinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earthquakes_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Earthquakes in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Earthquakes in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earthquakes in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earthquakes_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1585_Aleutian_Islands_earthquake" title="1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake">1585 Aleutian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1638_New_Hampshire_earthquake" title="1638 New Hampshire earthquake">1638 New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1663_Charlevoix_earthquake" title="1663 Charlevoix earthquake">1663 Charlevoix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1700_Cascadia_earthquake" title="1700 Cascadia earthquake">1700 Cascadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755_Cape_Ann_earthquake" title="1755 Cape Ann earthquake">1755 Cape Ann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1783_New_Jersey_earthquake" title="1783 New Jersey earthquake">1783 New Jersey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1811–12 New Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_San_Juan_Capistrano_earthquake" title="1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake">1812 San Juan Capistrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_Ventura_earthquake" title="1812 Ventura earthquake">1812 Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_San_Andreas_earthquake" title="1838 San Andreas earthquake">1838 San Andreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_Fort_Tejon_earthquake" title="1857 Fort Tejon earthquake">1857 Fort Tejon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Memphis_earthquake" title="1865 Memphis earthquake">1865 Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Manhattan,_Kansas_earthquake" title="1867 Manhattan, Kansas earthquake">1867 Manhattan, Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Hawaii_earthquake" title="1868 Hawaii earthquake">1868 Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Hayward_earthquake" title="1868 Hayward earthquake">1868 Hayward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Charlevoix_earthquake" title="1870 Charlevoix earthquake">1870 Charlevoix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_L%C4%81na%CA%BBi_earthquake" title="1871 Lānaʻi earthquake">1871 Lānaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Owens_Valley_earthquake" title="1872 Owens Valley earthquake">1872 Owens Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_North_Cascades_earthquake" title="1872 North Cascades earthquake">1872 North Cascades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1882_Fort_Collins_earthquake" title="1882 Fort Collins earthquake">1882 Fort Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_Charleston_earthquake" title="1886 Charleston earthquake">1886 Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_Sonora_earthquake" title="1887 Sonora earthquake">1887 Sonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Laguna_Salada_earthquake" title="1892 Laguna Salada earthquake">1892 Laguna Salada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Vacaville%E2%80%93Winters_earthquakes" title="1892 Vacaville–Winters earthquakes">1892 Vacaville–Winters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_Charleston_earthquake" title="1895 Charleston earthquake">1895 Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_Mare_Island_earthquake" title="1898 Mare Island earthquake">1898 Mare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_San_Jacinto_earthquake" title="1899 San Jacinto earthquake">1899 San Jacinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_Richfield_earthquake" title="1901 Richfield earthquake">1901 Richfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake">1906 San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Aleutian_Islands_earthquake" title="1906 Aleutian Islands earthquake">1906 Aleutian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Wabash_River_earthquake" title="1909 Wabash River earthquake">1909 Wabash River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Reno_earthquakes" title="1914 Reno earthquakes">1914 Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Imperial_Valley_earthquakes" title="1915 Imperial Valley earthquakes">1915 Imperial Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Pleasant_Valley_earthquake" title="1915 Pleasant Valley earthquake">1915 Pleasant Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Irondale_earthquake" title="1916 Irondale earthquake">1916 Irondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_San_Jacinto_earthquake" title="1918 San Jacinto earthquake">1918 San Jacinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Sevier_Valley_earthquake" title="1921 Sevier Valley earthquake">1921 Sevier Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Montana_earthquake" title="1925 Montana earthquake">1925 Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Santa_Barbara_earthquake" title="1925 Santa Barbara earthquake">1925 Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_Lompoc_earthquake" title="1927 Lompoc earthquake">1927 Lompoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Valentine_earthquake" title="1931 Valentine earthquake">1931 Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Eureka_earthquake" title="1932 Eureka earthquake">1932 Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Cedar_Mountain_earthquake" title="1932 Cedar Mountain earthquake">1932 Cedar Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Long_Beach_earthquake" title="1933 Long Beach earthquake">1933 Long Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Hansel_Valley_earthquake" title="1934 Hansel Valley earthquake">1934 Hansel Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Helena_earthquake" title="1935 Helena earthquake">1935 Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_State_Line_earthquake" title="1936 State Line earthquake">1936 State Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_El_Centro_earthquake" title="1940 El Centro earthquake">1940 El Centro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_New_Hampshire_earthquakes" title="1940 New Hampshire earthquakes">1940 New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Cornwall%E2%80%93Massena_earthquake" title="1944 Cornwall–Massena earthquake">1944 Cornwall–Massena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Aleutian_Islands_earthquake" title="1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake">1946 Aleutian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Wisconsin_earthquake" title="1947 Wisconsin earthquake">1947 Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Desert_Hot_Springs_earthquake" title="1948 Desert Hot Springs earthquake">1948 Desert Hot Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Olympia_earthquake" title="1949 Olympia earthquake">1949 Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Kern_County_earthquake" title="1952 Kern County earthquake">1952 Kern County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Rainbow_Mountain-Fairview_Peak-Dixie_Valley_earthquakes" title="1954 Rainbow Mountain-Fairview Peak-Dixie Valley earthquakes">1954 Churchill County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Andreanof_Islands_earthquake" title="1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake">1957 Andreanof Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1957 San Francisco earthquake">1957 San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Huslia_earthquake" title="1958 Huslia earthquake">1958 Huslia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lituya_Bay_earthquake_and_megatsunami" title="1958 Lituya Bay earthquake and megatsunami">1958 Lituya Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Hebgen_Lake_earthquake" title="1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake">1959 Hebgen Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Cache_Valley_earthquake" title="1962 Cache Valley earthquake">1962 Cache Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Alaska_earthquake" title="1964 Alaska earthquake">1964 Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Rat_Islands_earthquake" title="1965 Rat Islands earthquake">1965 Rat Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Puget_Sound_earthquake" title="1965 Puget Sound earthquake">1965 Puget Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Borrego_Mountain_earthquake" title="1968 Borrego Mountain earthquake">1968 Borrego Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Illinois_earthquake" title="1968 Illinois earthquake">1968 Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Santa_Rosa_earthquakes" title="1969 Santa Rosa earthquakes">1969 Santa Rosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_San_Fernando_earthquake" title="1971 San Fernando earthquake">1971 San Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Point_Mugu_earthquake" title="1973 Point Mugu earthquake">1973 Point Mugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Near_Islands_earthquake" title="1975 Near Islands earthquake">1975 Near Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Morris_earthquake" title="1975 Morris earthquake">1975 Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Hawaii_earthquake" title="1975 Hawaii earthquake">1975 Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Coyote_Lake_earthquake" title="1979 Coyote Lake earthquake">1979 Coyote Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Imperial_Valley_earthquake" title="1979 Imperial Valley earthquake">1979 Imperial Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Eureka_earthquake" title="1980 Eureka earthquake">1980 Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Westmorland_earthquake" title="1981 Westmorland earthquake">1981 Westmorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Coalinga_earthquake" title="1983 Coalinga earthquake">1983 Coalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Borah_Peak_earthquake" title="1983 Borah Peak earthquake">1983 Borah Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Kaoiki_earthquake" title="1983 Kaoiki earthquake"> 1983 Kaoiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Morgan_Hill_earthquake" title="1984 Morgan Hill earthquake">1984 Morgan Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_North_Palm_Springs_earthquake" title="1986 North Palm Springs earthquake">1986 North Palm Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Chalfant_Valley_earthquake" title="1986 Chalfant Valley earthquake">1986 Chalfant Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Whittier_Narrows_earthquake" title="1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake">1987 Whittier Narrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Superstition_Hills_earthquakes" title="1987 Superstition Hills earthquakes">1987 Imperial Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Loma_Prieta_earthquake" title="1989 Loma Prieta earthquake">1989 Loma Prieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Upland_earthquake" title="1990 Upland earthquake">1990 Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Sierra_Madre_earthquake" title="1991 Sierra Madre earthquake">1991 Sierra Madre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Joshua_Tree_earthquake" title="1992 Joshua Tree earthquake">1992 Joshua Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Cape_Mendocino_earthquakes" title="1992 Cape Mendocino earthquakes">1992 Cape Mendocino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Landers_earthquake" title="1992 Landers earthquake">1992 Landers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Big_Bear_earthquake" title="1992 Big Bear earthquake">1992 Big Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_St._George_earthquake" title="1992 St. George earthquake">1992 St. George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Scotts_Mills_earthquake" title="1993 Scotts Mills earthquake">1993 Scotts Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Klamath_Falls_earthquakes" title="1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes">1993 Klamath Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Northridge_earthquake" title="1994 Northridge earthquake">1994 Northridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Marathon_earthquake" title="1995 Marathon earthquake">1995 Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Pymatuning_earthquake" title="1998 Pymatuning earthquake">1998 Pymatuning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Hector_Mine_earthquake" title="1999 Hector Mine earthquake">1999 Hector Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Yountville_earthquake" title="2000 Yountville earthquake">2000 Yountville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Nisqually_earthquake" title="2001 Nisqually earthquake">2001 Nisqually</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Denali_earthquake" title="2002 Denali earthquake">2002 Denali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Alabama_earthquake" title="2003 Alabama earthquake">2003 Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_San_Simeon_earthquake" title="2003 San Simeon earthquake">2003 San Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Gulf_of_Mexico_earthquake" title="2006 Gulf of Mexico earthquake">2006 Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Kiholo_Bay_earthquake" title="2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake">2006 Kiholo Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Illinois_earthquake" title="2008 Illinois earthquake">2008 Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Chino_Hills_earthquake" title="2008 Chino Hills earthquake">2008 Chino Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Reno_earthquakes" title="2008 Reno earthquakes">2008 Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Wells_earthquake" title="2008 Wells earthquake">2008 Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Eureka_earthquake" title="2010 Eureka earthquake">2010 Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Baja_California_earthquake" title="2010 Baja California earthquake">2010 Baja California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Colorado_earthquake" title="2011 Colorado earthquake">2011 Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Virginia_earthquake" title="2011 Virginia earthquake">2011 Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Oklahoma_earthquake" title="2011 Oklahoma earthquake">2011 Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Craig,_Alaska_earthquake" title="2013 Craig, Alaska earthquake">2013 Port Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_La_Habra_earthquake" title="2014 La Habra earthquake">2014 La Habra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Aleutian_Islands_earthquake" title="2014 Aleutian Islands earthquake">2014 Aleutian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Palma_Bay_earthquake" title="2014 Palma Bay earthquake">2014 Southeast Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_South_Napa_earthquake" title="2014 South Napa earthquake">2014 South Napa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Oklahoma_earthquake" title="2016 Oklahoma earthquake">2016 Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Gulf_of_Alaska_earthquake" title="2018 Gulf of Alaska earthquake">2018 Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Hawaii_earthquake" title="2018 Hawaii earthquake">2018 Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Anchorage_earthquake" title="2018 Anchorage earthquake">2018 Anchorage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Appalachian_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Southern Appalachian earthquake">2018 Southern Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Ridgecrest_earthquakes" title="2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes">2019 Ridgecrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Salt_Lake_City_earthquake" title="2020 Salt Lake City earthquake">2020 Salt Lake City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Central_Idaho_earthquake" title="2020 Central Idaho earthquake">2020 Central Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Monte_Cristo_Range_earthquake" title="2020 Monte Cristo Range earthquake">2020 Monte Cristo Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Sparta_earthquake" title="2020 Sparta earthquake">2020 Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Chignik_earthquake" title="2021 Chignik earthquake">2021 Chignik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ferndale_earthquake" title="2022 Ferndale earthquake">2022 Ferndale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Texas_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Texas earthquake">2023 Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_New_Jersey_earthquake" title="2024 New Jersey earthquake">2024 New Jersey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Swarms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enola_earthquake_swarm" title="Enola earthquake swarm">2001 Enola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Reno_earthquakes" title="2008 Reno earthquakes">2008 Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy%E2%80%93Greenbrier_earthquake_swarm" title="Guy–Greenbrier earthquake swarm">2010–11 Guy–Greenbrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brawley_Seismic_Zone#Earthquake_swarms" title="Brawley Seismic Zone">2012 Brawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_earthquake_swarms_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Oklahoma earthquake swarms (2009–present)">2009–present Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Ridgecrest_earthquakes" title="2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes">2019 Ridgecrest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1811%E2%80%931812_New_Madrid_earthquakes&params=36.4_N_89.6_W_dim:200000_region:US"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span 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