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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clig%C3%A8s" title="Cligès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cligès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clig%C3%A8s" title="Cligès – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cligès" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Κλίγης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλίγης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clig%C3%A8s" title="Cligès – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cligès" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clig%C3%A8s" title="Cligès – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cligès" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clig%C3%A8s" title="Cligès – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cligès" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9" title="クリジェス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリジェス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clig%C3%A8s" title="Cligès – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cligès" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clig%C3%A8s" title="Cligès – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cligès" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clig%C3%A8s" title="Cligès – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cligès" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Клижес – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клижес" 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard vevent;" style="text-align:left; font-size: 88%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn summary" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%;">Cligès</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1176</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">Chivalric romance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Verse form</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Octosyllable" title="Octosyllable">Octosyllable</a> <a href="/wiki/Couplet" title="Couplet">rhyming couplets</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left">6,664 lines</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian legend">Arthurian legend</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Cligès</b></i> (also <i><b>Cligés</b></i>) is a poem by the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a>, dating from around 1176. It is the second of his five Arthurian romances; <i><a href="/wiki/Erec_and_Enide" title="Erec and Enide">Erec and Enide</a></i>, <i>Cligès</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yvain,_the_Knight_of_the_Lion" title="Yvain, the Knight of the Lion">Yvain</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lancelot,_the_Knight_of_the_Cart" title="Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart">Lancelot</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Perceval,_the_Story_of_the_Grail" title="Perceval, the Story of the Grail">Perceval</a></i>. The poem tells the story of the knight <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table#Cligès" title="Knights of the Round Table">Cligès</a> and his love for his uncle's wife, Fenice. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clig%C3%A8s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Cligès</i> has come down to us through seven manuscripts and various fragments. The poem comprises 6,664 <a href="/wiki/Octosyllable" title="Octosyllable">octosyllables</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">rhymed</a> <a href="/wiki/Couplet" title="Couplet">couplets</a>. Prose versions also exist since at least the 15th century. </p><p>There are many stylistic techniques that set Chrétien de Troyes and his work <i>Cligès</i> apart from his contemporaries and their work. Chrétien used many Latin writing techniques such as nature <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">topos</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">portraiture</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">conjointure</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">amplificato</i></span> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">interpretatio</i></span> to convey a realistic romance story.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Cligès</i> can be better understood by dividing the text into two parts, or two nearly separate stories. The first story consists of <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table#Cligès" title="Knights of the Round Table">Cligès</a>'s father's adventures and the second story consists of Cligès's adventures. <i>Cligès</i> scholar Z. P. Zaddy supports the dual story approach, but also divides the text even further as creates a new structure where the two stories are split into eight episodes.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach is intended<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to make the text read more dramatically. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clig%C3%A8s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Cligès</i> begins with the story of <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table#Cligès" title="Knights of the Round Table">the title character</a>'s parents, Alexander and Soredamors. Alexander, the son of the Greek emperor (also called Alexander), travels to Britain to become a knight in <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>'s realm. While at court, Alexander gains favor with King Arthur, is knighted, and assists in retaking <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a> from the traitorous Count Angrès. During his time at court, Alexander meets Arthur's niece, Soredamors; they quickly fall in love, but neither party is able to tell the other how they feel. Queen <a href="/wiki/Guinevere" title="Guinevere">Guinevere</a> takes notice and encourages them to express their mutual love. They then marry and a child is born, named Cligès. </p><p>Alexander and his family then return to Greece and find out that Alexander's brother, Alis, has claimed the Greek throne after their father's death. Although Alexander is the rightful heir to the throne, he concedes to Alis under the condition that Alis not marry or have children, so that the throne will pass to Cligès. Alexander then dies, and Cligès is raised in Greece. </p><p>Many years after Alexander's death, Alis is persuaded to marry. He chooses as his bride Fenice, the daughter of the German Emperor. Thus begins the story of Cligès and Fenice. Cligès falls in love with his uncle's wife, who also loves Cligès; he follows in his father's footsteps to Arthur's kingdom to be knighted. Like his father, he does well in King Arthur's court, participating in tournaments and displaying courtly manners. He is knighted and returns home. </p><p>As Cligès and Fenice still love each other, Fenice concocts a plan to use magic to trick Alis and allow them to escape. With the help of a potion provided by her governess, she fakes illness so that she could eventually die and reunite with Cligès. However, before she could fake her actual death, three doctors are called in to heal Fenice. Upon realizing Fenice's deception, the three doctors torture Fenice in order to discover what she is hiding. Fenice, however, says nothing and is eventually spirited away by Cligès. Soon, however, they are found in their tower hiding-place by Bertrand, who tells Alis. Cligès goes to Arthur to ask for help in getting his kingdom back from his uncle, but Alis dies while he is away. Cligès and Fenice now are free to marry, and Cligès becomes emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clig%C3%A8s&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>Cligès and Courtliness</i>, <a href="/wiki/Norris_J._Lacy" title="Norris J. Lacy">Norris J. Lacy</a> examines the characters found in Cligès and argues that Chrètien uses the story as an ironic presentation of <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalric</a> character. Although Cligès displays the ability to master the social forms and rhetoric of the court, it is without substance. Lacy claims that the actions of Cligès and Fenice may seem to represent courtliness or chivalric traits, but at their core they are not moral. Lacy believes that Chrètien's <i>Cligès</i> is meant to throw doubt on the value and validity of courtliness.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The discussion of morality in relation to Fenice's character continues in "The Public and Private Images of 'Cliges' Fenice", written by D. Nelson. Nelson, like Lacy, claims that Fenice's actions are not moral, even though readers are expected to celebrate her happy ending with Cligès. Despite her happy marriage at the end, Nelson notes how Fenice fails in avoiding Iseut's reputation--Iseut, another adulteress who Fenice looks down upon. However, as a result of Fenice's own plotting to maintain her relationship with Cligès, she presents herself as "an adultress who went to any extreme to satisfy her passion"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of being remembered as the heroine, then, Fenice is remembered as a sinner who must atone for her sins. Nelson finds that such atonement takes its form in the presentation of the three doctors who attempt to take care of Fenice when she feigns illness; Nelson claims that the reader "heartily approves" when the doctors start to hurt Fenice in an effort to discover what her true plot is.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of such approval, the reader therefore views the torture that Fenice experiences as a form of atonement or necessary punishment for her immoral actions. </p><p>Another scholar, Lucie Polak, sees the text as a reworking of <i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_and_Isolde" class="mw-redirect" title="Tristan and Isolde">Tristan and Isolde</a></i>, but also suggests that Cligès may be modeled on <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The opening lines of <i>Cligès</i> give some of the only extant information on the creator's biography and earlier work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_versions">Other versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clig%C3%A8s&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another version of the romance is a <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> version known from a few fragments and references.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 15th century, an unknown <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian</a> author created a prose version of Chrétien's <i>Cligès</i>, under the title <i>Le Livre de Alixandre Empereur de Constentinoble et de Cligés Son Filz</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prose version differs from the original in several aspects, and the story is thought to have been adapted to the cultural and political circumstances of the Burgundian court at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its first modern prose edition was written by <a href="/wiki/Wendelin_F%C3%B6rster" title="Wendelin Förster">Wendelin Foerster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clig%C3%A8s&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Cleges" title="Sir Cleges">Sir Cleges</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clig%C3%A8s&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luttrell, Claude. <i>The Creation of the First Arthurian Romance: A Quest.</i> (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1974).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKelly1976" class="citation journal cs1">Kelly, Douglas (January 1976). "Chrétien Studies: Problems of Form and Meaning in Erec, Yvain, Cliges and the Charrete. Z. P. Zaddy". <i>Speculum</i>. <b>51</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">159–</span>162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2851026">10.2307/2851026</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-7134">0038-7134</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2851026">2851026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=Chr%C3%A9tien+Studies%3A+Problems+of+Form+and+Meaning+in+Erec%2C+Yvain%2C+Cliges+and+the+Charrete.+Z.+P.+Zaddy&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.date=1976-01&rft.issn=0038-7134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2851026%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2851026&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClig%C3%A8s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chrétien de Troyes; Owen, D. D. R. (translator) (1988). <i>Arthurian Romances</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Everyman%27s_Library" title="Everyman's Library">Everyman's Library</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-87389-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-87389-X">0-460-87389-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lacy, Norris J. "Cligès" and Courtliness". Interpretations, Vol. 15, No. 2 <i>Arthurian Interpretations.</i> 1984, pp 18–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lacy, Norris J. (1991). "Chrétien de Troyes". In <a href="/wiki/Norris_J._Lacy" title="Norris J. Lacy">Norris J. Lacy</a>, <i>The New Arthurian Encyclopedia</i>, pp. 88–91. New York: Garland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-4377-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-4377-4">0-8240-4377-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Nelson, D. (1981), "The Public and Private Images of 'Cligès' Fenice", <i>Reading Medieval Studies</i>, VII. pp. 8188. ISSN 0950-3129. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Nelson, D. (1981), "The Public and Private Images of 'Cligès' Fenice", <i>Reading Medieval Studies</i>, VII. pp. 8188. ISSN 0950-3129. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polak, Lucie. <i>Chrétien de Troyes: Cligés</i>. (London: Grant & Cutler Ltd, 1982).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Troyes2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Troyes, Chrétien (2006). <i>Cligès, Auf der Grundlage des Textes von Wendelin Foerster</i> (in German). Translated by Kasten, Ingrid. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110201543" title="Special:BookSources/9783110201543"><bdi>9783110201543</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clig%C3%A8s%2C+Auf+der+Grundlage+des+Textes+von+Wendelin+Foerster&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Boston&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783110201543&rft.aulast=de+Troyes&rft.aufirst=Chr%C3%A9tien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClig%C3%A8s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colombo Timelli, Maria. <i>Le Livre de Alixandre Empereur de Constentinoble et de Cligés Son Filz.</i> Genève: Librairie Droz, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.droz.org/eur/en/1682-9782600008914.html">"Le Livre de Alixandre empereur de Constentinoble et de Cligés son filz : roman en prose du XVe siècle - Librairie Droz"</a>. <i>www.droz.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.droz.org&rft.atitle=Le+Livre+de+Alixandre+empereur+de+Constentinoble+et+de+Clig%C3%A9s+son+filz+%3A+roman+en+prose+du+XVe+si%C3%A8cle+-+Librairie+Droz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.droz.org%2Feur%2Fen%2F1682-9782600008914.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClig%C3%A8s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Troyes2011" class="citation book cs1">de Troyes, Chrétien (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b2WYIWq11KAC&pg=PA10"><i>Chrétien De Troyes in Prose: The Burgundian Erec and Cligés</i></a>. Translated by Grimbert, Joan T.; Chase, Carol J. DS Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843842699" title="Special:BookSources/9781843842699"><bdi>9781843842699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chr%C3%A9tien+De+Troyes+in+Prose%3A+The+Burgundian+Erec+and+Clig%C3%A9s&rft.pub=DS+Brewer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781843842699&rft.aulast=de+Troyes&rft.aufirst=Chr%C3%A9tien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db2WYIWq11KAC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClig%C3%A8s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clig%C3%A8s&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/2414">by Chrétien de Troyes<i></i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/831">Four Arthurian Romances </a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/831">by Chrétien de Troyes<i></i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span> (includes <i>Cligès</i>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heroofcamelot.com/docs/Cliges.pdf"><i>Cligès</i> in a freely-distributable PDF document</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arthurian_legend" title="Template:Arthurian legend"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arthurian_legend" title="Template talk:Arthurian legend"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arthurian_legend" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arthurian legend"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="King_Arthur_and_the_Matter_of_Britain285" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur%27s_family" title="King Arthur's family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agravain" title="Agravain">Agravain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cador" title="Cador">Cador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(Briton)" title="Constantine (Briton)">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culhwch" title="Culhwch">Culhwch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Ector" title="Sir Ector">Ector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_(legend)" title="Elaine (legend)">Elaine of Garlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoel">Hoel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaheris" title="Gaheris">Gaheris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gareth" title="Gareth">Gareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawain" title="Gawain">Gawain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingalain" title="Gingalain">Gingalain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinevere" title="Guinevere">Guinevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igraine" title="Igraine">Igraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Kay" title="Sir Kay">Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordred" title="Mordred">Mordred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan le Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgause" title="Morgause">Morgause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Aurelianus" title="Ambrosius Aurelianus">Ambrosius Aurelianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uther_Pendragon" title="Uther Pendragon">Uther Pendragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urien" title="Urien">Urien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ywain" title="Ywain">Yvain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table" title="Knights of the Round Table">Knights of the<br /> Round Table</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagdemagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagdemagus">Bagdemagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedivere" title="Bedivere">Bedivere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bors" title="Bors">Bors the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunor" title="Brunor">Brunor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cligès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caradoc" title="Caradoc">Caradoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagonet" title="Dagonet">Dagonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_von_dem_bl%C3%BChenden_Tal" title="Daniel von dem blühenden Tal">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinadan" title="Dinadan">Dinadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galahad" title="Galahad">Galahad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galehaut" title="Galehaut">Galehaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraint" title="Geraint">Geraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griflet" class="mw-redirect" title="Griflet">Griflet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamorak" title="Lamorak">Lamorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancelot" title="Lancelot">Lancelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanval" title="Lanval">Lanval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Lionel" title="Sir Lionel">Lionel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriaen" title="Moriaen">Moriaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamedes_(Arthurian_legend)" title="Palamedes (Arthurian legend)">Palamedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelleas" title="Pelleas">Pelleas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellinore" class="mw-redirect" title="Pellinore">Pellinore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival" title="Percival">Percival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagramore" title="Sagramore">Sagramore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan" title="Tristan">Tristan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arthurian_characters" title="List of Arthurian characters">Other characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accolon" title="Accolon">Accolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrestes" title="Agrestes">Agrestes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angharad_Golden-Hand" title="Angharad Golden-Hand">Angharad Golden-Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish_of_Ireland" title="Anguish of Ireland">Anguish of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annowre" title="Annowre">Annowre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Balin" title="Sir Balin">Balin and Balan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Ban" title="King Ban">Ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bertilak" title="Lady Bertilak">Lady Bertilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Knight_(Arthurian_legend)" title="Black Knight (Arthurian legend)">Black Knight(s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanchefleur" title="Blanchefleur">Blanchefleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bors" title="Bors">Bors the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brangaine" title="Brangaine">Brangaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunor" title="Brunor">Brunor(s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catigern" title="Catigern">Catigern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudas" title="Claudas">Claudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_of_Astolat" title="Elaine of Astolat">Elaine of Astolat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_(legend)" title="Elaine (legend)">Elaine of Benoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_of_Corbenic" title="Elaine of Corbenic">Elaine of Corbenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enide" title="Enide">Enide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feirefiz" title="Feirefiz">Feirefiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_King" title="Fisher King">Fisher King(s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garel" title="Garel">Garel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlois" title="Gorlois">Gorlois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Knight" title="Green Knight">Green Knight(s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiomar_(Arthurian_legend)" title="Guiomar (Arthurian legend)">Guiomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiron_le_Courtois" title="Guiron le Courtois">Guiron le Courtois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwenhwyfach" title="Gwenhwyfach">Gwenhwyfach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellawes_(sorceress)" title="Hellawes (sorceress)">Hellawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengist_and_Horsa" title="Hengist and Horsa">Hengist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iseult" title="Iseult">Iseult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Lake" title="Lady of the Lake">Lady/Ladies of the Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudine" title="Laudine">Laudine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leodegrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Leodegrance">Leodegrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohengrin" title="Lohengrin">Lohengrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Lot" title="King Lot">Lot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tiberius" title="Lucius Tiberius">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunete" title="Lunete">Lunete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynette_and_Lyonesse" title="Lynette and Lyonesse">Lynette and Lyonesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleagant" title="Maleagant">Maleagant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_of_Cornwall" title="Mark of Cornwall">Mark of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meliodas" title="Meliodas">Meliodas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budic_II_of_Brittany" title="Budic II of Brittany">Nentres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_sorceresses" title="Nine sorceresses">Nine sorceresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olwen" title="Olwen">Olwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival%27s_sister" title="Percival's sister">Percival's sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Knight" title="Red Knight">Red Knight(s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rience" class="mw-redirect" title="Rience">Rience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebile" title="Sebile">Sebile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegau_Eurfron" title="Tegau Eurfron">Tegau Eurfron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortigern" title="Vortigern">Vortigern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yniol" class="mw-redirect" title="Yniol">Yniol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animal characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavall" title="Cavall">Cavall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gringolet" title="Gringolet">Gringolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petitcrieu" title="Petitcrieu">Petitcrieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questing_Beast" title="Questing Beast">Questing Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twrch_Trwyth" title="Twrch Trwyth">Twrch Trwyth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnwennan" title="Carnwennan">Carnwennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur" title="Excalibur">Excalibur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridwen" title="Pridwen">Pridwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prydwen" title="Prydwen">Prydwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhongomyniad" title="Rhongomyniad">Rhongomyniad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table" title="Round Table">Round Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_Perilous" title="Siege Perilous">Siege Perilous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_locations_associated_with_Arthurian_legend" title="List of locations associated with Arthurian legend">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astolat" title="Astolat">Astolat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon">Avalon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor">Glastonbury Tor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broc%C3%A9liande" title="Brocéliande">Brocéliande</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Val_sans_retour" title="Val sans retour">Val sans retour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerleon" title="Caerleon">Caerleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camelot" title="Camelot">Camelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celliwig" title="Celliwig">Celliwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_perilous" title="Chapel perilous">Chapel perilous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbenic" title="Corbenic">Corbenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esplumoir_Merlin" title="Esplumoir Merlin">Esplumoir Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyous_Gard" title="Joyous Gard">Joyous Gard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Maidens" title="Land of Maidens">Land/Castle of Maidens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logres" title="Logres">Logres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyonesse" title="Lyonesse">Lyonesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarras" title="Sarras">Sarras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintagel" title="Tintagel">Tintagel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tintagel_Castle" title="Tintagel Castle">Tintagel Castle</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_King_Arthur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of King Arthur">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_based_on_Arthurian_legends" title="List of works based on Arthurian legends">List of works</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur_in_comics" title="King Arthur in comics">comics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badon" title="Battle of Badon">Battle of Badon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camlann" title="Battle of Camlann">Battle of Camlann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolorous_Stroke" title="Dolorous Stroke">Dolorous Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loathly_lady" title="Loathly lady">Loathly lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_King_Arthur" title="Historicity of King Arthur">Historicity of King Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur%27s_messianic_return" title="King Arthur's messianic return">King Arthur's messianic return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendragon" title="Pendragon">Pendragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Swan" title="Knight of the Swan">Knight of the Swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_and_Iseult" title="Tristan and Iseult">Tristan and Iseult</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Works_by_Chrétien_de_Troyes44" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Template:Chrétien de Troyes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Template talk:Chrétien de Troyes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chrétien de Troyes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_by_Chrétien_de_Troyes44" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works by <a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Philomela#From_antiquity_and_the_influence_of_Ovid" title="Philomela">Philomela</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erec_and_Enide" title="Erec and Enide">Erec and Enide</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cligès</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yvain,_the_Knight_of_the_Lion" title="Yvain, the Knight of the Lion">Yvain, the Knight of the Lion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lancelot,_the_Knight_of_the_Cart" title="Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart">Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perceval,_the_Story_of_the_Grail" title="Perceval, the Story of the Grail">Perceval, the Story of the Grail</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_d%27Angleterre" title="Guillaume d'Angleterre">Guillaume d'Angleterre</a></i> (attributed)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Mule_sans_frein" title="La Mule sans frein">La Mule sans frein</a></i> (attributed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BnF_Fran%C3%A7ais_794" title="BnF Français 794">BnF Français 794</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godefroi_de_Leigni" title="Godefroi de Leigni">Godefroi de Leigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancelot" title="Lancelot">Lancelot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tristan_and_Iseult154" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tristan_and_Iseult" title="Template:Tristan and Iseult"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tristan_and_Iseult" title="Template talk:Tristan and Iseult"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tristan_and_Iseult" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tristan and Iseult"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tristan_and_Iseult154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tristan_and_Iseult" title="Tristan and Iseult">Tristan and Iseult</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguish_of_Ireland" title="Anguish of Ireland">Anguish of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brangaine" title="Brangaine">Brangaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iseult" title="Iseult">Iseult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahedin" title="Kahedin">Kahedin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_of_Cornwall" title="Mark of Cornwall">Mark of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meliodas" title="Meliodas">Meliodas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morholt" class="mw-redirect" title="Morholt">Morholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan" title="Tristan">Tristan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Britain" title="Thomas of Britain">Thomas of Britain's <i>Tristran</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9roul" title="Béroul">Béroul's <i>Tristan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_von_Strassburg" title="Gottfried von Strassburg">Gottfried von Strassburg's <i>Tristan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose_Tristan" title="Prose Tristan">Prose <i>Tristan</i></a></li> <li>"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cligès</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Chevrefoil" title="Chevrefoil">Chevrefoil</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Folie_Tristan_d%27Oxford" title="Folie Tristan d'Oxford">Folie Tristan d'Oxford</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Tristrem" title="Sir Tristrem">Sir Tristrem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ystorya_Trystan" title="Ystorya Trystan">Ystorya Trystan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Later literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tristram_and_Iseult" title="Tristram and Iseult">Tristram and Iseult</a></i> (1852)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tristram_of_Lyonesse" title="Tristram of Lyonesse">Tristram of Lyonesse</a></i> (1882)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_(novella)" title="Tristan (novella)">Tristan</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Famous_Tragedy_of_the_Queen_of_Cornwall" title="The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall">The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finnegans_Wake" title="Finnegans Wake">Finnegans Wake</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_and_Iseult_(novel)" title="Tristan and Iseult (novel)">Tristan and Iseult</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rex" title="Arthur Rex">Arthur Rex</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Old_French_Tristan_Poems" title="The Old French Tristan Poems">The Old French Tristan Poems</a></i> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a></i> (1865, Wagner) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde_discography" title="Tristan und Isolde discography">Discography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_chord" title="Tristan chord">Tristan chord</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Liebestod" title="Liebestod">Liebestod</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souvenirs_de_Munich" title="Souvenirs de Munich">Souvenirs de Munich</a> (<i>ca.</i> 1887)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turangal%C3%AEla-Symphonie" title="Turangalîla-Symphonie">Turangalîla-Symphonie</a></i> (1949, Messiaen)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_(Henze)" title="Tristan (Henze)">Tristan</a></i> (1975, Henze)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qntal_III:_Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Qntal III: Tristan und Isolde">Qntal III: Tristan und Isolde</a></i> (2003)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tristan_(song)" title="Tristan (song)">Tristan</a>" (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_media_based_on_Arthurian_legend#Films_based_on_the_Tristan_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="List of media based on Arthurian legend">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eternal_Return_(film)" title="The Eternal Return (film)">The Eternal Return</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Woman_Next_Door_(1981_film)" title="The Woman Next Door (1981 film)">The Woman Next Door</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lovespell" title="Lovespell">Lovespell</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fire_and_Sword" title="Fire and Sword">Fire and Sword</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Shadow_of_the_Raven" title="In the Shadow of the Raven">In the Shadow of the Raven</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_%26_Isolde_(film)" title="Tristan & Isolde (film)">Tristan & Isolde</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Quilt" title="Tristan Quilt">Tristan Quilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristram_and_Isoude_stained_glass_panels" title="Tristram and Isoude stained glass panels">Tristram and Isoude stained glass panels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_and_Isolde_(Egusquiza)" title="Tristan and Isolde (Egusquiza)"><i>Tristan and Isolde</i> (Egusquiza)</a></li></ul> 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