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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Russian Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_clashes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_clashes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Initial clashes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_clashes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lori_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lori_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Lori region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lori_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Order_of_Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Order of Battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_of_Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Georgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unrest_in_Lori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unrest_in_Lori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Unrest in Lori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unrest_in_Lori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Armenian offensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allied_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Allied intervention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgian_counteroffensives_and_final_clashes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgian_counteroffensives_and_final_clashes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Georgian counteroffensives and final clashes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgian_counteroffensives_and_final_clashes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution_of_Armenians_in_Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_of_Armenians_in_Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Persecution of Armenians in Georgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_of_Armenians_in_Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_and_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_and_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath and assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_and_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرب الجورجية الأرمنية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الجورجية الأرمنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCrc%C3%BCstan%E2%80%93Erm%C9%99nistan_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Gürcüstan–Ermənistan müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gürcüstan–Ermənistan müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Армяна-грузінская вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Армяна-грузінская вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nsko-gruz%C3%ADnsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Arménsko-gruzínská válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arménsko-gruzínská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_georgiano-armenia" title="Guerra georgiano-armenia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra georgiano-armenia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartvela-armena_Milito_(1918)" title="Kartvela-armena Milito (1918) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kartvela-armena Milito (1918)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جنگ گرجستان و ارمنستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ گرجستان و ارمنستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_arm%C3%A9no-g%C3%A9orgienne" title="Guerre arméno-géorgienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre arméno-géorgienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5-%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Հայ-վրացական պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հայ-վրացական պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_georgiano-armena" title="Guerra georgiano-armena – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra georgiano-armena" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94%E2%80%93%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="מלחמת גאורגיה–ארמניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת גאורגיה–ארמניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%97-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სომხეთ-საქართველოს ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სომხეთ-საქართველოს ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C4%93nijas%E2%80%94Gruzijas_kar%C5%A1" title="Armēnijas—Gruzijas karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Armēnijas—Gruzijas karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeens-Georgische_Oorlog" title="Armeens-Georgische Oorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Armeens-Georgische Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_georgisk-armenske_krig" title="Den georgisk-armenske krig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den georgisk-armenske krig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="جارجیا-آرمینیا جنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جارجیا-آرمینیا جنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_arme%C5%84sko-gruzi%C5%84ska" title="Wojna armeńsko-gruzińska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna armeńsko-gruzińska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Georgiano-Arm%C3%AAnia" title="Guerra Georgiano-Armênia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Georgiano-Armênia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Армяно-грузинская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Армяно-грузинская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Грузијско-јерменски рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грузијско-јерменски рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCrc%C3%BC-Ermeni_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Gürcü-Ermeni Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gürcü-Ermeni Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вірмено-грузинська війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вірмено-грузинська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="جارجیا-آرمینیا جنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جارجیا-آرمینیا جنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9E-%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="格魯吉亞-亞美尼亞戰爭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="格魯吉亞-亞美尼亞戰爭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1859103#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Armeno-Georgian War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath of World War I</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia_map.jpg/300px-Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia_map.jpg/450px-Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia_map.jpg/600px-Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1213" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>7–31 December 1918; (3 weeks and 3 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Borchaly_uezd" title="Borchaly uezd">Borchaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lori_Province" title="Lori Province">Lori</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Akhalkalaki_Municipality" title="Akhalkalaki Municipality">Akhalkalaki</a> districts</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Both sides claim victory<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971119_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971119-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>With the intervention of Great Britain, a truce was concluded between Armenia and Georgia.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Lori district becomes a neutral zone.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">Armenia</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/19px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/29px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Georgia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia"><img alt="First Republic of Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Drastamat_Kanayan" title="Drastamat Kanayan">Drastamat Kanayan</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia"><img alt="Democratic Republic of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/19px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/29px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Mazniashvili" title="Giorgi Mazniashvili">Giorgi Mazniashvili</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia"><img alt="Democratic Republic of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/19px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/29px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Varden_Tsulukidze" title="Varden Tsulukidze">Varden Tsulukidze</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><b>In Lori:</b><br />Three infantry <a href="/wiki/Regiments" class="mw-redirect" title="Regiments">regiments</a><br />(28 infantry <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">companies</a>) & four cavalry <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(army)" title="Squadron (army)">squadrons</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971113_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971113-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Support from the local Armenian population and <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisans</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111,_118_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111,_118-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <b>In Georgia proper:</b><br />12 infantry companies at Sadakhlo<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971118_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971118-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>In Lori:</b><br />Fewer, two armoured trains<br /><b>In Georgia proper:</b><br />Two infantry regiments<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971113_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971113-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1,000 troops and 1 armoured train at Sadakhlo<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971113_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971113-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />3,500 troops at Shulaveri<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971118_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971118-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Heavy<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111–119_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111–119-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Less than 100 taken prisoner<br />(Hovannisian<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971119_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971119-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Heavy<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111–119_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111–119-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />About 1,000 taken prisoner<br />(Hovannisian<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971119_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971119-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Territory_in_dispute_between_Georgia_%26_Armenia1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Territory_in_dispute_between_Georgia_%26_Armenia1919.jpg/300px-Territory_in_dispute_between_Georgia_%26_Armenia1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Territory_in_dispute_between_Georgia_%26_Armenia1919.jpg/450px-Territory_in_dispute_between_Georgia_%26_Armenia1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Territory_in_dispute_between_Georgia_%26_Armenia1919.jpg/600px-Territory_in_dispute_between_Georgia_%26_Armenia1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption>1920 map of the Territory in dispute between Georgia and Armenia in 1918-1920</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Armeno-Georgian War</b> was a short <a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">border dispute</a> that was fought in December 1918 between the newly independent <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a>, largely over the control of former districts of the <a href="/wiki/Tiflis_Governorate" title="Tiflis Governorate">Tiflis Governorate</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Borchaly_uezd" title="Borchaly uezd">Borchaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lori_Province" title="Lori Province">Lori</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Akhalkalaki_uezd" title="Akhalkalaki uezd">Akhalkalaki</a>. </p><p>In May 1918, towards the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Armenia and Georgia both declared their independence, dissolving the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">union</a> between them. Both Georgia and Armenia claimed Lori and Akhalkalaki, both of which were populated primarily by Armenians. The border dispute turned into an open military conflict on 7 December 1918. Armenian forces initiated <a href="/wiki/Coup_de_main" title="Coup de main">coup de mains</a> that brought them within 10 kilometers of the Georgian capital, <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tiflis</a>, before Georgian troops were able to organize counterattacks. <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> intervention forced a ceasefire. Battles continued until the ceasefire came into effect at midnight on December 31.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971114_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971114-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A neutral zone, under Allied supervision, was declared in the Borchaly district, which would later be split in between the two states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971121,_122_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971121,_122-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large Armenian population of Tiflis and other Georgian-controlled regions was subject to mass arrests and other forms of persecution both during and after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009118_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009118-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971122_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971122-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armenia did not succeed in the nearly-obtained original goal of gaining land up to the <a href="/wiki/Khrami" title="Khrami">Khrami River</a>, and the entire war took place on land that had been controlled prior by Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result of the war is considered inconclusive, with the Armenian side declaring a successful liberation of Armenian territories and the Georgian side declaring a successful defense against an invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971119_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971119-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Revolution">Russian Revolution</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia-Transcaucasian-1918-Banknote-10-Reverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Russia-Transcaucasian-1918-Banknote-10-Reverse.png/220px-Russia-Transcaucasian-1918-Banknote-10-Reverse.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Russia-Transcaucasian-1918-Banknote-10-Reverse.png/330px-Russia-Transcaucasian-1918-Banknote-10-Reverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Russia-Transcaucasian-1918-Banknote-10-Reverse.png/440px-Russia-Transcaucasian-1918-Banknote-10-Reverse.png 2x" data-file-width="2841" data-file-height="1882" /></a><figcaption>10 ruble banknote of the Transcaucasian Commissariat</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> installed the <a href="/wiki/Special_Transcaucasian_Committee" title="Special Transcaucasian Committee">Special Transcaucasian Committee</a> to govern the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015612–613_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015612–613-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, the Special Transcaucasian Committee was replaced on 11 November 1917 by the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Commissariat" title="Transcaucasian Commissariat">Transcaucasian Commissariat</a>, centred in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze201532_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze201532-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commissariat concluded the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Erzincan" title="Armistice of Erzincan">Armistice of Erzincan</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> on 5 December 1917, which ended a localised armed conflict with the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwietochowski1985119_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwietochowski1985119-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commissariat actively sought to suppress Bolshevik influence and meanwhile to pursue a path towards Transcaucasian independence from <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a>. That included establishing a legislative body, the Transcaucasian Sejm, to which the Commissariat surrendered its authority on 23 January 1918 after the dispersal of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Russian Constituent Assembly</a> by the Bolsheviks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze201532_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze201532-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The secessionist and anti-Bolshevik agenda eventually brought Transcaucasian Sejm into conflict with the central government. On 3 March, the Russians signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>, marking Russia's exit from <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmele2015226–227_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmele2015226–227-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the treaty, Russia agreed to return territory gained during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878</a>, despite the fact that the territory was under the effective control of Armenian and Georgian forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmele2015226–227_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmele2015226–227-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Peace_Conference" title="Trebizond Peace Conference">Trebizond Peace Conference</a> between the Ottoman Empire and the Sejm began on 4 March and continued until April.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197123_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197123-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans offered to surrender all of their ambitions in the Caucasus in return for recognition of the re-acquisition of the eastern Anatolian provinces awarded at Brest-Litovsk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw1977326_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw1977326-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Members_of_the_National_Council_of_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A crown of approximately 40 men standing on a set of steps in front of stone balcony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Members_of_the_National_Council_of_Georgia.jpg/220px-Members_of_the_National_Council_of_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Members_of_the_National_Council_of_Georgia.jpg/330px-Members_of_the_National_Council_of_Georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Members_of_the_National_Council_of_Georgia.jpg/440px-Members_of_the_National_Council_of_Georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Members of the Georgian National Council</figcaption></figure> <p>By then, leading Georgian politicians viewed an alliance with Germany as the only way to prevent Georgia from being occupied by the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHille201071_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHille201071-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Georgia" title="National Council of Georgia">National Council of Georgia</a> declared the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a> on 26 May and, two days later, signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Poti" title="Treaty of Poti">Treaty of Poti</a> with Germany to place itself under German protection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang1962207–208_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1962207–208-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHille201071_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHille201071-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following day, the Muslim National Council announced the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHille2010177_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHille2010177-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having been largely abandoned by its allies, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Council_(1917%E2%80%9318)" title="Armenian National Council (1917–18)">Armenian National Council</a> <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Armenia_(1918)" title="Declaration of Independence of Armenia (1918)">declared independence on May 28</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1997186–201_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1997186–201-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 June, the Ottoman Empire signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Batum" title="Treaty of Batum">Treaty of Batum</a> with each of the three Transcaucasusian states, which brought the conflict with the Ottoman Empire to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayaslian2008152_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayaslian2008152-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty awarded the southern half of the ethnically Armenian Lori subdistrict (<span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Uchastok" title="Uchastok">uchastok</a></i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Akhalkalaki_uezd" title="Akhalkalaki uezd">Akhalkalaki</a> district to the Ottomans, but it did not firmly delineate the borders between the new Transcaucasus states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197171_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197171-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to deny the Ottomans a direct route to Tbilisi, Georgian units, supported by German officers, took possession of northern Lori and established outposts along the <a href="/wiki/Dzoraget_(river)" title="Dzoraget (river)">Dzoraget River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197171_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197171-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Georgian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Noe_Zhordania" title="Noe Zhordania">Noe Zhordania</a> assured the Armenian National Council that the occupation was a temporary measure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197171_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197171-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in a subsequent meeting Georgian representatives laid claim to all of the districts of the Tiflis Governorate, as well as the Pambak subdistrict of the <a href="/wiki/Erivan_Governorate" title="Erivan Governorate">Erivan Governorate</a>, eliciting protests from the Armenian side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197172_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197172-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_clashes">Initial clashes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoured_train,_occupied_by_Georgian_irregular_fighters,_in_Tiflis_IWM_(Q_86730)..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Approximately four soldiers, some of whom are armed, pose in front of a heavily armoured train car." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Armoured_train%2C_occupied_by_Georgian_irregular_fighters%2C_in_Tiflis_IWM_%28Q_86730%29..jpg/250px-Armoured_train%2C_occupied_by_Georgian_irregular_fighters%2C_in_Tiflis_IWM_%28Q_86730%29..jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Armoured_train%2C_occupied_by_Georgian_irregular_fighters%2C_in_Tiflis_IWM_%28Q_86730%29..jpg/375px-Armoured_train%2C_occupied_by_Georgian_irregular_fighters%2C_in_Tiflis_IWM_%28Q_86730%29..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Armoured_train%2C_occupied_by_Georgian_irregular_fighters%2C_in_Tiflis_IWM_%28Q_86730%29..jpg/500px-Armoured_train%2C_occupied_by_Georgian_irregular_fighters%2C_in_Tiflis_IWM_%28Q_86730%29..jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>A Georgian armoured train </figcaption></figure> <p>In early October 1918, the Ottomans pulled back from southern Lori, which eliminated the territorial buffer between Armenia and Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197173_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197173-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Armenian military quickly filled the void by taking control of much of southern Lori on 18 October and, in the absence of any resistance, probed further north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197173–75_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197173–75-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first incident between Armenia and Georgia occurred the same day, when an Armenian army detachment seized the railway station in the village of <a href="/wiki/Kobayr" title="Kobayr">Kober</a>, near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tumanyan,_Armenia" title="Tumanyan, Armenia">Tumanyan</a>, and refused a subsequent demand from the Germans to withdraw.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197175_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197175-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another village, <a href="/wiki/Karinj" title="Karinj">Korinj</a>, was also seized. The Armenians withdrew when Georgia sent a detachment to confront them, but they later returned to Korinj and occupied <a href="/wiki/Tsater" title="Tsater">Tsater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197175_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197175-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armenia's ambassador to Tbilisi, <a href="/wiki/Arshak_Jamalyan" title="Arshak Jamalyan">Arshak Djamalian</a>, insisted that Armenian claims over Lori were indisputable, but that his government wished to pursue its claims solely by diplomatic means.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197177_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197177-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Armenian parliament sent a message to its Georgian counterpart declaring calling for an amicable solution "in the name of the centuries-long brotherly relations of the two peoples".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197177_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197177-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Georgian government agreed with a peaceful settlement in principle. However, Armenian troops had to leave recently occupied villages, and further operations within the <a href="/wiki/Tiflis_Governorate" title="Tiflis Governorate">Tiflis Governorate</a> would be considered an act of war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197177_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197177-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commander of the German military expedition reminded Djamalian that Germany was obliged to defend its protectorate. On October 24 the Georgian government declared <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> in Lori, deployed General Tsulukidze and ordered him to deal with armed formations behind Georgian lines. He was, however, instructed to avoid direct confrontation with the Armenian troops, who were occupying Korinj and Tsater.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197177_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197177-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 26 the invading Armenian forces were ordered to return and left the two villages amid the deployment of a Georgian contingent in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197176_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197176-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November and early December, the Armenians of Lori protested that Georgian troops, under the guise of "conducting investigations", robbed food and supplies from the homes of Armenian peasants and molested women. Georgian troops were accused of similar crimes at <a href="/wiki/Akhalkalaki" title="Akhalkalaki">Akhalkalaki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009115_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009115-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Christopher_J._Walker" title="Christopher J. Walker">Christopher J. Walker</a> compared the Georgian occupation of Lori to a "<a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsarist</a>-style military bureaucracy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1980267_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1980267-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Leo_(historian)" title="Leo (historian)">Leo</a> wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Our history of the past two thousand years leads us to the conclusion that we could not imagine Armenia through the centuries without Lori. This would be considered all the more unimaginable today, because to cut off Lori form the body of Armenia means to dismember its entire past and its cultural treasures-to concede to looting the magnificent accomplishments of hundreds of generations through the centuries."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009115_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009115-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Armenian government made attempts to solve the dispute diplomatically on 9 and 12 December, which terms the Georgian government rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009115,_116_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009115,_116-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 December, Armenian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hovhannes_Kajaznuni" title="Hovhannes Kajaznuni">Hovhannes Kajaznuni</a> sent the following message to his Georgian counterpart Noe Zhordania: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The conduct of Georgian troops in Borchalu, in that part of Armenia occupied forcibly by Georgia, has created an intolerable situation. Only the immediate withdrawal of Georgian troops from that region can prevent new bloodshed and lead to the restoration of friendly, lasting relations between Georgia and Armenia. With this view the government of Armenia has the honor to propose to the government of Georgia that it remove its troops, without further delay, from that part of Armenia which lies within the Borchalu uezd. In the event of refusal or evasion on your part, the Armenian government will be obliged to take the necessary measures to protect the citizens of Armenia from the violence and lawlessness of the Georgian troops."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971107_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971107-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Georgia had begun to prevent railroads from transporting foreign supplies into Armenia, which resulted in famine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009115_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009115-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lori_region">Lori region</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian-American</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Richard G. Hovannisian</a> in his book <i>The Republic of Armenia</i> describes the political history of the region of Lori: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The uchastok (district) of Lori located between <a href="/wiki/Pambak_(river)" title="Pambak (river)">Pambak</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khrami" title="Khrami">Khram River</a> in the northern reaches of the volcanic <a href="/wiki/Armenian_highlands" title="Armenian highlands">Armenian plateau</a>, had been detached from the <a href="/wiki/Erivan_Governorate" title="Erivan Governorate">Erivan guberniia</a> in 1862 and added to the Tiflis guberniia. Historically, under the <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia">Arsacid</a> (Arshakuni) dynasty of the first to fifth centuries A.D., Lori constituted the county of <a href="/wiki/Tashir_(historical_region)" title="Tashir (historical region)">Dashir</a>, and, under the <a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a> (Bagratuni) dynasty, ninth through eleventh centuries, it formed the core of the Armenian subkingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tashir-Dzoraget" title="Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget">Gugark</a>. Then, after a period of vassalage to the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuk Turks</a>, Lori was included in the realms of the <a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Georgian branch of the Bagratids</a>, but it eventually fell to the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongols</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Persia</a>. Late in the eighteenth century King <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_II_of_Georgia" title="Heraclius II of Georgia">Iraklii II</a> restored Georgian sovereignty over the district for a few years until all eastern Georgia was <a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">annexed by Russia in 1801</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanov</a> rule most of historic Lori was organized as the Lori uchastok, whereas the remainder was apportioned among the three other uchastoks of the <a href="/wiki/Borchalu_uezd" class="mw-redirect" title="Borchalu uezd">Borchalu uezd</a>. The population of the Lori uchastok was basically <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a>: 41,000 in 1914 as compared with 8,500 <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, 3,350 <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, 3,300 <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, and fewer than 100 <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>. Another 5,000 Armenians lived in neighboring districts of the Borchalu uezd, and the Armenian element was likewise predominant in the adjacent southern sector of the <a href="/wiki/Tiflis_uezd" title="Tiflis uezd">Tiflis uezd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197168–69_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197168–69-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War">War</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Order_of_Battle">Order of Battle</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armenia">Armenia</h4></div> <p>To Armenia, the primary regional threat were the Ottoman Empire and other Turkic factions. For them, an Ottoman breakthrough at the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasian Front</a> was equalled with the demise of the Armenian nation. Therein and the fear of foreign incursions was the basis of creating a national military corps, even before gaining independence in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022359_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022359-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a proposal was approved on 11 July 1917 by the provisional government and High Command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022359_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022359-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The planned Armenian corps was structured not too differently to their later Georgian counterpart, also partially inspired by Russian military doctrines and organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022360–361_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022360–361-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plans were already made in 1917 and roots lied in the Armenian units that had fought for the Russian Empire since 1914. The largest of those (1,500 men strong) was led by <a href="/wiki/Andranik" title="Andranik">Andranik</a>. In 1917 some 80,000 Armenians were serving in the ranks of the Imperial Russian Army. Nearly as many in the Caucasus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022361_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022361-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the TDFR, the corps was to consist of two infantry divisions, one "special division", one artillery division, one cavalry brigade and an engineer regiment, supplemented by six separate regiments deployed to different areas, including the Tiflis Governorate. One to be assigned for the protection of railroads. The special division was to draw manpower from Armenians who fled the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022359_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022359-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to leaderships plans, each division would be made up of four infantry regiments with their own artillery and cavalry detachments. The cavalry brigade was to consist of two cavalry regiments and two artillery batteries. In addition several reserve units would be requested and some formed. Implemented, the Armenian army would have been of substantial size.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022359–360_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022359–360-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the Armenians succeeded in creating an overall larger fighting force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022361_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022361-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 January 1918, the Armenian Army comprised about 40,000 personnel and consisted of two rifle divisions, three volunteer brigades, one cavalry brigade and several militia battalions. Their main cadres were formed from people who had served in the period of 1914–1916. The formations were well equipped with machine guns, but lacking in artillery due to shortcomings of experienced and trained personnel in that particular area. The rifle divisions were each equipped with six heavy artillery batteries, while light guns were transferred to the volunteer forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022362_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022362-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Denikin</a>, during the summer of 1918, peacetime strength was at 22,000 men and more than 44,000 troops could be mustered in wartime. However those numbers fluctuated heavily and were more likely in the scale of 10,000–15,000. While <a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Jones" title="Stephen F. Jones">Jones</a> mentions three Armenian divisions by end of January and their disposition in detail. A problematic factor were ongoing conflicts like <a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">with Azerbaijan</a>, that drew thousand of bodies in manpower, away from the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022364_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022364-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By June 1918, after establishing independence, the Armenian army at the time numbered some 12,000 men and gradually grew to 40,000. Its officer corps consisted of Armenians as well as Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022364–365_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022364–365-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However <a href="/wiki/William_Edward_David_Allen" title="William Edward David Allen">Allen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Muratov" title="Pavel Muratov">Muratoff</a> note that the Armenian forces became weaker and less effective. Their 24 rifle and eight volunteer battalions didn't exceed 16,000 riflemen, 1,000 cavalrymen and 4,000 militia. Battalion sizes ranged from 400 to 600. Because of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Batum" title="Treaty of Batum">Treaty of Batum</a>, the size of the Armenian corps was further reduced by the end of July 1918, to only one division. This restriction however did not touch separate formations not integrated in the corps and subordinated to the government, such as the volunteer brigade led by Andronik.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022365_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022365-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite those setbacks, Armenia was able to create a fully structured corps, beating Georgia to it by many months and into the upcoming war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022367_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022367-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Georgia">Georgia</h4></div> <p>From Georgian perspective, North-Eastern and Eastern advances of the Ottoman forces constituted an imminent threat not only to Akhaltsikhe and Akhalkalaki, but also to Tiflis. During its brief independence, Russia and Turkey remained the main threats to the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201762_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201762-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a session on May 25, 1918, the Menshevik government decided that all laws and resolutions established during the short-lived TDFR, would temporarily carry over to the newly formed Republic. Batumi was declared occupied. In June a Georgian army deployed to Abkhazia at request of the Abkhaz Council in order to quell Bolshevik revolts and in the process, took <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Tuapse" title="Tuapse">Tuapse</a> from the Red Army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022326–327_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022326–327-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time the <a href="/wiki/Sochi_conflict" title="Sochi conflict">Sochi conflict</a> escalated, Georgia was effectively subjected to aggression by both Russian bolsheviks and the Ottoman Empire, which lasted until 1919. The ambitions of those two prompted creation of a cohesive armed force. A draft, which laid out the organisation structure, was presented by General Kvinitadze on 2 June 1918. Three days later on 5 June, official enlistment began on the basis of that new institution. At the time, only able bodies from the ages of 19 to 23 were allowed to serve. By June its German protector sent troops to aid in the training.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022328–329_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022328–329-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The memoires of German general <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_Kress_von_Kressenstein" title="Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein">von Kressenstein</a> speak of a stubborn Georgian government, that initially refused the implementation of a regular army accordingly to their demands. Pressure forced them to concede to a model with conscription. The governments original intention was to form two infantry divisions, one Border Guard division, three cavalry regiments and an artillery brigade, leaning towards Red Army structures. The peacetime strength was to be 30–40,000 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022331_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022331-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kvinitadze wanted to create three divisions, so that one could at least defend against potential Ottoman thrusts towards and from the direction of <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artvin" title="Artvin">Artvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardahan" title="Ardahan">Ardahan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akhaltsikhe" title="Akhaltsikhe">Akhaltsikhe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022338_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022338-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disagreement between German and Georgian officers delayed approval of a German inspired model until 20 August 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022332_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022332-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first regular army, as per new law, was to consist of two infantry divisions, one cavalry brigade, one artillery brigade, one support company, one engineer company, one motorized company, one armored company and a fighter group. However it never reached the envisioned size or quality at any time in the First Republics existence. By November 1918, the Georgian military's manpower shortage lied at around 60%, while the army still lacked 80% of the required horses. Despite being in a terrible state, Georgian troops with the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Guard_of_Georgia" title="People's Guard of Georgia">People's Guard</a>, managed to stall and fend off further Ottoman and Bolshevik incursions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022334–336_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022334–336-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout 1918, the majority of Georgian forces consisted of militia type formations and only in critical events, such as the Armeno-Georgian war, a large ad-hoc force would be assembled to respond. Vital instruments, such as <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a>, were lacking almost completely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022341_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022341-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Existing People's Guard (also called Workers Guard) units were plagued by disorganisation and ill discipline, sometimes even disobedience. They were often accused of irresponsible behaviour and were being reformed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022340–341_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022340–341-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its personnel were made up of ideology driven Menshevik party members and the Guard at large, wasn't a cohesive fighting force. It comprised territorial battalions that would be consolidated and assigned competent military leadership, only in the case of war. The relationship between Guard and regular army was described as "not ideal". The Guard enjoyed greater privileges and was heavily politicized, as de facto protector and "sword" of the Menshevik government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022342–343_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022342–343-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the regular army was subordinated to the Defence Ministry, the entirety of the Guard was directly controlled by the Menshevik dominated parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022344_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022344-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2nd Division of the regular army completed its muster not earlier than the end of December 1918, when the war was in its final days. The cavalry brigade failed to form at all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022338_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022338-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citations from officers often included remarks of poor quality in the majority rank and file, who were only called in for several days, when rewarding the few stand outs who committed commendable action. Exceptions were the 5th and 6th Infantry Regiments of the 1st Division, that enjoyed superior level of organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022337–338_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022337–338-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unrest_in_Lori">Unrest in Lori</h3></div> <p>Following the Turkish retreat from southern Lori in October 1918, Armenian forces gained control of the region, resulting in a border between Armenia and Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197173_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197173-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the Georgian side bolstered it's garrison in the northern parts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971103_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971103-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local populace was required to provide quarters and supplies for Georgian troops and became subject to searches and undisciplined behaviour by the soldiers. In <a href="/wiki/Odzun" title="Odzun">Uzunlar</a>, the Armenian peasantry resisted the excessive search operations. In response, Georgian troops beat the village commissar and killed an official.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971103_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971103-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Georgian military investigation confirmed the Georgian soldiers had been the instigators and requested replacement of troops, but concluded that due to the organised nature of resistance, Uzunlar was to be searched and neutralized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971103_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971103-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By early December, rebellion seemed imminent in northern Lori. Armenian emissaries from Uzunlar traveled to the Georgian headquarters near <a href="/wiki/Sanahin" title="Sanahin">Sanahin</a> to protest the violence. General Tsulukidze had the emissaries arrested and sent a detachment to deal with the unrests. His troops were reportedly attacked, while the Armenians of Uzunlar claimed their village was bombarded for two days, while the Georgians claimed the villagers had opened fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971104_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971104-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Tsulikidze, Armenian troops of the 4th Infantry Regiment operating in disguise were instigating an insurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971104_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971104-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had disarmed a cavalry unit and the garrison at Uzunlar. Subsequently, a relief force was met with a barrage of fire. The following day an Armenian force of 350 men attacked two Georgian units and partisans crushed several soldiers by boulders rolled down a mountainside.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971104_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971104-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsulukidze was convinced that he dealt with regular Armenian army units because orders were submitted in Russian, which was the language used by the Armenian military command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971104_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971104-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his view Sanahin itself was in danger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971104_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971104-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Armenian side maintained that they had no regular troops involved until mid-December, when the oppression of the local peasantry had become too severe to continue tolerating.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971104_56-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971104-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Goguadze, who was in charge of the armoured trains, informed the Georgian government that rails between Sanahin and <a href="/wiki/Alaverdi,_Armenia" title="Alaverdi, Armenia">Alaverdi</a> had been sabotaged, while Tsulukidze claimed his forces were suppressed by Armenian troops at Alaverdi. The Georgian side accused Armenian villages of harbouring Armenian army units.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971105_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971105-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian_offensive">Armenian offensive</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="extendedconfirmed-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armeno-Georgian_War&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a></span><span class="nonextendedconfirmed-show"><span class="sysop-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armeno-Georgian_War&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> or </span><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AArmeno-Georgian_War&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+extended-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Extended-confirmed-protected+edit+request+on+28+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+extended-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Armeno-Georgian+War">making an edit request</a></span></span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_soldiers_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Armenian_soldiers_1918.jpg/250px-Armenian_soldiers_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Armenian_soldiers_1918.jpg/375px-Armenian_soldiers_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Armenian_soldiers_1918.jpg/500px-Armenian_soldiers_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Armenian troops in 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>On 13 December, with peaceful negotiations having failed, the government of Armenia ordered General <a href="/wiki/Drastamat_Kanayan" title="Drastamat Kanayan">Drastamat Kanayan</a> to force the Georgian troops out of Lori.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009116_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009116-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Captured documents revealed that Yerevan had made detailed plans to seize territories up to the river Khrami, into Georgia proper. Those seemed verified by the subsequent movements and activities of the Armenian troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kanayan commanded a force of 28 infantry companies, four cavalry squadrons, including reserves and was equipped with 26 machine guns and seven mountain cannons. Armenia had fewer men, provisions, and ammunition than Georgia, however their troops held the decisive advantage of surprise and penetrating into friendly territory, enjoying the support from the local Armenian population and partisans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111,_118_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111,_118-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armenian forces quickly made substantial gains. The 4th, 5th, and 6th Regiments advanced in three columns under Colonels Ter-Nikoghosian, Nesterovskii, and Korolkov, towards the line of villages, <a href="/wiki/Tashir" title="Tashir">Vorontsovka</a>-<a href="/wiki/Privolnoye,_Armenia" title="Privolnoye, Armenia">Privolnoye</a>-Opret-Hairum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That afternoon, the Armenians had captured <a href="/wiki/Haghpat" title="Haghpat">Haghpat</a>, and General <a href="/wiki/Varden_Tsulukidze" title="Varden Tsulukidze">Varden Tsulukidze</a> had been forced to evacuate from the Georgian headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Sanahin" title="Sanahin">Sanahin</a>. By 15 December, the Armenian army captured Vorontsovka, Privolnoye, Sanahin, <a href="/wiki/Mikhayelovka" title="Mikhayelovka">Mikhayelovka</a>, Alaverdi, and the heights between Haghpat and Akhova.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Georgians had left behind their dead and wounded. The Armenians had already captured almost a hundred Georgian soldiers, as well as many cavalry mounts, fifty freight cars, a locomotive, and several machine guns and mountain cannons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111,_113_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111,_113-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 December the Armenian left flank, commanded by Ter-Nikoghosian, now advanced from Lori into Georgia proper on <a href="/wiki/Bolnisi" title="Bolnisi">Bolnis-Khachen</a> and Katharinenfeld, while Korolov's right flank captured Hairum. Georgian forces, that consisted mostly of People's Guard units, offered poor resistance at Katharinenfeld and later at Shulaver, which put others forces in danger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022341_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022341-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surprise attack at Hairum cost the Georgians an additional 500 men killed, wounded, or taken prisoner. On 17 December, the Georgian 5th and 6th Infantry Regiments were caught in a pincer movement by the two Armenian offensives and were able to escape, but suffered sixty extra casualties, as well as having to abandon two <a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">field guns</a> and twenty five machine guns. The Armenians also captured two fully equipped Georgian armoured trains and Tsulukidze's <a href="/wiki/Private_railroad_car" title="Private railroad car">personal railway coach</a> at the station of <a href="/wiki/Akhtala" title="Akhtala">Akhtala</a>. Tsulukidze had fled back to <a href="/wiki/Sadakhlo" title="Sadakhlo">Sadakhlu</a>, and by 18 December, the column under Ter-Nikoghosian had taken Bolnis-Khachen. Back in Tiflis, a state of emergency was declared.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971113_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971113-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reinforcements of a thousand infantrymen, a cavalry squadron, and their final armoured train were sent by Georgian War Minister <a href="/wiki/Grigol_Giorgadze" title="Grigol Giorgadze">Grigol Giorgadze</a> to Sadakhlu on 18 December. Nonetheless, the Armenian right flank continued pursuing the main Georgian force at Sadakhlu, and also captured <a href="/wiki/Shaumiani" title="Shaumiani">Shulaver</a> on 20 December. The Armenians had now approached the Khrami River. Other units moved on Sadakhlu, but came under fire within range of the armored train, and sustained their first heavy losses. However, the rails to the Georgian's rear had been cut, and they were in danger of encirclement. On 22 December, the Armenians again attacked Sadakhlu and captured its station and the village outskirts, but were again forced back by the Georgian troops and their armoured train. Kanayan assembled twelve companies for a full-scale offensive. On 23 December, after hours of intense fighting, the Armenians occupied the strategic village.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971113_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971113-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Armenians took 132 Georgian POWs, over a hundred freight cars of food and munitions, 2 machine guns, and 3 trains. Casualties on the Armenian side were 7 killed and 11 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009116_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009116-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the capture of Sadakhlu, Tsulukidze was relieved of his command and replaced by Major General <a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Mazniashvili" title="Giorgi Mazniashvili">Giorgi Mazniashvili</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971113,_114_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971113,_114-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Armenian army was now within 30 miles of the Georgian capital Tiflis. Armenian forces continued to advance on 24 December, but the next day the Georgians were reinforced by 1,000 new troops and airplanes, which bombed Shulaver. On 25 December, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> delegations in Tiflis had intervened to demand the war come to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971114_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971114-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_intervention">Allied intervention</h3></div> <p>An Allied military commission led by Lieutenant Colonels R. P. Jordan (Britain) and P. A. Chardigny (France) had been stationed in Tiflis. Georgian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Evgeni_Gegechkori" title="Evgeni Gegechkori">Evgeni Gegechkori</a> had appealed to them for intervention on 15 December. Jordan suggested all Armenian and Georgian forces withdraw from the disputed territory, which would be policed by British troops until its status was decided at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971114_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971114-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gegechkori was in favor of a <a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">status quo ante bellum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971115_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971115-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Armenian representatives in Tiflis were not included in these early negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971116_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971116-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British and French had only messaged Premier Kajaznuni by 25 December, when diplomat <a href="/wiki/Arshak_Jamalyan" title="Arshak Jamalyan">Arshak Jamalyan</a> was sent to negotiate. Jamalyan protested this one-sided treatment and objected to the annexation of any territories the Armenians controlled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009116_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009116-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allies wired a decision to <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> on 25 December. By this time, all of Lori and much of Borchaly had been controlled by Kanayan's forces:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971116_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971116-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Major General Rycroft, now in Tiflis, Chardigny of the French Mission, in company with Zhordania and in the presence of Djamalian, have decided that military activities should cease and, over the protest of Djamalian, have resolved to create a mixed commission of English, French, Armenian, and Georgian representatives to go to the front to effect this decision. The commission is to determine the number of Georgian garrisons which are to remain in the northern sector of the Borchalu uzed and the number of Armenian garrisons in the southern sector. It will also rule on the number of garrisons the Georgians will retain in Akhalkalak, with the understanding that these should be at a minimum. The Georgians are to hold their present line, while the Armenians must withdraw to the <a href="/wiki/Dsegh" title="Dsegh">Dsegh</a>-<a href="/wiki/Stepanavan" title="Stepanavan">Jalaloghli</a> perimeter. The British will take positions between the Georgian and Armenian troops and will create a mixed administration in that district, whereas the Georgian administration in Akhalkalak will be supervised by the Allies, with the guarantee that Armenian and Muslim representatives shall be included in the administration. Soon Georgian and Armenian envoys will depart for Europe, where the final boundaries will be determined by the Great Powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971116_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971116-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The decision was signed by Rycroft, Chardigny, and Zhordania, who called on both Armenian and Georgian military leaders to cease their activities. The Allies decided to impose the plan with or without the approval of the government of Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971116_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971116-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armenian officials decided to agree to the truce, on the condition that they be allowed to send a delegation to Tiflis to resolve any ambiguities in the settlement. A ceasefire was to take place on 31 December 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971117_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971117-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgian_counteroffensives_and_final_clashes">Georgian counteroffensives and final clashes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="extendedconfirmed-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armeno-Georgian_War&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a></span><span class="nonextendedconfirmed-show"><span class="sysop-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armeno-Georgian_War&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> or </span><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AArmeno-Georgian_War&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+extended-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Extended-confirmed-protected+edit+request+on+28+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+extended-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Armeno-Georgian+War">making an edit request</a></span></span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgian-cavalry-1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Georgian-cavalry-1918.jpg/250px-Georgian-cavalry-1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Georgian-cavalry-1918.jpg/375px-Georgian-cavalry-1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Georgian-cavalry-1918.jpg/500px-Georgian-cavalry-1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2839" data-file-height="2045" /></a><figcaption>Georgian cavalrymen in 1918 armed with carbines and sabres</figcaption></figure> <p>Both sides attempted to maintain favorable positions before the ceasefire came into effect. The Armenian soldiers had marched for two weeks without rest. No reinforcements could be sent by the government. The supplies of Armenian troops now mostly consisted of bread and munitions captured from the Georgians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009117_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009117-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> had also occurred. Conversely, the Georgians were able to quickly send reinforcements and plan operations now that hostilities were so close to Tiflis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971118_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971118-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several skirmishes took place from 25 to 27 December. Though the Georgian efforts had become more brazen, positions changed little during these days. On 28 December, the Georgians had made a breakthrough when a force of 3,500 instructed by Mazniashvili overtook Shulaver, as well as a number of smaller villages. The Armenians suffered 200 casualties. Over the next two days, the Armenians and Georgians fought over Sadakhlu, which changed hands several times. Eventually the two armies entrenched themselves in a stalemate, with the Armenians in station and Georgians in the town.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971118_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971118-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final confrontations took place on 31 December, before the ceasefire would come into effect at midnight. The Armenians made strategic gains at their center and right columns, but the typhus-infected left column was pushed back. Late in the afternoon, Armenian soldiers outflanked the Georgians and took the eastern heights of Sadakhlu. In addition, the Armenians had also cut the railway leading Shulaver in <a href="/wiki/Mamai,_Armenia" title="Mamai, Armenia">Mamai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971118_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971118-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the day, both armies were situated along irregular lines. The north, south, and east of Sadakhlu were controlled by the Armenians, while the Georgians had advanced a considerable distance southwest of the village.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971118,_119_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971118,_119-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persecution_of_Armenians_in_Georgia">Persecution of Armenians in Georgia</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Armeno-Georgian_War##" title="Talk:Armeno-Georgian War">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Throughout the war, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Georgia" title="Armenians in Georgia">Armenians in Georgia</a> were heavily persecuted, and many were arrested without cause. Several organisations were shut down, including charities for refugees and orphans. Armenian newspapers were banned, and members of the Tiflis City Council with Armenian background were arrested. The governor of Tiflis proclaimed that every Armenian civilian was a technical prisoner-of-war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971122_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971122-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the arrested Armenians were extorted and threatened with execution if they refused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009117_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009117-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ransom prices varied between 50 and 50,000 rubles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009117,_118_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009117,_118-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after the ceasefire had been declared, thousands of arrests were made on 5 January 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009118_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009118-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1919, hundreds of arrested Armenian civilians were marched to <a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a>, where they were paraded as prisoners-of-war. Georgia had actually captured few Armenian soldiers during the war. The parades were meant to prove the Georgian government's official narrative of the war as being an astonishing Georgian victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971123_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971123-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The persecutions were even more severe in villages outside Tiflis. In the village of <a href="/wiki/Bolnisi" title="Bolnisi">Bolnis-Khachen</a>, Georgian militias committed several acts of murder, rape and looting. Armenian peasants had been robbed of grain, crops, fabrics, livestock and various other possessions. Several homes were also destroyed. In Belyi-Kliuch, Georgian soldiers went to an orphanage demanding women. After not finding any, the Georgians instead raped prepubescent girls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009118_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009118-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971124_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971124-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They returned to the same orphanage a few days later to commit more rapes. Appeals were made to the Georgian authorities, which went ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009118_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009118-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_and_assessment">Aftermath and assessment</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"The Georgians, for example, whose State bounds Armenia on the north, claimed some territory which, by all ethnological rules, belonged to Armenia. The two peoples came to blows in December, 1918, and, to the astonishment of those who supposed the Armenians to be a race of degraded moneymakers, these routed the Georgians, and would perhaps, have captured Tiflis, the Georgian capital, had not the Allies intervened." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bechhofer_Roberts" title="C. E. Bechhofer Roberts">C. E. Bechhofer Roberts</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>The Allied, Georgian and Armenian officials met to discuss a final settlement from 9 to 17 January 1919. Diplomatic and trade relations were resumed between the two republics. Prisoners were also returned on 23 January. The British created a neutral zone, centred in the Borchaly uezd and reaching from Sadakhlu to the prewar border with Armenia. A commissioner general, eventually decided to be Captain A. S. G. Douglas, would administer the zone and have ultimate authority on the number of Armenian and Georgian troops stationed within it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971121_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971121-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The neutral zone was split into the districts of Uzunlar, Vorontsovka, and Alaverdi. There were 41<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArakelianYeremianArevshatianBartikian1984129_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArakelianYeremianArevshatianBartikian1984129-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–43 villages within the neutral zone with large Armenian populations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971121–122_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971121–122-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war caused Allied perception of both Armenia and Georgia to become more negative. Many argued that independence for the Transcaucasian states would result in conflict and instability for the region. That proved to be a critical time, as their fates would be decided at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> a few weeks after the ceasefire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971125_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971125-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1980268_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1980268-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The outcome of the war is disputed. Both the Armenians and Georgians claimed victory. Both sides also felt that they would have had a decisive victory if it had not been for the ceasefire imposed by the Allies. The Armenians had succeeded in forcing the Georgians out of northern Lori, which became a neutral zone eventually split between the two republics. However, their goal had been to seize land up to the Khrami River. The Armenians had advanced during most of the war. Although the Georgians began a counterattack in the final days, they reached a stalemate before the ceasefire. However, the war took place entirely in lands formerly controlled by Georgia. The Armenian army also suffered fewer casualties. The historian Richard G. Hovannisian suggests that the result of the conflict was inconclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971119_&_125_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971119_&_125-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Soviet historiography, the war is portrayed as being instigated by "<a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente</a> imperialists" and that the Lori neutral zone was commanded by "British imperialists" and "Georgian Mensheviks".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArakelianYeremianArevshatianBartikian1984129_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArakelianYeremianArevshatianBartikian1984129-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Georgia_border" title="Armenia–Georgia border">Armenia–Georgia border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Georgia_relations" title="Armenia–Georgia relations">Armenia–Georgia relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971119-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971119_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971119_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971119_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971119_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHovannisian1971">Hovannisian 1971</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971113-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971113_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971113_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971113_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971113_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971113_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHovannisian1971">Hovannisian 1971</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111,_118-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111,_118_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111,_118_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHovannisian1971">Hovannisian 1971</a>, pp. 111, 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971118-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971118_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971118_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971118_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971118_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971118_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHovannisian1971">Hovannisian 1971</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111–119-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111–119_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111–119_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHovannisian1971">Hovannisian 1971</a>, pp. 111–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971114-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971114_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971114_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971114_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHovannisian1971">Hovannisian 1971</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971121,_122-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971121,_122_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHovannisian1971">Hovannisian 1971</a>, pp. 121, 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009118-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009118_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009118_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009118_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009118_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalabian2009">Chalabian 2009</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971122-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971122_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971122_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHovannisian1971">Hovannisian 1971</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971111_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHovannisian1971">Hovannisian 1971</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015612–613-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015612–613_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2015">Mikaberidze 2015</a>, pp. 612–613.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze201532-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze201532_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze201532_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2015">Mikaberidze 2015</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwietochowski1985119-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwietochowski1985119_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwietochowski1985">Swietochowski 1985</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmele2015226–227-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmele2015226–227_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmele2015226–227_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmele2015">Smele 2015</a>, pp. 226–227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197123-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197123_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHovannisian1971">Hovannisian 1971</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw1977326-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw1977326_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaw1977">Shaw 1977</a>, p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHille201071-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHille201071_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHille201071_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHille2010">Hille 2010</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1962207–208-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang1962207–208_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLang1962">Lang 1962</a>, pp. 207–208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHille2010177-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHille2010177_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHille2010">Hille 2010</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1997186–201-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1997186–201_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHovannisian1997">Hovannisian 1997</a>, pp. 186–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayaslian2008152-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayaslian2008152_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayaslian2008">Payaslian 2008</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197171-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197171_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197171_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197171_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHovannisian1971">Hovannisian 1971</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197172-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197172_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHovannisian1971">Hovannisian 1971</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li 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pp. 360–361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022361-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022361_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022361_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChachkhiani2022">Chachkhiani 2022</a>, p. 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022359–360-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022359–360_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChachkhiani2022">Chachkhiani 2022</a>, pp. 359–360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022362-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022362_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChachkhiani2022">Chachkhiani 2022</a>, p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022364-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022364_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChachkhiani2022">Chachkhiani 2022</a>, p. 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022364–365-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022364–365_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChachkhiani2022">Chachkhiani 2022</a>, pp. 364–365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022365-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022365_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChachkhiani2022">Chachkhiani 2022</a>, p. 365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022367-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022367_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChachkhiani2022">Chachkhiani 2022</a>, p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201762-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201762_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2017">Lee 2017</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022326–327-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022326–327_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChachkhiani2022">Chachkhiani 2022</a>, pp. 326–327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022328–329-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022328–329_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChachkhiani2022">Chachkhiani 2022</a>, pp. 328–329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022331-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022331_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChachkhiani2022">Chachkhiani 2022</a>, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022338-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022338_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022338_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChachkhiani2022">Chachkhiani 2022</a>, p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022332-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022332_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChachkhiani2022">Chachkhiani 2022</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022334–336-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022334–336_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChachkhiani2022">Chachkhiani 2022</a>, pp. 334–336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022341-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022341_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022341_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChachkhiani2022">Chachkhiani 2022</a>, p. 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022340–341-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022340–341_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChachkhiani2022">Chachkhiani 2022</a>, pp. 340–341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022342–343-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022342–343_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChachkhiani2022">Chachkhiani 2022</a>, pp. 342–343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022344-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022344_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChachkhiani2022">Chachkhiani 2022</a>, p. 344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022337–338-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChachkhiani2022337–338_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChachkhiani2022">Chachkhiani 2022</a>, pp. 337–338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971103-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971103_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971103_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971103_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHovannisian1971">Hovannisian 1971</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971104-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971104_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971104_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971104_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971104_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971104_56-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971104_56-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHovannisian1971">Hovannisian 1971</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971105-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971105_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHovannisian1971">Hovannisian 1971</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009116-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009116_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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href="#CITEREFHovannisian1971">Hovannisian 1971</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971116-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971116_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971116_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971116_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971116_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHovannisian1971">Hovannisian 1971</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971117-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971117_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHovannisian1971">Hovannisian 1971</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalabian2009117-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._E._Bechhofer_Roberts" title="C. 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Bechhofer</a> (1921). <i>In Denikin's Russia and the Caucasus, 1919-1920</i>. <a href="/wiki/William_Collins,_Sons" title="William Collins, Sons">William Collins, Sons</a>. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Denikin%27s+Russia+and+the+Caucasus%2C+1919-1920&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=William+Collins%2C+Sons&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=C.+E.+Bechhofer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmeno-Georgian+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971121-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971121_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHovannisian1971">Hovannisian 1971</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArakelianYeremianArevshatianBartikian1984129-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArakelianYeremianArevshatianBartikian1984129_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArakelianYeremianArevshatianBartikian1984129_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArakelianYeremianArevshatianBartikian1984">Arakelian et al. 1984</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971121–122-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971121–122_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHovannisian1971">Hovannisian 1971</a>, pp. 121–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971125-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971125_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHovannisian1971">Hovannisian 1971</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1980268-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1980268_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1980">Walker 1980</a>, p. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971119_&_125-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1971119_&_125_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHovannisian1971">Hovannisian 1971</a>, pp. 119 & 125.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArakelianYeremianArevshatianBartikian1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Babken_Arakelyan" title="Babken Arakelyan">Arakelian, Babken N.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Suren_Yeremian" title="Suren Yeremian">Yeremian, Suren T.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sen_Arevshatyan" title="Sen Arevshatyan">Arevshatian, Sen S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hrach_Bartikyan" title="Hrach Bartikyan">Bartikian, Hrach M.</a>; Danielian, Eduard L.; <a href="/wiki/Aram_Ter-Ghevondyan" title="Aram Ter-Ghevondyan">Ter-Ghevondian, Aram N.</a>, eds. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://serials.flib.sci.am/openreader/Hay%20joxovrdi%20patmutyun_%20h.7/book/Binder1.pdf"><i>Հայ ժողովրդի պատմություն հատոր VII. ՍՈՎԵՏԱԿԱՆ ԻՇԽԱՆՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՀԱՂԹԱՆՍԿԸ ՀԱՅԱՍՏԱՆՈՒՄ</i></a> [<i>History of the Armenian People Volume VII: The Victory of Soviet Power of Armenia</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences Publishing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407124216/http://serials.flib.sci.am/openreader/Hay%20joxovrdi%20patmutyun_%20h.7/book/Binder1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5+%D5%AA%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB+%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80+VII.+%D5%8D%D5%88%D5%8E%D4%B5%D5%8F%D4%B1%D4%BF%D4%B1%D5%86+%D4%BB%D5%87%D4%BD%D4%B1%D5%86%D5%88%D5%92%D4%B9%D5%85%D4%B1%D5%86+%D5%80%D4%B1%D5%82%D4%B9%D4%B1%D5%86%D5%8D%D4%BF%D4%B8+%D5%80%D4%B1%D5%85%D4%B1%D5%8D%D5%8F%D4%B1%D5%86%D5%88%D5%92%D5%84&rft.place=Yerevan&rft.pub=Armenian+SSR+Academy+of+Sciences+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fserials.flib.sci.am%2Fopenreader%2FHay%2520joxovrdi%2520patmutyun_%2520h.7%2Fbook%2FBinder1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmeno-Georgian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChachkhiani2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chachkhiani, Archil (2022). Gurili, Vakhtang (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/389841/1/Somkhet_Saqartvelos_Omi_Nawili-I.pdf"><i>სომხეთ-საქართველოს ომი ნავილი I: "სომხური საკითხის" დასმიდან დაპირისპირებულ მხარეტა სტრატეგიებამდე</i></a> [<i>Armeno-Georgian War, Part I: From formulating the Armenian Question to strategies of opposing sides</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Georgian). Tbilisi: David Aghmashenebeli National Defence Academy of Georgia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9941-8-4462-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9941-8-4462-1"><bdi>978-9941-8-4462-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%97-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98+%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98+I%3A+%22%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98+%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%22+%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C+%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A+%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90+%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%94&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.pub=David+Aghmashenebeli+National+Defence+Academy+of+Georgia&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-9941-8-4462-1&rft.aulast=Chachkhiani&rft.aufirst=Archil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.nplg.gov.ge%2Fbitstream%2F1234%2F389841%2F1%2FSomkhet_Saqartvelos_Omi_Nawili-I.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmeno-Georgian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalabian2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Antranig_Chalabian" title="Antranig Chalabian">Chalabian, Antranig</a> (2009), <i>Dro (Drastamat Kanayan): Armenia's First Defense Minister of the Modern Era</i>, Los Angeles: Indo-European Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60444-078-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60444-078-2"><bdi>978-1-60444-078-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dro+%28Drastamat+Kanayan%29%3A+Armenia%27s+First+Defense+Minister+of+the+Modern+Era&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Indo-European+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60444-078-2&rft.aulast=Chalabian&rft.aufirst=Antranig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmeno-Georgian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Hovannisian, Richard G.</a> (1971). <i>The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919</i>. Vol. 1. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520019843" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520019843"><bdi>978-0520019843</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+Armenia%3A+The+First+Year%2C+1918%E2%80%931919&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0520019843&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmeno-Georgian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHille2010" class="citation cs2">Hille, Charlotte Mathilde Louise (2010), <i>State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus</i>, Eurasian Studies Library, BRILL</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Building+and+Conflict+Resolution+in+the+Caucasus&rft.series=Eurasian+Studies+Library&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hille&rft.aufirst=Charlotte+Mathilde+Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmeno-Georgian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1997" class="citation cs2">Hovannisian, Richard (1997), <i>The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: Foreign Domination to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century</i>, vol. II, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-61974-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-61974-2"><bdi>978-0-333-61974-2</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/312951712">312951712</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+People+from+Ancient+to+Modern+Times%3A+Foreign+Domination+to+Statehood%3A+The+Fifteenth+Century+to+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F312951712&rft.isbn=978-0-333-61974-2&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmeno-Georgian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1962" class="citation cs2">Lang, David Marshall (1962), <i>A Modern History of Georgia</i>, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+Georgia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=David+Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmeno-Georgian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacfie2014" class="citation cs2">Macfie, Alexander Lyon (2014), <i>The End of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1923</i>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1908-1923&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Macfie&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Lyon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmeno-Georgian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikaberidze2015" class="citation cs2">Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015), <i>Historical Dictionary of Georgia</i>, Rowman & Littlefield</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Georgia&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Mikaberidze&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmeno-Georgian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayaslian2008" class="citation cs2">Payaslian, S. (2008), <i>The History of Armenia</i>, Springer</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Armenia&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Payaslian&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmeno-Georgian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1977" class="citation cs2">Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977), <i>Reform, revolution and republic : the rise of modern Turkey (1808-1975)</i>, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/78646544">78646544</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reform%2C+revolution+and+republic+%3A+the+rise+of+modern+Turkey+%281808-1975%29&rft.series=History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Modern+Turkey&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F78646544&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ezel+Kural&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmeno-Georgian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmele2015" class="citation cs2">Smele, Jonathan (2015), <i>Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926</i>, Rowman & Littlefield</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Russian+Civil+Wars%2C+1916-1926&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Smele&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmeno-Georgian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwietochowski1985" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Swietochowski" title="Tadeusz Swietochowski">Swietochowski, Tadeusz</a> (1985), <i>Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26310-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26310-8"><bdi>978-0-521-26310-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Azerbaijan%2C+1905-1920%3A+The+Shaping+of+a+National+Identity+in+a+Muslim+Community&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26310-8&rft.aulast=Swietochowski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmeno-Georgian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirapian2003" class="citation cs2">Virapian, Varik (2003), <i>The Armenian-Georgian War of 1918</i>, Yerevan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian-Georgian+War+of+1918&rft.place=Yerevan&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Virapian&rft.aufirst=Varik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmeno-Georgian+War" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>სომეხი ტყვეები 1918 წლის ომის დროს</i>, 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98+%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98+1918+%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1&rft.date=2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmeno-Georgian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1980" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Christopher (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armeniasurvivalo0000walk_c0v5"><i>Armenia: The Survival of a Nation</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312049447" title="Special:BookSources/9780312049447"><bdi>9780312049447</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia%3A+The+Survival+of+a+Nation&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780312049447&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmeniasurvivalo0000walk_c0v5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmeno-Georgian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2017" class="citation cs2">Lee, Eric (2017), <i>The Experiment: Georgia's Forgotten Revolution 1918-1921 (English Edition)</i>, Zed Books Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78699-093-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78699-093-8"><bdi>978-1-78699-093-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Experiment%3A+Georgia%27s+Forgotten+Revolution+1918-1921+%28English+Edition%29&rft.pub=Zed+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78699-093-8&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmeno-Georgian+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I" title="Template talk:World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I" title="Outline of World War I">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I" title="List of military engagements of World War I">Military engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Economic history of World War I">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I" title="Role of geography in World War I">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture" title="World War I in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">North Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Principal<br />participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914–1916" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Pre-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1880–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a> (1905–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> (1908–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Battle of Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1915</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1916</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Capture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram" title="Zimmermann telegram">Zimmermann telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Second battle of Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_the_Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive" title="Southern Palestine offensive">Southern Palestine offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1918</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Third Transjordan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Naval Victory Bulletin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Co-belligerent conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rebellion" title="Muscat rebellion">Muscat rebellion</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian Revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Invasion of Darfur</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Post-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> (1918–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Soviet–Georgian War</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography" title="World War I cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I" title="Logistics in World War I">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoy system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Conscription" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Conscription</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">Casualties</a> /<br />Civilian impact</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British casualties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War" title="List of British parliamentarians who died in the First World War">Parliamentarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of international rugby union players killed in World War I">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">Olympians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia" title="1915 typhus and relapsing fever epidemic in Serbia">1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></li> <li>Bulgarian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>German occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">Northeast France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li>Russian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Italian prisoners of war in World War I">Italians</a></li> <li>POW locations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I">camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I" title="Prisoner of war camps in Switzerland during World War I">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I" title="Refugees of World War I">Refugees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian refugees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in the Netherlands during the First World War">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in Britain during the First World War">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allied blockades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Blockade of the Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">Deportations from East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz" title="Destruction of Kalisz">Destruction of Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant" title="Sack of Dinant">Sack of Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" title="Ukrainian Canadian internment">Ukrainian Canadian internment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomacy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Entry into the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_my_peoples" title="To my peoples">Austria-Hungary against Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">UK against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottomans against the Triple Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">USA against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary" title="United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary">USA against Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)" title="Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)">Bulgaria–Germany treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement" title="Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement">Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Peace treaties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Modus vivendi of Acroma</a></li> <li>Treaties of Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia–Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine–Central Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo" title="Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo">Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Georgia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#h999f2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template talk:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Georgia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistoric Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti%E2%80%93Vanadzor_culture" title="Trialeti–Vanadzor culture">Trialeti–Vanadzor culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Kingdom of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Georgia in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Sasanian Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Arab rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians" title="Kingdom of the Iberians">Kingdom of the Iberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Unification of the Georgian realm">Unification of the Georgian realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti" title="Kingdom of Hereti">Kingdom of Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti">Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Georgian–Seljuk wars">Seljuk wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori" title="Battle of Didgori">Battle of Didgori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Timurid invasions of Georgia">Timur's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Saatabago" title="Samtskhe-Saatabago">Samtskhe-Saatabago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Turkoman invasions of Georgia">Turkmen incursions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Principality of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Svaneti" title="Principality of Svaneti">Principality of Svaneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Guria" title="Principality of Guria">Principality of Guria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mingrelia" title="Principality of Mingrelia">Principality of Mingrelia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia" title="Safavid Georgia">Safavid Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_I%27s_Kakhetian_and_Kartlian_campaigns" title="Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns">Shah Abbas I's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi" title="Battle of Krtsanisi">1795 Persian Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Absorption by the Russian Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">April 9 tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)#Independent_Georgia" title="History of Georgia (country)">Independent Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Georgia" title="Names of Georgia">Names of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Georgian_monarchs" title="Lists of Georgian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_states_of_Georgia" title="List of historical states of Georgia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of wars involving Georgia (country)">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of battles involving Georgia (country)">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Georgian_history" title="Timeline of Georgian history">Timeline of Georgian history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:History of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/80px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/120px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/160px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Georgia" title="Template:Borders of Georgia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of birds of Georgia (country)">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)#Climate" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Georgia" title="List of earthquakes in Georgia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Environmental issues in Georgia (country)">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_of_Georgia" title="Glaciers of Georgia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of lakes of Georgia (country)">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of mammals of Georgia (country)">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Georgia" title="National parks of Georgia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of protected areas of Georgia (country)">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of rivers of Georgia (country)">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Georgia" title="List of volcanoes in Georgia">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Geography of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of cities and towns in Georgia (country)">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhare" title="Mkhare">Regions</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Subdivisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Subdivisions of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">Russian-occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Elections in Georgia (country)">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Georgia" title="Foreign relations of Georgia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Government of Georgia (country)">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Georgia" title="Human rights in Georgia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Georgia_(country)" title="LGBTQ rights in Georgia (country)">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Law enforcement in Georgia (country)">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Forces_of_Georgia" title="Defence Forces of Georgia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of political parties in Georgia (country)">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Agriculture in Georgia (country)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Georgia" title="National Bank of Georgia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of companies of Georgia (country)">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Energy in Georgia (country)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">Lari (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mining in Georgia (country)">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Stock_Exchange" title="Georgian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Tourism in Georgia (country)">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Transport in Georgia (country)">Transport</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Economy of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Georgia" title="Architecture of Georgia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_art" title="Georgian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokha" title="Chokha">Chokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia" title="Cinema of Georgia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dance" title="Georgian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Georgia" title="Gambling in Georgia">Gambling</a></li> <li>Languages <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mass media in Georgia (country)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Georgia" title="Public holidays in Georgia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tavisupleba" title="Tavisupleba">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolnisi_cross" title="Bolnisi cross">Bolnisi cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjgali" title="Borjgali">Borjgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Georgia" title="Coat of arms of Georgia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Flag of Georgia (country)">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzala_ertobashia" title="Dzala ertobashia">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Cross" title="Saint George's Cross">cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Saint Nino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_cross" title="Grapevine cross">cross</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#h999f2;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div 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