CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Gravesend Blockhouse - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9a302c42-2974-4ad3-ba57-e902b83e0e2b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Gravesend_Blockhouse","wgTitle":"Gravesend Blockhouse","wgCurRevisionId":1258622931,"wgRevisionId":1258622931,"wgArticleId":46727986,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","CS1 maint: postscript","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2022","Good articles","Coordinates on Wikidata","Device Forts","1540 establishments in England","Demolished buildings and structures in Kent","Buildings and structures demolished in 1844","Blockhouses"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Gravesend_Blockhouse","wgRelevantArticleId":46727986,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":51.44463,"lon":0.37277},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q17641050", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Remains_of_Gravesend_Blockhouse.jpg/1200px-Remains_of_Gravesend_Blockhouse.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="795"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Remains_of_Gravesend_Blockhouse.jpg/800px-Remains_of_Gravesend_Blockhouse.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="530"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Remains_of_Gravesend_Blockhouse.jpg/640px-Remains_of_Gravesend_Blockhouse.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="424"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Gravesend Blockhouse - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravesend_Blockhouse"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Gravesend_Blockhouse&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravesend_Blockhouse"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Gravesend_Blockhouse rootpage-Gravesend_Blockhouse skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gravesend+Blockhouse" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gravesend+Blockhouse" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gravesend+Blockhouse" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gravesend+Blockhouse" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-16th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>16th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-16th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 16th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-16th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Device_of_1539" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Device_of_1539"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Device of 1539</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Device_of_1539-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th–19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th–19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>18th–19th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th–19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th–21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th–21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>20th–21st centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th–21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gravesend Blockhouse</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17641050#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gravesend_Blockhouse" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Gravesend_Blockhouse" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gravesend_Blockhouse"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravesend_Blockhouse&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravesend_Blockhouse&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gravesend_Blockhouse"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravesend_Blockhouse&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravesend_Blockhouse&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Gravesend_Blockhouse" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Gravesend_Blockhouse" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravesend_Blockhouse&oldid=1258622931" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravesend_Blockhouse&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Gravesend_Blockhouse&id=1258622931&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGravesend_Blockhouse"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGravesend_Blockhouse"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Gravesend_Blockhouse&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravesend_Blockhouse&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17641050" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gravesend_Blockhouse&params=51.44463_N_0.37277_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°26′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°22′22″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.44463°N 0.37277°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.44463; 0.37277</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Gravesend in Kent at a strategic point along the River Thames</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Gravesend Blockhouse</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span class="label"><a href="/wiki/Gravesend" title="Gravesend">Gravesend</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Remains_of_Gravesend_Blockhouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Remains_of_Gravesend_Blockhouse.jpg/250px-Remains_of_Gravesend_Blockhouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Remains_of_Gravesend_Blockhouse.jpg/375px-Remains_of_Gravesend_Blockhouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Remains_of_Gravesend_Blockhouse.jpg/500px-Remains_of_Gravesend_Blockhouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Foundations of Gravesend Blockhouse</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kent_UK_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gravesend Blockhouse is located in Kent"><img alt="Gravesend Blockhouse is located in Kent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kent_UK_location_map.svg/250px-Kent_UK_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kent_UK_location_map.svg/375px-Kent_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kent_UK_location_map.svg/500px-Kent_UK_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:11.777%;left:24.847%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Gravesend Blockhouse"><img alt="Gravesend Blockhouse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div>Gravesend Blockhouse</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gravesend_Blockhouse&params=51.44463_N_0.37277_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°26′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°22′22″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.44463°N 0.37277°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.44463; 0.37277</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Device_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Device Fort">Device Fort</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Foundations remain</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Materials</th><td class="infobox-data">Brick and stone</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gravesend Blockhouse</b> was an <a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">artillery fortification</a> constructed as part of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Device_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Device Fort">Device plan</a> of 1539, in response to fears of an imminent invasion of England by European countries. It was built at <a href="/wiki/Gravesend" title="Gravesend">Gravesend</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> at a strategic point along the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> and was operational by 1540. A two-storey, D-shaped building built from brick and stone, it had a circular <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastion</a> overlooking the river and gun platforms extending out to the east and west. It functioned in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Tilbury_Fort" title="Tilbury Fort">Tilbury Fort</a> on the other side of the river, and was repaired in 1588 to deal with the threat of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish invasion</a>, and again in 1667 when the <a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_the_Netherlands" title="Naval history of the Netherlands">Dutch navy</a> raided the Thames. A 1778 report recommended alterations to the blockhouse and its defences, leading to the remodelling of the gun platforms and the construction of the new, larger <a href="/wiki/New_Tavern_Fort" title="New Tavern Fort">New Tavern Fort</a> alongside it. In the 1830s the government decided to rely entirely on the newer fort and the old blockhouse was demolished in 1844. Its remains were uncovered in <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_excavation" title="Archaeological excavation">archaeological excavations</a> between 1975 and 1976. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="16th_century">16th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravesend_Blockhouse&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 16th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravesend_Blockhouse&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gravesend Blockhouse was built as a consequence of international tensions between England, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in the final years of the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>. Traditionally <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> had left coastal defences to the local lords and communities, only taking a modest role in building and maintaining fortifications, and while France and the Empire remained in conflict with one another, maritime raids were common but an actual invasion of England seemed unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modest defences, based around simple <a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">blockhouses</a> and towers, existed in the south-west and along the <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a> coast, with a few more impressive works in the north of England, but in general the fortifications were very limited in scale.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1533, Henry then broke with Pope <a href="/wiki/Paul_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul III">Paul III</a> in order to annul the long-standing marriage to his wife, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a> and remarry.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catherine was the aunt of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, the Holy Roman Emperor, and he took the annulment as a personal insult.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in France and the Empire declaring an alliance against Henry in 1538, and the Pope encouraging the two countries to attack England.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An invasion of England now appeared certain.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Device_of_1539">Device of 1539</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravesend_Blockhouse&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Device of 1539"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Henry issued an order, called a "<a href="/wiki/Device_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Device Fort">device</a>", in 1539, giving instructions for the "defence of the realm in time of invasion" and the construction of forts along the English coastline.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this programme of work the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> was protected with a mutually reinforcing network of blockhouses at Gravesend, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Blockhouse" title="Milton Blockhouse">Milton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Higham_Blockhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Higham Blockhouse">Higham</a> on the south side of the river, and <a href="/wiki/Tilbury_Fort" title="Tilbury Fort">Tilbury</a> and East Tilbury on the opposite bank.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fortifications were strategically placed. London and the newly constructed royal dockyards of <a href="/wiki/Deptford_Dockyard" title="Deptford Dockyard">Deptford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woolwich_Dockyard" title="Woolwich Dockyard">Woolwich</a> were vulnerable to seaborne attacks arriving up the Thames estuary, which was then a major maritime route, with 80 percent of England's exports passing through it.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The village of Milton and the adjacent town of Gravesend, only 500 metres (1,600 ft) apart, formed a particularly important communications point along the river.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were the centre for the "Long Ferry" traffic of passengers into the capital, and for the "Cross Ferry" over the river to Tilbury, resulting in the local riverbank becoming lined with <a href="/wiki/Wharf" title="Wharf">wharfs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was also the first point that an invasion force would be able to easily disembark along the Thames, as before this point the <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">mudflats</a> along the sides of the estuary would have made landings difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravesend_Blockhouse&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Device_fort_plans_black_and_white_Gravesend,_Kent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Device_fort_plans_black_and_white_Gravesend%2C_Kent.png/220px-Device_fort_plans_black_and_white_Gravesend%2C_Kent.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Device_fort_plans_black_and_white_Gravesend%2C_Kent.png/330px-Device_fort_plans_black_and_white_Gravesend%2C_Kent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Device_fort_plans_black_and_white_Gravesend%2C_Kent.png/440px-Device_fort_plans_black_and_white_Gravesend%2C_Kent.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the blockhouse, after 1715 diagram</figcaption></figure> <p>Gravesend Blockhouse was designed by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Works" title="Office of Works">Clerk of the King's Works</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Nedeham" title="James Nedeham">James Nedeham</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance" title="Master-General of the Ordnance">Master of Ordnance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Morice" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Morice">Christopher Morice</a>, with Robert Lorde serving as the paymaster for the project and Lionel Martin, John Ganyn and Mr Travers acting as the local overseers.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1980P344_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1980P344-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Crown bought the land for the fort, along with the space for Gravesend Blockhouse, from William Burston for £66; it is uncertain how much the building work cost, but earlier estimates in 1539 had suggested that it would cost £211 to build such a blockhouse, including the 150,000 bricks and quantities of stone, chalk, lime, timber and labour that would be needed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Money16thC_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Money16thC-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work was quickly completed, and by 1540 the blockhouse was fully operational.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1980P344_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1980P344-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was approximately 28 by 21 metres (92 by 69 ft) in size, two storeys tall, forming a D-shape, with a circular bastion at the front, extending into the Thames; another circular <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastion</a> jutted out from the side of the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bulk of the building was made of brick, faced with <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar</a> stone, with external walls 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) thick.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two walls ran alongside either side of the blockhouse, parallel with the river, forming part of the adjacent platforms for mounting additional guns; in 1600, the east platform was described as being 100 feet (30 m) long and 14 feet (4.3 m) wide.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rear of the blockhouse was overlooked by higher ground and would have been hard to defend.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1974P19_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1974P19-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fort was initially commanded by Captain James Crane, with a garrison of ten men, including his second in command, a porter, six gunners and two soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1974P147_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1974P147-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As time went on, not all of the gunners worked full-time at the fort, some living and working in the town itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1974P147_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1974P147-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is uncertain how many artillery pieces the blockhouse was initially equipped with, although it is known that the five blockhouses along the Thames had 108 <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> guns in total between them in 1540.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use">Use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravesend_Blockhouse&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gravesend_defences_1588_Thamesis_Descriptio.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gravesend_defences_1588_Thamesis_Descriptio.png/300px-Gravesend_defences_1588_Thamesis_Descriptio.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gravesend_defences_1588_Thamesis_Descriptio.png/450px-Gravesend_defences_1588_Thamesis_Descriptio.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gravesend_defences_1588_Thamesis_Descriptio.png/600px-Gravesend_defences_1588_Thamesis_Descriptio.png 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Engraving from 1588 showing the defences along the River Thames, including Gravesend Blockhouse (centre) and the boom</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1553, orders were issued for the artillery pieces to be removed from Gravesend Blockhouse and taken to the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, although the historian Victor Smith casts doubt on whether this was actually carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1588, however, there was a renewed threat of invasion, this time from Spain; the Spanish Armada sailed from <a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a>, while a separate invasion force was prepared in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, threatening London; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester">Rober Dudley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Leicester" title="Earl of Leicester">Earl of Leicester</a> was put in charge of the defences along the Thames.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1974P19_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1974P19-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Dudley inspected the blockhouse, Gravesend was found to be in poor condition.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1974P19_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1974P19-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gun platforms were unable to bear the weight of cannons, and the defences needed additional artillery and gunpowder; the permanent garrison by now only comprised five gunners.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1974P19_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1974P19-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One estimate that summer suggested that 1,000 feet (300 m) of structural timber, 300 iron spikes and 10 cartloads of smaller pieces of timber were needed for the repairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1974P151_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1974P151-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plans were made to seal off the river with a chain or a boom stretching between the blockhouse and Tilbury Fort on the other bank, which was eventually accomplished at a cost of £305.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Money16thC_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Money16thC-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further work was carried out on the defences, possibly including raising earthworks and establishing watch-houses.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1974P151_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1974P151-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fears of an invasion persisted for many years afterwards and in 1598 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Nottingham" title="Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham">Charles Howard</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom">Lord High Admiral</a>, expressed his concerns about the effectiveness of the Gravesend Blockhouse in protecting the Thames.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1974P151_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1974P151-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="17th_century">17th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravesend_Blockhouse&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornelis_Bol._The_Blockhouse_in_Gravesend.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Cornelis_Bol._The_Blockhouse_in_Gravesend.png/310px-Cornelis_Bol._The_Blockhouse_in_Gravesend.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Cornelis_Bol._The_Blockhouse_in_Gravesend.png/465px-Cornelis_Bol._The_Blockhouse_in_Gravesend.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Cornelis_Bol._The_Blockhouse_in_Gravesend.png/620px-Cornelis_Bol._The_Blockhouse_in_Gravesend.png 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Blockhouse in the 17th century</figcaption></figure> <p>A 1600 survey showed 10 pieces of artillery to be ineffective, while the gun platforms on either side of the fort were in bad condition and 2,828 feet (862 m) of planking, 650 joists and over 19 cartloads of other timber was needed for the repairs.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little investment was forthcoming under <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I</a> or <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> and by 1630 the garrison's pay was in arrears, with the fort was in need of repairs estimated at £1,248.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Money17thC_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Money17thC-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1631 the blockhouse was equipped with two brass <a href="/wiki/Demi-culverin" title="Demi-culverin">demi-culverins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saker_(cannon)" title="Saker (cannon)">sakers</a>, and an iron <a href="/wiki/Culverin" title="Culverin">culverin</a>, six demi-culverins, four sakers and one <a href="/wiki/Minion_(cannon)" title="Minion (cannon)">minion</a>; the brass guns, which were needed for naval units, were exchanged for iron weapons in 1635.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1642 <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">civil war</a> broke out between the supporters of King Charles I and those of <a href="/wiki/Roundheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundheads">Parliament</a>. Gravesend was controlled by Parliament, who placed it under the command of a military governor who oversaw both this fort and Tilbury, and was used to control traffic entering London and to search for spies.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">regained the throne</a> in 1660 and was petitioned by several royalists who claimed that they should be restored to the command of the blockhouse; William Leonard was ultimately successful.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1974P154_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1974P154-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defences were repaired and may have been occasionally used by the King as a banqueting hall.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1974P154_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1974P154-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dutch fleet raided up the Thames in June 1667, but did not approach Gravesend Blockhouse due to the threat posed by its guns.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fort, under the command of Sir John Griffith, was in reality not well prepared for war.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1974P155_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1974P155-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> £400 was spent on upgrading the blockhouse, artillery was sent from the Tower of London to reinforce the local guns and four infantry companies were detached to guard the site.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1974P154_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1974P154-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Money17thC_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Money17thC-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The risk of attack ended with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Breda" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Breda">Peace of Breda</a> that July, and the blockhouse did not see action.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1974P155_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1974P155-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after the Dutch raids, Sir John was removed from his post for apparently demanding payments from ships passing by the blockhouse, a complaint which was repeated in later years under subsequent captains.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1974P155_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1974P155-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th–19th_centuries"><span id="18th.E2.80.9319th_centuries"></span>18th–19th centuries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravesend_Blockhouse&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 18th–19th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captain_Sir_Thomas_Hyde_Page_(1746%E2%80%931821)_by_James_Northcote.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Captain_Sir_Thomas_Hyde_Page_%281746%E2%80%931821%29_by_James_Northcote.jpeg/220px-Captain_Sir_Thomas_Hyde_Page_%281746%E2%80%931821%29_by_James_Northcote.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Captain_Sir_Thomas_Hyde_Page_%281746%E2%80%931821%29_by_James_Northcote.jpeg/330px-Captain_Sir_Thomas_Hyde_Page_%281746%E2%80%931821%29_by_James_Northcote.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Captain_Sir_Thomas_Hyde_Page_%281746%E2%80%931821%29_by_James_Northcote.jpeg/440px-Captain_Sir_Thomas_Hyde_Page_%281746%E2%80%931821%29_by_James_Northcote.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hyde_Page" title="Thomas Hyde Page">Thomas Page</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By the start of the 18th century a complex of building had grown up around the original blockhouse, which now had a <a href="/wiki/Pier" title="Pier">pier</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dock_(maritime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dock (maritime)">dock</a> and two wharfs alongside it, and a large house built by the King's brother, <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James</a> the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York" title="Duke of York">Duke of York</a>, after his return to England, as well as the two lines of approximately 20 guns stretching on either side along the river; it had a garrison of a sergeant, 20 soldiers and a gunner on loan from Tilbury Fort.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The blockhouse itself was no longer used to mount guns but instead acted as the <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">magazine</a> for the wider fortification, being able to store 2,500 barrels of gunpowder.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">Peace of Utrecht</a> in 1713, the number of artillery pieces was reduced to ten, and a survey in 1766 reported that Gravesend was in good condition and equipped with ten 9 lb guns.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amid rising concerns over the threat of a French invasion, Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hyde_Page" title="Thomas Hyde Page">Thomas Page</a> surveyed the blockhouse in 1778 and concluded that its guns were too closely packed together and that they could not easily fire down-river, proposing that a larger fort be built along the Thames to the east to rectify this problem.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Tavern_Fort" title="New Tavern Fort">New Tavern Fort</a> was constructed shortly afterwards and the eastern Gravesend Blockhouse gun platform was redesigned and extended as part of the work.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two volunteer militia companies were established in 1794 and 1797 to support the blockhouse and in 1805 it was equipped with 19 32 lb guns.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1974P161_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1974P161-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerns continued to be raised that the blockhouse's guns could not fire downriver and by the 1830s it had been decided to focus investment on the New Tavern and Tilbury forts.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1974P161_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1974P161-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The blockhouse itself fell out of use as a magazine in 1834, being briefly used as a government store, and the adjacent gun platforms were sold off in 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1974P161_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1974P161-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The blockhouse building was subsequently demolished in 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th–21st_centuries"><span id="20th.E2.80.9321st_centuries"></span>20th–21st centuries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravesend_Blockhouse&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th–21st centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The site of the former Gravesend Blockhouse was excavated in 1975 and 1976 by the Kent Archaeological Society, uncovering parts of the original building.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site, which lies in the grounds of the Clarendon Royal Hotel, was protected under UK law as a <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monument" title="Scheduled monument">scheduled monument</a> in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravesend_Blockhouse&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Money16thC-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Money16thC_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Money16thC_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Comparing 16th century costs and prices with those of the modern period is challenging. £66 in 1539 could be equivalent to between £37,200 and £16,940,000 in 2014, depending on the price comparison used. £211 in 1539 could equate to between £118,900 and £54,140,000, while £304 in 1553 to between £109,200 and £44,580,000. For comparison, the total royal expenditure on all the Device Forts across England between 1539–47 came to £376,500, with St Mawes, for example, costing £5,018, and Sandgate £5,584.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Money17thC-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Money17thC_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Money17thC_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Comparing 17th century costs and prices with those of the modern period is difficult. £1,248 in 1630 could be equivalent to between £182,300 and £58,720,000 in 2014 terms, depending on the price comparison used. £400 in 1667 could be equivalent to between £56,140 and £11,330,000.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravesend_Blockhouse&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1987">Thompson 1987</a>, p. 111; <a href="#CITEREFHale1983">Hale 1983</a>, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing1991">King 1991</a>, pp. 176–177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorley1976">Morley 1976</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHale1983">Hale 1983</a>, p. 63; <a href="#CITEREFHarrington2007">Harrington 2007</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorley1976">Morley 1976</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFHale1983">Hale 1983</a>, pp. 63–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHale1983">Hale 1983</a>, p. 66; <a href="#CITEREFHarrington2007">Harrington 2007</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington2007">Harrington 2007</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFWalton2010">Walton 2010</a>, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington2007">Harrington 2007</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1980">Smith 1980</a>, p. 342; <a href="#CITEREFSaunders1989">Saunders 1989</a>, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaunders1989">Saunders 1989</a>, p. 42; <a href="#CITEREFHarrington2007">Harrington 2007</a>, p. 28; <a href="#CITEREFKent_Council2004">Kent Council 2004</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaunders1989">Saunders 1989</a>, p. 42; <a href="#CITEREFKent_Council2004">Kent Council 2004</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1974">Smith 1974</a>, p. 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1980P344-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1980P344_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1980P344_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1980">Smith 1980</a>, p. 344</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1980">Smith 1980</a>, p. 344; <a href="#CITEREFSmith1974">Smith 1974</a>, p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiddleHillerScottStreeten2001">Biddle et al. 2001</a>, p. 12; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_H._OfficerSamuel_H._Williamson2014" class="citation web cs2">Lawrence H. Officer; Samuel H. Williamson (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/">"Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present"</a>, MeasuringWorth<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+Ways+to+Compute+the+Relative+Value+of+a+UK+Pound+Amount%2C+1270+to+Present&rft.pub=MeasuringWorth&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Lawrence+H.+Officer&rft.au=Samuel+H.+Williamson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fukcompare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravesend+Blockhouse" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompsonSmith1977">Thompson & Smith 1977</a>, p. 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompsonSmith1977">Thompson & Smith 1977</a>, pp. 153–154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompsonSmith1977">Thompson & Smith 1977</a>, p. 153; <a href="#CITEREFSmith1974">Smith 1974</a>, p. 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1974P19-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1974P19_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1974P19_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1974P19_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1974P19_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1974">Smith 1974</a>, p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1974P147-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1974P147_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1974P147_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1974">Smith 1974</a>, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1974">Smith 1974</a>, p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1974">Smith 1974</a>, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1974P151-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1974P151_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1974P151_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1974P151_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1974">Smith 1974</a>, p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1974">Smith 1974</a>, pp. 149–150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1974">Smith 1974</a>, p. 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1974">Smith 1974</a>, pp. 152–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_H._OfficerSamuel_H._Williamson2014" class="citation web cs2">Lawrence H. Officer; Samuel H. Williamson (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/">"Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present"</a>, MeasuringWorth<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+Ways+to+Compute+the+Relative+Value+of+a+UK+Pound+Amount%2C+1270+to+Present&rft.pub=MeasuringWorth&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Lawrence+H.+Officer&rft.au=Samuel+H.+Williamson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fukcompare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravesend+Blockhouse" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1974">Smith 1974</a>, p. 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1974">Smith 1974</a>, pp. 153–154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1974P154-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1974P154_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1974P154_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1974P154_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1974">Smith 1974</a>, p. 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1974">Smith 1974</a>, pp. 154–155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1974P155-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1974P155_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1974P155_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1974P155_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1974">Smith 1974</a>, p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1974">Smith 1974</a>, p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1974">Smith 1974</a>, pp. 156, 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1974">Smith 1974</a>, p. 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1974">Smith 1974</a>, pp. 158–159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1974">Smith 1974</a>, pp. 158–160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1974P161-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1974P161_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1974P161_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1974P161_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1974">Smith 1974</a>, p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1974">Smith 1974</a>, p. 161; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.historicengland.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1005120">"Gravesend Blockhouse"</a>, Historic England<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gravesend+Blockhouse&rft.pub=Historic+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flist.historicengland.org.uk%2Fresultsingle.aspx%3Fuid%3D1005120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravesend+Blockhouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompsonSmith1977">Thompson & Smith 1977</a>, p. 154; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.historicengland.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1005120">"Gravesend Blockhouse"</a>, Historic England<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gravesend+Blockhouse&rft.pub=Historic+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flist.historicengland.org.uk%2Fresultsingle.aspx%3Fuid%3D1005120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravesend+Blockhouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.historicengland.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1005120">"Gravesend Blockhouse"</a>, Historic England<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gravesend+Blockhouse&rft.pub=Historic+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flist.historicengland.org.uk%2Fresultsingle.aspx%3Fuid%3D1005120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravesend+Blockhouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravesend_Blockhouse&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiddleHillerScottStreeten2001" class="citation book cs1">Biddle, Martin; Hiller, Jonathon; Scott, Ian; Streeten, Anthony (2001). <i>Henry VIII's Coastal Artillery Fort at Camber Castle, Rye, East Sussex: An Archaeological Structural and Historical Investigation</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0904220230" title="Special:BookSources/0904220230"><bdi>0904220230</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII%27s+Coastal+Artillery+Fort+at+Camber+Castle%2C+Rye%2C+East+Sussex%3A+An+Archaeological+Structural+and+Historical+Investigation&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0904220230&rft.aulast=Biddle&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Hiller%2C+Jonathon&rft.au=Scott%2C+Ian&rft.au=Streeten%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravesend+Blockhouse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale1983" class="citation book cs1">Hale, J. R. (1983). <i>Renaissance War Studies</i>. London, UK: Hambledon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0907628176" title="Special:BookSources/0907628176"><bdi>0907628176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+War+Studies&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Hambledon+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0907628176&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravesend+Blockhouse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington2007" class="citation book cs1">Harrington, Peter (2007). <i>The Castles of Henry VIII</i>. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472803801" title="Special:BookSources/9781472803801"><bdi>9781472803801</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Castles+of+Henry+VIII&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781472803801&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravesend+Blockhouse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent_Council2004" class="citation book cs1">Kent Council (2004). <i>Gravesend - Kent, Archaeological Assessment Document</i>. Maidstone, UK: Kent Council and English Heritage.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gravesend+-+Kent%2C+Archaeological+Assessment+Document&rft.place=Maidstone%2C+UK&rft.pub=Kent+Council+and+English+Heritage&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Kent+Council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravesend+Blockhouse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1991" class="citation book cs1">King, D. J. Cathcart (1991). <i>The Castle in England and Wales: An Interpretative History</i>. London, UK: Routledge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415003506" title="Special:BookSources/9780415003506"><bdi>9780415003506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Castle+in+England+and+Wales%3A+An+Interpretative+History&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Routledge+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780415003506&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=D.+J.+Cathcart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravesend+Blockhouse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley1976" class="citation book cs1">Morley, B. M. (1976). <i>Henry VIII and the Development of Coastal Defence</i>. London, UK: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0116707771" title="Special:BookSources/0116707771"><bdi>0116707771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII+and+the+Development+of+Coastal+Defence&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0116707771&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=B.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravesend+Blockhouse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders1989" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Andrew (1989). <i>Fortress Britain: Artillery Fortifications in the British Isles and Ireland</i>. Liphook, UK: Beaufort. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1855120003" title="Special:BookSources/1855120003"><bdi>1855120003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortress+Britain%3A+Artillery+Fortifications+in+the+British+Isles+and+Ireland&rft.place=Liphook%2C+UK&rft.pub=Beaufort&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=1855120003&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravesend+Blockhouse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1974" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Victor T. C. (1974). "The Artillery Defences at Gravesend". <i>Archaeologia Cantiana</i>. <b>89</b>: 141–168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeologia+Cantiana&rft.atitle=The+Artillery+Defences+at+Gravesend&rft.volume=89&rft.pages=141-168&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Victor+T.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravesend+Blockhouse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1980" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Victor T. C. (1980). "The Milton Blockhouse, Gravesend: Research and Excavation". <i>Archaeologia Cantiana</i>. <b>96</b>: 341–362.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeologia+Cantiana&rft.atitle=The+Milton+Blockhouse%2C+Gravesend%3A+Research+and+Excavation&rft.volume=96&rft.pages=341-362&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Victor+T.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravesend+Blockhouse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonSmith1977" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, D.; Smith, V. (1977). "The Excavation of the Gravesend Blockhouse". <i>Archaeologia Cantiana</i>. <b>93</b>: 153–177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeologia+Cantiana&rft.atitle=The+Excavation+of+the+Gravesend+Blockhouse&rft.volume=93&rft.pages=153-177&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Smith%2C+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravesend+Blockhouse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1987" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, M. W. (1987). <i>The Decline of the Castle</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1854226088" title="Special:BookSources/1854226088"><bdi>1854226088</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+of+the+Castle&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=1854226088&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=M.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravesend+Blockhouse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalton2010" class="citation journal cs1">Walton, Steven A. (2010). "State Building Through Building for the State: Foreign and Domestic Expertise in Tudor Fortification". <i>Osiris</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 66–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F657263">10.1086/657263</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144384757">144384757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Osiris&rft.atitle=State+Building+Through+Building+for+the+State%3A+Foreign+and+Domestic+Expertise+in+Tudor+Fortification&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=66-84&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F657263&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144384757%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Steven+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravesend+Blockhouse" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Device_Forts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Device_Forts" title="Template:Device Forts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Device_Forts" title="Template talk:Device Forts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Device_Forts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Device Forts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Device_Forts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Device_Forts" title="Device Forts">Device Forts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> / <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brightlingsea_Blockhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Brightlingsea Blockhouse">Brightlingsea Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harwich_blockhouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Harwich blockhouses">Harwich blockhouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Langar Point">Langar Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_Rode" class="mw-redirect" title="Langar Rode">Langar Rode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersea_Fort" title="Mersea Fort">Mersea Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Osyth_Blockhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="St Osyth Blockhouse">St Osyth Blockhouse</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pendennis_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pendennis_Castle.jpg/200px-Pendennis_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pendennis_Castle.jpg/300px-Pendennis_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pendennis_Castle.jpg/400px-Pendennis_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camber_Castle" title="Camber Castle">Camber Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deal_Castle" title="Deal Castle">Deal Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Turf_Bulwark" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Turf Bulwark">Great Turf Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_White_Bulwark_of_Clay" class="mw-redirect" title="Great White Bulwark of Clay">Great White Bulwark of Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Turf_Bulwark" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Turf Bulwark">Little Turf Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walmer_Bulwark" class="mw-redirect" title="Walmer Bulwark">Walmer Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walmer_Castle" title="Walmer Castle">Walmer Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandgate_Castle" title="Sandgate Castle">Sandgate Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandown_Castle,_Kent" title="Sandown Castle, Kent">Sandown Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_and_West_Blockhouses" title="East and West Blockhouses">East and West Blockhouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">The Thames</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Tilbury_Blockhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="East Tilbury Blockhouse">East Tilbury Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gravesend Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higham_Blockhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Higham Blockhouse">Higham Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Blockhouse" title="Milton Blockhouse">Milton Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Tilbury_Blockhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="West Tilbury Blockhouse">West Tilbury Blockhouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Solent" title="The Solent">Solent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calshot_Castle" title="Calshot Castle">Calshot Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Cowes_Castle_(16th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Cowes Castle (16th century)">East Cowes Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurst_Castle" title="Hurst Castle">Hurst Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netley_Castle" title="Netley Castle">Netley Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandown_Castle,_Isle_of_Wight" title="Sandown Castle, Isle of Wight">Sandown Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpenrode_Bulwark" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharpenrode Bulwark">Sharpenrode Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Castle,_Hamble" title="St Andrew's Castle, Hamble">St Andrew's Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Helens_Bulwark" class="mw-redirect" title="St Helens Bulwark">St Helens Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southsea_Castle" title="Southsea Castle">Southsea Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Cowes_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="West Cowes Castle">West Cowes Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmouth_Castle" title="Yarmouth Castle">Yarmouth Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brownsea_Castle" title="Brownsea Castle">Brownsea Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Point_Artillery_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Devil's Point Artillery Tower">Devil's Point Artillery Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Dennis_Blockhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Dennis Blockhouse">Little Dennis Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendennis_Castle" title="Pendennis Castle">Pendennis Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_Castle" title="Portland Castle">Portland Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandsfoot_Castle" title="Sandsfoot Castle">Sandsfoot Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Catherine%27s_Castle" title="St Catherine's Castle">St Catherine's Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mawes_Castle" title="St Mawes Castle">St Mawes Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hull_Castle" title="Hull Castle">Hull Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gravesend_Blockhouse&oldid=1258622931">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gravesend_Blockhouse&oldid=1258622931</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Device_Forts" title="Category:Device Forts">Device Forts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1540_establishments_in_England" title="Category:1540 establishments in England">1540 establishments in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Demolished_buildings_and_structures_in_Kent" title="Category:Demolished buildings and structures in Kent">Demolished buildings and structures in Kent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_demolished_in_1844" title="Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 1844">Buildings and structures demolished in 1844</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Blockhouses" title="Category:Blockhouses">Blockhouses</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">CS1 maint: postscript</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2022">Use dmy dates from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 18:48<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gravesend_Blockhouse&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-688fc9465-hkf59","wgBackendResponseTime":225,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.621","walltime":"0.926","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3432,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":60622,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5527,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":76593,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 648.097 1 -total"," 32.06% 207.771 2 Template:Reflist"," 21.24% 137.626 1 Template:Infobox_military_installation"," 19.75% 127.980 1 Template:Infobox"," 14.97% 97.018 5 Template:Cite_web"," 11.75% 76.131 1 Template:Device_Forts"," 11.22% 72.739 50 Template:Harvnb"," 11.20% 72.557 1 Template:Navbox"," 10.08% 65.311 1 Template:Location_map"," 9.80% 63.517 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.368","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10792499,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBiddleHillerScottStreeten2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHale1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrington2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKent_Council2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence_H._OfficerSamuel_H._Williamson2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMorley1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaunders1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompsonSmith1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalton2010\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Cite book\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Convert\"] = 7,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Device Forts\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 50,\n [\"Infobox military installation\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f7b5ccf54-j7r6j","timestamp":"20241125153118","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Gravesend Blockhouse","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gravesend_Blockhouse","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q17641050","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q17641050","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2015-05-17T08:36:58Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T18:48:26Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/56\/Remains_of_Gravesend_Blockhouse.jpg","headline":"architectural structure in Gravesham, Kent, England, UK"}</script> </body> </html>