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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-GB" class="no-js"><head><meta charSet="utf-8" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /><title data-rh="true">Ordos: The biggest ghost town in China - BBC News</title><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="A mining boom in Inner Mongolia led to a large-scale house building programme, but in Ordos the houses stand empty, a sign that China's housing bubble may have burst, says Peter Day."/><meta data-rh="true" name="theme-color" content="#FFFFFF"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:author" content="https://www.facebook.com/bbcnews"/><meta data-rh="true" property="fb:admins" content="100004154058350"/><meta data-rh="true" property="fb:app_id" content="1609039196070050"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="A mining boom in Inner Mongolia led to a large-scale house building programme, but in Ordos the houses stand empty, a sign that China's housing bubble may have burst, says Peter Day."/><meta 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37.5rem){.ssrcss-1diln4q-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-1diln4q-GlobalNavigationItem:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1diln4q-GlobalNavigationItem:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1diln4q-GlobalNavigationItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-wmt0g1-NavigationLink-LogoLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;padding:0;margin-top:-0.25rem;width:100%;}.ssrcss-wmt0g1-NavigationLink-LogoLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-wmt0g1-NavigationLink-LogoLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-wmt0g1-NavigationLink-LogoLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-wmt0g1-NavigationLink-LogoLink{text-align:center;min-width:1.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-wmt0g1-NavigationLink-LogoLink{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-wmt0g1-NavigationLink-LogoLink{padding-right:0.5rem;margin-right:0.25rem;}}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-wmt0g1-NavigationLink-LogoLink{padding-right:1rem;}}.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;height:2.0625rem;vertical-align:middle;}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;}}@media (min-width: 25.625rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;width:auto;}}@media (max-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{padding:0 0.25rem;}}.ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks{height:2rem;max-width:7rem;}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks{height:2rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks{height:2rem;}}@media (min-width: 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off;font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;position:relative;display:block;top:0;left:0;z-index:1;padding:1rem;background:#FFFFFF;border:1px solid #8A8C8E;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;margin:auto;width:-webkit-max-content;width:-moz-max-content;width:max-content;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1mjrbfa-AccessibilityLink:focus{position:absolute;}}.ssrcss-1bn0jvl-GlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1bn0jvl-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1bn0jvl-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;width:100%;}}.ssrcss-1bn0jvl-GlobalNavigationItem:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1bn0jvl-GlobalNavigationItem:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1bn0jvl-GlobalNavigationItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-j17vi8-AccountOptionsList{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding-right:3rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-j17vi8-AccountOptionsList{padding-right:0;}}.ssrcss-j17vi8-AccountOptionsList >li{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}.ssrcss-1t7ltsf-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationAccount{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;min-width:2.75rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;text-align:left;}.ssrcss-1t7ltsf-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationAccount:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1t7ltsf-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationAccount[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-1t7ltsf-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationAccount{width:11rem;}}.ssrcss-5fw2ee-AccountComponentWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:relative;min-width:inherit;width:inherit;}.ssrcss-uwr32o-StyledAccountPlaceholderComponent{height:100%;width:100%;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;text-align:left;display:inline-block;position:absolute;}html.no-js 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(min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-1lgb55w-Skeleton-StyledAccountPlaceholderIcon{width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem;}}.ssrcss-1z04xmt-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderTextWrapper{display:none;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-1z04xmt-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderTextWrapper{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;height:100%;width:100%;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin-left:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-82dxfl-Skeleton-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderText{background-color:#F6F6F6;overflow:hidden;width:100%;border-radius:5%;height:0.875rem;}.ssrcss-irlfa6-NavigationLink-AccountLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;pointer-events:none;opacity:0;box-sizing:border-box;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;min-width:1.25rem;position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;text-align:center;margin-right:0.3125rem;}.ssrcss-irlfa6-NavigationLink-AccountLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-irlfa6-NavigationLink-AccountLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-irlfa6-NavigationLink-AccountLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-irlfa6-NavigationLink-AccountLink{text-align:center;min-width:1.5rem;}}.ssrcss-irlfa6-NavigationLink-AccountLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0071F1;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.625rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-irlfa6-NavigationLink-AccountLink:hover,.ssrcss-irlfa6-NavigationLink-AccountLink:focus,.ssrcss-irlfa6-NavigationLink-AccountLink[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-irlfa6-NavigationLink-AccountLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-irlfa6-NavigationLink-AccountLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-irlfa6-NavigationLink-AccountLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-irlfa6-NavigationLink-AccountLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}html.no-js .ssrcss-irlfa6-NavigationLink-AccountLink{opacity:1;pointer-events:all;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-irlfa6-NavigationLink-AccountLink{min-width:inherit;margin-right:0;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-irlfa6-NavigationLink-AccountLink{min-width:3rem;text-align:center;}}@media (min-width: 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37.5rem){.ssrcss-1umnoc2-VerticalSeparator{display:block;border-left:0.0625rem solid #E6E8EA;height:1.5rem;margin-top:1rem;margin-left:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-on86pa-GlobalNavigationBarLinkList{-webkit-flex:auto;-ms-flex:auto;flex:auto;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;gap:0.375rem;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-on86pa-GlobalNavigationBarLinkList >*{display:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-on86pa-GlobalNavigationBarLinkList{padding-left:0.75rem;}.ssrcss-on86pa-GlobalNavigationBarLinkList >:last-child{display:block;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-on86pa-GlobalNavigationBarLinkList >:nth-child(1){display:block;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-on86pa-GlobalNavigationBarLinkList >:nth-child(2){display:block;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-on86pa-GlobalNavigationBarLinkList >:nth-child(3){display:block;}}@media (min-width: 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1);}}.ssrcss-1yexs5w-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1yexs5w-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#589E50;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1yexs5w-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1yexs5w-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1yexs5w-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1yexs5w-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1yexs5w-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1yexs5w-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1yexs5w-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 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1);}}.ssrcss-1j54xvm-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1j54xvm-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#002856;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1j54xvm-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1j54xvm-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1j54xvm-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1j54xvm-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1j54xvm-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1j54xvm-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1j54xvm-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-x47adi-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-x47adi-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#149EDC;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-x47adi-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-x47adi-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-x47adi-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-x47adi-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-x47adi-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-x47adi-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-x47adi-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#FA6400;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1699avy-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1tezctd-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;min-width:1.25rem;margin-top:-0.25rem;}.ssrcss-1tezctd-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1tezctd-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1tezctd-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1tezctd-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{text-align:center;min-width:1.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1tezctd-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{min-width:2.75rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1tezctd-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{min-width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1tezctd-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{margin-top:0;min-width:3rem;}}.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:currentcolor;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1xquvrf-NavItemHoverState{width:2rem;}}.ssrcss-13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper{display:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1.25rem;height:0.25rem;}.ssrcss-13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper>svg{vertical-align:0.1875rem;}}.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-order:2;-ms-flex-order:2;order:2;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;padding-left:0;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{padding-left:0;}}.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;width:2rem;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:2.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{display:none;}}.ssrcss-1myt22i-BurgerMenuIconWrapper{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;width:1.5rem;height:1.375rem;vertical-align:-0.5em;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1myt22i-BurgerMenuIconWrapper{display:none;}}.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;background:none;min-width:1.25rem;text-align:center;margin-top:-0.25rem;position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink{text-align:center;min-width:1.5rem;}}.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:currentcolor;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover,.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus,.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink{min-width:2.75rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink{min-width:3rem;width:3rem;text-align:center;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink{background:#F6F6F6;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;height:1rem;padding:0.75rem 0.625rem;margin-left:0.5rem;min-width:11.25rem;outline:0.0625rem solid transparent;}.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{display:none;}.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover,.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:active,.ssrcss-payrv3-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus{background:#E6E8EA;color:#000000;}}.ssrcss-1lc3dkf-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1.625rem;height:1.625rem;vertical-align:middle;width:1.75rem;height:1.8125rem;}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-1lc3dkf-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{width:1.375rem;height:1.375rem;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-1lc3dkf-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{width:1rem;height:1rem;vertical-align:-0.25rem;}}.ssrcss-qefkng-SearchText{padding-left:0.5rem;position:absolute;overflow:hidden;margin:0;width:1px;height:1px;-webkit-clip-path:inset(100%);clip-path:inset(100%);clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);white-space:nowrap;}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-qefkng-SearchText{position:static;overflow:visible;width:auto;height:auto;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;clip:auto;white-space:inherit;}}.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer{overflow:hidden;visibility:hidden;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer>*{transition-property:max-height,height;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);transition-delay:0s,0s,0.4s;transition-duration:0.4s,0.4s,0s;transition-property:max-height,height,display;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer>*{transition-duration:0.2s,0.2s,0s;}}}.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer:focus{outline:5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;}.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu{height:0;}.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{visibility:visible;display:block;height:auto;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:28rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:4.0625rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:8.125rem;}}@media (min-width: 41.25rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:4.0625rem;}}.ssrcss-1obp207-MenuWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList{-webkit-flex:auto;-ms-flex:auto;flex:auto;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList:focus{outline:none;}.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList>*{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-flex-basis:50%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:50%;flex-basis:50%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList>*{-webkit-flex-basis:auto;-ms-flex-preferred-size:auto;flex-basis:auto;}}@supports (display: grid){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList{display:grid;grid-gap:0 0.5rem;gap:0 0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList{grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(7.5rem, 1fr));}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}}.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList>*{min-width:initial;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList >:nth-child(1){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList >:nth-child(2){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList >:nth-child(3){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList >:nth-child(4){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList >:nth-child(5){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList >:nth-child(6){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 40.875rem){.ssrcss-s02jgx-MenuLinkList >:nth-child(7){display:none;}}.ssrcss-1sg011d-MenuLinkListItem{height:1.75rem;margin:0.25rem 0;-webkit-align-items:stretch;-webkit-box-align:stretch;-ms-flex-align:stretch;align-items:stretch;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1sg011d-MenuLinkListItem{height:3.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1sg011d-MenuLinkListItem{padding-right:1.25rem;}}.ssrcss-1sg011d-MenuLinkListItem:focus>*::after,.ssrcss-1sg011d-MenuLinkListItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:currentcolor;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-kffy1u-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#EB1212;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1wnoiuf-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#FFD230;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1fmjesw-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#AAFF00;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-hvxe5w-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0068FF;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-19ognqy-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0052A1;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-13pa06y-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#589E50;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1b7djp-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#482878;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1i34t88-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#002856;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-p2g31p-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#149EDC;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-mr2uyx-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0 0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#FA6400;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink{margin:0 0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1b3a0us-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1ejv6c9-CloseButtonWrapper{margin-top:0.25rem;}.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' off;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.25;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;padding:calc(0.5rem - 2px) calc(0.75rem - 2px);border:2px solid transparent;min-height:2.75rem!important;text-align:center;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;line-height:1.375!important;-webkit-transition:0.2s;transition:0.2s;background:transparent;color:#141414;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.222222222222222;}}.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:focus-visible{outline:none;box-shadow:none;}.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink .call-to-action-link-text-wrapper{border-bottom:2px solid transparent;-webkit-transition:border-bottom 0.2s;transition:border-bottom 0.2s;}@supports (text-underline-offset: 0.25em){.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink .call-to-action-link-text-wrapper{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline transparent;text-decoration:underline transparent;text-decoration-thickness:2px;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;text-underline-offset:0.3125em;-webkit-transition:text-decoration 0.2s;transition:text-decoration 0.2s;}}.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:hover,.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:focus,.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:active{cursor:pointer;background:#0051AD;color:#FFFFFF;box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #0051AD;}.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:hover .call-to-action-link-text-wrapper,.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:focus .call-to-action-link-text-wrapper,.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:active .call-to-action-link-text-wrapper{border-bottom:2px solid currentcolor;}@supports (text-underline-offset: 0.25em){.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:hover .call-to-action-link-text-wrapper,.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:focus .call-to-action-link-text-wrapper,.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:active .call-to-action-link-text-wrapper{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline currentcolor;text-decoration:underline currentcolor;text-decoration-thickness:2px;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;text-underline-offset:0.3125em;}}.ssrcss-1ljchhs-CallToActionLink:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #FFFFFF;outline:0.125rem solid #000000;outline-offset:0.125rem;box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #0051AD,0 0 0 calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem) #FFFFFF;outline-offset:calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem);}.ssrcss-1hfawy1-IconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1.125rem;height:1.125rem;min-width:1.25rem;vertical-align:middle;}.ssrcss-12njlvq-ProductNavigationContainer{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' off;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;background-color:#B80000;color:#FFFFFF;position:relative;}.ssrcss-1fa1ju1-Masthead{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' off;background:#B80000;color:#FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-12x0ma7-ContentWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-kpltdl-LogoWrapper{margin:0.25rem 0;}.ssrcss-1vyfvn-LogoLink{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;width:auto;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;}@media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none),(-ms-high-contrast: active){.ssrcss-1vyfvn-LogoLink{width:100%;}}.ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon{display:block;padding:calc(0.75rem - 0.25rem) 0;height:1.625rem;fill:currentcolor;max-width:10rem;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon{padding:calc(0.875rem - 0.25rem) 0;height:1.75rem;max-width:15.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon{padding:calc(1rem - 0.25rem) 0;max-width:initial;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-as2ggt-Navigation{border-top:0.0625rem solid #DB7F7F;}}html.no-js .ssrcss-wlpshj-MainNavBarContainer{border-bottom:0.25rem solid #B80000;}.ssrcss-325dy3-MenuContainer-PrimaryNavBarContainer{background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#141414;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-325dy3-MenuContainer-PrimaryNavBarContainer{background-color:#B80000;color:#FFFFFF;}}.ssrcss-tr5xws-PrimaryListContainer{margin:0 -0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-tr5xws-PrimaryListContainer{margin:0 -1rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-tr5xws-PrimaryListContainer{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;margin:0;}.ssrcss-tr5xws-PrimaryListContainer .e14xdrat1 .eis6szr3:not(:last-of-type) .eis6szr2 .eis6szr1{border-right-style:solid;border-right-width:0.0625rem;border-right-color:#DB7F7F;}}.ssrcss-1fph62a-ToggleContainer{position:absolute;right:0.5rem;top:0.25rem;background-color:transparent;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-1fph62a-ToggleContainer{top:0.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1fph62a-ToggleContainer{display:none;}}.ssrcss-1fph62a-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591{border:0.0625rem solid;border-color:#DB7F7F;}.ssrcss-1fph62a-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:hover,.ssrcss-1fph62a-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:focus,.ssrcss-1fph62a-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:active{color:#141414;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-color:transparent;}.ssrcss-pnxjgb-StyledToggle{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' off;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;position:relative;padding:0.5rem;cursor:pointer;color:#FFFFFF;background-color:#B80000;border:none;}html.no-js .ssrcss-pnxjgb-StyledToggle{background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#141414;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-pnxjgb-StyledToggle{min-height:2.375rem;}@media (pointer: coarse){.ssrcss-pnxjgb-StyledToggle{min-height:2.75rem;}}}.ssrcss-1m4972l-IconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1rem;height:1rem;margin-right:0.5rem;}.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{display:none;}html.no-js .ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{display:block;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{margin-left:-0.5rem;margin-right:-0.5rem;padding:0.5rem 0;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{background-color:transparent;display:block;padding:0;margin:0;-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;}@media (pointer: coarse){.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{overflow-x:scroll;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;-ms-overflow-style:-ms-autohiding-scrollbar;-ms-overflow-style:none;scrollbar-width:none;}.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none;}}}.ssrcss-yhbmpm-StyledMenuList{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' off;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-yhbmpm-StyledMenuList{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;position:relative;left:-0.5rem;}@media (pointer: coarse){.ssrcss-yhbmpm-StyledMenuList{-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;}}}.ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem{border-bottom:0.0625rem solid #8A8C8E;position:relative;break-inside:avoid;margin:0;padding:0;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem{border-bottom:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem{-webkit-flex:none;-ms-flex:none;flex:none;}}.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink{box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;padding:0.25rem 0 0.25rem 0.5rem;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;min-height:2.375rem;}@media (pointer: coarse){.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink{min-height:2.75rem;}}.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink:hover,.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink:focus{background-color:#E6E8EA;}.ssrcss-dgu9ea-StyledLink:focus-visible{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 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37.5rem){.ssrcss-1u47p8g-LinkTextContainer{padding:0 0.45rem;}}.ssrcss-4dxdrt-ToggleContainer{display:none;border-left:0.0625rem solid;border-left-color:#DB7F7F;background-color:transparent;}html.no-js .ssrcss-4dxdrt-ToggleContainer{background-color:#FFFFFF;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-4dxdrt-ToggleContainer{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;}}.ssrcss-4dxdrt-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:focus-visible{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem) #FFFFFF;outline:0.125rem solid #000000;outline-offset:-0.125rem;}.ssrcss-4dxdrt-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:hover::after,.ssrcss-4dxdrt-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:active::after{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;content:'';height:0.25rem;background-color:#FFFFFF;}html.no-js .ssrcss-4dxdrt-ToggleContainer 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0.125rem #B80000;}.ssrcss-1195hht-Button:focus:enabled{box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #FFFFFF;outline:0.125rem solid #000000;outline-offset:0.125rem;box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #B80000,0 0 0 calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem) #FFFFFF;outline-offset:calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem);}.ssrcss-1tz2bh9-IconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1em;height:1em;padding-right:0.5rem;min-width:1.25rem;vertical-align:-0.125em;}.ssrcss-18h2t1m-StyledLink{color:#141414;display:inline-block;font-weight:bolder;margin-top:0.5rem;padding:0.75rem 0;width:100%;}.ssrcss-18h2t1m-StyledLink:hover,.ssrcss-18h2t1m-StyledLink:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;color:#B80000;}.ssrcss-18h2t1m-StyledLink:visited{color:#545658;}.ssrcss-18h2t1m-StyledLink:visited:hover,.ssrcss-18h2t1m-StyledLink:visited:focus{color:#B80000;}.ssrcss-1qlkdz0-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper{margin:1.5rem 0;max-width:50rem;margin:1.5rem -1.5rem;}@media (min-width: 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https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/mcs/media/images/59116000/jpg/_59116399_newordosemptyapartmentblocks_624.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/59116000/jpg/_59116399_newordosemptyapartmentblocks_624.jpg.webp 624w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Empty apartment blocks, Ordos, Inner Mongolia" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/59116000/jpg/_59116399_newordosemptyapartmentblocks_624.jpg" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/59116000/jpg/_59116399_newordosemptyapartmentblocks_624.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/mcs/media/images/59116000/jpg/_59116399_newordosemptyapartmentblocks_624.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/mcs/media/images/59116000/jpg/_59116399_newordosemptyapartmentblocks_624.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/59116000/jpg/_59116399_newordosemptyapartmentblocks_624.jpg 624w" width="624" height="351" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></span></div></figure></div><div data-component="byline-block" class="ssrcss-1hbb5i-BylineComponentWrapper e8mq1e90"><div class="ssrcss-qt5zqv-BylineWrapper e19uhciu17"><div class="ssrcss-h3c0s8-ContributorContainer e19uhciu16"><div class="ssrcss-1u2in0b-Container-ContributorDetails e19uhciu13"><div class="ssrcss-68pt20-Text-TextContributorName e19uhciu6">By Peter Day</div><div class="ssrcss-84ltp5-Text e19uhciu10">Ordos, Inner Mongolia, China</div></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-jlwt2c-Divider e19uhciu15"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><b class="ssrcss-1xjjfut-BoldText e5tfeyi3">In Inner Mongolia a new city stands largely empty. This city, Ordos, suggests that the great Chinese building boom, which did so much to fuel the country's astonishing economic growth, is over. Is a bubble about to burst?</b></p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">A huge statue of the mighty warrior Genghis Khan presides over Genghis Khan Plaza in Ordos New Town. The square is vast, fading into the snowy mist on a recent Sunday morning.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Genghis Khan Plaza is flanked by huge and imposing buildings.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Two giant horses from the steppes rise on their hind legs in the centre of the Plaza, statues which dwarf the great Khan himself.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Only one element is missing from this vast ensemble - people.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">There are only two or three of us in this immense townscape. Because this is Ordos, a place that has been called the largest ghost town in China.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Most of the new town buildings are empty or unfinished. The rampant apartment blocks are full of unsold flats.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">If you want to find a place where China's huge housing bubble has already burst, then Ordos is the place to come.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The story started about 20 years ago, with the beginning of a great Mongolian coal rush.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Private mining companies poured into the green Inner Mongolian steppe lands, pock-marking the landscape with enormous opencast holes in the ground, or tunnelling underground.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Local farmers sold their land to the miners, and became instantly rich. Jobs burgeoned. Ceaseless coal truck convoys tore up the roads.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">And the old city of Ordos flourished as the money flowed in.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The municipality decided to think big, too.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">It laid out plans for a huge new town for hundreds of thousands of residents, with Genghis Khan Plaza at the centre of it.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Ten years later Ordos new town is an empty new city.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">And it is merely the most spectacular example of a new Chinese phenomenon, in many cities - unsold flats, unlet shops, empty office blocks.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">It looks to outsiders as though the great Chinese building boom is over, the real estate extravaganza that shook the world.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Western financial experts who fear a bursting of the Chinese real estate bubble point out that the Chinese economy is more dependent on house building than the United States economy was, before the sub-prime lending bubble burst in 2007.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Many Chinese local authorities seem to have become dependent on the proceeds of big land sales to developers.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">In the eyes of the critics, China's housing boom is becoming a disaster.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Well, the authorities in Beijing have taken notice of the direst warnings. They have been taking official action to rein in the speculative buying of multiple apartments over the past two years.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Chinese economic commentators seem much less concerned than the Western doom-mongers. They are still confident that the technocrats in Beijing who have guided China's 30 years of spectacular economic growth will soon be able to balance supply and demand in the housing market.</p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-1qlkdz0-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ey0461q0"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-1xiav6b-Placeholder etlorgc0"><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/59113000/jpg/_59113092_ordos_afp304.jpg.webp 240w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Ordos" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/304/mcs/media/images/59113000/jpg/_59113092_ordos_afp304.jpg" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/59113000/jpg/_59113092_ordos_afp304.jpg 240w" width="304" height="400" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-179o3th-StyledFigureCaption ehbdhz00"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack e1y4nx260"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Many ordinary people who invested in property, have lost money</p></div></figcaption></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The same relaxed attitude was apparent in a couple I met in a spacious apartment in Ordos, in the middle of a building site.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">They were buying the place as an investment, even though the delivery date keeps on slipping.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">It is, of course, only some 25 years since Chinese people were permitted to buy and sell homes at all.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Decades of pent-up demand are still being satisfied as the great wheel of Chinese urbanisation continues to bring millions of people in from the countryside to work in the cities.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Right now there are other worries in the Chinese system, typified by Mr Li, a man I met in Ordos, who had prospered when the local council bought up the land on which his family's shop had been located.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">He invested the compensation with local private financiers.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">It is common practice in China where there is a big grey market in private loans to private businesses who cannot get money from the big, official, state-owned banks.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Mr Li's private financier naturally invested the money in property, and paid him interest every three months at the rate of about 40% a year.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Mr Li had put the equivalent of over $1m (just over £600,000) into such schemes.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">For two years they paid out, but last year the interest payments began to dry up.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Then one of the financiers disappeared.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">This has become a very familiar story in China now, one that is making big headlines as some famously rich private finance people come up for trial on charge of huge financial irregularity. China's 68th richest woman, Wu Ying, is facing the death penalty for schemes she ran in her 20s.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">At least half of Mr Li's money now seems to have disappeared.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">As a Mongolian, he told me he was very angry when it happened last year. But now his mood has changed to a curious, fatalistic resignation, quite unlike Genghis Khan.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"Once we were rich, and now we're poor again," said Mr Li, with something like a wry grin.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><b class="ssrcss-1xjjfut-BoldText e5tfeyi3">How to listen to From Our Own Correspondent</b><b class="ssrcss-1xjjfut-BoldText e5tfeyi3">:</b></p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><b class="ssrcss-1xjjfut-BoldText e5tfeyi3">BBC Radio 4:</b>A 30-minute programme on Saturdays, 11:30 GMT.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Second 30-minute programme on Thursdays, 11:00 GMT (some weeks only).</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><a href="/programmes/b006qjlq" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">Listen online</a>or<a href="/podcasts/series/fooc" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">download the podcast</a></p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><b class="ssrcss-1xjjfut-BoldText e5tfeyi3">BBC World Service:</b></p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Hear daily 10-minute editions Monday to Friday, repeated through the day, also available to<a href="/programmes/p002vsng" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">listen online</a>.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Read more or<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/archive/default.stm" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">explore the archive<span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a>at the<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/default.stm" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">programme website<span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a>.</p></div></div></article></main></div><div class="ssrcss-115e9m-StyledZone e1mcntqj3"><aside id="topStories-label-aside-content" 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This city, Ordos, suggests that the great Chinese building boom, which did so much to fuel the country's astonishing economic growth, is over. Is a bubble about to burst?\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In Inner Mongolia a new city stands largely empty. This city, Ordos, suggests that the great Chinese building boom, which did so much to fuel the country's astonishing economic growth, is over. Is a bubble about to burst?\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\"]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"A huge statue of the mighty warrior Genghis Khan presides over Genghis Khan Plaza in Ordos New Town. The square is vast, fading into the snowy mist on a recent Sunday morning.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"A huge statue of the mighty warrior Genghis Khan presides over Genghis Khan Plaza in Ordos New Town. The square is vast, fading into the snowy mist on a recent Sunday morning.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Genghis Khan Plaza is flanked by huge and imposing buildings.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Genghis Khan Plaza is flanked by huge and imposing buildings.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Two giant horses from the steppes rise on their hind legs in the centre of the Plaza, statues which dwarf the great Khan himself.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Two giant horses from the steppes rise on their hind legs in the centre of the Plaza, statues which dwarf the great Khan himself.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Only one element is missing from this vast ensemble - people.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Only one element is missing from this vast ensemble - people.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"There are only two or three of us in this immense townscape. Because this is Ordos, a place that has been called the largest ghost town in China.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"There are only two or three of us in this immense townscape. Because this is Ordos, a place that has been called the largest ghost town in China.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Most of the new town buildings are empty or unfinished. The rampant apartment blocks are full of unsold flats.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Most of the new town buildings are empty or unfinished. The rampant apartment blocks are full of unsold flats.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"quote\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It is a spectacular example of a new Chinese phenomenon, in many cities - unsold flats, unlet shops, empty office blocks\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"If you want to find a place where China's huge housing bubble has already burst, then Ordos is the place to come.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"If you want to find a place where China's huge housing bubble has already burst, then Ordos is the place to come.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The story started about 20 years ago, with the beginning of a great Mongolian coal rush.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The story started about 20 years ago, with the beginning of a great Mongolian coal rush.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Private mining companies poured into the green Inner Mongolian steppe lands, pock-marking the landscape with enormous opencast holes in the ground, or tunnelling underground.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Private mining companies poured into the green Inner Mongolian steppe lands, pock-marking the landscape with enormous opencast holes in the ground, or tunnelling underground.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Local farmers sold their land to the miners, and became instantly rich. Jobs burgeoned. Ceaseless coal truck convoys tore up the roads.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Local farmers sold their land to the miners, and became instantly rich. Jobs burgeoned. Ceaseless coal truck convoys tore up the roads.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"And the old city of Ordos flourished as the money flowed in.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"And the old city of Ordos flourished as the money flowed in.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The municipality decided to think big, too.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The municipality decided to think big, too.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It laid out plans for a huge new town for hundreds of thousands of residents, with Genghis Khan Plaza at the centre of it.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It laid out plans for a huge new town for hundreds of thousands of residents, with Genghis Khan Plaza at the centre of it.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"pullOut\",\"model\":{\"title\":\"From Our Own Correspondent\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"unorderedList\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Broadcast on Saturdays at 11:30 GMT on BBC Radio 4, and weekdays on BBC World Service\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Broadcast on Saturdays at 11:30 GMT on BBC Radio 4, and weekdays on BBC World Service\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Listen to the BBC Radio 4 version\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Listen to the BBC Radio 4 version\",\"locator\":\"/programmes/b006qjlq\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Listen to the BBC Radio 4 version\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Download the podcast\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Download the podcast\",\"locator\":\"/podcasts/series/fooc\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Download the podcast\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Listen to the BBC World Service version\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Listen to the BBC World Service version\",\"locator\":\"/programmes/p002vsng\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Listen to the BBC World Service version\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Explore the archive\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Explore the archive\",\"locator\":\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/default.stm\",\"isExternal\":true,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Explore the archive\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Ten years later Ordos new town is an empty new city.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Ten years later Ordos new town is an empty new city.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"And it is merely the most spectacular example of a new Chinese phenomenon, in many cities - unsold flats, unlet shops, empty office blocks.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"And it is merely the most spectacular example of a new Chinese phenomenon, in many cities - unsold flats, unlet shops, empty office blocks.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It looks to outsiders as though the great Chinese building boom is over, the real estate extravaganza that shook the world.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It looks to outsiders as though the great Chinese building boom is over, the real estate extravaganza that shook the world.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Western financial experts who fear a bursting of the Chinese real estate bubble point out that the Chinese economy is more dependent on house building than the United States economy was, before the sub-prime lending bubble burst in 2007.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Western financial experts who fear a bursting of the Chinese real estate bubble point out that the Chinese economy is more dependent on house building than the United States economy was, before the sub-prime lending bubble burst in 2007.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Many Chinese local authorities seem to have become dependent on the proceeds of big land sales to developers.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Many Chinese local authorities seem to have become dependent on the proceeds of big land sales to developers.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In the eyes of the critics, China's housing boom is becoming a disaster.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In the eyes of the critics, China's housing boom is becoming a disaster.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Well, the authorities in Beijing have taken notice of the direst warnings. They have been taking official action to rein in the speculative buying of multiple apartments over the past two years.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Well, the authorities in Beijing have taken notice of the direst warnings. They have been taking official action to rein in the speculative buying of multiple apartments over the past two years.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Chinese economic commentators seem much less concerned than the Western doom-mongers. They are still confident that the technocrats in Beijing who have guided China's 30 years of spectacular economic growth will soon be able to balance supply and demand in the housing market.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Chinese economic commentators seem much less concerned than the Western doom-mongers. They are still confident that the technocrats in Beijing who have guided China's 30 years of spectacular economic growth will soon be able to balance supply and demand in the housing market.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Many ordinary people who invested in property, have lost money\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Many ordinary people who invested in property, have lost money\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Ordos\",\"copyright\":\"\",\"height\":400,\"width\":304,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/304/mcs/media/images/59113000/jpg/_59113092_ordos_afp304.jpg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/59113000/jpg/_59113092_ordos_afp304.jpg.webp 240w\",\"mimeType\":\"image/webp\",\"fallbackSrcSets\":[{\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/59113000/jpg/_59113092_ordos_afp304.jpg 240w\"}]}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The same relaxed attitude was apparent in a couple I met in a spacious apartment in Ordos, in the middle of a building site.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The same relaxed attitude was apparent in a couple I met in a spacious apartment in Ordos, in the middle of a building site.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"They were buying the place as an investment, even though the delivery date keeps on slipping.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"They were buying the place as an investment, even though the delivery date keeps on slipping.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It is, of course, only some 25 years since Chinese people were permitted to buy and sell homes at all.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It is, of course, only some 25 years since Chinese people were permitted to buy and sell homes at all.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Decades of pent-up demand are still being satisfied as the great wheel of Chinese urbanisation continues to bring millions of people in from the countryside to work in the cities.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Decades of pent-up demand are still being satisfied as the great wheel of Chinese urbanisation continues to bring millions of people in from the countryside to work in the cities.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Right now there are other worries in the Chinese system, typified by Mr Li, a man I met in Ordos, who had prospered when the local council bought up the land on which his family's shop had been located.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Right now there are other worries in the Chinese system, typified by Mr Li, a man I met in Ordos, who had prospered when the local council bought up the land on which his family's shop had been located.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"He invested the compensation with local private financiers.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"He invested the compensation with local private financiers.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It is common practice in China where there is a big grey market in private loans to private businesses who cannot get money from the big, official, state-owned banks.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It is common practice in China where there is a big grey market in private loans to private businesses who cannot get money from the big, official, state-owned banks.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Mr Li's private financier naturally invested the money in property, and paid him interest every three months at the rate of about 40% a year.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Mr Li's private financier naturally invested the money in property, and paid him interest every three months at the rate of about 40% a year.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Mr Li had put the equivalent of over $1m (just over £600,000) into such schemes.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Mr Li had put the equivalent of over $1m (just over £600,000) into such schemes.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For two years they paid out, but last year the interest payments began to dry up.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For two years they paid out, but last year the interest payments began to dry up.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Then one of the financiers disappeared.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Then one of the financiers disappeared.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"This has become a very familiar story in China now, one that is making big headlines as some famously rich private finance people come up for trial on charge of huge financial irregularity. China's 68th richest woman, Wu Ying, is facing the death penalty for schemes she ran in her 20s.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"This has become a very familiar story in China now, one that is making big headlines as some famously rich private finance people come up for trial on charge of huge financial irregularity. China's 68th richest woman, Wu Ying, is facing the death penalty for schemes she ran in her 20s.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"At least half of Mr Li's money now seems to have disappeared.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"At least half of Mr Li's money now seems to have disappeared.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"As a Mongolian, he told me he was very angry when it happened last year. But now his mood has changed to a curious, fatalistic resignation, quite unlike Genghis Khan.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"As a Mongolian, he told me he was very angry when it happened last year. 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