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(window.nzzDebugPiano) { console.log('##piano## pianoUpdateSalutation already updated'); } if (forceReload) { if (window.nzzDebugPiano) { console.log('##piano## pianoUpdateSalutation forceReload, because of source PIANOID'); } window.location.reload(); } } if (window.nzzDebugPiano) { console.log('##piano## pianoUpdateSalutation'); } let accountSalutation = null; if (field && field.value) { accountSalutation = field.value; } /* Determine values for new custom field for TEM (here called "salutation_text_TEM") */ let salutation_text_TEM = ''; if (accountSalutation === "[\"female\"]") { salutation_text_TEM = "Sehr geehrte Frau"; } else if (accountSalutation === "[\"male\"]") { salutation_text_TEM = "Sehr geehrter Herr"; } /* Update custom field with new value */ fetch(config.handlerUrl + new URLSearchParams({ aid: window.tp.aid, uid: data.uid, /* replace correct form ID and custom field ID */ form_id: config.salutationForm.formName, custom_fields: JSON.stringify({ salutation_text_TEM: salutation_text_TEM }) }), { method: 'POST', headers: { 'Authorization': window.tp.pianoId.getToken(), 'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8' } }).then(() => { if (window.nzzDebugPiano) { console.log(`##piano## salutation_text_TEM updated to ${salutation_text_TEM}`); } if (window.localStorage) { window.localStorage.setItem(`nzz-salutation`, data.uid); } }).catch(e => { if (window.nzzDebugPiano) { console.log(`##piano## salutation_text_TEM error: ${e}`); } }).finally(() => { if (forceReload) { if (window.nzzDebugPiano) { console.log('##piano## pianoUpdateSalutation forceReload, because of source PIANOID'); } window.location.reload(); } });}; ((bT, clientCountryPreference, config) => { let tags = []; if (bT && bT.standard) { Object.keys(bT.standard).forEach(key => { tags.push([`set${key}`, bT.standard[key]]); }); } if (bT && bT.custom) { Object.keys(bT.custom).forEach(key => { tags.push(['setCustomVariable', key, bT.custom[key]]); }); } return function pianoMain() { if 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data.user.sub, form_id: config.RSEvent.formName, custom_fields: JSON.stringify(config.RSEvent.params) }), { method: 'POST', headers: { 'Authorization': data.token, 'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8' } }); }]); window.tp.push(['addHandler', 'loginSuccess', callbackData => { if (window.nzzDebugPiano) { console.log('##piano## loginSuccess in init', callbackData.source); } window.tp.pianoId.loadExtendedUser({ extendedUserLoaded: function (data) { if (window.nzzDebugPiano) { console.log('##piano## extendedUserLoaded for salutation', data); } let salutationField = null; const customFieldValues = data.custom_field_values; if (customFieldValues && customFieldValues.length > 0) { for (const field of customFieldValues) { if (field.field_name === "account_salutation") { salutationField = field; } } } let forceReload = false; if (callbackData.source == "PIANOID") { forceReload = true; } pianoUpdateSalutation(config, data, salutationField, forceReload); }, formName: 'salutation_form' 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beherbergen 80 Prozent der biologischen Vielfalt. <br>Das tönt beeindruckend. Doch solche Statistiken sind oft irreführend, manchmal sogar falsch.</p> <div class="progressbar__wrapper"><div class="progressbar"><div class="progressbar__line"><div class="progressbar__line--fill" style="transform:translateX(-100%);"></div></div></div></div> <div class="headline__meta"> <div class="metainfo metainfo--content"><span class="metainfo__item metainfo__item--author">Tin Fischer</span>    <span class="metainfo__item metainfo__item--date"><time datetime="2024-10-20T03:30:00.000Z"> 20.10.2024, 05.30 Uhr </time> <span data-tooltip="Lesezeit 7 min" class="metainfo__item--reading-time"><svg version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="reading-time__icon nzz-icons--small nzz-icons--icon nzz-icons--fill"><path stroke="currentColor" fill="none" pid="0" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" _stroke-linejoin="round" d="M11.77 7.39v5.62l3.8 1.32"/><circle stroke="currentColor" fill="none" pid="1" cx="12" cy="12" r="8.5" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" _stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg> <span>7 min</span></span></span></div> <div class="headline__meta-extra"><div class="actionbar actionbar--header"> <div class="actionbar__item"><button class="actionbar__button button actionbar__button--header"><svg version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="nzz-icons--icon nzz-icons--fill"><path pid="0" d="M20.5 14.13h-2.84c-.55 0-1 .45-1 1v4.38c0 .55.45 1 1 1h1.84c.55 0 1-.45 1-1V12c0-4.69-3.81-8.5-8.5-8.5h0c-4.69 0-8.5 3.81-8.5 8.5v7.5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h1.84c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-4.38c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H3.5" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/><path pid="1" d="M13.86 17.54c.18-.11.18-.3 0-.42l-3.53-2.24c-.18-.11-.33-.02-.33.2v4.5c0 .22.15.32.33.2l3.53-2.24z" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg> <span class="actionbar__label">Hören</span></button></div>  <div class="actionbar__item actionbar__item--print"><div class="actionbar__button actionbar__button--header"><svg version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="nzz-icons--icon nzz-icons--fill"><path pid="0" d="M7 16.81H4.5c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1v-7c0-.55.45-1 1-1h15c.55 0 1 .45 1 1v7c0 .55-.45 1-1 1H17" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linejoin="round"/><path pid="1" d="M7 7.81V3.5c0-.55.45-1 1-1h8c.55 0 1 .45 1 1v4.31" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linejoin="round"/><path pid="2" d="M17 14v6.5c0 .55-.45 1-1 1H8c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1V14h10z" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/><path pid="3" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M14.34 18.95l-1.15.69-1.18-.7-1.18.7-1.17-.7m4.68-2.47l-1.15.69-1.18-.7-1.18.7-1.17-.7M5.3 9.5h1"/></svg> <span class="actionbar__label">Drucken</span></div></div> <div class="actionbar__item share" style="position:relative;"><div class="contextmenu-closed"><div class="actionbar__button actionbar__button--header"><svg version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="nzz-icons--icon nzz-icons--fill"><path pid="0" d="M13.73 17.7c0 .58.34.73.75.34l6.71-6.44c.41-.4.41-1.04 0-1.44l-6.71-6.44c-.41-.4-.75-.24-.75.34v3.25c-6.2 0-11.23 3.59-11.23 9.98 0 1.12.15 2.19.44 3.22 1.35-4.83 5.67-6.04 10.8-6.04v3.24z" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg> <span class="actionbar__label">Teilen</span></div></div>  <div data-nzz-tid="contextmenu-overlay" class="overlay--container"> </div></div> </div></div></div></div></div><figure id="id-doc-1ia8ai99n0" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="image" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent image image--containerwidth" style="position:relative;"><div data-nzz-tid="image-placeholder" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="https://img.nzz.ch/2024/10/15/f4b10106-9028-4ff9-acfe-dc6604dc7f3d.jpeg?width=1200&height=800&fit=crop&quality=75&auto=webp" class="image-placeholder image__placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.7%;"><img alt="Die Gebiete von indigenen Ethnien, wie jene der Waimiri Atroari im Norden Brasiliens, gelten als besonders naturnah. Doch lässt sich das mit einer einzigen Zahl belegen?" data-nzz-tid="article-image" width="5000" height="3335" src="https://img.nzz.ch/2024/10/15/f4b10106-9028-4ff9-acfe-dc6604dc7f3d.jpeg?width=750&height=500&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5000,3334,x0,y0" loading="eager" srcset="https://img.nzz.ch/2024/10/15/f4b10106-9028-4ff9-acfe-dc6604dc7f3d.jpeg?width=1120&height=747&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5000,3334,x0,y0 1120w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/10/15/f4b10106-9028-4ff9-acfe-dc6604dc7f3d.jpeg?width=2240&height=1493&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5000,3334,x0,y0 2240w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/10/15/f4b10106-9028-4ff9-acfe-dc6604dc7f3d.jpeg?width=976&height=651&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5000,3334,x0,y0 976w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/10/15/f4b10106-9028-4ff9-acfe-dc6604dc7f3d.jpeg?width=1952&height=1301&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5000,3334,x0,y0 1952w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/10/15/f4b10106-9028-4ff9-acfe-dc6604dc7f3d.jpeg?width=736&height=491&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5000,3334,x0,y0 736w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/10/15/f4b10106-9028-4ff9-acfe-dc6604dc7f3d.jpeg?width=1472&height=981&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5000,3334,x0,y0 1472w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/10/15/f4b10106-9028-4ff9-acfe-dc6604dc7f3d.jpeg?width=375&height=250&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5000,3334,x0,y0 375w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/10/15/f4b10106-9028-4ff9-acfe-dc6604dc7f3d.jpeg?width=750&height=500&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5000,3334,x0,y0 750w" sizes="(min-width: 1200px) 1120px, (min-width: 1024px) 976px, (min-width: 768px) 736px" class="image-placeholder__image" style="cursor:pointer;transform:scale(1);">  </div> <figcaption class="articlecomponent__description"> <div class="image-description image-description--containerwidth"><h2 data-nzz-tid="image-description-caption" data-team-image-caption="true" class="image-description__caption image-description__caption--large">Die Gebiete von indigenen Ethnien, wie jene der Waimiri Atroari im Norden Brasiliens, gelten als besonders naturnah. Doch lässt sich das mit einer einzigen Zahl belegen?</h2> <div class="image-description__author"><span data-nzz-tid="image-description-author" class="image-description__author-single">Lalo De Almeida/ Panos</span></div></div></figcaption> </figure><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1ia7feg1o1" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text">Sie sind die Hüter der Natur: 80 Prozent der Biodiversität der Erde befinden sich in Gebieten von Indigenen. Diese Zahl las man in den letzten zehn Jahren überall: In Uno-Berichten, auf Websites von Umweltschutzorganisationen oder von Ministerien, ja sogar auf Protestbannern.</p><div id="id-doc-b0aa59c2" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="barrier" is-new-line-child="true"><div id="paywall_container"></div> <div class="disabled-overlay"><div class="disabled-overlay--show--text"><h3>Optimieren Sie Ihre Browsereinstellungen</h3> <p> NZZ.ch benötigt JavaScript für wichtige Funktionen. Ihr Browser oder Adblocker verhindert dies momentan. </p> <p>Bitte passen Sie die Einstellungen an.</p></div></div></div><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1ia7ff6l90" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Doch als der Biologe Álvaro Fernández-Llamazares von der Autonomen Universität in Barcelona die Quelle dieser 80 Prozent prüfen wollte, fand er: nichts. Keine Daten, keine Berechnung. Nichts ausser zwei Berichten der Uno und der Weltbank, aus denen die Zahl immer wieder zitiert wurde. «Es gab Policy-Berichte, die sie benutzten. Es gab wissenschaftliche Berichte. Sie wurde in mehr als 180 wissenschaftlichen Publikationen zitiert», sagt Fernández-Llamazares. Fünf weitere Jahre suchte er mit Kolleginnen und Kollegen nach einer Quelle – vergebens.</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1ia7v2o1v1" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Jetzt haben sie <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-02811-w">im Fachmagazin «Nature»</a> einen Bericht veröffentlicht, der zwar betont, wie wichtig Indigene für den Schutz der Natur seien, aber dass die 80 Prozent «haltlose Statistik» seien. Allein die Idee, dass man die Biodiversität «in zählbare Einheiten zerlegen und diese weltweit kartieren kann», sei abwegig. Immerhin gibt es Millionen unbekannte Arten. Er werfe niemandem vor, die Zahl verwendet zu haben, sagt Fernández-Llamazares. Es gehe um etwas anderes: «Was wir infrage stellen, ist: Wie kann es sein, dass diese Zahl für so viele Jahre nicht hinterfragt wurde?»</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1ia7ff6lb1" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Hat die Biodiversitätsforschung ein Problem mit unzuverlässigen oder gar haltlosen Zahlen, mehr als andere Wissenschaften? Die Erforschung der Natur ist heute von Statistik getrieben. Zwar entwickelte bereits Alexander von Humboldt im 19. Jahrhundert die «botanische Arithmetik», um die Pflanzendecke der Welt mit Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnungen zu erschliessen. Aber seit es möglich ist, mit Satelliten die Vegetation der Erde zu scannen und Tiere mit Kameras, Mikrofonen und KI zu erkennen, schreitet die Digitalisierung der Natur in grossen Schritten voran.</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1ia7v3btj1" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Mit der Uno-Biodiversitätskonvention von 1992 verpflichten sich Staaten, Naturzustandsberichte vorzulegen. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/de/home/themen/biodiversitaet/publikationen-studien/publikationen/biodiversitaet-schweiz-zustand-entwicklung.html">Im jüngsten Bericht der Schweiz</a> ist von der «Vielfalt der Tagfalter-Artengemeinschaften» über die «Anzahl Durchgangshindernisse bei der Wanderung von Fischen» bis hin zur «Änderung der Gehölzdeckung in Hochmooren» alles in Zahlen erfasst, was in der Schweiz wächst und lebt. Und natürlich ist auch das wichtigste politische Biodiversitätsziel der Vereinten Nationen eine Zahl: «30 by 30» – bis 2030 sollen 30 Prozent der Erdoberfläche unter Naturschutz gestellt werden. Das ist die eine Seite.</p><h2 data-team-subtitle="" id="id-doc-1ia8628pl0" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="subtitle" is-new-line-child="true" class="subtitle articlecomponent nzzinteraction"><span>Kritik kommt nicht immer gut an</span></h2><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1ia7ff6lc0" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Die andere Seite ist, dass sich immer wieder vielzitierte Zahlen als problematisch herausstellen. Dass zum Beispiel jeden Tag 150 Arten aussterben, ist ähnlich haltlos wie die fragwürdigen 80 Prozent. In der Ausgabe vom 14. Juli beschäftigte sich die <a href="https://www.nzz.ch/wissenschaft/der-elefant-ist-ein-symbol-fuer-das-artensterben-doch-niemand-weiss-wie-viele-der-tiere-es-in-afrika-einst-wirklich-gegeben-hat-ld.1836945">«NZZ am Sonntag» mit den 26 Millionen Elefanten</a>, die es einmal in Afrika gegeben haben soll. Wie sich gezeigt hat, ist diese Zahl aber wohl eher das Resultat rudimentärer statistischer Modelle und stereotyper Vorstellungen Afrikas (die Datenplattform «Our World in Data» zog sie mittlerweile zurück).</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1ia84vv4u1" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Doch Kritik kommt nicht immer gut an. Fernández-Llamazares und seinen Kollegen wird mittlerweile gar «unethisches» Verhalten vorgeworfen, weil sie mit ihrer Kritik Bemühungen von Indigenen torpedieren würden, die mit den 80 Prozent politische Rechte einforderten. <a target="_blank" href="https://news.mongabay.com/2024/09/do-indigenous-peoples-really-conserve-80-of-the-worlds-biodiversity/">«Mongabay»</a>, ein in der Branche vielgelesenes Medium, verstieg sich gar in der Ansage, dass die 80 Prozent nicht falsch seien, lediglich «untererforscht».</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1ia7ff6ld0" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">«Wir sind in den eigenen Reihen nicht ehrlich mit uns selbst», sagt Matthias Glaubrecht vom Leibniz-Institut zur Analyse des Biodiversitätswandels in Hamburg, ein führender Forscher auf dem Gebiet: «Biologie ist eine ‹schmutzige Wissenschaft›, sozusagen: Zahlen sind hier eine Hilfskonstruktion, um einen Casus zu belegen, aber immer mit einem grossen Fragezeichen versehen.»</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1ia7ff6ld1" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Über eine Art wissen wir gut Bescheid: den Menschen. Er hat sich stark vermehrt und das statistisch akribisch dokumentiert. Auch seine Nutztiere sind durchgezählt. Schwierig wird es bei den wilden Tieren. Wie viele Zackenbarsche gibt es? Wie viele Schuppentiere?</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1ia7ff6ld2" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Genau das versucht der <a target="_blank" href="https://www.livingplanetindex.org/">Living-Planet-Index (LPI)</a> zu ermitteln, heute einer der wichtigsten Biodiversitäts-Indikatoren. Alle zwei Jahre publiziert der WWF zusammen mit der Zoologischen Gesellschaft von London (ZSL) ein Update, wie sich Wirbeltier-Populationen verändert haben. Vergangene Woche war es wieder so weit.</p><figure id="id-doc-1ia8a47991" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="image" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent image image--containerwidth nzzinteraction" style="position:relative;"><div data-nzz-tid="image-placeholder" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="https://img.nzz.ch/2024/10/15/6a06b6b9-5733-4ed0-908d-f55450c6591f.jpeg?width=1200&height=800&fit=crop&quality=75&auto=webp" class="image-placeholder image__placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.67%;"><img alt="Schuppentiere werden gejagt und sind deshalb unter Druck. Doch wie viele von ihnen gibt es wirklich?" data-nzz-tid="article-image" width="6240" height="4160" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" loading="lazy" srcset="https://img.nzz.ch/2024/10/15/6a06b6b9-5733-4ed0-908d-f55450c6591f.jpeg?width=1120&height=747&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=6240,4160,x0,y0 1120w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/10/15/6a06b6b9-5733-4ed0-908d-f55450c6591f.jpeg?width=2240&height=1493&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=6240,4160,x0,y0 2240w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/10/15/6a06b6b9-5733-4ed0-908d-f55450c6591f.jpeg?width=976&height=651&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=6240,4160,x0,y0 976w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/10/15/6a06b6b9-5733-4ed0-908d-f55450c6591f.jpeg?width=1952&height=1301&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=6240,4160,x0,y0 1952w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/10/15/6a06b6b9-5733-4ed0-908d-f55450c6591f.jpeg?width=736&height=491&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=6240,4160,x0,y0 736w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/10/15/6a06b6b9-5733-4ed0-908d-f55450c6591f.jpeg?width=1472&height=981&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=6240,4160,x0,y0 1472w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/10/15/6a06b6b9-5733-4ed0-908d-f55450c6591f.jpeg?width=375&height=250&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=6240,4160,x0,y0 375w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/10/15/6a06b6b9-5733-4ed0-908d-f55450c6591f.jpeg?width=750&height=500&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=6240,4160,x0,y0 750w" sizes="(min-width: 1200px) 1120px, (min-width: 1024px) 976px, (min-width: 768px) 736px" class="image-placeholder__image" style="cursor:pointer;transform:scale(1);">  </div> <figcaption class="articlecomponent__description"> <div class="image-description image-description--containerwidth"><h2 data-nzz-tid="image-description-caption" data-team-image-caption="true" class="image-description__caption image-description__caption--large">Schuppentiere werden gejagt und sind deshalb unter Druck. Doch wie viele von ihnen gibt es wirklich?</h2> <div class="image-description__author"><span data-nzz-tid="image-description-author" class="image-description__author-single">Linh Pham / Getty</span></div></div></figcaption> </figure><h2 data-team-subtitle="" id="id-doc-1ia862dpa0" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="subtitle" is-new-line-child="true" class="subtitle articlecomponent nzzinteraction"><span>«Die Zahlen waren irgendwann verstörend»</span></h2><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1ia85a2qn1" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Seit 1970 ist laut dem LPI die Zahl der Populationen im Schnitt um 73 Prozent geschrumpft. 56 Prozent sind es in den Meeren, 69 Prozent auf dem Land und 85 Prozent im Süsswasser. Am schlimmsten trifft es Lateinamerika und die Karibik mit einem Rückgang von 95 Prozent. Die Kurven haben eine gewisse Überzeugungskraft. Sie sind ummantelt von einer statistischen Unsicherheit von plus/minus 5 Prozentpunkten, in denen die Zahl schwanken kann. Das wirkt sehr präzise.</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1ia7ff6ld3" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Nur sind die Zahlen für Laien nicht ganz einfach zu interpretieren. Ja selbst Profis legen sie oft falsch aus. 73 Prozent Rückgang heisst nicht, dass von 100 Tieren noch 27 da sind, sondern dass alle Populationen unterschiedlichster Grösse im Schnitt um 73 Prozent zurückgegangen sind. Eine kleine Population verändert den Schnitt genauso wie eine grosse. Über die Anzahl Tiere, die am Ende noch das sind, sagt die Zahl nichts aus.</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1ia7ff6le0" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">«Die Zahlen waren irgendwann so verstörend, dass wir und andere Wissenschafter entschieden haben, die globalen Trends mit eigenen Berechnungen zu überprüfen, aber auf Basis der gleichen Daten wie der LPI», erklärt Anna Toszögyova, Biologin an der Karls-Universität in Prag. Im Juni 2024 veröffentlichte sie mit zwei Kollegen <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49070-x">in «Nature Communications»</a> ihre eigene Berechnung des LPI – und kam zum Teil auf völlig andere Trends.</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1ia7ff6le1" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Die Datenbank, auf denen der LPI basiert, ist ein gutes Beispiel für das, was Glaubrecht als «schmutzige Wissenschaft» bezeichnet, die die Biologie naturgemäss ist. Sie ist zwar eindrücklich, umfasst Daten zu 5600 Wirbeltieren in 42 000 Populationen, die ein Team von Wissenschaftern in London vor allem aus Studien akribisch zusammenträgt.</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1ia85klnp1" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Aber die Zahlenreihen sind auch voller Nullen, also Datenlücken. «Die Nullen sind entweder ökologisch bedeutsam – etwa, weil die Population dauerhaft oder vorübergehend verschwunden ist –, oder es sind Stichprobenfehler, die durch eine sehr geringe Populationsdichte verursacht werden», sagt die Biologin Toszögyova. Wie also interpretiert man diese Nullen?</p><h2 data-team-subtitle="" id="id-doc-1ia862ikr0" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="subtitle" is-new-line-child="true" class="subtitle articlecomponent nzzinteraction"><span>Die Kurve biegen und den Artenverlust stoppen</span></h2><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1ia7ff6le2" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Anders als die Wissenschafter der ZSL haben Toszögyova und ihre Kollegen die Nullen entfernt und nur mit den tatsächlich vorhandenen Zahlen gerechnet. Ausserdem beschränkten sie sich auf Datenreihen mit mindestens fünf statt nur zwei Zählungen. Der Effekt war enorm: Der globale Rückgang halbierte sich beinahe. Bei den Arten an Land glichen sich Zunahme und Rückgang sogar aus. Bei den Wassertieren waren die Unterschiede eher klein.</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1ia7ff6lf0" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Die Londoner Kollegen können die Berechnung der Prager allerdings nicht nachvollziehen. Unvollständige Daten mit vielen Nullen kämen eher bei Reptilien oder Amphibien vor und stammten eher aus den Tropen – wo auch der Artenschwund grösser sei, sagt Robin Freeman von der ZSL: «Wenn die Datenlücken an Orten mit stärkerem Rückgang auftreten, die schwieriger zu überwachen sind, fühlt es sich seltsam an, sie auszuschliessen.»</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1ia7ff6lf1" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Die Kontroverse um die Berechnung des LPI wirft aber noch eine andere Frage auf: Warum führt man so lückenhafte Zahlenreihen überhaupt in einer einzigen globalen, leicht missverständlichen Zahl zusammen? Der LPI wird seit der ersten Auflage 1998 auch als Kommunikationsmittel des WWF benutzt. Kein anderes Tool solle damals so effektiv gewesen sein, um den Rückgang der Arten zu vermitteln, schreibt die ZSL. Übersetzt in 16 Sprachen wurde allein die Ausgabe von 2020 in weltweit 3560 Medienberichten erwähnt und erzielte 290 Millionen Views in den sozialen Netzwerken.</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1ia7ff6lf2" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Es scheint, dass Öffentlichkeit und Politik solche Zahlen wollen. Der LPI übersetzt Tausende Studien in eine einfache Kurve und definiert ein gemeinsames Ziel: «Bend the curve» – die Kurve biegen und den Artenverlust stoppen. So wie bei Corona. Und bei noch einer anderen, noch berühmteren Kurve: der globalen Temperatur.</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1ia7ff6lg0" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">«Die Biodiversitäts-Leute haben diese Idee genommen und sich gedacht: ‹Wenn wir nur so eine Zahl hätten, dann könnten wir wirklich einflussreich werden, so wie die Klima-Leute!›», sagt Erle Ellis von der University of Maryland. Ellis forscht zum Anthropozän, also zur Frage, welche Spuren die Menschheit auf der Erde und in der Natur hinterlässt. Zahlenziele sieht er skeptisch.</p><h2 data-team-subtitle="" id="id-doc-1ia862t020" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="subtitle" is-new-line-child="true" class="subtitle articlecomponent nzzinteraction"><span>Kann man den Daten dahinter vertrauen?</span></h2><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1ia7ff6lg1" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">«Man versucht nach Zahlen und Zielen zu managen», sagt Ellis. «Es ist ein bisschen, wie eine Fabrik zu führen. Es hat eine gewisse Effizienz und einen gewissen Professionalismus. Das ist die schöne Phantasie dieser Zahlen.» Denn anstatt das Problem bei der Wurzel zu packen und eine zerstörerische Praxis wie das Verbrennen von Öl oder das Verdrängen von Arten zu lassen, beginnt man alles mit allem zu verrechnen – und Verantwortung zu verschieben.</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1ia7ff6lg2" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Gerade macht eine Studie von sich reden, die zu quantifizieren versucht, wie «Biodiversitätsverlust das menschliche Wohlbefinden beeinträchtigt», wie <a target="_blank" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg0344">das Fachmagazin «Science»</a> schreibt: In New England brachen 2006 Fledermaus-Populationen ein, wegen Pilzerkrankungen, die an den Rucksäcken und Wanderschuhen europäischer Backpacker eingeschleppt worden sein sollen. Bauern hätten daraufhin 31 Prozent mehr Insektizide verwenden müssen, rechnet der Ökonom Eyal Frank von University of Chicago vor. Das habe die Säuglingssterblichkeit in der Region um 8 Prozent gesteigert.</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1ia7ff6lh0" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Mit solchen Rechnungen wird versucht, die Kosten und Folgen von Biodiversitätsverlusten zu quantifizieren und womöglich – ähnlich wie bei CO<sub>2</sub>-Emissionen – zu kompensieren. Im Grunde liessen sie sich für jede Tierpopulation im LPI aufmachen. Umso dringender ist die Frage: Wie sehr kann man den darunterliegenden Daten vertrauen?</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1ia7ff6lh1" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Wie schwierig die Deutung der Zahlen ist, zeigt auch, dass die globale LPI-Kurve paradoxerweise seit etwa 2010 stagniert. Haben wir etwa das Artensterben gestoppt und die Kurve gekriegt? «Wir müssen vorsichtig sein, dies als nachlassenden Druck auf die Natur zu interpretieren», sagt Andrew Terry von der ZSL: «Wir haben es mit äusserst komplexen Datensätzen von Tausenden von Populationen zu tun, die alle auf lokaler Ebene unterschiedliche Auswirkungen erfahren, sowohl positive als auch negative.»</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1ia7ff6lh2" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Gibt es denn wenigstens eine globale Zahl, auf die der Naturschutz bauen kann? Glaubrecht, der Biologe aus Hamburg, sieht es pragmatisch: die 30 Prozent Schutzgebiete. Nicht weil die Zahl besonders solide ist, im Gegenteil. So wie auch das 1,5-Grad-Ziel nur eine politische Zahl ist, sei auch das Biodiversitätsziel «30 by 30» eine Art Leitplanke. «Es ist kein empirischer Parameter», sagt Glaubrecht: «Aber mit der gleichen Nichtpräzision wie die Klimawissenschaft können wir als Biodiversitätsforscher sagen: Es ist eine gute Idee, wenigstens 30 Prozent der Erde unter Schutz zu stellen.»</p><p data-team-nzzas-footnote="" id="id-doc-1ia888vv00" data="[object Object]" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="nzzas-footnote" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent nzzas-footnote nzzinteraction"> Ein Artikel aus der «<a href="/nzz-am-sonntag" data-nzz-referrer="nzzasFootnoteLink" class="nzzas-footnote__link">NZZ am Sonntag</a>» </p><div id="id-doc-1ia7feg1o2" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="sharebox" is-new-line-child="true" class="nzzinteraction"><div class="sharebox"><div class="sharebox__line"></div> <ul class="sharebox__content"><li class="sharebox__item 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data-vars-danzz-last-article-element="true" is-new-line-child="true" class="pageelement pageelement--moretosubject article-tags-above nzzinteraction"><div class="pageelement__inner"><div class="container container--moretosubject"><div class="container__header-title container__header-title--moretosubject"><span class="container__header-text container__header-text--moretosubject">Passend zum Artikel</span></div></div> <div class="widget__row widget__row--noBorder"><div data-team-more-to-subject class="widget--articlelist-a"><article data-source-element-widget="" class="teaser--article teaser--articlelist-a "><div id="id-ld_1836945" data-nzz-tid="teaser" data-nzz-ct="" class="teaser teaser__layout--longformstandard teaser--size-articlelist-a">    <div flag-item="[object Object]" flag-size="articlelist-a" class="poster poster--articlelist-a poster--articlelist-a-longformstandard"><figure class="poster__figure poster__figure--image"><a href="/wissenschaft/der-elefant-ist-ein-symbol-fuer-das-artensterben-doch-niemand-weiss-wie-viele-der-tiere-es-in-afrika-einst-wirklich-gegeben-hat-ld.1836945" data-nzz-referrer="articleTeaser" class="teaser__link teaser__link--poster teaser__link--poster-articlelist-a"><div class="image-placeholder poster__placeholder" style="padding-bottom:100%;"><img alt="Im 19. Jahrhundert florierte hier noch die Elfenbeinjagd. Heute sind die Elefanten in der Serengeti in Tansania besser geschützt. (Alberto Ghizzi Panizza / Science Photo Library / Imago)" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" loading="lazy" srcset="https://img.nzz.ch/2024/07/08/391bd539-64b6-4930-b04e-2cbd044946d6.jpeg?width=72&height=72&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=3411,3411,x740,y0 72w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/07/08/391bd539-64b6-4930-b04e-2cbd044946d6.jpeg?width=144&height=144&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=3411,3411,x740,y0 144w" width="3411" height="3411" class="image-placeholder__image poster__image">    </div></a></figure></div>  <div class="teaser__content teaser__content--articlelist-a"><a href="/wissenschaft/der-elefant-ist-ein-symbol-fuer-das-artensterben-doch-niemand-weiss-wie-viele-der-tiere-es-in-afrika-einst-wirklich-gegeben-hat-ld.1836945" data-nzz-referrer="articleTeaser" ordinal-number="1" class="teaser__link"><div class="teaser__wrapper">   <h2 class="teaser__title teaser__title--articlelist-a teaser__title--longformstandard teaser__title--0">  <span class="teaser__title-name first">Der Elefant ist ein Symbol für das Artensterben. Doch niemand weiss, wie viele der Tiere es in Afrika einst wirklich gegeben hat</span></h2>  <div class="teaser__lead teaser__lead--articlelist-a teaser__lead--longformstandard">Die Statistiken zum Bestand der Elefanten reichen Jahrhunderte zurück. Nun gibt es Zweifel, ob die alten Zahlen stimmen.</div> </div>  </a> <div bookmark-type="article" bookmark-sub-type="teaser" class="metainfo metainfo--articlelist-a metainfo--longformstandard"><div class="metainfo__main metainfo__main--longformstandard"> <div class="metainfo__wrapper"> <span class="metainfo__item metainfo__item--author">Tin Fischer</span> <time class="metainfo__item metainfo__item--date">12.07.2024</time>  <span data-tooltip="Lesezeit 6 min" class="metainfo__item metainfo__item--reading-time"><svg version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="reading-time__icon nzz-icons--small nzz-icons--icon nzz-icons--fill"><path stroke="currentColor" fill="none" pid="0" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" _stroke-linejoin="round" d="M11.77 7.39v5.62l3.8 1.32"/><circle stroke="currentColor" fill="none" pid="1" cx="12" cy="12" r="8.5" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" _stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg> <span>6 min</span></span> </div> </div> <div class="metainfo__actions metainfo__actions--longformstandard ">  </div></div> </div></div> </article><article data-source-element-widget="" class="teaser--article teaser--articlelist-a "><div id="id-ld_1795751" data-nzz-tid="teaser" data-nzz-ct="" class="teaser teaser__layout--regular teaser--size-articlelist-a">    <div flag-item="[object Object]" flag-size="articlelist-a" class="poster poster--articlelist-a poster--articlelist-a-regular"><figure class="poster__figure poster__figure--image"><a href="/wissenschaft/statistik-wissenschaft-stuetzt-sich-auf-ein-naives-konzept-ld.1795751" data-nzz-referrer="articleTeaser" class="teaser__link teaser__link--poster teaser__link--poster-articlelist-a"><div class="image-placeholder poster__placeholder" style="padding-bottom:100%;"><img alt="Beliebt, um Zahlen zu vergleichen. (Bild: Getty Images)" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" loading="lazy" srcset="https://img.nzz.ch/2019/5/10/ac129a6f-84ee-4e3b-b0d8-ad6eb6305141.jpeg?width=72&height=72&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=4420,4420,x1370,y2031 72w, https://img.nzz.ch/2019/5/10/ac129a6f-84ee-4e3b-b0d8-ad6eb6305141.jpeg?width=144&height=144&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=4420,4420,x1370,y2031 144w" width="4420" height="4420" class="image-placeholder__image poster__image">    </div></a></figure></div>  <div class="teaser__content teaser__content--articlelist-a"><a href="/wissenschaft/statistik-wissenschaft-stuetzt-sich-auf-ein-naives-konzept-ld.1795751" data-nzz-referrer="articleTeaser" ordinal-number="2" class="teaser__link"><div class="teaser__wrapper">   <h2 class="teaser__title teaser__title--articlelist-a teaser__title--regular teaser__title--1">  <span class="teaser__title-name">Die wahren Lügen der Statistik</span></h2>  <div class="teaser__lead teaser__lead--articlelist-a teaser__lead--regular">Ein «statistisch signifikantes» Ergebnis kann falsch sein und ein insignifikantes richtig. Die Wissenschaft sollte sich von diesem naiven Konzept der Statistik verabschieden.</div> </div>  </a> <div bookmark-type="article" bookmark-sub-type="teaser" class="metainfo metainfo--articlelist-a metainfo--regular"><div class="metainfo__main metainfo__main--regular"> <div class="metainfo__wrapper"> <span class="metainfo__item metainfo__item--author">Valentin Amrhein</span> <time class="metainfo__item metainfo__item--date">17.05.2019</time>  <span data-tooltip="Lesezeit 5 min" class="metainfo__item metainfo__item--reading-time"><svg version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="reading-time__icon nzz-icons--small nzz-icons--icon nzz-icons--fill"><path stroke="currentColor" fill="none" pid="0" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" _stroke-linejoin="round" d="M11.77 7.39v5.62l3.8 1.32"/><circle stroke="currentColor" fill="none" pid="1" cx="12" cy="12" r="8.5" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" _stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg> <span>5 min</span></span> </div> </div> <div class="metainfo__actions metainfo__actions--regular ">  </div></div> </div></div> </article><article data-source-element-widget="" class="teaser--article teaser--articlelist-a "><div id="id-ld_1717756" data-nzz-tid="teaser" data-nzz-ct="" class="teaser teaser__layout--regular teaser--size-articlelist-a">    <div flag-item="[object Object]" flag-size="articlelist-a" class="poster poster--articlelist-a poster--articlelist-a-regular"><figure class="poster__figure poster__figure--image"><a href="/wissenschaft/uno-biodiversitaetskonferenz-einigt-sich-auf-abschlusserklaerung-ld.1717756" data-nzz-referrer="articleTeaser" class="teaser__link teaser__link--poster teaser__link--poster-articlelist-a"><div class="image-placeholder poster__placeholder" style="padding-bottom:100%;"><img alt="Auf der COP-15-Konferenz in Montreal diskutierten die Teilnehmer zwei Wochen lang über Massnahmen zum Artenschutz. (Paul Chiasson / AP)" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" loading="lazy" srcset="https://img.nzz.ch/2022/12/19/3510858f-fd78-4271-b0f8-e29ae2995473.jpeg?width=72&height=72&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5474,5474,x1502,y0 72w, https://img.nzz.ch/2022/12/19/3510858f-fd78-4271-b0f8-e29ae2995473.jpeg?width=144&height=144&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5474,5474,x1502,y0 144w" width="5474" height="5474" class="image-placeholder__image poster__image">    </div></a></figure></div>  <div class="teaser__content teaser__content--articlelist-a"><a href="/wissenschaft/uno-biodiversitaetskonferenz-einigt-sich-auf-abschlusserklaerung-ld.1717756" data-nzz-referrer="articleTeaser" ordinal-number="3" class="teaser__link"><div class="teaser__wrapper">   <h2 class="teaser__title teaser__title--articlelist-a teaser__title--regular teaser__title--2">  <span class="teaser__title-name">«30 x 30»: Die Uno-Biodiversitätskonferenz einigt sich auf mehr Naturschutz</span></h2>  <div class="teaser__lead teaser__lead--articlelist-a teaser__lead--regular">In den kommenden Jahren sollen 30 Prozent der weltweiten Land- und Wasserfläche unter Schutz gestellt werden. Bezahlen sollen dafür vor allem die reicheren Länder.</div> </div>  </a> <div bookmark-type="article" bookmark-sub-type="teaser" class="metainfo metainfo--articlelist-a metainfo--regular"><div class="metainfo__main metainfo__main--regular"> <div class="metainfo__wrapper">  <time class="metainfo__item metainfo__item--date">19.12.2022</time>  <span data-tooltip="Lesezeit 2 min" class="metainfo__item metainfo__item--reading-time"><svg version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="reading-time__icon nzz-icons--small nzz-icons--icon nzz-icons--fill"><path stroke="currentColor" fill="none" pid="0" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" _stroke-linejoin="round" d="M11.77 7.39v5.62l3.8 1.32"/><circle stroke="currentColor" fill="none" pid="1" cx="12" cy="12" r="8.5" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" _stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg> <span>2 min</span></span> </div> </div> <div class="metainfo__actions metainfo__actions--regular ">  </div></div> </div></div> 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Doch lässt sich das mit einer einzigen Zahl belegen?",origins:[{name:s,identifier:dt}]},{url:dw,author:dz,caption:dy,origins:[{name:s,identifier:dx}]}],videos:[],q_embeds:[]};dZ.slug="hat-der-naturschutz-ein-problem-mit-falschen-zahlen";dZ.url=V;dZ.urlPath=V;dZ.teaserCaption=du;dZ.teaserAuthor=ca;dZ.estimationWordCount=1726;dZ.seo={title:m,socialMediaTitle:bg,canonicalUrl:ae};dZ.firstPublicationDate=cz;dZ.publicationDate=cz;dZ.significantUpdateTill="2024-10-20T15:30:00.000Z";dZ.significantUpdate=b;dZ.publicationLastUpdated=cA;dZ.allArticleLanguages=[{seo:{},urlPath:V,locale:t}];dZ.isHighlightedHeader=b;dZ.nzzTopics=[{name:dB,slug:"\u002Fthemen\u002Fbiodiversitat"},{name:"Grossbritannien",slug:"\u002Fthemen\u002Fgrossbritannien"},{name:"Uno",slug:"\u002Fthemen\u002Funo"}];dZ.barrierIndex=ee;dZ.outlinks={mehrZumThema:[cx,dP,dV],artikelListe:[],aliasTeaserEmbedList:[],nextReadContent:[]};dZ.currentRevisionId=1729395000;d_.id=cr;d_.name=cq;d_.shortName=dE;d_.external=c;eg.url="https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F10\u002F15\u002Ff4b10106-9028-4ff9-acfe-dc6604dc7f3d.jpeg?width=1200&height=674&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5000,2812,x0,y523&wmark=nzz";eg.type=aa;eg.width=1200;eg.height=674;en["@type"]="NewsMediaOrganization";en.name=bi;en.url=bj;en.logo={"@type":"ImageObject",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nzz.ch\u002Flogo.png",width:413,height:60};en.contactPoint=[{"@type":"ContactPoint",telephone:"+41-44-2581000",contactType:"customer service"}];en.sameAs=[eo,"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.twitter.com\u002Fnzz","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fchannel\u002FUCK1aTcR0AckQRLTlK0c4fuQ","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Fcompany\u002Fneue-zurcher-zeitung",ep,"https:\u002F\u002Fde.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNeue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wikidata.org\u002Fwiki\u002FQ658945","https:\u002F\u002Fplus.google.com\u002F+nzz\u002F","http:\u002F\u002Fwww.freebase.com\u002Fm\u002F041b43"];en.masthead="https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nzz.ch\u002Fimpressum\u002Fimpressum-ld.148422";en.foundingDate="1780";et.title="Suche Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Schweiz, https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nzz.ch\u002Fsuche";et.href="\u002Fsuche";ex.standard={Tags:[V,"classification=default","relevance=germany","layout=longformstandard","audiotts=true","owner=nzzas","product=nzz","doctype=article","pagetype=article","ldid=ld.1852922","channel=Wissenschaft"],ContentCreated:cA,ContentAuthor:U,ContentSection:h,ContentIsNative:c};ex.custom={product:u,docType:r,pageType:r,layout:q,ldId:ad,channel:h,heading:m,language:t};return {layout:"default",data:[{data:{content:[{component:"header",identifier:do0,id:"doc-1ia7feg1o0",content:{title:m,lead:"Jeden Tag verschwinden 150 Arten, oder die Lebensräume von Indigenen beherbergen 80 Prozent der biologischen Vielfalt. \u003Cbr\u003EDas tönt beeindruckend. Doch solche Statistiken sind oft irreführend, manchmal sogar falsch.",author:U},data:{},prevElement:a,nextElement:$,firstContentElement:c},{component:dp,identifier:$,id:"doc-1ia8ai99n0",content:{image:{originalUrl:dq,url:bZ,mediaId:dr,key:ds,width:b_,height:b$,mimeType:aa,altText:"Adults and children play in a stream near Mynawa village on Waimiri-Atroari Indigenous Land during a break from a meeting held to discuss issues related to threats to their territory. The Kinjas have already resisted the construction of a highway, a mining company, a hydroelectric dam and are preparing for an energy line. On Waimiri Atroari Land, the struggle now is against the 'Marco Temporal', a legal thesis that, if approved by the Supreme Court, will limit the extension of the demarcation of their territory. About 700 indigenous people met in a village in September 2021 to protest against the 'Marco Temporal'. The judiciary determined the extension of the demarcation in 2013 and 2016 but these decisions were never complied with. The land has a history of large infrastructure projects run by the military during the dictatorship. The Kinjas do not have electoral titles and do not vote but they are active in politics, within their territory. They want the 'Marco Temporal' thesis advocated by Bolsonaro overturned in the Supreme Court. However, abandoned by the government and federal protection agencies, the indigenous people were forced to organise on their own to defend their territory and fight deforestation. For them it was a matter of survival and their fight helped them unify and become stronger.",origins:[{name:s,identifier:dt}],imageService:aO},caption:du,author:ca},styles:{position:dv},prevElement:do0,nextElement:d},{component:g,identifier:d,id:"doc-1ia7feg1o1",content:{text:"Sie sind die Hüter der Natur: 80 Prozent der Biodiversität der Erde befinden sich in Gebieten von Indigenen. Diese Zahl las man in den letzten zehn Jahren überall: In Uno-Berichten, auf Websites von Umweltschutzorganisationen oder von Ministerien, ja sogar auf Protestbannern."},prevElement:$,nextElement:cb},{id:"doc-b0aa59c2",identifier:cb,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:g,identifier:d,id:"doc-1ia7ff6l90",content:{text:"Doch als der Biologe Álvaro Fernández-Llamazares von der Autonomen Universität in Barcelona die Quelle dieser 80 Prozent prüfen wollte, fand er: nichts. Keine Daten, keine Berechnung. Nichts ausser zwei Berichten der Uno und der Weltbank, aus denen die Zahl immer wieder zitiert wurde. «Es gab Policy-Berichte, die sie benutzten. Es gab wissenschaftliche Berichte. Sie wurde in mehr als 180 wissenschaftlichen Publikationen zitiert», sagt Fernández-Llamazares. Fünf weitere Jahre suchte er mit Kolleginnen und Kollegen nach einer Quelle – vergebens."},paidContent:c,prevElement:cb,nextElement:d},{component:g,identifier:d,id:"doc-1ia7v2o1v1",content:{text:"Jetzt haben sie \u003Ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fd41586-024-02811-w\"\u003Eim Fachmagazin «Nature»\u003C\u002Fa\u003E einen Bericht veröffentlicht, der zwar betont, wie wichtig Indigene für den Schutz der Natur seien, aber dass die 80 Prozent «haltlose Statistik» seien. Allein die Idee, dass man die Biodiversität «in zählbare Einheiten zerlegen und diese weltweit kartieren kann», sei abwegig. Immerhin gibt es Millionen unbekannte Arten. Er werfe niemandem vor, die Zahl verwendet zu haben, sagt Fernández-Llamazares. Es gehe um etwas anderes: «Was wir infrage stellen, ist: Wie kann es sein, dass diese Zahl für so viele Jahre nicht hinterfragt wurde?»"},data:{},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:g,identifier:d,id:"doc-1ia7ff6lb1",content:{text:"Hat die Biodiversitätsforschung ein Problem mit unzuverlässigen oder gar haltlosen Zahlen, mehr als andere Wissenschaften? Die Erforschung der Natur ist heute von Statistik getrieben. Zwar entwickelte bereits Alexander von Humboldt im 19. Jahrhundert die «botanische Arithmetik», um die Pflanzendecke der Welt mit Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnungen zu erschliessen. Aber seit es möglich ist, mit Satelliten die Vegetation der Erde zu scannen und Tiere mit Kameras, Mikrofonen und KI zu erkennen, schreitet die Digitalisierung der Natur in grossen Schritten voran."},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:g,identifier:d,id:"doc-1ia7v3btj1",content:{text:"Mit der Uno-Biodiversitätskonvention von 1992 verpflichten sich Staaten, Naturzustandsberichte vorzulegen. \u003Ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bafu.admin.ch\u002Fbafu\u002Fde\u002Fhome\u002Fthemen\u002Fbiodiversitaet\u002Fpublikationen-studien\u002Fpublikationen\u002Fbiodiversitaet-schweiz-zustand-entwicklung.html\"\u003EIm jüngsten Bericht der Schweiz\u003C\u002Fa\u003E ist von der «Vielfalt der Tagfalter-Artengemeinschaften» über die «Anzahl Durchgangshindernisse bei der Wanderung von Fischen» bis hin zur «Änderung der Gehölzdeckung in Hochmooren» alles in Zahlen erfasst, was in der Schweiz wächst und lebt. Und natürlich ist auch das wichtigste politische Biodiversitätsziel der Vereinten Nationen eine Zahl: «30 by 30» – bis 2030 sollen 30 Prozent der Erdoberfläche unter Naturschutz gestellt werden. Das ist die eine Seite."},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:o},{component:aP,identifier:o,id:"doc-1ia8628pl0",content:{title:"Kritik kommt nicht immer gut an",id:"subtitle-kritik-kommt-nicht-immer-gut-an"},contentTable:b,paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:g,identifier:d,id:"doc-1ia7ff6lc0",content:{text:"Die andere Seite ist, dass sich immer wieder vielzitierte Zahlen als problematisch herausstellen. Dass zum Beispiel jeden Tag 150 Arten aussterben, ist ähnlich haltlos wie die fragwürdigen 80 Prozent. In der Ausgabe vom 14. Juli beschäftigte sich die \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nzz.ch\u002Fwissenschaft\u002Fder-elefant-ist-ein-symbol-fuer-das-artensterben-doch-niemand-weiss-wie-viele-der-tiere-es-in-afrika-einst-wirklich-gegeben-hat-ld.1836945\"\u003E«NZZ am Sonntag» mit den 26 Millionen Elefanten\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, die es einmal in Afrika gegeben haben soll. Wie sich gezeigt hat, ist diese Zahl aber wohl eher das Resultat rudimentärer statistischer Modelle und stereotyper Vorstellungen Afrikas (die Datenplattform «Our World in Data» zog sie mittlerweile zurück)."},paidContent:c,prevElement:o,nextElement:d},{component:g,identifier:d,id:"doc-1ia84vv4u1",content:{text:"Doch Kritik kommt nicht immer gut an. Fernández-Llamazares und seinen Kollegen wird mittlerweile gar «unethisches» Verhalten vorgeworfen, weil sie mit ihrer Kritik Bemühungen von Indigenen torpedieren würden, die mit den 80 Prozent politische Rechte einforderten. \u003Ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnews.mongabay.com\u002F2024\u002F09\u002Fdo-indigenous-peoples-really-conserve-80-of-the-worlds-biodiversity\u002F\"\u003E«Mongabay»\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, ein in der Branche vielgelesenes Medium, verstieg sich gar in der Ansage, dass die 80 Prozent nicht falsch seien, lediglich «untererforscht»."},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:g,identifier:d,id:"doc-1ia7ff6ld0",content:{text:"«Wir sind in den eigenen Reihen nicht ehrlich mit uns selbst», sagt Matthias Glaubrecht vom Leibniz-Institut zur Analyse des Biodiversitätswandels in Hamburg, ein führender Forscher auf dem Gebiet: «Biologie ist eine ‹schmutzige Wissenschaft›, sozusagen: Zahlen sind hier eine Hilfskonstruktion, um einen Casus zu belegen, aber immer mit einem grossen Fragezeichen versehen.»"},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:g,identifier:d,id:"doc-1ia7ff6ld1",content:{text:"Über eine Art wissen wir gut Bescheid: den Menschen. Er hat sich stark vermehrt und das statistisch akribisch dokumentiert. Auch seine Nutztiere sind durchgezählt. Schwierig wird es bei den wilden Tieren. Wie viele Zackenbarsche gibt es? Wie viele Schuppentiere?"},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:g,identifier:d,id:"doc-1ia7ff6ld2",content:{text:"Genau das versucht der \u003Ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.livingplanetindex.org\u002F\"\u003ELiving-Planet-Index (LPI)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E zu ermitteln, heute einer der wichtigsten Biodiversitäts-Indikatoren. Alle zwei Jahre publiziert der WWF zusammen mit der Zoologischen Gesellschaft von London (ZSL) ein Update, wie sich Wirbeltier-Populationen verändert haben. Vergangene Woche war es wieder so weit."},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:$},{component:dp,identifier:$,id:"doc-1ia8a47991",content:{image:{originalUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F10\u002F15\u002F6a06b6b9-5733-4ed0-908d-f55450c6591f.jpeg",url:dw,mediaId:"vTnCEY9WDOX0",key:"2024\u002F10\u002F15\u002F6a06b6b9-5733-4ed0-908d-f55450c6591f.jpeg",width:6240,height:4160,mimeType:aa,altText:"NINH BINH, VIETNAM - JUNE 22: A Chinese pangolin is seen reaching out to the keeper at Save Vietnam's Wildlife rescue center on June 22, 2020 in Cuc Phuong National Park, Ninh Binh Province, Vietnam. The pangolin is Earth's only scaly mammal and also the most trafficked type of animal in the world for their scales and meat, which are a culinary delicacy and traditional medicine in China and Vietnam. Save Vietnam's Wildlife (SVW) is a non-profit organization with a mission of rescuing pangolins from the illegal wildlife trade and releasing them back into the wild, as well as research, anti-poaching activities and advocacy. According to Tran Van Truong, head keeper at SVWs center in Cuc Phuong National Park, the number of trafficked pangolins in Vietnam has dropped dramatically, from hundreds to under 20 cases, since the beginning of the year due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. China's recent action of removing pangolins from the official list of traditional Chinese medicinal treatments brings a new hope to the critically endangered species. (Photo by Linh Pham\u002FGetty Images)",origins:[{name:s,identifier:dx}],imageService:aO},caption:dy,author:dz},styles:{position:dv},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:o},{component:aP,identifier:o,id:"doc-1ia862dpa0",content:{title:"«Die Zahlen waren irgendwann verstörend»",id:"subtitle-die-zahlen-waren-irgendwann-verst-rend"},contentTable:b,paidContent:c,prevElement:$,nextElement:d},{component:g,identifier:d,id:"doc-1ia85a2qn1",content:{text:"Seit 1970 ist laut dem LPI die Zahl der Populationen im Schnitt um 73 Prozent geschrumpft. 56 Prozent sind es in den Meeren, 69 Prozent auf dem Land und 85 Prozent im Süsswasser. Am schlimmsten trifft es Lateinamerika und die Karibik mit einem Rückgang von 95 Prozent. Die Kurven haben eine gewisse Überzeugungskraft. Sie sind ummantelt von einer statistischen Unsicherheit von plus\u002Fminus 5 Prozentpunkten, in denen die Zahl schwanken kann. Das wirkt sehr präzise."},paidContent:c,prevElement:o,nextElement:d},{component:g,identifier:d,id:"doc-1ia7ff6ld3",content:{text:"Nur sind die Zahlen für Laien nicht ganz einfach zu interpretieren. Ja selbst Profis legen sie oft falsch aus. 73 Prozent Rückgang heisst nicht, dass von 100 Tieren noch 27 da sind, sondern dass alle Populationen unterschiedlichster Grösse im Schnitt um 73 Prozent zurückgegangen sind. Eine kleine Population verändert den Schnitt genauso wie eine grosse. Über die Anzahl Tiere, die am Ende noch das sind, sagt die Zahl nichts aus."},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:g,identifier:d,id:"doc-1ia7ff6le0",content:{text:"«Die Zahlen waren irgendwann so verstörend, dass wir und andere Wissenschafter entschieden haben, die globalen Trends mit eigenen Berechnungen zu überprüfen, aber auf Basis der gleichen Daten wie der LPI», erklärt Anna Toszögyova, Biologin an der Karls-Universität in Prag. Im Juni 2024 veröffentlichte sie mit zwei Kollegen \u003Ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41467-024-49070-x\"\u003Ein «Nature Communications»\u003C\u002Fa\u003E ihre eigene Berechnung des LPI – und kam zum Teil auf völlig andere Trends."},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:g,identifier:d,id:"doc-1ia7ff6le1",content:{text:"Die Datenbank, auf denen der LPI basiert, ist ein gutes Beispiel für das, was Glaubrecht als «schmutzige Wissenschaft» bezeichnet, die die Biologie naturgemäss ist. Sie ist zwar eindrücklich, umfasst Daten zu 5600 Wirbeltieren in 42 000 Populationen, die ein Team von Wissenschaftern in London vor allem aus Studien akribisch zusammenträgt."},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:g,identifier:d,id:"doc-1ia85klnp1",content:{text:"Aber die Zahlenreihen sind auch voller Nullen, also Datenlücken. «Die Nullen sind entweder ökologisch bedeutsam – etwa, weil die Population dauerhaft oder vorübergehend verschwunden ist –, oder es sind Stichprobenfehler, die durch eine sehr geringe Populationsdichte verursacht werden», sagt die Biologin Toszögyova. Wie also interpretiert man diese Nullen?"},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:o},{component:aP,identifier:o,id:"doc-1ia862ikr0",content:{title:"Die Kurve biegen und den Artenverlust stoppen",id:"subtitle-die-kurve-biegen-und-den-artenverlust-stoppen"},contentTable:b,paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:g,identifier:d,id:"doc-1ia7ff6le2",content:{text:"Anders als die Wissenschafter der ZSL haben Toszögyova und ihre Kollegen die Nullen entfernt und nur mit den tatsächlich vorhandenen Zahlen gerechnet. Ausserdem beschränkten sie sich auf Datenreihen mit mindestens fünf statt nur zwei Zählungen. Der Effekt war enorm: Der globale Rückgang halbierte sich beinahe. Bei den Arten an Land glichen sich Zunahme und Rückgang sogar aus. Bei den Wassertieren waren die Unterschiede eher klein."},paidContent:c,prevElement:o,nextElement:d},{component:g,identifier:d,id:"doc-1ia7ff6lf0",content:{text:"Die Londoner Kollegen können die Berechnung der Prager allerdings nicht nachvollziehen. Unvollständige Daten mit vielen Nullen kämen eher bei Reptilien oder Amphibien vor und stammten eher aus den Tropen – wo auch der Artenschwund grösser sei, sagt Robin Freeman von der ZSL: «Wenn die Datenlücken an Orten mit stärkerem Rückgang auftreten, die schwieriger zu überwachen sind, fühlt es sich seltsam an, sie auszuschliessen.»"},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:g,identifier:d,id:"doc-1ia7ff6lf1",content:{text:"Die Kontroverse um die Berechnung des LPI wirft aber noch eine andere Frage auf: Warum führt man so lückenhafte Zahlenreihen überhaupt in einer einzigen globalen, leicht missverständlichen Zahl zusammen? Der LPI wird seit der ersten Auflage 1998 auch als Kommunikationsmittel des WWF benutzt. Kein anderes Tool solle damals so effektiv gewesen sein, um den Rückgang der Arten zu vermitteln, schreibt die ZSL. Übersetzt in 16 Sprachen wurde allein die Ausgabe von 2020 in weltweit 3560 Medienberichten erwähnt und erzielte 290 Millionen Views in den sozialen Netzwerken."},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:g,identifier:d,id:"doc-1ia7ff6lf2",content:{text:"Es scheint, dass Öffentlichkeit und Politik solche Zahlen wollen. Der LPI übersetzt Tausende Studien in eine einfache Kurve und definiert ein gemeinsames Ziel: «Bend the curve» – die Kurve biegen und den Artenverlust stoppen. So wie bei Corona. Und bei noch einer anderen, noch berühmteren Kurve: der globalen Temperatur."},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:g,identifier:d,id:"doc-1ia7ff6lg0",content:{text:"«Die Biodiversitäts-Leute haben diese Idee genommen und sich gedacht: ‹Wenn wir nur so eine Zahl hätten, dann könnten wir wirklich einflussreich werden, so wie die Klima-Leute!›», sagt Erle Ellis von der University of Maryland. Ellis forscht zum Anthropozän, also zur Frage, welche Spuren die Menschheit auf der Erde und in der Natur hinterlässt. Zahlenziele sieht er skeptisch."},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:o},{component:aP,identifier:o,id:"doc-1ia862t020",content:{title:"Kann man den Daten dahinter vertrauen?",id:"subtitle-kann-man-den-daten-dahinter-vertrauen"},contentTable:b,paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:g,identifier:d,id:"doc-1ia7ff6lg1",content:{text:"«Man versucht nach Zahlen und Zielen zu managen», sagt Ellis. «Es ist ein bisschen, wie eine Fabrik zu führen. Es hat eine gewisse Effizienz und einen gewissen Professionalismus. Das ist die schöne Phantasie dieser Zahlen.» Denn anstatt das Problem bei der Wurzel zu packen und eine zerstörerische Praxis wie das Verbrennen von Öl oder das Verdrängen von Arten zu lassen, beginnt man alles mit allem zu verrechnen – und Verantwortung zu verschieben."},paidContent:c,prevElement:o,nextElement:d},{component:g,identifier:d,id:"doc-1ia7ff6lg2",content:{text:"Gerade macht eine Studie von sich reden, die zu quantifizieren versucht, wie «Biodiversitätsverlust das menschliche Wohlbefinden beeinträchtigt», wie \u003Ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.adg0344\"\u003Edas Fachmagazin «Science»\u003C\u002Fa\u003E schreibt: In New England brachen 2006 Fledermaus-Populationen ein, wegen Pilzerkrankungen, die an den Rucksäcken und Wanderschuhen europäischer Backpacker eingeschleppt worden sein sollen. Bauern hätten daraufhin 31 Prozent mehr Insektizide verwenden müssen, rechnet der Ökonom Eyal Frank von University of Chicago vor. Das habe die Säuglingssterblichkeit in der Region um 8 Prozent gesteigert."},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:g,identifier:d,id:"doc-1ia7ff6lh0",content:{text:"Mit solchen Rechnungen wird versucht, die Kosten und Folgen von Biodiversitätsverlusten zu quantifizieren und womöglich – ähnlich wie bei CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E-Emissionen – zu kompensieren. Im Grunde liessen sie sich für jede Tierpopulation im LPI aufmachen. Umso dringender ist die Frage: Wie sehr kann man den darunterliegenden Daten vertrauen?"},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:g,identifier:d,id:"doc-1ia7ff6lh1",content:{text:"Wie schwierig die Deutung der Zahlen ist, zeigt auch, dass die globale LPI-Kurve paradoxerweise seit etwa 2010 stagniert. Haben wir etwa das Artensterben gestoppt und die Kurve gekriegt? «Wir müssen vorsichtig sein, dies als nachlassenden Druck auf die Natur zu interpretieren», sagt Andrew Terry von der ZSL: «Wir haben es mit äusserst komplexen Datensätzen von Tausenden von Populationen zu tun, die alle auf lokaler Ebene unterschiedliche Auswirkungen erfahren, sowohl positive als auch negative.»"},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:g,identifier:d,id:"doc-1ia7ff6lh2",content:{text:"Gibt es denn wenigstens eine globale Zahl, auf die der Naturschutz bauen kann? Glaubrecht, der Biologe aus Hamburg, sieht es pragmatisch: die 30 Prozent Schutzgebiete. Nicht weil die Zahl besonders solide ist, im Gegenteil. So wie auch das 1,5-Grad-Ziel nur eine politische Zahl ist, sei auch das Biodiversitätsziel «30 by 30» eine Art Leitplanke. «Es ist kein empirischer Parameter», sagt Glaubrecht: «Aber mit der gleichen Nichtpräzision wie die Klimawissenschaft können wir als Biodiversitätsforscher sagen: Es ist eine gute Idee, wenigstens 30 Prozent der Erde unter Schutz zu stellen.»"},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:cc},{component:"nzzas-footnote",identifier:cc,id:"doc-1ia888vv00",paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:cd,lastContentElement:c},{component:"sharebox",identifier:cd,id:"doc-1ia7feg1o2",paidContent:c,prevElement:cc,nextElement:dA},{component:"moreToSubject",identifier:dA,id:"doc-1ia7feg1o3",content:{title:"Passend zum Artikel",hasArticleTags:c,relevantTopic:dB},containers:{"moreToSubject-area":[{component:ce,identifier:cf,id:"doc-1ia7feg1o4",content:{"link-box-embed":{service:cg,params:{type:ch,layout:[ab,ci,cj,ck,cl,cm,aQ,cn,co,q,aR,aS,cp,aT,aU,aV,aW,aX],mediaId:1836945}},article:{metadata:{contentTypeGroup:ac,teaserAuthor:dC,firstTitle:dD,significantUpdate:b,teaserGallery:{images:[],style:a},language:{groupId:"aBOCYQVbalEY",locale:t},title:dD,seoTitle:"Elefanten in Afrika: Zweifel an historischen Populationszahlen",nzzAuthors:[{external:c,name:cq,id:cr,shortName:dE}],nzzPrintTitle:" Die Mär vom Massenmord",designName:aY,teaserCarouselStyle:a,significantUpdateTill:"2024-07-12T21:15:45.929Z",nzzEditor:[{external:b,name:"Martin Amrein (mna)",id:1373209,shortName:"mna",proLitterisId:"764556"}],department:{path:j,premium:b,level:w,name:h},publicationDate:dF,slug:"der-elefant-ist-ein-symbol-fuer-das-artensterben-doch-niemand-weiss-wie-viele-der-tiere-es-in-afrika-einst-wirklich-gegeben-hat",firstPublicationDate:dF,nzzCharacterCount:9018,owner:aZ,authorLine:U,lastProofreadRevision:61646855,numberOfContentComponents:dG,germanyRelevant:c,leadText:"Die Statistiken zum Bestand der Elefanten reichen Jahrhunderte zurück. 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