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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Selected works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Selected works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Major plays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Short_stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Short stories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>English translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Filmography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88" title="لويجي بيرانديلو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لويجي بيرانديلو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luici_Pirandello" title="Luici Pirandello – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Luici Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%88" title="لوئیجی پیراندلو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لوئیجی پیراندلو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B" title="লুইজি পিরানদেল্লো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লুইজি পিরানদেল্লো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Луиджи Пиранделло – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Луиджи Пиранделло" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B_%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Луіджы Пірандэла – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Луіджы Пірандэла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B_%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%91" title="Люіджы Пірандэльлё – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Люіджы Пірандэльлё" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Луиджи Пирандело – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Луиджи Пирандело" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B9_%CE%A0%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF" title="Λουίτζι Πιραντέλλο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λουίτζι Πιραντέλλο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%88" title="لوئیجی پیراندلو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوئیجی پیراندلو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%80_%ED%94%BC%EB%9E%80%EB%8D%B8%EB%A1%9C" title="루이지 피란델로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루이지 피란델로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%AB_%D5%8A%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%B8" title="Լուիջի Պիրանդելլո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուիջի Պիրանդելլո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B" title="लुइजी पिरांडेलो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लुइजी पिरांडेलो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%92%27%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%95" title="לואיג'י פיראנדלו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לואיג'י פיראנדלו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B" title="ಲುಯಿಗಿ ಪಿರಾಂಡೆಲ್ಲೋ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲುಯಿಗಿ ಪಿರಾಂಡೆಲ್ಲೋ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="ლუიჯი პირანდელო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუიჯი პირანდელო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Луиджи Пиранделло – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Луиджи Пиранделло" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloisius_Pirandello" title="Aloisius Pirandello – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aloisius Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luid%C5%BEi_Pirandello" title="Luidži Pirandello – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Luidži Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98%D1%9F%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Лујџи Пирандело – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лујџи Пирандело" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B" title="ലൂയി പിരാന്തല്ലോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലൂയി പിരാന്തല്ലോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="ლუიჯი პირანდელო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლუიჯი პირანდელო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88" title="لويجى بيرانديلو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لويجى بيرانديلو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%88" title="لوئیجی پیراندلو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لوئیجی پیراندلو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%83%94%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AD" title="ルイジ・ピランデルロ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルイジ・ピランデルロ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B" title="ਲੂਈਜੀ ਪਿਰਾਂਦੈਲੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੂਈਜੀ ਪਿਰਾਂਦੈਲੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88" title="لویگی پیرانڈیلو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لویگی پیرانڈیلو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE,_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Пиранделло, Луиджи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пиранделло, Луиджи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigji_Pirandelo" title="Luigji Pirandelo – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Luigji Pirandelo" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiggi_Pirandellu" title="Luiggi Pirandellu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Luiggi Pirandellu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%92%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Луиђи Пирандело – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Луиђи Пирандело" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D2%97%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Луиҗи Пиранделло – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Луиҗи Пиранделло" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%97%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%96_%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Луїджі Піранделло – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Луїджі Піранделло" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88" title="لوئجی پیرآندیلو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوئجی پیرآندیلو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E4%BC%8A%E5%90%89%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7%E5%A8%84" title="路伊吉·皮兰德娄 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="路伊吉·皮兰德娄" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Luigi Pirandello" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%97%8D%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85" title="皮藍德羅 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="皮藍德羅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E4%BC%8A%E5%90%89%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7%E5%A8%84" title="路伊吉·皮兰德娄 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="路伊吉·皮兰德娄" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1403#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sicilian dramatist, novelist, poet, short story writer (1867–1936)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Luigi Pirandello</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Luigi_Pirandello_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Luigi Pirandello in 1932"><img alt="Luigi Pirandello in 1932" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Luigi_Pirandello_1932.jpg/220px-Luigi_Pirandello_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Luigi_Pirandello_1932.jpg/330px-Luigi_Pirandello_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Luigi_Pirandello_1932.jpg/440px-Luigi_Pirandello_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3342" data-file-height="4021" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Luigi Pirandello in 1932</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1867-06-28</span>)</span>28 June 1867<br /><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Girgenti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">10 December 1936<span style="display:none">(1936-12-10)</span> (aged 69)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, Kingdom of Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Writer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Insanity" title="Insanity">Insanity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">humour</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian modernism">Italian modernism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1893–1933</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Late_Mattia_Pascal" title="The Late Mattia Pascal">The Late Mattia Pascal</a></i> (1904)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Six Characters in Search of an Author</a></i> (1921)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_(Pirandello)" title="Henry IV (Pirandello)">Henry IV</a></i> (1922)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/One,_No_One_and_One_Hundred_Thousand" title="One, No One and One Hundred Thousand">One, No One and One Hundred Thousand</a></i> (1926)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> <br /> 1934 <br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Maria Antonietta Portulano</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1894)<wbr /></div> (1871–1959)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Stefano_Pirandello" title="Stefano Pirandello">Stefano</a> (1895–1972)<br />Rosalia (1897–1971)<br /><a href="/wiki/Fausto_Pirandello" title="Fausto Pirandello">Fausto</a> (1899–1975)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirandello_firma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pirandello_firma.jpg/150px-Pirandello_firma.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pirandello_firma.jpg/225px-Pirandello_firma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pirandello_firma.jpg/300px-Pirandello_firma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="120" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Luigi Pirandello</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[luˈiːdʒi<span class="wrap"> </span>piranˈdɛllo]</a></span>; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/1934_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1934 Nobel Prize in Literature">1934 Nobel Prize in Literature</a> "for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pirandello's works include novels, hundreds of short stories, and about 40 plays, some of which are written in <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a>. Pirandello's tragic <a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">farces</a> are often seen as forerunners of the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="23" data-mwtitle="Voce_di_Luigi_Pirandello_(1926).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Voce_di_Luigi_Pirandello_(1926).ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Voce_di_Luigi_Pirandello_%281926%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Voce_di_Luigi_Pirandello_%281926%29.ogg/Voce_di_Luigi_Pirandello_%281926%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AVoce_di_Luigi_Pirandello_%281926%29.ogg&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption>Pirandello reading his work "Six characters in search of an author" (1926)</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pirandello&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pirandello&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luigi_Pirandello_1884.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Luigi_Pirandello_1884.jpg/150px-Luigi_Pirandello_1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Luigi_Pirandello_1884.jpg/225px-Luigi_Pirandello_1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Luigi_Pirandello_1884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Pirandello in 1884.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luigi_Pirandello_Baptismal_Certificate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Luigi_Pirandello_Baptismal_Certificate.jpg/220px-Luigi_Pirandello_Baptismal_Certificate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Luigi_Pirandello_Baptismal_Certificate.jpg/330px-Luigi_Pirandello_Baptismal_Certificate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Luigi_Pirandello_Baptismal_Certificate.jpg/440px-Luigi_Pirandello_Baptismal_Certificate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="1435" /></a><figcaption>Luigi Pirandello Baptismal Certificate</figcaption></figure> <p>Pirandello was born into an upper-class family in Girgenti (now <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, near the poor suburb of <a href="/wiki/Porto_Empedocle" title="Porto Empedocle">Porto Empedocle</a>. The area was called "Caos", from <span title="Sicilian-language text"><i lang="scn">càusi</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> for "trousers", after the shape of a nearby ravine. His father, Stefano Pirandello, belonged to a wealthy family involved in the <a href="/wiki/Sulphur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur">sulphur</a> industry, and his mother, Caterina Ricci Gramitto, was also of a well-to-do background, descending from a family of the bourgeois professional class of Agrigento. Both families, the Pirandellos and the Ricci Gramittos, were ferociously anti-<a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> and actively participated in the struggle for unification and democracy (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Risorgimento</a></i></span>). Stefano participated in the famous <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a>, later following <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a> all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspromonte" title="Battle of Aspromonte">battle of Aspromonte</a>, and Caterina, who had hardly reached the age of thirteen, was forced to accompany her father to <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, where he had been sent into exile by the Bourbon <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>. But the open participation in the Garibaldian cause and the strong sense of idealism of those early years were quickly transformed, above all in Caterina, into an angry and bitter disappointment with the new reality created by the unification. Pirandello would eventually assimilate this sense of betrayal and resentment and express it in several of his poems and in his novel <i>The Old and the Young</i>. It is also probable that this climate of disillusion inculcated in the young Luigi the sense of disproportion between ideals and reality which is recognizable in his essay on <a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">humorism</a> (<i>L'Umorismo</i>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Pirandello_-_L%27Umorismo,_1908.djvu&page=7" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Pirandello_-_L%27Umorismo%2C_1908.djvu/page7-220px-Pirandello_-_L%27Umorismo%2C_1908.djvu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Pirandello_-_L%27Umorismo%2C_1908.djvu/page7-330px-Pirandello_-_L%27Umorismo%2C_1908.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Pirandello_-_L%27Umorismo%2C_1908.djvu/page7-440px-Pirandello_-_L%27Umorismo%2C_1908.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2314" data-file-height="3822" /></a><figcaption><i>L'Umorismo</i>, 1908</figcaption></figure> <p>Pirandello received his elementary education at home, but was much more fascinated by the fables and legends, somewhere between popular and magic, that his elderly servant Maria Stella used to recount to him than by anything scholastic or academic. By the age of twelve, he had already written his first tragedy. At the insistence of his father, he was registered at a technical school, but eventually switched to the study of the humanities at the <i><a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">ginnasio</a></i>, something which had always attracted him. </p><p>In 1880, the Pirandello family moved to <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>. It was here, in the capital of Sicily, that Luigi completed his high school education. He also began reading omnivorously, focusing, above all, on 19th-century Italian poets such as <a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Graf" title="Arturo Graf">Arturo Graf</a>. He then started writing his first poems and fell in love with his cousin Lina. </p><p>During this period, the first signs of serious differences arose between Luigi and his father; Luigi had discovered some notes revealing the existence of Stefano's extramarital relations. As a reaction to the ever-increasing distrust and disharmony that Luigi was developing toward his father, a man of a robust physique and crude manners, his attachment to his mother would continue growing to the point of profound veneration. This later expressed itself, after her death, in the moving pages of the novella <i>Colloqui con i personaggi</i> in 1915. </p><p>His romantic feelings for his cousin, <a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">initially looked upon with disfavour</a>, were suddenly taken very seriously by Lina's family. They demanded that Luigi abandon his studies and dedicate himself to the sulphur business so that he could immediately marry her. In 1886, during a vacation from school, Luigi went to visit the sulphur mines of <a href="/wiki/Porto_Empedocle" title="Porto Empedocle">Porto Empedocle</a> and started working with his father. This experience was essential to him and would provide the basis for such stories as <i>Il Fumo</i>, <i>Ciàula scopre la Luna</i> as well as some of the descriptions and background in the novel <i>The Old and the Young</i>. The marriage, which had seemed imminent, was postponed. </p><p>Pirandello then registered at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Palermo" title="University of Palermo">University of Palermo</a> in the departments of Law and of Letters. The campus at Palermo, and above all the Department of Law, was the centre in those years of the vast movement which would eventually evolve into the <a href="/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani" title="Fasci Siciliani">Fasci Siciliani</a>. Although Pirandello was not an active member of this movement, he had close ties of friendship with its leading ideologists: <a href="/wiki/Rosario_Garibaldi_Bosco" title="Rosario Garibaldi Bosco">Rosario Garibaldi Bosco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_La_Loggia" title="Enrico La Loggia">Enrico La Loggia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_De_Felice_Giuffrida" title="Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida">Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_De_Luca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco De Luca (page does not exist)">Francesco De Luca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bonghi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonghi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pirandello&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Higher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1887, having definitively chosen the Department of Letters, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in order to continue his studies. But the encounter with the city, centre of the struggle for unification to which the families of his parents had participated with generous enthusiasm, was disappointing and nothing close to what he had expected. "When I arrived in Rome it was raining hard, it was night time and I felt like my heart was being crushed, but then I laughed like a man in the throes of desperation."<sup id="cite_ref-tititudorancea_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tititudorancea-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pirandello, who was an extremely sensitive moralist, finally had a chance to see for himself the irreducible decadence of the so-called heroes of the <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a> in the person of his uncle Rocco, now a greying and exhausted functionary of the prefecture who provided him with temporary lodgings in Rome. The "desperate laugh", the only manifestation of revenge for the disappointment undergone, inspired the bitter verses of his first collection of poems, <i>Mal Giocondo</i> (1889). But not all was negative; this first visit to Rome provided him with the opportunity to assiduously visit the many theatres of the capital: Il Nazionale, Il Valle, il Manzoni. "Oh the dramatic theatre! I will conquer it. I cannot enter into one without experiencing a strange sensation, an excitement of the blood through all my veins..." <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Because of a conflict with a Latin professor, he was forced to leave the <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">University of Rome</a> and went to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">Bonn</a> with a letter of presentation from one of his other professors. The stay in Bonn, which lasted two years, was fervid with cultural life. He read the German romantics, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamisso" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamisso">Chamisso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>. He began translating the <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Elegies" title="Roman Elegies">Roman Elegies</a></i> of Goethe, composed the <i>Elegie Boreali</i> in imitation of the style of the <i>Roman Elegies</i>, and he began to meditate on the topic of humorism by way of the works of <a href="/wiki/Cecco_Angiolieri" title="Cecco Angiolieri">Cecco Angiolieri</a>. </p><p>In March 1891 he received his doctorate in Romance Philology<sup id="cite_ref-collier_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collier-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a dissertation on the dialect of Agrigento: <i>Sounds and Developments of Sounds in the Speech of Craperallis</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pirandello&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a brief sojourn in Sicily, during which the planned marriage with his cousin was finally called off, he returned to Rome, where he became friends with a group of writer-journalists including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugo_Fleres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugo Fleres (page does not exist)">Ugo Fleres</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomaso_Gnoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomaso Gnoli (page does not exist)">Tomaso Gnoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giustino_Ferri" title="Giustino Ferri">Giustino Ferri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Capuana" title="Luigi Capuana">Luigi Capuana</a>. Capuana encouraged Pirandello to dedicate himself to <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative writing</a>. In 1893 he wrote his first important work, <i>Marta Ajala</i>, which was published in 1901 as <i>l'Esclusa</i>. In 1894 he published his first collection of short stories, <i>Amori senza Amore</i>. He also married in 1894, choosing (on his father's suggestion) a shy, withdrawn girl of a good family of Agrigentine origin educated by the nuns of San Vincenzo: Maria Antonietta Portulano. </p><p>The first years of matrimony brought on in him a new fervour for his studies and writings: his encounters with his friends and the discussions on art continued, more vivacious and stimulating than ever, while his family life, despite the complete incomprehension of his wife with respect to the artistic vocation of her husband,<sup id="cite_ref-tititudorancea_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tititudorancea-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proceeded relatively tranquilly with the birth of two sons (<a href="/wiki/Stefano_Pirandello" title="Stefano Pirandello">Stefano</a> and Fausto) and a daughter (Rosalia "Lietta"). In the meantime, Pirandello intensified his collaborations with newspaper editors and other journalists in magazines such as <i>La Critica</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/La_Tavola_Rotonda" title="La Tavola Rotonda">La Tavola Rotonda</a></i> in which he published, in 1895, the first part of the <i>Dialoghi tra Il Gran Me e Il Piccolo Me</i>. </p><p>In 1897 he accepted an offer to teach Italian at the Istituto Superiore di Magistero di Roma, and in the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Marzocco" title="Il Marzocco">Il Marzocco</a></i> he published several more pages of the <i>Dialogi</i>. In 1898, with Italo Falbo and Ugo Fleres, he founded the weekly <i>Ariel</i>, in which he published the one-act play <i>L'Epilogo</i> (later changed to <i>La Morsa</i>) and some novellas (La Scelta, Se...). The end of the 19th century and the beginnings of the 20th were a period of extreme productivity for Pirandello. In 1900, he published in <i>Il Marzocco</i> some of the most celebrated of his novellas (<i>Lumie di Sicilia</i>, <i>La Paura del Sonno</i>...) and, in 1901, the collection of poems <i>Zampogna</i>. In 1902 he published the first series of <i>Beffe della Morte e della Vita</i> and his second novel, <i>Il Turno</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_disaster">Family disaster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pirandello&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Family disaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The year 1903 was fundamental to the life of Pirandello. The flooding of the sulphur mines of <a href="/wiki/Aragona" title="Aragona">Aragona</a>, in which his father Stefano had invested not only an enormous amount of his own capital but also Antonietta's <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>, precipitated the financial collapse of the family. Antonietta, after opening and reading the letter announcing the catastrophe, entered into a state of semi-<a href="/wiki/Catatonia" title="Catatonia">catatonia</a> and underwent such a psychological shock that her mental balance remained profoundly and irremediably shaken. </p><p>Pirandello, who had initially harboured thoughts of suicide, attempted to remedy the situation as best he could by increasing the number of his lessons in both Italian and German and asking for compensation from the magazines to which he had freely given away his writings and collaborations. In the magazine <i>New Anthology</i>, directed by G. Cena, meanwhile, the novel which Pirandello had been writing while in this horrible situation (watching over his mentally ill wife at night after an entire day spent at work) began appearing in episodes. The title was <i>Il Fu Mattia Pascal</i> (<i>The Late Mattia Pascal</i>). This novel contains many autobiographical elements that have been fantastically re-elaborated. It was an immediate and resounding success. Translated into German in 1905, this novel paved the way to the notoriety and fame which allowed Pirandello to publish with the more important firms such as Treves, with whom he published, in 1906, another collection of novellas <i>Erma Bifronte</i>. In 1908 he published a volume of essays entitled <i>Arte e Scienza</i> and the important essay <i>L'Umorismo</i>, in which he initiated the legendary debate with <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Benedetto Croce</a> that would continue with increasing bitterness and venom on both sides for many years. </p><p>In 1905 he took his wife to stay in <a href="/wiki/Chianciano_Terme" title="Chianciano Terme">Chianciano Terme</a> together with their children where they stayed for two months in what the writer described as "the village nestled on the windy hill just opposite the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegiata_di_San_Giovanni_Battista_(Chianciano_Terme)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegiata di San Giovanni Battista (Chianciano Terme) (page does not exist)">Collegiata</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two short stories contained in the book <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_Stories_for_a_Year&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Short Stories for a Year (page does not exist)">Short Stories for a Year</a></i> are set in this town: "<a href="/wiki/Bitter_Water" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitter Water">Bitter Water</a>" and "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pallino_and_Mim%C3%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pallino and Mimì (page does not exist)">Pallino and Mimì</a>". </p><p>In 1909 the first part of <i>I Vecchi e I Giovani</i> was published in episodes. This novel retraces the history of the failure and repression of the <a href="/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani" title="Fasci Siciliani">Fasci Siciliani</a> in the period from 1893 to 1894. When the novel came out in 1913 Pirandello sent a copy of it to his parents for their fiftieth wedding anniversary along with a dedication which said that "their names, Stefano and Caterina, live heroically." However, while the mother is transfigured in the novel into the otherworldly figure of Caterina Laurentano, the father, represented by the husband of Caterina, Stefano Auriti, appears only in memories and flashbacks, since, as was observed by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Sciascia" title="Leonardo Sciascia">Leonardo Sciascia</a>, "he died censured in a Freudian sense by his son who, in the bottom of his soul, is his enemy." Also in 1909, Pirandello began his collaboration with the prestigious journal <i>Corriere della Sera</i> in which he published the novellas <i>Mondo di Carta</i> (<i>World of Paper</i>), <i>La Giara</i>, and, in 1910, <i>Non è una cosa seria</i> and <i>Pensaci, Giacomino!</i> (<i>Think it over, Giacomino!</i>). At this point Pirandello's fame as a writer was continually increasing. His private life, however, was poisoned by the suspicion and obsessive jealousy of Antonietta who began turning physically violent. </p><p>In 1911, while the publication of novellas and short stories continued, Pirandello finished his fourth novel, <i>Suo Marito</i>, republished posthumously (1941), and completely revised in the first four chapters, with the title <i>Giustino Roncella nato Boggiòlo</i>. During his life the author never republished this novel for reasons of discretion (within are implicit references to the writer <a href="/wiki/Grazia_Deledda" title="Grazia Deledda">Grazia Deledda</a>). But the work which absorbed most of his energies at this time was the collection of stories <i>La vendetta del cane</i>, <i>Quando s'è capito il giuoco</i>, <i>Il treno ha fischiato</i>, <i>Filo d'aria</i> and <i>Berecche e la guerra</i>. They were all published from 1913 to 1914 and are all now considered classics of Italian literature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War">First World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pirandello&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Italy entered the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, Pirandello's son <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Pirandello" title="Stefano Pirandello">Stefano</a> volunteered for service and was taken prisoner by the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarians</a>. In 1916 the actor <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Musco_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelo Musco (actor)">Angelo Musco</a> successfully recited the three-act comedy that the writer had extracted from the novella <i>Pensaci, Giacomino!</i> and the <i>pastoral</i> comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Liol%C3%A0" title="Liolà">Liolà</a></i>. </p><p>In 1917 the collection of novellas <i>E domani Lunedì</i> (<i>And Tomorrow, Monday...</i>) was published, but the year was mostly marked by important theatrical representations: <i>Così è (se vi pare)</i> (<i>Right you are (if you think so)</i>), <i>A birrita cu' i ciancianeddi</i> and <i>Il Piacere dell'onestà</i> (<i>The Pleasure Of Honesty</i>). A year later, <i>Ma non è una cosa seria</i> (<i>But It's Nothing Serious</i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Gioco_delle_Parti" class="mw-redirect" title="Il Gioco delle Parti">Il Gioco delle Parti</a></i> (<i>The Game of Roles</i>) were all produced on stage. Pirandello's son Stefano returned home when the war ended. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giardino_Inglese,_Palermo,_Sicily,_Italy_(9456337857).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Giardino_Inglese%2C_Palermo%2C_Sicily%2C_Italy_%289456337857%29.jpg/220px-Giardino_Inglese%2C_Palermo%2C_Sicily%2C_Italy_%289456337857%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Giardino_Inglese%2C_Palermo%2C_Sicily%2C_Italy_%289456337857%29.jpg/330px-Giardino_Inglese%2C_Palermo%2C_Sicily%2C_Italy_%289456337857%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Giardino_Inglese%2C_Palermo%2C_Sicily%2C_Italy_%289456337857%29.jpg/440px-Giardino_Inglese%2C_Palermo%2C_Sicily%2C_Italy_%289456337857%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Pirandello in the <a href="/wiki/Giardino_Inglese_(Palermo)" title="Giardino Inglese (Palermo)">Giardino Inglese</a> park in Palermo</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1919 Pirandello had his wife placed in an asylum.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The separation from his wife, despite her morbid jealousies and hallucinations, caused great suffering for Pirandello who, even as late as 1924, believed he could still properly care for her at home. She never left the asylum. </p><p>1920 was the year of comedies such as <i>Tutto per bene</i>, <i>Come prima meglio di prima</i>, and <i>La Signora Morli</i>. In 1921, the <i>Compagnia di <a href="/wiki/Dario_Niccodemi" title="Dario Niccodemi">Dario Niccodemi</a></i> staged, at the Valle di Roma, the play, <i>Sei Personaggi in Cerca d'Autore</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Six Characters in Search of an Author</a></i>. It was a clamorous failure. The public divided into supporters and adversaries, the latter of whom shouted, "Asylum, Asylum!" The author, who was present at the performance with his daughter Lietta, left through a side exit to avoid the crowd of enemies. The same drama, however, was a great success when presented in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>. In 1922 in Milan, <i>Enrico IV</i> was performed for the first time and was acclaimed universally as a success. Pirandello's international reputation was developing as well. The <i>Sei personaggi</i> was performed in London and New York. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy_under_the_Fascists">Italy under the Fascists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pirandello&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Italy under the Fascists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pirandello was an <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian nationalist">Italian nationalist</a> and supported <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a> in a moderate way. In 1924, he wrote a letter to <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> asking him to be accepted as a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a>. In 1925 Pirandello, with the help of Mussolini, assumed the artistic direction and ownership of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teatro_d%27Arte_di_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teatro d'Arte di Roma (page does not exist)">Teatro d'Arte di Roma</a>, founded by the Gruppo degli Undici. He described himself as "a Fascist because I am Italian." For his devotion to Mussolini, the satirical magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Becco_Giallo" title="Il Becco Giallo">Il Becco Giallo</a></i> used to call him <i>P. Randello</i> (<i>randello</i> in Italian means <a href="/wiki/Club_(weapon)" title="Club (weapon)">cudgel</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Chiesa1990p38_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chiesa1990p38-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He expressed publicly apolitical belief, saying "I'm apolitical, I'm only a man in the world."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During these years, he had continuous conflicts with fascist leaders. In 1927 he tore his fascist membership card to pieces in front of the startled secretary-general of the Fascist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the remainder of his life, Pirandello was always under close surveillance by the secret fascist police <a href="/wiki/OVRA" title="OVRA">OVRA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His play, <i>I Giganti della Montagna</i> (<i>The Giants of the Mountain</i>), has been interpreted as evidence of his realization that the fascists were hostile to culture; yet, during a later appearance in New York, Pirandello distributed a statement announcing his support of Italy's annexation of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Abyssinia</a>. He then gave his Nobel Prize medal to the Fascist government to be melted down as part of the 1935 <a href="/wiki/Oro_alla_Patria" title="Oro alla Patria">Oro alla Patria</a> (<i>Gold to the Fatherland</i>) campaign during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pirandello's conception of the theatre underwent a significant change at this point. The idea of the actor as an inevitable betrayer of the text, as in the <i>Sei Personaggi</i>, gave way to the identification of the actor with the character that they play. The company took their act throughout the major cities of Europe, and the Pirandellian repertoire became increasingly well known. Between 1925 and 1926 Pirandello's last and perhaps greatest novel, <i><a href="/wiki/One,_No_One_and_One_Hundred_Thousand" title="One, No One and One Hundred Thousand">Uno, Nessuno e Centomila</a></i> (<i>One, No one and One Hundred Thousand</i>), was published serially in the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/La_Fiera_Letteraria" title="La Fiera Letteraria">La Fiera Letteraria</a></i>. He was one of the contributors of the nationalist women's magazine, <i><a href="/wiki/Lidel_(magazine)" title="Lidel (magazine)">Lidel</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Fascist daily <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Tevere" title="Il Tevere">Il Tevere</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pirandello&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 14 July 1930, a version of his short play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Flower_in_His_Mouth" title="The Man with the Flower in His Mouth">The Man with the Flower in His Mouth</a></i>, adapted and produced by <a href="/wiki/Lance_Sieveking" title="Lance Sieveking">Lance Sieveking</a>, co-produced with <a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a>'s company and starring <a href="/wiki/Val_Gielgud" title="Val Gielgud">Val Gielgud</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Millard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lionel Millard (page does not exist)">Lionel Millard</a>, became the first drama broadcast in both picture and sound when the <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a> showed it for London audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pirandello was nominated <i>Academic of Italy</i> in 1929, and in 1934 he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Literature">Nobel Prize for Literature</a> after he had been nominated by <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Italy" title="Royal Academy of Italy">Royal Academy of Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-collier_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collier-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the last Italian playwright to be chosen for the award until <a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a> won on 9 October 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pirandello died alone in his home at Via Bosio, Rome, on 10 December 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He refused a State funeral offered by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a> and only in 1947 were his cremated remains buried in Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Via Luigi Pirandello in <a href="/wiki/Acquaviva_delle_Fonti" title="Acquaviva delle Fonti">Acquaviva delle Fonti</a> is named after him. </p><p>In the context of playwriting during the early and mid-1900s, Pirandello's impact is notable. Pirandello inspired playwrights such as <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a> to write plays that echo the themes of existential exploration and metaphysical questioning that he focused on in his works.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His influence goes beyond playwrights; French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> was also inspired by Pirandello's ideas to explore one of the main pillars of his philosophy: <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialism</a>. The playwright's portrayal of fractured identities and the ambiguity of existence in his plays served as inspiration for Sartre's concepts of freedom, authenticity, and existential angst. Pirandello's character narratives and metaphysical themes not only aligned with but also enriched Sartre's philosophical discourses, creating a link between existential thought in theater and philosophy, where each medium deepened and reflected upon the complexities and theories of the other. The dialogues between self and other, freedom and responsibility, authenticity and bad faith, found meaning in the intersection of their respective domains. His legacy pushes further reflection into the complexities of characters, human consciousness, and identity.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pirandello's contributions to theater and philosophy provide a rich tapestry of existential themes interwoven with detailed character narratives. His thorough and insightful examinations of the intricacies of the human psyche and identity have left a mark that is palpable in contemporary theater and academe. This influence, while rooted in a specific historical context, manages to bridge the gap between past and present. The careful juxtaposition of simplicity and depth in his works not only invites but stimulates discourse, resonating deeply with modern artists, playwrights, and thinkers. As a result, discussions on existential concepts, identity, and the nature of reality continue to be enriched by Pirandello's foundational ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pirandello&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luigi_Pirandello,_Albert_Einstein_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Luigi_Pirandello%2C_Albert_Einstein_1935.jpg/300px-Luigi_Pirandello%2C_Albert_Einstein_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Luigi_Pirandello%2C_Albert_Einstein_1935.jpg/450px-Luigi_Pirandello%2C_Albert_Einstein_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Luigi_Pirandello%2C_Albert_Einstein_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Pirandello with his friend <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> in 1935</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_plays">Major plays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pirandello&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Major plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1916: <i><a href="/wiki/Liol%C3%A0" title="Liolà">Liolà</a></i></li> <li>1917: <i><a href="/wiki/Cos%C3%AC_%C3%A8_(se_vi_pare)" class="mw-redirect" title="Così è (se vi pare)">Così è (se vi pare)</a></i> (<i>So It Is (If You Think So)</i>)</li> <li>1917: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_piacere_dell%27onest%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Il piacere dell'onestà (page does not exist)">Il piacere dell'onestà</a></i> (<i>The Pleasure of Honesty</i>)</li> <li>1918: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Game_of_Roles" class="mw-redirect" title="The Game of Roles">Il gioco delle parti</a></i> (<i>The Rules of the Game</i>)</li> <li>1919: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27uomo,_la_bestia_e_la_virt%C3%B9_(play)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'uomo, la bestia e la virtù (play) (page does not exist)">L'uomo, la bestia e la virtù</a></i> (<i>Man, Beast and Virtue</i>)</li> <li>1921: <i><a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Sei personaggi in cerca d'autore</a></i> (<i>Six Characters in Search of an Author</i>)</li> <li>1922: <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_(Pirandello)" title="Henry IV (Pirandello)">Enrico IV</a></i> (<i>Henry IV</i>)</li> <li>1922: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27imbecille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'imbecille (page does not exist)">L'imbecille</a></i> (<i>The Imbecile</i>)</li> <li>1922: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestire_gli_ignudi_(play)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vestire gli ignudi (play) (page does not exist)">Vestire gli ignudi</a></i> (<i>To Clothe the Naked</i>)</li> <li>1923: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Flower_in_His_Mouth" title="The Man with the Flower in His Mouth">L'uomo dal fiore in bocca</a></i> (<i>The Man with the Flower in His Mouth</i>)</li> <li>1923: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27altro_figlio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'altro figlio (page does not exist)">L'altro figlio</a></i> (<i>The Other Son</i>)</li> <li>1923: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_vita_che_ti_diedi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La vita che ti diedi (page does not exist)">La vita che ti diedi</a></i> (<i>The Life I Gave You</i>)</li> <li>1924: <i><a href="/wiki/Each_In_His_Own_Way" title="Each In His Own Way">Ciascuno a suo modo</a></i> (<i>Each in His Own Way</i>)</li> <li>1924: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagra_del_Signore_della_Nave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sagra del Signore della Nave (page does not exist)">Sagra del Signore della Nave</a></i> (<i>The Rite of the Lord of the Ship</i>)</li> <li>1926: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Amica_delle_Mogli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Amica delle Mogli (page does not exist)">L'Amica delle Mogli</a></i> (<i>The Friend of the Wives</i>)</li> <li>1926: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bellavita_(play)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bellavita (play) (page does not exist)">Bellavita</a></i> (<i>Bellavita</i>)</li> <li>1927: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diana_e_la_Tuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diana e la Tuda (page does not exist)">Diana e la Tuda</a></i> (<i>Diana and Tuda</i>)</li> <li>1929: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=O_di_Uno_o_di_Nessuno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O di Uno o di Nessuno (page does not exist)">O di Uno o di Nessuno</a></i> (<i>Either of One or of None</i>)</li> <li>1929: <i>Come Tu Mi Vuoi</i> (<i>How You Love Me</i>)</li> <li>1930: <i><a href="/wiki/Tonight_We_Improvise" title="Tonight We Improvise">Questa sera si recita a soggetto</a></i> (<i>Tonight We Improvise</i>)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scusate_ancora_-_Testo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Scusate_ancora_-_Testo.jpg/300px-Scusate_ancora_-_Testo.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="425" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Scusate_ancora_-_Testo.jpg/450px-Scusate_ancora_-_Testo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Scusate_ancora_-_Testo.jpg/600px-Scusate_ancora_-_Testo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="1099" /></a><figcaption>Original text of the most famous novel of Pirandello (<a href="/wiki/One,_No_One_and_One_Hundred_Thousand" title="One, No One and One Hundred Thousand">One, No One and One Hundred Thousand</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pirandello&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1902: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Turn_(novel)" title="The Turn (novel)">The Turn</a></i> (original title: <i>Il turno</i>)</li> <li>1904: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Late_Mattia_Pascal" title="The Late Mattia Pascal">The Late Mattia Pascal</a></i> (original title: <i>Il fu Mattia Pascal</i>)</li> <li>1908: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Outcast_(Pirandello_novel)" title="The Outcast (Pirandello novel)">The Outcast</a></i> (original title <i>L'esclusa</i>)</li> <li>1911: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suo_marito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suo marito (page does not exist)">Suo marito</a></i> (<i>Her Husband</i>)</li> <li>1913: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_vecchi_e_i_giovani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I vecchi e i giovani (page does not exist)">I vecchi e i giovani</a></i> (<i>The Old and the Young</i>)</li> <li>1915: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Si_Gira,_Quaderni_di_Serafino_Gubbio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Si Gira, Quaderni di Serafino Gubbio (page does not exist)">Si Gira, Quaderni di Serafino Gubbio</a></i> (<i>Shoot!, The Notebooks of Serafino Gubbio, Cinematograph Operator</i>, 1926 English translation by <a href="/wiki/C._K._Scott_Moncrieff" title="C. K. Scott Moncrieff">C. K. Scott Moncrieff</a>)</li> <li>1926: <i><a href="/wiki/One,_No_One_and_One_Hundred_Thousand" title="One, No One and One Hundred Thousand">One, No One and One Hundred Thousand</a></i> (original title: <i>Uno, nessuno e centomila</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_stories">Short stories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pirandello&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Short stories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1922–37: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novelle_per_un_anno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novelle per un anno (page does not exist)">Novelle per un anno</a></i> (<i>Short Stories for a Year</i>), 15 volumes. A selection of thirty stories was translated by Virginia Jewiss as <i>Stories for the Years</i> (Yale, 2021).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pirandello&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1889: <i>Mal giocondo</i> (<i>Playful Evil</i>)</li> <li>1891: <i>Pasqua di Gea</i> (<i>Easter of Gea</i>)</li> <li>1894: <i>Pier Gudrò, 1809–1892</i></li> <li>1895: <i>Elegie renane, 1889–90</i> (<i>Rheinland Elegies</i>)</li> <li>1901: <i>Zampogna</i> (<i>The Bagpipe</i>)</li> <li>1909: <i>Scamandro</i></li> <li>1912: <i>Fuori di chiave</i> (<i>Out of Tune</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_translations">English translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pirandello&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: English translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nearly all of Pirandello's plays were translated into English by the actor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rietti" title="Robert Rietti">Robert Rietti</a>. Pirandello's poetry was translated for the first time in 2016 by George Hochfield.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Weaver is a noted translator of Luigi Pirandello. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_May_(academic)" title="Frederick May (academic)">Frederick May</a> translated a number of Pirandello's plays and short stories in editions published by <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pirandello&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Filmography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Il crollo</i>, directed by Mario Gargiulo (Italy, 1920, based on the play <i>Lumie di Sicilia</i>)</li> <li><i>Il lume dell'altra casa</i>, directed by Ugo Gracci (Italy, 1920, based on the short story <i>Il lume dell'altra casa</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lo_scaldino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lo scaldino (page does not exist)">Lo scaldino</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_scaldino" class="extiw" title="it:Lo scaldino">it</a>]</span></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Genina" title="Augusto Genina">Augusto Genina</a> (Italy, 1920, based on the short story <i>Lo scaldino</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/But_It_Isn%27t_Serious" title="But It Isn't Serious">But It Isn't Serious</a></i>, directed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Camerini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augusto Camerini (page does not exist)">Augusto Camerini</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Camerini" class="extiw" title="it:Augusto Camerini">it</a>]</span> (Italy, 1921, based on the play <i>Ma non è una cosa seria</i>)</li> <li><i>La rosa</i>, directed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnaldo_Frateili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnaldo Frateili (page does not exist)">Arnaldo Frateili</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnaldo_Frateili" class="extiw" title="it:Arnaldo Frateili">it</a>]</span> (Italy, 1921, based on the short story <i>La rosa</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_(1921_film)" title="The Voyage (1921 film)">The Voyage</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Gennaro_Righelli" title="Gennaro Righelli">Gennaro Righelli</a> (Italy, 1921, based on the short story <i>Il viaggio</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feu_Mathias_Pascal" title="Feu Mathias Pascal">Feu Mathias Pascal</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Marcel_L%27Herbier" title="Marcel L'Herbier">Marcel L'Herbier</a> (France, 1925, based on the novel <i>Il fu Mattia Pascal</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flight_in_the_Night" title="The Flight in the Night">The Flight in the Night</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Amleto_Palermi" title="Amleto Palermi">Amleto Palermi</a> (Germany, 1926, based on the play <i>Enrico IV</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Love_(1930_film)" title="The Song of Love (1930 film)">The Song of Love</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Gennaro_Righelli" title="Gennaro Righelli">Gennaro Righelli</a> (Italy, 1930, based on the short story <i>In silenzio</i>) <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Derni%C3%A8re_berceuse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Dernière berceuse (page does not exist)">La Dernière berceuse</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Gennaro_Righelli" title="Gennaro Righelli">Gennaro Righelli</a> and Jean Cassagne (France, 1931, based on the short story <i>In silenzio</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liebeslied&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liebeslied (page does not exist)">Liebeslied</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebeslied_(film_1931)" class="extiw" title="it:Liebeslied (film 1931)">it</a>]</span></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Constantin_J._David" title="Constantin J. David">Constantin J. David</a> (Germany, 1931, based on the short story <i>In silenzio</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/As_You_Desire_Me_(film)" title="As You Desire Me (film)">As You Desire Me</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/George_Fitzmaurice" title="George Fitzmaurice">George Fitzmaurice</a> (1932, based on the play <i>Come tu mi vuoi</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Steel_(1933_film)" title="Steel (1933 film)">Steel</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ruttmann" title="Walter Ruttmann">Walter Ruttmann</a> (Italy, 1933, based on the story <i>Giuoca, Pietro!</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pensaci,_Giacomino!&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pensaci, Giacomino! (page does not exist)">Pensaci, Giacomino!</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensaci,_Giacomino!_(film_1936)" class="extiw" title="it:Pensaci, Giacomino! (film 1936)">it</a>]</span></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Gennaro_Righelli" title="Gennaro Righelli">Gennaro Righelli</a> (Italy, 1936, based on the play <i>Pensaci, Giacomino!</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/But_It%27s_Nothing_Serious" title="But It's Nothing Serious">But It's Nothing Serious</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Camerini" title="Mario Camerini">Mario Camerini</a> (Italy, 1936, based on the play <i>Ma non è una cosa seria</i>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Couldn%27t_Say_No_(1938_film)" title="The Man Who Couldn't Say No (1938 film)">The Man Who Couldn't Say No</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Camerini" title="Mario Camerini">Mario Camerini</a> (Germany, 1938, based on the play <i>Ma non è una cosa seria</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_from_Nowhere_(1937_film)" title="The Man from Nowhere (1937 film)">The Man from Nowhere</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Chenal" title="Pierre Chenal">Pierre Chenal</a> (France, 1937, based on the novel <i>Il fu Mattia Pascal</i>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Former_Mattia_Pascal" title="The Former Mattia Pascal">The Former Mattia Pascal</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Chenal" title="Pierre Chenal">Pierre Chenal</a> (Italy, 1937, based on the novel <i>Il fu Mattia Pascal</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Man%27s_Land_(1939_film)" title="No Man's Land (1939 film)">No Man's Land</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Baffico" title="Mario Baffico">Mario Baffico</a> (Italy, 1939, based on two short stories)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrico_IV_(1943_film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrico IV (1943 film) (page does not exist)">Enrico IV</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_IV_(film_1943)" class="extiw" title="it:Enrico IV (film 1943)">it</a>]</span></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Pastina" title="Giorgio Pastina">Giorgio Pastina</a> (Italy, 1943, based on the play <i>Enrico IV</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/This_Love_of_Ours" title="This Love of Ours">This Love of Ours</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/William_Dieterle" title="William Dieterle">William Dieterle</a> (1945, based on the play <i>Come prima, meglio di prima</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man,_Beast_and_Virtue" title="Man, Beast and Virtue">Man, Beast and Virtue</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Steno_(director)" title="Steno (director)">Steno</a> (Italy, 1953, based on the play <i>L'uomo, la bestia e la virtù</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Of_Life_and_Love" title="Of Life and Love">Of Life and Love</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Fabrizi" title="Aldo Fabrizi">Aldo Fabrizi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Pastina" title="Giorgio Pastina">Giorgio Pastina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Soldati" title="Mario Soldati">Mario Soldati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Zampa" title="Luigi Zampa">Luigi Zampa</a> (Italy, 1954, based on four short stories)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vestire_gli_ignudi" title="Vestire gli ignudi">Vestire gli ignudi</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Pagliero" title="Marcello Pagliero">Marcello Pagliero</a> (Italy, 1954, based on the play <i>Vestire gli ignudi</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Never_Say_Goodbye_(1956_film)" title="Never Say Goodbye (1956 film)">Never Say Goodbye</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Hopper" title="Jerry Hopper">Jerry Hopper</a> (1956, based on the play <i>Come prima, meglio di prima</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Todo_sea_para_bien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Todo sea para bien (page does not exist)">Todo sea para bien</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todo_sea_para_bien_(pel%C3%ADcula)" class="extiw" title="es:Todo sea para bien (película)">es</a>]</span></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Rinaldi" title="Carlos Rinaldi">Carlos Rinaldi</a> (Argentina, 1957, based on the play <i>Tutto per bene</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liol%C3%A0_(film)" title="Liolà (film)">Liolà</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Blasetti" title="Alessandro Blasetti">Alessandro Blasetti</a> (Italy, 1963, based on the play <i>Liolà</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_(1974_film)" title="The Voyage (1974 film)">The Voyage</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica" title="Vittorio De Sica">Vittorio De Sica</a> (Italy, 1974, based on the short story <i>Il viaggio</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_turno_(film)" title="Il turno (film)">Il turno</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Tonino_Cervi" title="Tonino Cervi">Tonino Cervi</a> (Italy, 1981, based on the novel <i>Il turno</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_(film)" title="Henry IV (film)">Henry IV</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Marco_Bellocchio" title="Marco Bellocchio">Marco Bellocchio</a> (Italy, 1984, based on the play <i>Enrico IV</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaos_(film)" title="Kaos (film)">Kaos</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_and_Vittorio_Taviani" title="Paolo and Vittorio Taviani">Paolo and Vittorio Taviani</a> (Italy, 1984, based on four short stories)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wir_(1984_film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wir (1984 film) (page does not exist)">Wir</a></i>, directed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_Jacek_Schoen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henryk Jacek Schoen (page does not exist)">Henryk Jacek Schoen</a> (Poland, 1984, based on two short stories)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Lives_of_Mattia_Pascal" title="The Two Lives of Mattia Pascal">The Two Lives of Mattia Pascal</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Monicelli" title="Mario Monicelli">Mario Monicelli</a> (Italy, 1985, based on the novel <i>Il fu Mattia Pascal</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/You_Laugh" title="You Laugh">You Laugh</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_and_Vittorio_Taviani" title="Paolo and Vittorio Taviani">Paolo and Vittorio Taviani</a> (Italy, 1998, based on two short stories)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nanny_(1999_film)" title="The Nanny (1999 film)">The Nanny</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Marco_Bellocchio" title="Marco Bellocchio">Marco Bellocchio</a> (Italy, 1999, based on the short story <i>La balia</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Choice_(2015_film)" title="The Choice (2015 film)">The Choice</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Michele_Placido" title="Michele Placido">Michele Placido</a> (Italy, 2015, based on the play <i>L'innesto</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wait_(2015_film)" title="The Wait (2015 film)">The Wait</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Piero_Messina" title="Piero Messina">Piero Messina</a> (Italy, 2015, based on the play <i>La vita che ti diedi</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Respectable_Woman_(film)" title="A Respectable Woman (film)">A Respectable Woman</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_%C3%89mond" title="Bernard Émond">Bernard Émond</a> (Canada, 2023, based on the short story "Pena di vivere cosi")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pirandello&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1934/pirandello-bio.html">"Luigi Pirandello - Biographical"</a>. <i>www.nobelprize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=Luigi+Pirandello+-+Biographical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Flaureates%2F1934%2Fpirandello-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Pirandello" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1934/summary/">"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1934"</a>. <i>www.nobelprize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature+1934&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fliterature%2F1934%2Fsummary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Pirandello" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bonghi-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bonghi_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classicitaliani.it/bonghiG/bonghi_bio_Pirandello.htm">Biografia di Luigi Pirandello</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620131313/http://www.classicitaliani.it/bonghiG/bonghi_bio_Pirandello.htm">Archived</a> 20 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Biblioteca dei Classici italiani di Giuseppe Bonghi (Accessed 2 November 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tititudorancea-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tititudorancea_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tititudorancea_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tititudorancea.com/z/luigi_pirandello_41.htm">"Luigi Pirandello"</a>. <i>www.tititudorancea.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tititudorancea.com&rft.atitle=Luigi+Pirandello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tititudorancea.com%2Fz%2Fluigi_pirandello_41.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Pirandello" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-collier-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-collier_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergin1976" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bergin, Thomas G (1976). "Pirandello, Luigi". In William D. Halsey (ed.). <i>Collier's Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 19. New York: Macmillan Educational Corporation. pp. 76–78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pirandello%2C+Luigi&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=76-78&rft.pub=Macmillan+Educational+Corporation&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Bergin&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Pirandello" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuigi_Pagnotta2009" class="citation book cs1">Luigi Pagnotta (2009). <i>Pirandello tells Chianciano</i>. Edizioni il pavone.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pirandello+tells+Chianciano&rft.pub=Edizioni+il+pavone&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Luigi+Pagnotta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Pirandello" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols1995" class="citation book cs1">Nichols, Nina daVinci (1 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rcpl2lEU9gYC&q=In+1919+Pirandello+had+his+wife+placed+in+an+asylum.&pg=PA21"><i>Pirandello and Film</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803233361" title="Special:BookSources/0803233361"><bdi>0803233361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pirandello+and+Film&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft.isbn=0803233361&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Nina+daVinci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRcpl2lEU9gYC%26q%3DIn%2B1919%2BPirandello%2Bhad%2Bhis%2Bwife%2Bplaced%2Bin%2Ban%2Basylum.%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Pirandello" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chiesa1990p38-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chiesa1990p38_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chiesa, Adolfo (1990) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lnjqAAAAMAAJ"><i>La satira politica in Italia: con un'intervista a Tullio Pericoli</i></a>, p.38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giudice, p. 422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giudice, p. 413.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storiain.net/arret/num108/artic1.asp"><i>L'Ovra a Cinecittà</i> di Natalia ed Emanuele V. Marino, Bollati Boringhieri, 2005</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210010507/http://www.storiain.net/arret/num108/artic1.asp">Archived</a> 10 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWINEGARTEN1994" class="citation journal cs1">WINEGARTEN, RENEE (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41212206">"The Nobel Prize for Literature"</a>. <i>The American Scholar</i>. <b>63</b> (1): 63–75. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0937">0003-0937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41212206">41212206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Scholar&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+for+Literature&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-75&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41212206%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0003-0937&rft.aulast=WINEGARTEN&rft.aufirst=RENEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41212206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Pirandello" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulicelli2002" class="citation journal cs1">Paulicelli, Eugenia (November 2002). "Fashion, the Politics of Style and National Identity in Pre–Fascist and Fascist Italy". <i>Gender & History</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 537–559. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0424.00281">10.1111/1468-0424.00281</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144286579">144286579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender+%26+History&rft.atitle=Fashion%2C+the+Politics+of+Style+and+National+Identity+in+Pre%E2%80%93Fascist+and+Fascist+Italy&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=537-559&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-0424.00281&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144286579%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Paulicelli&rft.aufirst=Eugenia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Pirandello" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaelis1998" class="citation journal cs1">Michaelis, Meir (September 1998). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=100+years+of+the+BBC+%E2%80%93+the+first+live+FA+Cup+final+and+the+dawn+of+true+crime&rft.date=2022-09-26&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftv-and-radio%2F2022%2Fsep%2F26%2F100-years-of-the-bbc-the-1920s-the-first-live-fa-cup-final-and-the-dawn-of-true-crime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Pirandello" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/page/c951867296274eee9dacf19d55f94947">"First television Production"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Radio_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Radio Times">The Radio Times</a></i>. No. 354, Southern. 11 July 1930.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Radio+Times&rft.atitle=First+television+Production&rft.issue=354%2C+Southern&rft.date=1930-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenome.ch.bbc.co.uk%2Fpage%2Fc951867296274eee9dacf19d55f94947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Pirandello" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show.php?id=5828">"Nomination Database"</a>. <i>www.nobelprize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=Nomination+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnomination%2Farchive%2Fshow.php%3Fid%3D5828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Pirandello" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1999" class="citation cs2">Mitchell, Tony (1999), <i>Dario Fo: People's Court Jester (Updated and Expanded)</i>, London: Methuen, p. 204, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-73320-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-73320-3"><bdi>0-413-73320-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dario+Fo%3A+People%27s+Court+Jester+%28Updated+and+Expanded%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-413-73320-3&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Pirandello" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGumbel1997" class="citation news cs1">Gumbel, Andrew (10 October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/nobel-prize-dario-fo-the-showman-wins-nobel-literature-prize-1234928.html">"Nobel Prize: Dario Fo, the showman, wins Nobel literature prize"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Nobel+Prize%3A+Dario+Fo%2C+the+showman%2C+wins+Nobel+literature+prize&rft.date=1997-10-10&rft.aulast=Gumbel&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnobel-prize-dario-fo-the-showman-wins-nobel-literature-prize-1234928.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Pirandello" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giudice, pp. 117, 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberto Alajmo, "Le ceneri di Pirandello", ed. Drago, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocchi1980" class="citation thesis cs1">Rocchi, Michael H. (1980). <i>20th Century blues: a study of affinities between Harold Pinter and Luigi Pirandello</i> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/220243856">220243856</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/303083330">303083330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=20th+Century+blues%3A+a+study+of+affinities+between+Harold+Pinter+and+Luigi+Pirandello&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F220243856&rft.aulast=Rocchi&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Pirandello" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Chiara2009" class="citation thesis cs1">De Chiara, Mariafilomena (6 March 2009). <i>La ruta de la máscara: el teatro de Luigi Pirandello y Samuel Beckett</i> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10803%2F7445">10803/7445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=La+ruta+de+la+m%C3%A1scara%3A+el+teatro+de+Luigi+Pirandello+y+Samuel+Beckett&rft.date=2009-03-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10803%2F7445&rft.aulast=De+Chiara&rft.aufirst=Mariafilomena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Pirandello" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngelini2011" class="citation journal cs1">Angelini, Franca (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/2523854">"Note preliminari: da Pirandello a Sartre"</a>. <i>Ariel (Nuova serie): Semestrale di drammaturgia dell'istituto di studi pirandelliani e sul teatro contemporaneo: 2, 2011</i> (2): 1–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1400%2F201706">10.1400/201706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ariel+%28Nuova+serie%29%3A+Semestrale+di+drammaturgia+dell%27istituto+di+studi+pirandelliani+e+sul+teatro+contemporaneo%3A+2%2C+2011&rft.atitle=Note+preliminari%3A+da+Pirandello+a+Sartre&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-189&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1400%2F201706&rft.aulast=Angelini&rft.aufirst=Franca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.torrossa.com%2Fen%2Fresources%2Fan%2F2523854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Pirandello" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlessioPietropaoloKatz1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alessio, Antonio; Pietropaolo, Domenico; Katz, Giuliana Sanguinetti (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DOQwXyjX8rsC&dq=pirandello+and+modern+theatre&pg=PA7"><i>Pirandello and the Modern Theatre</i></a> (in Italian). Biblioteca di Quaderni d’italianistica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9691979-9-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9691979-9-7"><bdi>978-0-9691979-9-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pirandello+and+the+Modern+Theatre&rft.pub=Biblioteca+di+Quaderni+d%E2%80%99italianistica&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-9691979-9-7&rft.aulast=Alessio&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft.au=Pietropaolo%2C+Domenico&rft.au=Katz%2C+Giuliana+Sanguinetti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDOQwXyjX8rsC%26dq%3Dpirandello%2Band%2Bmodern%2Btheatre%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuigi+Pirandello" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luigi Pirandello, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italicapress.com/index317.html"><i>Selected Poems of Luigi Pirandello,</i></a> translated by George Hochfield (New York: Italica Press, 2016).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pirandello&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Giudice, Gaspare. <i>Luigi Pirandello</i>, UTET, 1963.</li> <li>Baccolo, L. <i>Pirandello</i>. Milan: Bocca. 1949 (second edition).</li> <li>Di Pietro, <i>L. Pirandello</i>. Milano: Vita e Pensiero. 1950. (second edition).</li> <li>Ferrante, R. <i>Luigi Pirandello</i>. Firenze: Parenti. 1958.</li> <li>Gardair, <i>Pirandello e il Suo Doppio</i>. Rome: Abete. 1977.</li> <li>Janner, A. <i>Luigi Pirandello</i>. Firenze, La Nuova Italia. 1948.</li> <li>Monti, M. <i>Pirandello</i>, Palermo: Palumbo. 1974.</li> <li>Moravia. A. "Pirandello" in <i>Fiera Letteraria</i>. Rome. 12 December 1946.</li> <li>Pancrazi, P. "L'altro Pirandello" In <i>Scrittori Italiani del Novecento</i>. Bari: Laterza. 1939.</li> <li>Pasini. F. <i>Pirandello nell'arte e nella vita</i>. Padova. 1937.</li> <li>Podestà. G. "Kafka e Pirandello." Humanitas, XI, 1956, pp. 230–44.</li> <li>Sarah Zappulla Muscarà, Enzo Zappulla, <i>Pirandello e il teatro siciliano</i>, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania 1986.</li> <li>Mirella Maugeri Salerno, <i>Pirandello e dintorni</i>, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania, 1987.</li> <li>Sarah Zappulla Muscarà (a cura di), <i>Narratori siciliani del secondo dopoguerra</i>, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania 1990.</li> <li>Elio Providenti (a cura di), <i>Archeologie pirandelliane</i>, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania, 1990.</li> <li>Carlo Schirru, Per un’analisi interlinguistica d’epoca: Grazia Deledda e contemporanei, Rivista Italiana di Linguistica e di Dialettologia, Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa-Roma, Anno XI, 2009, pp. 9–32.</li> <li>Virdia. F. <i>Pirandello</i>. Milan: Mursia. 1975.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_May_(academic)" title="Frederick May (academic)">Frederick May</a>, <i>Three Major Symbols in Four Plays by Pirandello</i>, Lawrence, Kansas: Allen Press, 1974.</li> <li>Massimo Colella, <i>Ritratto, autoritratto, profezia: Bontempelli esegeta di Pirandello</i>, in «Pirandello Studies (Journal of the Society for Pirandello Studies)», 42, 2022, pp. 20–40.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pirandello&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Luigi_Pirandello" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Luigi Pirandello">Luigi Pirandello</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" class="extiw" title="commons:Luigi Pirandello">Luigi Pirandello</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/luigi-pirandello">Works by Luigi Pirandello in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/8041">Works by Luigi Pirandello</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noblib.internet-box.ch/NLEW.php?authorid=34">List of Works</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Pirandello%2C%20Luigi%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Luigi%20Pirandello%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pirandello%2C%20Luigi%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Luigi%20Pirandello%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pirandello%2C%20L%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Luigi%20Pirandello%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pirandello%2C%20Luigi%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Luigi%20Pirandello%22%29%20OR%20%28%221867-1936%22%20AND%20Pirandello%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Luigi Pirandello</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1599">Works by Luigi Pirandello</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1403#P1899" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pirandelloweb.com/">The complete works of Pirandello in Italian and English section</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/607">Luigi Pirandello</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1403#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060428222424/http://www.angelfire.com/ego2/olko/cgi-bin/pirandello-press.html">his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130112205813/http://www.ilnarratore.org/show.php?type=author&language=it&aid=63&tpl=/ita/autore.tpl.html"><i>Listen to some Pirandello's work in Italian</i> on audio MP3 – free download</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210204559/http://www.sicilytourguides.net/Pirandello_tour.htm">Pirandello's Girgenti. Places in Agrigento associated with his literary works</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927151415/http://www.360travelguide.com/360VirtualTour.asp?iCode=agr01">Panoramic virtual tour of Piazza Luigi Pirandello in Agrigento</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507045220/http://www.oxford.it/ita/main.php?mod=audioLFTHO">The Light from the House Opposite (The Panton Audio Library)</a></li> <li><i>Suo Marito</i>, English translation, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dukeupress.edu/Her-Husband/"><i>Her Husband</i></a>, by Martha King and Mary Ann Frese Witt.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/013655">Newspaper clippings about Luigi Pirandello</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1403#P4293" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spurleditions.com/pirandello">One, No One, and One Hundred Thousand</a></i>, translated by William Weaver, published in 2018 by Spurl Editions</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1920</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1901_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1901 Nobel Prize in Literature">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sully_Prudhomme" title="Sully Prudhomme">Sully Prudhomme</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1902_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1902 Nobel Prize in Literature">1902</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1903_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1903 Nobel Prize in Literature">1903</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1904_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1904 Nobel Prize in Literature">1904</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Mistral" title="Frédéric Mistral">Frédéric Mistral</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Echegaray" title="José Echegaray">José Echegaray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1905_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1905 Nobel Prize in Literature">1905</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1906_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1906 Nobel Prize in Literature">1906</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1907_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1907 Nobel Prize in Literature">1907</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1908_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1908 Nobel Prize in Literature">1908</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken">Rudolf Eucken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1909_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1909 Nobel Prize in Literature">1909</a>: <a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöf</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1910_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1910 Nobel Prize in Literature">1910</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1911_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1911 Nobel Prize in Literature">1911</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1912_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1912 Nobel Prize in Literature">1912</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1913_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1913 Nobel Prize in Literature">1913</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1914_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1914 Nobel Prize in Literature">1914</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1915_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1915 Nobel Prize in Literature">1915</a>: <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1916_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1916 Nobel Prize in Literature">1916</a>: <a href="/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam" title="Verner von Heidenstam">Verner von Heidenstam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1917_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1917 Nobel Prize in Literature">1917</a>: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Adolph_Gjellerup" title="Karl Adolph Gjellerup">Karl Gjellerup</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Pontoppidan" title="Henrik Pontoppidan">Henrik Pontoppidan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1918_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1918 Nobel Prize in Literature">1918</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1919_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1919 Nobel Prize in Literature">1919</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitteler" title="Carl Spitteler">Carl Spitteler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1920_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1920 Nobel Prize in Literature">1920</a>: <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1921–1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1921_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1921 Nobel Prize in Literature">1921</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole France">Anatole France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1922_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1922 Nobel Prize in Literature">1922</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Benavente" title="Jacinto Benavente">Jacinto Benavente</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1923_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1923 Nobel Prize in Literature">1923</a>: <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1923_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1923 Nobel Prize in Literature">1924</a>: <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont" title="Władysław Reymont">Władysław Reymont</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1925_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1925 Nobel Prize in Literature">1925</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1926_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1926 Nobel Prize in Literature">1926</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grazia_Deledda" title="Grazia Deledda">Grazia Deledda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1927_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1927 Nobel Prize in Literature">1927</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1928_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1928 Nobel Prize in Literature">1928</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Undset" title="Sigrid Undset">Sigrid Undset</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1929_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1929 Nobel Prize in Literature">1929</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1930_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1930 Nobel Prize in Literature">1930</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1931_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1931 Nobel Prize in Literature">1931</a>: <a href="/wiki/Erik_Axel_Karlfeldt" title="Erik Axel Karlfeldt">Erik Axel Karlfeldt</a> (<i>posthumously</i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1932_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1932 Nobel Prize in Literature">1932</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1933_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1933 Nobel Prize in Literature">1933</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bunin" title="Ivan Bunin">Ivan Bunin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1934_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1934 Nobel Prize in Literature">1934</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luigi Pirandello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1935_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1935 Nobel Prize in Literature">1935</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1936_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1936 Nobel Prize in Literature">1936</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1937_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1937 Nobel Prize in Literature">1937</a>: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Martin_du_Gard" title="Roger Martin du Gard">Roger Martin du Gard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1938_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1938 Nobel Prize in Literature">1938</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1939 Nobel Prize in Literature">1939</a>: <a href="/wiki/Frans_Eemil_Sillanp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Frans Eemil Sillanpää">Frans Eemil Sillanpää</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1940_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1940 Nobel Prize in Literature">1940</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1941–1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1941_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1941 Nobel Prize in Literature">1941</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1942_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1942 Nobel Prize in Literature">1942</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1943_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1943 Nobel Prize in Literature">1943</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1944_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1944 Nobel Prize in Literature">1944</a>: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_V._Jensen" title="Johannes V. Jensen">Johannes V. Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1945_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1945 Nobel Prize in Literature">1945</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Mistral" title="Gabriela Mistral">Gabriela Mistral</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1946_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1946 Nobel Prize in Literature">1946</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1947_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1947 Nobel Prize in Literature">1947</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1948 Nobel Prize in Literature">1948</a>: <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1949_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1949 Nobel Prize in Literature">1949</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1950_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1950 Nobel Prize in Literature">1950</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1951_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1951 Nobel Prize in Literature">1951</a>: <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Lagerkvist" title="Pär Lagerkvist">Pär Lagerkvist</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1952_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1952 Nobel Prize in Literature">1952</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mauriac" title="François Mauriac">François Mauriac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1953_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1953 Nobel Prize in Literature">1953</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1954_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1954 Nobel Prize in Literature">1954</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1955_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1955 Nobel Prize in Literature">1955</a>: <a href="/wiki/Halld%C3%B3r_Laxness" title="Halldór Laxness">Halldór Laxness</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1956_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1956 Nobel Prize in Literature">1956</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Juan Ramón Jiménez">Juan Ramón Jiménez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1957_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1957 Nobel Prize in Literature">1957</a>: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1958_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1958 Nobel Prize in Literature">1958</a>: <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1959_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1959 Nobel Prize in Literature">1959</a>: <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1960_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1960 Nobel Prize in Literature">1960</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saint-John_Perse" title="Saint-John Perse">Saint-John Perse</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1961–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1961_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1961 Nobel Prize in Literature">1961</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87" title="Ivo Andrić">Ivo Andrić</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1962_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1962 Nobel Prize in Literature">1962</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1963_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1963 Nobel Prize in Literature">1963</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Giorgos Seferis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1964 Nobel Prize in Literature">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> (declined award)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1965 Nobel Prize in Literature">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Sholokhov" title="Mikhail Sholokhov">Mikhail Sholokhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1966 Nobel Prize in Literature">1966</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Yosef_Agnon" title="Shmuel Yosef Agnon">Shmuel Yosef Agnon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1967 Nobel Prize in Literature">1967</a>: <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1968 Nobel Prize in Literature">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yasunari_Kawabata" title="Yasunari Kawabata">Yasunari Kawabata</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1969 Nobel Prize in Literature">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1970 Nobel Prize in Literature">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1971 Nobel Prize in Literature">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1972_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1972 Nobel Prize in Literature">1972</a>: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1973 Nobel Prize in Literature">1973</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_White" title="Patrick White">Patrick White</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1974_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1974 Nobel Prize in Literature">1974</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eyvind_Johnson" title="Eyvind Johnson">Eyvind Johnson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Martinson" title="Harry Martinson">Harry Martinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1975_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1975 Nobel Prize in Literature">1975</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Montale" title="Eugenio Montale">Eugenio Montale</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1976_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1976 Nobel Prize in Literature">1976</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1977_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1977 Nobel Prize in Literature">1977</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Aleixandre" title="Vicente Aleixandre">Vicente Aleixandre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1978_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1978 Nobel Prize in Literature">1978</a>: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1979_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1979 Nobel Prize in Literature">1979</a>: <a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Odysseas Elytis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1980_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1980 Nobel Prize in Literature">1980</a>: <a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1981_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1981 Nobel Prize in Literature">1981</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1982_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1982 Nobel Prize in Literature">1982</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1983_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1983 Nobel Prize in Literature">1983</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Golding" title="William Golding">William Golding</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1984_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1984 Nobel Prize in Literature">1984</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Seifert" title="Jaroslav Seifert">Jaroslav Seifert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1985_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1985 Nobel Prize in Literature">1985</a>: <a href="/wiki/Claude_Simon" title="Claude Simon">Claude Simon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1986_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1986 Nobel Prize in Literature">1986</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1987_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1987 Nobel Prize in Literature">1987</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky">Joseph Brodsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1988_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1988 Nobel Prize in Literature">1988</a>: <a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1989_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1989 Nobel Prize in Literature">1989</a>: <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Camilo José Cela</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1990 Nobel Prize in Literature">1990</a>: <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1991_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1991 Nobel Prize in Literature">1991</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer" title="Nadine Gordimer">Nadine Gordimer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1992_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1992 Nobel Prize in Literature">1992</a>: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Derek Walcott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1993_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1993 Nobel Prize in Literature">1993</a>: <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1994 Nobel Prize in Literature">1994</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce" title="Kenzaburō Ōe">Kenzaburō Ōe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1995_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1995 Nobel Prize in Literature">1995</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1996_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1996 Nobel Prize in Literature">1996</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska" title="Wisława Szymborska">Wisława Szymborska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1997_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1997 Nobel Prize in Literature">1997</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1998 Nobel Prize in Literature">1998</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1999_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1999 Nobel Prize in Literature">1999</a>: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2000 Nobel Prize in Literature">2000</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian">Gao Xingjian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2001 Nobel Prize in Literature">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul">V. S. Naipaul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2002 Nobel Prize in Literature">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Imre_Kert%C3%A9sz" title="Imre Kertész">Imre Kertész</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2003 Nobel Prize in Literature">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2004 Nobel Prize in Literature">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2005 Nobel Prize in Literature">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2006 Nobel Prize in Literature">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2007 Nobel Prize in Literature">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2008 Nobel Prize in Literature">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/J._M._G._Le_Cl%C3%A9zio" title="J. M. G. Le Clézio">J. M. G. Le Clézio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2009 Nobel Prize in Literature">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2010 Nobel Prize in Literature">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2011 Nobel Prize in Literature">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Transtr%C3%B6mer" title="Tomas Tranströmer">Tomas Tranströmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2012 Nobel Prize in Literature">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mo_Yan" title="Mo Yan">Mo Yan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2013 Nobel Prize in Literature">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alice_Munro" title="Alice Munro">Alice Munro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2014 Nobel Prize in Literature">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Modiano" title="Patrick Modiano">Patrick Modiano</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2015 Nobel Prize in Literature">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich" title="Svetlana Alexievich">Svetlana Alexievich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2016 Nobel Prize in Literature">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2017 Nobel Prize in Literature">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro" title="Kazuo Ishiguro">Kazuo Ishiguro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2018 Nobel Prize in Literature">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Olga_Tokarczuk" title="Olga Tokarczuk">Olga Tokarczuk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2019 Nobel Prize in Literature">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Literature">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Louise_Gl%C3%BCck" title="Louise Glück">Louise Glück</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Literature">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abdulrazak_Gurnah" title="Abdulrazak Gurnah">Abdulrazak Gurnah</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Literature">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Annie_Ernaux" title="Annie Ernaux">Annie Ernaux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Literature">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jon_Fosse" title="Jon Fosse">Jon Fosse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2024 Nobel Prize in Literature">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Han_Kang" title="Han Kang">Han Kang</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1934_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1934_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1934 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1934_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1934 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1934_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1934 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1934_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1934 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1934_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1934 Nobel Prize in Literature">1934</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luigi Pirandello</a> (Italy)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>None</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">George Whipple</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">George Minot</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Murphy" title="William P. Murphy">William P. Murphy</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1929_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1929 Nobel Prize winners">1929</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1930_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1930 Nobel Prize winners">1930</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1931_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1931 Nobel Prize winners">1931</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1932_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1932 Nobel Prize winners">1932</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1933_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1933 Nobel Prize winners">1933</a></dd> <dd><b>1934 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1935_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1935 Nobel Prize winners">1935</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1936_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1936 Nobel Prize winners">1936</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1937_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1937 Nobel Prize winners">1937</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1938_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1938 Nobel Prize winners">1938</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1939_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1939 Nobel Prize winners">1939</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Works_by_Luigi_Pirandello" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Luigi_Pirandello" title="Template:Luigi Pirandello"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Luigi_Pirandello" title="Template talk:Luigi Pirandello"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Luigi_Pirandello" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Luigi Pirandello"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_by_Luigi_Pirandello" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luigi Pirandello</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Liol%C3%A0" title="Liolà">Liolà</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Right_You_Are_(if_you_think_so)" title="Right You Are (if you think so)">Così è (se vi pare)</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rules_of_the_Game_(play)" title="The Rules of the Game (play)">The Rules of the Game</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Six Characters in Search of an Author</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_(Pirandello)" title="Henry IV (Pirandello)">Henry IV</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Flower_in_His_Mouth" title="The Man with the Flower in His Mouth">The Man with the Flower in His Mouth</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Each_In_His_Own_Way" title="Each In His Own Way">Each In His Own Way</a></i> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonight_We_Improvise" title="Tonight We Improvise">Tonight We Improvise</a></i> (1930)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Outcast_(Pirandello_novel)" title="The Outcast (Pirandello novel)">The Outcast</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Turn_(novel)" title="The Turn (novel)">The Turn</a></i> (1902)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Late_Mattia_Pascal" title="The Late Mattia Pascal">The Late Mattia Pascal</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One,_No_One_and_One_Hundred_Thousand" title="One, No One and One Hundred Thousand">One, No One and One Hundred Thousand</a></i> (1926)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/War_(Luigi_Pirandello_short_story)" title="War (Luigi Pirandello short story)">War</a></i> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works about</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Strangeness_(film)" title="Strangeness (film)">Strangeness</a></i> (2022 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Luigi_Pirandello&#039;s_The_Late_Mattia_Pascal_(1904)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Late_Mattia_Pascal" title="Template:The Late Mattia Pascal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Late_Mattia_Pascal" title="Template talk:The Late Mattia Pascal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Late_Mattia_Pascal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Late Mattia Pascal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Luigi_Pirandello&#039;s_The_Late_Mattia_Pascal_(1904)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luigi Pirandello</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Late_Mattia_Pascal" title="The Late Mattia Pascal">The Late Mattia Pascal</a></i> (1904)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Feu_Mathias_Pascal" title="Feu Mathias Pascal">Feu Mathias Pascal</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_from_Nowhere_(1937_film)" title="The Man from Nowhere (1937 film)">The Man from Nowhere</a></i> (1937 French)/<i><a href="/wiki/The_Former_Mattia_Pascal" title="The Former Mattia Pascal">The Former Mattia Pascal</a></i> (1937 Italian)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Lives_of_Mattia_Pascal" title="The Two Lives of Mattia Pascal">The Two Lives of Mattia Pascal</a></i> (1985)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1403#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1403#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1403#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121363538">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/64010465">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/36491/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwCWWTbq37py3fxDTfg8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118594567">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79059944">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11919909t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11919909t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00452882">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pirandello, Luigi <1867-1936>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV000270">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35424167">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000604446&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX841694">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/42014">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06857343X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90057964">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000019342&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000100818&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000036075">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=62133">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000047186">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199621775">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/xv8bc67g4c7pfr8">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810659069005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/86030">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266538905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523433806706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14360754">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02314939?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500339029">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/7024cf30-8a44-4456-bcf5-3dae7ef40ffb">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/328516">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/947766">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="PIRANDELLO, Luigi"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/luigi-pirandello_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118594567.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118594567">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027074951">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62z1421">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30032112">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pirandello&oldid=1258355577">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pirandello&oldid=1258355577</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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