CINXE.COM
TED Speakers | TED
<!DOCTYPE html> <!--[if lt IE 8]> <html class="no-js loggedout oldie ie7" lang="en"> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 8]> <html class="no-js loggedout oldie ie8" lang="en"> <![endif]--> <!--[if gt IE 8]><!--><html class='no-js loggedout' lang='en'><!--<![endif]--> <head> <script src='https://cdn.cookielaw.org/consent/eb3a3101-85ef-45e5-a75f-dbd35e8d0b4d/OtAutoBlock.js'></script> <script charset='UTF-8' data-domain-script='eb3a3101-85ef-45e5-a75f-dbd35e8d0b4d' src='https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js'></script> <script> function OptanonWrapper() { const categoriesConsentedTo = window.OnetrustActiveGroups; window.OneTrust.OnConsentChanged(() => { if (categoriesConsentedTo === window.OnetrustActiveGroups) { return; } window.location.reload(); }); } </script><script> (function (H){ H.className=H.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'js'); if (('; '+document.cookie).match(/; _ted_user_id=/)) H.className=H.className.replace(/\bloggedout\b/,'loggedin'); })(document.documentElement) </script><meta charset='utf-8'> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"c745aa170b","applicationID":"1190410212","transactionName":"el0PFxEKDlpWS0xBE1xTCgYRFk1fXV0GSg==","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":184,"agent":""}</script> <script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]},distributed_tracing:{enabled:true}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={agentID:"1385868413",accountID:"1877911",trustKey:"1877911",xpid:"VQ4AVl9SCRABVVhSAwAHVFUD",licenseKey:"c745aa170b",applicationID:"1190410212"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.286.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>h,gD:()=>g,xN:()=>p});var n=r(3333);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={feature_flags:[],experimental:{marks:!1,measures:!1,resources:!1},mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},get feature_flags(){return e.feature_flags},set feature_flags(t){e.feature_flags=t},generic_events:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},harvest:{interval:30},jserrors:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},performance:{get capture_marks(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.MARKS)||e.experimental.marks},set capture_marks(t){e.experimental.marks=t},get capture_measures(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.MEASURES)||e.experimental.measures},set capture_measures(t){e.experimental.measures=t},capture_detail:!0,resources:{get enabled(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.RESOURCES)||e.experimental.resources},set enabled(t){e.experimental.resources=t},asset_types:[],first_party_domains:[],ignore_newrelic:!0}},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0,elementAttributes:["id","className","tagName","type"]}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=h(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},5603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>c,o:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=a[e])}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0,harvester:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,Yq:()=>a,xv:()=>n});const n="1.286.0",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="^2.0.0-alpha.18"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A4:()=>s,OF:()=>d,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>h,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,lR:()=>f,m:()=>u,mw:()=>c,sb:()=>l});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s="complete"===a?.document?.readyState,c=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),u=""+a?.location,d=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),l=d&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,f=(()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),h=Date.now()-(0,n.t)()},7295:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Xv:()=>a,gX:()=>i,iW:()=>o});var n=[];function i(e){if(!e||o(e))return!1;if(0===n.length)return!0;for(var t=0;t<n.length;t++){var r=n[t];if("*"===r.hostname)return!1;if(s(r.hostname,e.hostname)&&c(r.pathname,e.pathname))return!1}return!0}function o(e){return void 0===e.hostname}function a(e){if(n=[],e&&e.length)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){let r=e[t];if(!r)continue;0===r.indexOf("http://")?r=r.substring(7):0===r.indexOf("https://")&&(r=r.substring(8));const i=r.indexOf("/");let o,a;i>0?(o=r.substring(0,i),a=r.substring(i)):(o=r,a="");let[s]=o.split(":");n.push({hostname:s,pathname:a})}}function s(e,t){return!(e.length>t.length)&&t.indexOf(e)===t.length-e.length}function c(e,t){return 0===e.indexOf("/")&&(e=e.substring(1)),0===t.indexOf("/")&&(t=t.substring(1)),""===e||e===t}},3241:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(6154);const i="newrelic";function o(e={}){try{n.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(i,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),h(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return h(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),h(e,t)})))}function h(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=h(n),c=g(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:g,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=g(e).concat(t)}function g(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,ZF:()=>c,bz:()=>a,el:()=>u});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},7485:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(6154);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n.gm?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n.gm?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5701:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{B:()=>a,t:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(3241);const o=new Set,a={};function s(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);a[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(o.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),a[t]=e,o.add(t),(0,i.W)({agentIdentifier:t,loaded:!0,drained:!0,type:"lifecycle",name:"load",feature:void 0,data:e})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},3304:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>o});var n=r(7836);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())??""}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}return""}}},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},8139:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>f});var n=r(7836),i=r(3434),o=r(8990),a=r(6154);const s={},c=a.gm.XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener",l="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.P);function f(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(s[t.debugId]++)return t;s[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,i.YM)(t,!0);function f(e){r.inPlace(e,[u,d],"-",p)}function p(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(a.RI&&h(document,f),c&&h(c.prototype,f),h(a.gm,f)),t.on(u+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,o.I)(n,l,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(d+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function h(e,t,...r){let n=e;for(;"object"==typeof n&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,u);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&t(n,...r)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},9414:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{J:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(2646),o=r(944),a=r(3434);const s=new Map;function c(e,t,r,c){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,o.R)(29);const u=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("logger")}(e),d=(0,a.YM)(u),l=new i.y(n.P);l.level=c.level,l.customAttributes=c.customAttributes;const f=t[r]?.[a.Jt]||t[r];return s.set(f,l),d.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>s.get(f))),u}},9300:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.ajax},3333:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$v:()=>u,TZ:()=>n,Zp:()=>i,kd:()=>c,mq:()=>s,nf:()=>a,qN:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.genericEvents,i=["auxclick","click","copy","keydown","paste","scrollend"],o=["focus","blur"],a=4,s=1e3,c=["PageAction","UserAction","BrowserPerformance"],u={MARKS:"experimental.marks",MEASURES:"experimental.measures",RESOURCES:"experimental.resources"}},6774:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.jserrors},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A$:()=>o,ET:()=>a,TZ:()=>s,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o={OFF:0,ERROR:1,WARN:2,INFO:3,DEBUG:4,TRACE:5},a="log",s=n.K7.logging},3785:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>c,b:()=>u});var n=r(9908),i=r(1863),o=r(860),a=r(8154),s=r(993);function c(e,t,r={},c=s.p_.INFO){(0,n.p)(a.xV,["API/logging/".concat(c.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,o.K7.metrics,e),(0,n.p)(s.ET,[(0,i.t)(),t,r,c],void 0,o.K7.logging,e)}function u(e){return"string"==typeof e&&Object.values(s.p_).some((t=>t===e.toUpperCase().trim()))}},8154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{z_:()=>o,XG:()=>s,TZ:()=>n,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a});r(6154),r(9566),r(384);const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>d,G4:()=>o,Qb:()=>l,TZ:()=>i,Ug:()=>a,_s:()=>s,bc:()=>u,yP:()=>c});var n=r(2614);const i=r(860).K7.sessionReplay,o={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"},a=.12,s={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c={[n.g.ERROR]:15e3,[n.g.FULL]:3e5,[n.g.OFF]:0},u={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},d=5e3,l={API:"api"}},5270:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Aw:()=>c,CT:()=>u,SR:()=>s,rF:()=>d});var n=r(384),i=r(9417),o=r(7767),a=r(6154);function s(e){return!!(0,n.dV)().o.MO&&(0,o.V)(e)&&!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}function c(e){return!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_replay.preload")&&s(e)}function u(e,t){const r=t.correctAbsoluteTimestamp(e);return{originalTimestamp:e,correctedTimestamp:r,timestampDiff:e-r,originTime:a.WN,correctedOriginTime:t.correctedOriginTime,originTimeDiff:Math.floor(a.WN-t.correctedOriginTime)}}function d(e,t){try{if("string"==typeof t?.type){if("password"===t.type.toLowerCase())return"*".repeat(e?.length||0);if(void 0!==t?.dataset?.nrUnmask||t?.classList?.contains("nr-unmask"))return e}}catch(e){}return"string"==typeof e?e.replace(/[\S]/g,"*"):"*".repeat(e?.length||0)}},3738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{He:()=>i,Kp:()=>s,Lc:()=>u,Rz:()=>d,TZ:()=>n,bD:()=>o,d3:()=>a,jx:()=>l,uP:()=>c});const n=r(860).K7.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState",l=1e3},3962:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{AM:()=>o,O2:()=>c,Qu:()=>u,TZ:()=>s,ih:()=>d,pP:()=>a,tC:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i=["click","keydown","submit","popstate"],o="api",a="initialPageLoad",s=n.K7.softNav,c={INITIAL_PAGE_LOAD:"",ROUTE_CHANGE:1,UNSPECIFIED:2},u={INTERACTION:1,AJAX:2,CUSTOM_END:3,CUSTOM_TRACER:4},d={IP:"in progress",FIN:"finished",CAN:"cancelled"}},7378:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$p:()=>x,BR:()=>b,Kp:()=>R,L3:()=>y,Lc:()=>c,NC:()=>o,SG:()=>d,TZ:()=>i,U6:()=>p,UT:()=>m,d3:()=>w,dT:()=>f,e5:()=>A,gx:()=>v,l9:()=>l,oW:()=>h,op:()=>g,rw:()=>u,tH:()=>T,uP:()=>s,wW:()=>E,xq:()=>a});var n=r(384);const i=r(860).K7.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",l="remaining",f="interaction",h="spaNode",p="jsonpNode",g="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=(0,n.dV)().o.ST,w="-start",R="-end",x="-body",E="cb"+R,A="jsTime",T="fetch"},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7767:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>o});var n=r(9417),i=r(6154);const o=e=>i.RI&&!0===(0,n.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")},8969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>I});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(9908),a=r(1687),s=r(5289),c=r(6154),u=r(944),d=r(8154),l=r(384),f=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","recordCustomEvent","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",f.G4.RECORD,f.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],p=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var g=r(1863),m=r(2614),v=r(993),b=r(3785),y=r(9414),w=r(3241),R=r(5701);function x(){const e=(0,l.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.runtime?e.exposed&&e[t]&&"micro-agent"!==e.runtime.loaderType&&n.push(e[t](...r)):(0,u.R)(38,t)})),n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const E={};var A=r(9417),T=r(5603),S=r(3371);const N=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};var O=r(7836);const _=new Set;function I(e,t={},h,I){let{init:P,info:j,loader_config:C,runtime:k={},exposed:L=!0}=t;k.loaderType=h;const H=(0,l.pV)();j||(P=H.init,j=H.info,C=H.loader_config),(0,A.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,P||{}),(0,T.a)(e.agentIdentifier,C||{}),j.jsAttributes??={},c.bv&&(j.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,j);const M=e.init,D=[j.beacon,j.errorBeacon];_.has(e.agentIdentifier)||(M.proxy.assets&&(N(M.proxy.assets),D.push(M.proxy.assets)),M.proxy.beacon&&D.push(M.proxy.beacon),x(),(0,l.US)("activatedFeatures",R.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===M.soft_navigations.enabled&&M.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),k.denyList=[...M.ajax.deny_list||[],...M.ajax.block_internal?D:[]],k.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,S.V)(e.agentIdentifier,k),_.has(e.agentIdentifier)||(e.ee=O.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),e.exposed=L,function(e,t){t||(0,a.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,"api");const l=e.ee.get("tracer");E[e.agentIdentifier]=m.g.OFF,e.ee.on(f.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{E[e.agentIdentifier]=t}));const h="api-",x=h+"ixn-";function A(t,r,n,o){const a=e.info;return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),N(h,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}e.log=function(t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=v.p_.INFO}={}){(0,o.p)(d.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e.ee),(0,b.R)(e.ee,t,r,i)},e.wrapLogger=(t,r,{customAttributes:i={},level:a=v.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,o.p)(d.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e.ee),(0,y.J)(e.ee,t,r,{customAttributes:i,level:a})},p.forEach((t=>{e[t]=N(h,t,!0,"api")})),e.addPageAction=N(h,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),e.recordCustomEvent=N(h,"recordCustomEvent",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),e.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),e.runtime.customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,N(h,"setPageViewName",!0)()},e.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return A(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,u.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,u.R)(39,typeof e)},e.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return A("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,u.R)(41,typeof e)},e.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return A("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,u.R)(42,typeof e)},e.start=()=>{try{(0,o.p)(d.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e.ee),e.ee.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,u.R)(23,e)}},e[f.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,o.p)(d.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e.ee),(0,o.p)(f.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,e.ee)},e[f.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,o.p)(d.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e.ee),(0,o.p)(f.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,e.ee)},e.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(t,r){var i={},a=this,s="function"==typeof r;return(0,o.p)(d.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e.ee),e.runSoftNavOverSpa||(0,o.p)(x+"tracer",[(0,g.t)(),t,i],a,n.K7.spa,e.ee),function(){if(l.emit((s?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,g.t)(),a,s],i),s)try{return r.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw l.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],i),t}finally{l.emit("fn-end",[(0,g.t)()],i)}}}};function N(t,r,i,a){return function(){return(0,o.p)(d.xV,["API/"+r+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e.ee),(0,w.W)({agentIdentifier:e.agentIdentifier,drained:!!R.B?.[e.agentIdentifier],type:"data",name:"api",feature:t+r,data:{notSpa:i,bufferGroup:a}}),a&&(0,o.p)(t+r,[i?(0,g.t)():performance.now(),...arguments],i?null:this,a,e.ee),i?void 0:this}}function O(){r.e(478).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAsyncAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,a.Ze)(e.agentIdentifier,"api")})).catch((t=>{(0,u.R)(27,t),e.ee.abort()}))}["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((t=>{S[t]=N(x,t,void 0,e.runSoftNavOverSpa?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),e.setCurrentRouteName=e.runSoftNavOverSpa?N(x,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):N(h,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),e.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,o.p)(d.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e.ee),(0,o.p)("err",[t,(0,g.t)(),!1,r,!!E[e.agentIdentifier]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,e.ee)},c.RI?(0,s.GG)((()=>O()),!0):O()}(e,I),(0,w.W)({agentIdentifier:e.agentIdentifier,drained:!!R.B?.[e.agentIdentifier],type:"lifecycle",name:"initialize",feature:void 0,data:e.config})),_.add(e.agentIdentifier)}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>d,K7:()=>c,P3:()=>u,XX:()=>i,Yy:()=>s,df:()=>o,qY:()=>n,v4:()=>a});const n="events",i="jserrors",o="browser/blobs",a="rum",s="browser/logs",c={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:i,logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},u={[c.pageViewEvent]:1,[c.pageViewTiming]:2,[c.metrics]:3,[c.jserrors]:4,[c.spa]:5,[c.ajax]:6,[c.sessionTrace]:7,[c.softNav]:8,[c.sessionReplay]:9,[c.logging]:10,[c.genericEvents]:11},d={[c.pageViewEvent]:a,[c.pageViewTiming]:n,[c.ajax]:n,[c.spa]:n,[c.softNav]:n,[c.metrics]:i,[c.jserrors]:i,[c.sessionTrace]:o,[c.sessionReplay]:o,[c.logging]:s,[c.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({212:"nr-spa-compressor",249:"nr-spa-recorder",478:"nr-spa"}[e]+"-1.286.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.286.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={478:"sha512-xt9QypT23DNupLy9wXPzK6uGCHucLx9ieBiprVZwJD/HfkKcTY5t9xUrMvJ/ybOBfVDiFPL8R/YCJHdANxjV3g==",249:"sha512-KxJzV7dF4ry7RzxsxRBMJPnHjRdZUbseWowgGkDemMtubSveBZAlqlWb/489Lpd5K2u0Q2zTSBK599A9+u9jpA==",212:"sha512-ges3wTNuYgFINvgkoryTYKsHZWBqvLFD9qo1XJQWq5OYq+1DVXuGFs9cYogVoQEoCQxuaUdKAXcxF/sl3Ntbrg=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={38:0,788:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.286.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.286.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(){this.agentIdentifier=(0,r.LA)(16)}#e(t,...r){if(this[t]!==n.prototype[t])return this[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}recordCustomEvent(e,t){return this.#e("recordCustomEvent",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if(this[t]!==o.prototype[t]&&this[t]!==n.prototype[t])return this[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(8969);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),h=i(5289),p=i(6154),g=i(5270),m=i(7767),v=i(6389);class b extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,v.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if((0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6526));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),t.runtime.harvester.initializedAggregates.push(this.featAggregate),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,h.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return(0,g.SR)(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var y=i(6630);class w extends b{static featureName=y.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,y.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(384);var x=i(9908),E=i(2843),A=i(3878),T=i(782),S=i(1863);class N extends b{static featureName=T.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,T.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,x.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,T.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,A.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,x.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,T.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var O=i(8154);class _ extends b{static featureName=O.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,O.TZ,t),p.RI&&document.addEventListener("securitypolicyviolation",(e=>{(0,x.p)(O.xV,["Generic/CSPViolation/Detected"],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}var I=i(6774),P=i(3304);class j{constructor(e,t,r,n,i){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message="string"==typeof e?e:(0,P.A)(e),this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n,this.__newrelic=i}}function C(e){return H(e)?e:new j(void 0!==e?.message?e.message:e,e?.filename||e?.sourceURL,e?.lineno||e?.line,e?.colno||e?.col,e?.__newrelic)}function k(e){const t="Unhandled Promise Rejection: ";if(!e?.reason)return;if(H(e.reason)){try{e.reason.message.startsWith(t)||(e.reason.message=t+e.reason.message)}catch(e){}return C(e.reason)}const r=C(e.reason);return(r.message||"").startsWith(t)||(r.message=t+r.message),r}function L(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:\d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new j(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno,e.error.__newrelic);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return H(e.error)?e.error:C(e)}function H(e){return e instanceof Error&&!!e.stack}class M extends b{static featureName=I.T;#r=!1;constructor(e,r=!0){super(e,I.T,r);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("internal-error",((e,t)=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("ierr",[C(e),(0,S.t)(),!0,{},this.#r,t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.#r=e})),p.gm.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[k(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),p.gm.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[L(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var D=i(8990);let K=1;const U="nr@id";function V(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===p.gm?0:(0,D.I)(e,U,(function(){return K++}))}function G(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,P.A)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var F=i(8139),B=i(7836),W=i(3434);const z={},q=["open","send"];function Z(t){var r=t||B.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(void 0===p.gm.XMLHttpRequest)return n;if(z[n.debugId]++)return n;z[n.debugId]=1,(0,F.u)(r);var i=(0,W.YM)(n),o=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest,a=p.gm.MutationObserver,s=p.gm.Promise,c=p.gm.setInterval,u="readystatechange",d=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],f=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){const r=new o(t),a=n.context(r);try{n.emit("new-xhr",[r],a),r.addEventListener(u,(s=a,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!s.resolved&&(s.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,d,"fn-",y)}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(15,t);try{n.emit("internal-error",[t])}catch(e){}}var s;return r};function h(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",y)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,f),f.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(f.prototype,q,"-xhr-",y),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){h(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),a&&(g?g.then(b):c?c(b):(m=-m,v.data=m))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",h),a){var g=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var m=1,v=document.createTextNode(m);new a(b).observe(v,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||b()}));function b(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)h(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function y(e,t){return t}return n}var Y="fetch-",J=Y+"body-",X=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],Q=p.gm.Request,ee=p.gm.Response,te="prototype";const re={};function ne(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(Q&&ee&&p.gm.fetch))return t;if(re[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[B.P]&&o[B.P].dt&&(e=o[B.P].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))})}return re[t.debugId]=1,X.forEach((e=>{r(Q[te],e,J),r(ee[te],e,J)})),r(p.gm,"fetch",Y),t.on(Y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Y+"done",[e],n)})),t}var ie=i(7485),oe=i(5603);class ae{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,oe.o)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var n=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,r.ZF)(),s=(0,r.el)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof p.gm?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,P.A)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,s.D0)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,ie.D)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var se=i(9300),ce=i(7295),ue=["load","error","abort","timeout"],de=ue.length,le=(0,R.dV)().o.REQ,fe=(0,R.dV)().o.XHR;const he="X-NewRelic-App-Data";class pe extends b{static featureName=se.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,se.T,t),this.dt=new ae(e.agentIdentifier),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,x.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};p.gm?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const r={status:t.responseStatus},n={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};ge(r,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[r,n,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,a.K7.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}ne(this.ee),Z(this.ee),function(e,t,r,n){function i(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=R,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){E(t,e)}),(0,A.jT)(!1)),p.lR||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}function o(e){this.params={method:e[0]},ge(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function s(t,r){e.loader_config.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",e.loader_config.xpid);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i){var o=!1;i.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",i.newrelicHeader),o=!0),i.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",i.traceContextParentHeader),i.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",i.traceContextStateHeader),o=!0),o&&(this.dt=i)}}function c(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=G(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<de;s++)r.addEventListener(ue[s],this.listener,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function u(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function d(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function f(){this.endTime=(0,S.t)()}function h(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function g(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,t,r){t instanceof fe&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,S.t)()))}function v(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,S.t)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function b(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&p.RI&&(t=""+p.gm.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:p.gm?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,ie.D)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i&&(i.newrelicHeader||i.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,i)&&(this.dt=i);else{var o={};for(var a in r)o[a]=r[a];o.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(o.headers,i)&&(this.dt=i),e.length>1?e[1]=o:e.push(o)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function y(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof le?r=i.url:p.gm?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),ge(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof le&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=G(n.body)||0}function w(e,t){if(this.endTime=(0,S.t)(),this.params||(this.params={}),(0,ce.iW)(this.params))return;let n;this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);const i={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,S.t)()-this.startTime};r("xhr",[this.params,i,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,a.K7.ajax)}function R(e){const t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(let t=0;t<de;t++)e.removeEventListener(ue[t],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(0,ce.iW)(t)||(n.duration=(0,S.t)()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):E(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,r("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,a.K7.ajax))}}function E(e,r){e.params.status=r.status;var n=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?G(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?G(e.responseText):void 0}(r,e.lastSize);if(n&&(e.metrics.rxSize=n),e.sameOrigin&&r.getAllResponseHeaders().indexOf(he)>=0){var i=r.getResponseHeader(he);i&&((0,x.p)(O.rs,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,a.K7.metrics,t),e.params.cat=i.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",i),t.on("open-xhr-start",o),t.on("open-xhr-end",s),t.on("send-xhr-start",c),t.on("xhr-cb-time",u),t.on("xhr-load-added",d),t.on("xhr-load-removed",l),t.on("xhr-resolved",f),t.on("addEventListener-end",h),t.on("removeEventListener-end",g),t.on("fn-end",v),t.on("fetch-before-start",b),t.on("fetch-start",y),t.on("fn-start",m),t.on("fetch-done",w)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator(e)}}function ge(e,t){var r=(0,ie.D)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}const me={},ve=["pushState","replaceState"];function be(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("history")}(e);return!p.RI||me[t.debugId]++||(me[t.debugId]=1,(0,W.YM)(t).inPlace(window.history,ve,"-")),t}var ye=i(3738);const{He:we,bD:Re,d3:xe,Kp:Ee,TZ:Ae,Lc:Te,uP:Se,Rz:Ne}=ye;class Oe extends b{static featureName=Ae;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Ae,t);if(!(0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier))return void this.deregisterDrain();const r=this.ee;let n;be(r),this.eventsEE=(0,F.u)(r),this.eventsEE.on(Se,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,S.t)()})),this.eventsEE.on(Te,(function(e,t){(0,x.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,S.t)()],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),r.on(Ne+xe,(function(e){this.time=(0,S.t)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),r.on(Ne+Ee,(function(e){(0,x.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)}));try{n=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,x.p)(we,[t],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),n.observe({type:Re,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(e,{resourceObserver:n})}}var _e=i(2614);class Ie extends b{static featureName=t.TZ;#i;#o;constructor(e,r=!0){let n;super(e,t.TZ,r),this.replayRunning=!1,this.#o=e;try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(_e.H3,"_").concat(_e.uh)))}catch(e){}(0,g.SR)(e.agentIdentifier)&&this.ee.on(t.G4.RECORD,(()=>this.#a())),this.#s(n)?(this.#i=n?.sessionReplayMode,this.#c()):this.importAggregator(e),this.ee.on("err",(e=>{this.replayRunning&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,x.p)(t.G4.ERROR_DURING_REPLAY,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.replayRunning=e}))}#s(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===_e.g.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===_e.g.ERROR)||(0,g.Aw)(this.agentIdentifier)}#u=!1;async#c(e){if(!this.#u){this.#u=!0;try{const{Recorder:t}=await Promise.all([i.e(478),i.e(249)]).then(i.bind(i,8589));this.recorder??=new t({mode:this.#i,agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier,trigger:e,ee:this.ee,agentRef:this.#o}),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(this.#o,{recorder:this.recorder,errorNoticed:this.errorNoticed})}}#a(){this.featAggregate?this.featAggregate.mode!==_e.g.FULL&&this.featAggregate.initializeRecording(_e.g.FULL,!0):(this.#i=_e.g.FULL,this.#c(t.Qb.API),this.recorder&&this.recorder.parent.mode!==_e.g.FULL&&(this.recorder.parent.mode=_e.g.FULL,this.recorder.stopRecording(),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording))}}var Pe=i(3962);class je extends b{static featureName=Pe.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,Pe.TZ,t),!p.RI||!(0,R.dV)().o.MO)return;const r=be(this.ee);Pe.tC.forEach((e=>{(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>{a(e)}),!0)}));const n=()=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[(0,S.t)(),""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee);r.on("pushState-end",n),r.on("replaceState-end",n);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}(0,A.sp)("popstate",(e=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[e.timeStamp,""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal);let i=!1;const o=new((0,R.dV)().o.MO)(((e,t)=>{i||(i=!0,requestAnimationFrame((()=>{(0,x.p)("newDom",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),i=!1})))})),a=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("newUIEvent",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),o.observe(document.body,{attributes:!0,childList:!0,subtree:!0,characterData:!0})}),100,{leading:!0});this.abortHandler=function(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),o.disconnect(),this.abortHandler=void 0},this.importAggregator(e,{domObserver:o})}}var Ce=i(7378);const ke={},Le=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function He(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!p.RI||ke[t.debugId])return t;ke[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,i=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,o=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function a(e,t){if(!e)return t;const r=e.match(o),n=r[1];return a(r[3],t[n])}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,Le,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var o=(s=e.src,c=s.match(n),c?c[1]:null);var s,c;if(!o)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(i);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:a(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(o);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function l(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function f(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}const Me={};function De(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(Me[t.debugId])return t;Me[t.debugId]=!0;var r=t.context,n=(0,W.YM)(t),i=p.gm.Promise;return i&&function(){function e(r){var o=t.context(),a=n(r,"executor-",o,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(i,[a],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return o},s}p.gm.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return i.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,i),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=i.prototype;const o=i.prototype.then;i.prototype.then=function(...e){var i=this,a=r(i);a.promise=i,e[0]=n(e[0],"cb-",a,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"cb-",a,null,!1);const s=o.apply(this,e);return a.nextPromise=s,t.emit("propagate",[i,!0],s,!1,!1),s},i.prototype.then[W.Jt]=o,t.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=n(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),t.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),t.on("cb-end",(function(e,r,n){t.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),t.on("propagate",(function(e,r,n){this.getCtx&&!r||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var r=t.context(e);return r&&r.getCtx?r.getCtx():this})}))}(),t}const Ke={},Ue="setTimeout",Ve="setInterval",Ge="clearTimeout",Fe="-start",Be=[Ue,"setImmediate",Ve,Ge,"clearImmediate"];function We(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(Ke[t.debugId]++)return t;Ke[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,W.YM)(t);return r.inPlace(p.gm,Be.slice(0,2),Ue+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Be.slice(2,3),Ve+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Be.slice(3),Ge+"-"),t.on(Ve+Fe,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(Ue+Fe,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}const ze={};function qe(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!p.RI||ze[t.debugId])return t;ze[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=p.gm.MutationObserver;return n&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof n?new n(r(e,"fn-")):n.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=n.prototype),t}const{TZ:Ze,d3:Ye,Kp:Je,$p:Xe,wW:$e,e5:Qe,tH:et,uP:tt,rw:rt,Lc:nt}=Ce;class it extends b{static featureName=Ze;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,Ze,t),!p.RI)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let r,n=0;const i=this.ee.get("tracer"),o=He(this.ee),a=De(this.ee),s=We(this.ee),c=Z(this.ee),u=this.ee.get("events"),d=ne(this.ee),l=be(this.ee),f=qe(this.ee);function h(e,t){l.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function g(){n++,r=window.location.hash,this[tt]=(0,S.t)()}function m(){n--,window.location.hash!==r&&h(0,!0);var e=(0,S.t)();this[Qe]=~~this[Qe]+e-this[tt],this[nt]=e}function v(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,S.t)()}))}this.ee.on(tt,g),a.on(rt,g),o.on(rt,g),this.ee.on(nt,m),a.on($e,m),o.on($e,m),this.ee.on("fn-err",((...t)=>{t[2]?.__newrelic?.[e.agentIdentifier]||(0,x.p)("function-err",[...t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.buffer([tt,nt,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),u.buffer([tt],this.featureName),s.buffer(["setTimeout"+Je,"clearTimeout"+Ye,tt],this.featureName),c.buffer([tt,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+Ye],this.featureName),d.buffer([et+Ye,et+"-done",et+Xe+Ye,et+Xe+Je],this.featureName),l.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),f.buffer([tt],this.featureName),a.buffer(["propagate",rt,$e,"executor-err","resolve"+Ye],this.featureName),i.buffer([tt,"no-"+tt],this.featureName),o.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),v(d,et+Ye),v(d,et+"-done"),v(o,"new-jsonp"),v(o,"jsonp-end"),v(o,"cb-start"),l.on("pushState-end",h),l.on("replaceState-end",h),window.addEventListener("hashchange",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){h(0,n>1)}),(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var ot=i(3333);class at extends b{static featureName=ot.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,ot.TZ,t);const r=[e.init.page_action.enabled,e.init.performance.capture_marks,e.init.performance.capture_measures,e.init.user_actions.enabled,e.init.performance.resources.enabled];if(p.RI&&(e.init.user_actions.enabled&&(ot.Zp.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0))),ot.qN.forEach((e=>{const t=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),500,{leading:!0});(0,A.sp)(e,t)}))),e.init.performance.resources.enabled&&p.gm.PerformanceObserver?.supportedEntryTypes.includes("resource"))){new PerformanceObserver((e=>{e.getEntries().forEach((e=>{(0,x.p)("browserPerformance.resource",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}))})).observe({type:"resource",buffered:!0})}r.some((e=>e))?this.importAggregator(e):this.deregisterDrain()}}var st=i(993),ct=i(3785),ut=i(9414);class dt extends b{static featureName=st.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,st.TZ,t);const r=this.ee;(0,ut.J)(r,p.gm.console,"log",{level:"info"}),(0,ut.J)(r,p.gm.console,"error",{level:"error"}),(0,ut.J)(r,p.gm.console,"warn",{level:"warn"}),(0,ut.J)(r,p.gm.console,"info",{level:"info"}),(0,ut.J)(r,p.gm.console,"debug",{level:"debug"}),(0,ut.J)(r,p.gm.console,"trace",{level:"trace"}),this.ee.on("wrap-logger-end",(function([e]){const{level:t,customAttributes:n}=this;(0,ct.R)(r,e,n,t)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t){super(),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,R.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(w),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}get api(){return this}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,R.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[pe,w,N,Oe,Ie,_,M,at,dt,je,it],loaderType:"spa"})})()})();</script> <title>TED Speakers | TED</title> <meta name="description" content="TED.com, home of TED Talks, is a global initiative about ideas worth spreading via TEDx, The Audacious Project, TED Books, TED Conferences, TED-Ed and more." /> <meta name="keywords" content="TED, Talks, Themes, Speakers, Technology, Entertainment, Design" /> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://pa.tedcdn.com/mask-icon.svg" color="#E62B1E" sizes="any" /> <meta name="theme-color" content="#E62B1E" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://pa.tedcdn.com/favicon.ico" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="True" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="320" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="TED Talks" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pa.tedcdn.com/apple-touch-icon.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://pa.tedcdn.com/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png" /> <meta name="application-name" content="TED Talks" /> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="https://www.ted.com/browserconfig.xml" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#000000" /> <meta http-equiv="cleartype" content="on" /> <meta name="title" content="TED Speakers" /><!-- (+-CONTENT-IS-LIVE-SUCCESS-+) --><link href='https://pa.tedcdn.com/javascripts/screens/e23fc83ded4f4a08e25a.chunk.js' rel='prefetch'> <link href='https://pa.tedcdn.com/javascripts/screens/16094ad4cfcbd5dbf220.chunk.js' rel='prefetch'> <link href='https://pa.tedcdn.com/javascripts/screens/global-7463702562a1ca256d1e.chunk.css' rel='stylesheet'> <link href='https://pa.tedcdn.com/javascripts/screens/shed-4c66e36fff66345a8ec4.chunk.css' rel='stylesheet'> <link href='https://pa.tedcdn.com/javascripts/screens/search-0dabde207efe364bbada.chunk.css' rel='stylesheet'><script> if(top != self) top.location.replace(location); </script><script> (function(i,r,l,d,o){ i.__gaIn=function(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)}; i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||__gaIn,i[r].l=1*new Date(); if(l && d!="yes" && d!="1") o.userId=l[2]; __ga('create',"UA-40781755-2",'ted.com',o); __ga('set',"dimension3",'logged'+(l ? 'In' : 'Out')); __ga('set',"dimension28","default"); })(window,"__ga",('; '+document.cookie).match(/; (_ted_user_id|_explr_uid)=(\d+);/),(window.navigator && window.navigator.doNotTrack),{}); </script><script> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().enableAsyncRendering(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script><script> _q=[];q=function(){_q.push(arguments)}; _g=[];g=function(){_g.push(arguments)}; TED = {"env":"production","assetBuster":1741040269,"playerPath":"//pb.tedcdn.com/assets/player/flash_hls/player_4_01_002.swf","assetHost":"https://pa.tedcdn.com","authHost":"https://auth.ted.com","settingsUrl":"https://www.ted.com/settings/account","signInUrl":"/session/new","signOutUrl":"https://auth.ted.com/session/logout","signInHelpUrl":"https://auth.ted.com/account/password/new","signUpUrl":"/session/new","csClientId":"7341760","gaDimensions":{"breakpoint":"dimension1","talkId":"dimension2","authState":"dimension3","playlistId":"dimension5","testId":"dimension7","embedZone":"dimension8","gaClientId":"dimension9","tedUserId":"dimension10","playContext":"dimension11","sourceContext":"dimension12","playbackRate":"dimension13","playerMode":"dimension14","proxy":"dimension15","playToken":"dimension16","subtitleLanguage":"dimension17","playerPresentation":"dimension18","videoType":"dimension19","listHasProgress":"dimension20","exploreState":"dimension21","hasEndorsement":"dimension22","exploreCTASource":"dimension23","authContext":"dimension24","streamStructure":"dimension25","streamHost":"dimension26","exploreTest":"dimension27","subproperty":"dimension28"}}; TED.headReady = new Date(); TED.signOutUrl += '?referer=' + location.protocol + '//' + location.host + '/session/logout'; TED.createDiscussionsUrl = function createDiscusisonsUrl(id, slug) { return location.protocol + '//' + location.host + '/discussions/'+String(id)+'/'+String(slug); } TED.startTime = new Date(); TED.isFirstVisit = !document.cookie.match(/; _ga=/); TED.abby = (function () { var abs=(document.cookie.match(/_abby_(\w+)=(\w+)/g) || []), dms=[], ts={}, t; for (var i=-1, l=abs.length; ++i < l;) { t = abs[i].match(/_abby_(\w+)=(\w+)/); ts[t[1]] = t[2]; tstr = t[1] + ':' + t[2]; if (dms.indexOf(tstr) < 0) dms.push(tstr); } if (dms.length) { __ga('set', "dimension7", dms.join(',')); } return {tests: ts} }()); (function() { var exCookie = document.cookie.match(/_exv=([^;]+)/); if (exCookie) { __ga('set', "dimension27", decodeURIComponent(exCookie[1])); } }()); </script> <script> TED.abby.overridden = false; TED.abby.disabled = false; TED["controller"]="speakers" </script><script async charset='UTF-8' src='//b-code.liadm.com/a-091g.min.js'></script></head> <body class='speakers-body'> <div class='shoji' id='shoji'> <div class='shoji__fixtures' id='shoji-fixtures'></div> <div class='shoji__door'> <div class='page shoji__washi'> <noscript> <div class='alert alert--flash alert--warning'> <div class='container'> <div class='h9'>You have JavaScript disabled</div> For the best experience, please turn JavaScript on. <a href='https://enable-javascript.com/'>Here's how</a> </div> </div> </noscript> <script> (function(d,h){ if (('; '+d.cookie).match(/; _uconf=0;/)) { d.write(h); g('uconf.init',"uconf","uconf-close"); } }(document,"\u003cdiv class='alert alert--flash alert--warning' id='uconf'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='container'\u003e\n\u003cdiv class='alert__container'\u003e\u003ch4 class='h10 m5'\u003eYour account isn't active yet.\u003c/h4\u003ePlease click on the confirmation link we sent you.\nIf you don't receive the email within ten minutes, we can\n\u003ca href='https://auth.ted.com/account/confirmation/new'\u003esend it again\u003c/a\u003e.\n\u003ca class='alert__close g g-button-modal-close' href='#' id='uconf-close'\u003eClose\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n")) </script><nav class='Main-nav Main-nav--uninitialized Main-nav/Popper' id='main-nav' role='navigation'> <div class='Main-nav__smoke z-i:9 Main-nav/Popper__smoke' id='main-nav-popper-smoke'></div> <div class='hide-lg fl:l d:n@lg' role='presentation'> <a aria-haspopup='true' class='Main-nav__item f-w:700 t-t:u undec Main-nav__label' href='#' onclick='g('mainNav.openHamburger'); return false' role='button'><span class='if-no-svg'>Menu</span> <svg baseProfile="tiny" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="54" height="54" viewBox="0, 0, 512, 512" class="if-svg Main-nav__icon Main-nav__icon--hamburger"><title>Main menu</title><path d="M12 80h488v56H12V80zM12 228h488v56H12v-56zM12 376h488v56H12v-56z"/></svg></a> </div> <a class='Main-nav__home-button ga-link' data-ga-action='home' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='/' href='/' rel='home'> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="96" height="54" viewBox="0, 0, 96, 54" class="Main-nav__logo"><title>TED</title><rect x="0" y="0" width="640" height="360" fill="none"/><path d="M21.244 21.053h-6.761V14.85h21.012v6.203h-6.762V39.15h-7.489V21.053zm15.414-6.203h20.43v6.203H44.147v2.992h12.941v5.837H44.147v3.065h12.941v6.203h-20.43v-24.3zm21.666 0h12.287c8.071 0 10.906 5.984 10.906 12.114 0 7.443-3.926 12.186-12.36 12.186H58.324v-24.3zm7.489 18.097h2.908c4.653 0 5.308-3.794 5.308-6.056 0-1.533-.509-5.765-5.89-5.765H65.74l.073 11.821z" fill="#E62B1E"/></svg> <div class='show-lg Main-nav__motto c:gray fl:l f-w:200 p-x:0' role='presentation'><div class='v-a:m w:full d:i-b l-h:n'> <div style='font-size: .875rem;line-height: 1.35;color: #757575;font-weight: 500'>Ideas change everything</div> </div></div> </a> <div class='pos:a right:0 top:0 Main-nav__bar' role='presentation'> <ul class='sl fl:l show-lg' role='menubar'> <li class='pos:r fl:l z-i:10 Main-nav__category' data-popper-name='watch' data-popper-root role='presentation'> <a aria-haspopup class='Main-nav__item Main-nav__category__label f-w:700 t-t:u undec Main-nav__label' data-popper-target href='#' onclick='return false' role='menuitem'>Watch</a> <ul aria-hidden class='popup popup--inverse popup--tailed popup--tailed--top popup--tailed--center sl Main-nav__category__list Main-nav__category__list--mp Main-nav/Popper__popup' role='menu'> <li role='menuitem'> <a class='d:b hover/bg:gray-ll Main-nav__fs-1 p-x:4 p-y:.8 undec ga-link' data-ga-action='watch' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='/talks' href='/talks'> <div class='f-w:700 m-b:.1'>TED Talks</div> <div class='c:gray'>Browse the library of TED talks and speakers</div> </a> </li> <li role='menuitem'> <a class='d:b hover/bg:gray-ll Main-nav__fs-1 p-x:4 p-y:.8 undec ga-link' data-ga-action='watch' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='/playlists' href='/playlists'> <div class='f-w:700 m-b:.1'>Playlists</div> <div class='c:gray'>100+ collections of TED Talks, for curious minds</div> </a> </li> <li role='menuitem'> <a class='d:b hover/bg:gray-ll Main-nav__fs-1 p-x:4 p-y:.8 undec ga-link' data-ga-action='watch' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='/series' href='/series'> <div class='f-w:700 m-b:.1'>TED Series</div> <div class='c:gray'>Go deeper into fascinating topics with original video series from TED.</div> </a> </li> <li role='menuitem'> <a class='d:b hover/bg:gray-ll Main-nav__fs-1 p-x:4 p-y:.8 undec ga-link' data-ga-action='watch' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='/watch/ted-ed' href='/watch/ted-ed'> <div class='f-w:700 m-b:.1'>TED-Ed videos</div> <div class='c:gray'>Watch, share and create lessons with TED-Ed</div> </a> </li> <li role='menuitem'> <a class='d:b hover/bg:gray-ll Main-nav__fs-1 p-x:4 p-y:.8 undec ga-link' data-ga-action='watch' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='/watch/tedx-talks' href='/watch/tedx-talks'> <div class='f-w:700 m-b:.1'>TEDx Talks</div> <div class='c:gray'>Talks from independently organized local events</div> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class='pos:r fl:l z-i:10 Main-nav__category' data-popper-name='discover' data-popper-root role='presentation'> <a aria-haspopup class='Main-nav__item Main-nav__category__label f-w:700 t-t:u undec Main-nav__label' data-popper-target href='#' onclick='return false' role='menuitem'>Discover</a> <ul aria-hidden class='popup popup--inverse popup--tailed popup--tailed--top popup--tailed--center sl Main-nav__category__list Main-nav__category__list--mp Main-nav/Popper__popup' role='menu'> <li role='menuitem'> <a class='d:b hover/bg:gray-ll Main-nav__fs-1 p-x:4 p-y:.8 undec ga-link' data-ga-action='discover' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='/topics' href='/topics'> <div class='f-w:700 m-b:.1'>Topics</div> <div class='c:gray'>Explore TED offerings by topic</div> </a> </li> <li role='menuitem'> <a class='d:b hover/bg:gray-ll Main-nav__fs-1 p-x:4 p-y:.8 undec ga-link' data-ga-action='discover' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='https://audiocollective.ted.com' href='https://audiocollective.ted.com'> <div class='f-w:700 m-b:.1'>Podcasts</div> <div class='c:gray'>TED's original podcast initiatives</div> </a> </li> <li role='menuitem'> <a class='d:b hover/bg:gray-ll Main-nav__fs-1 p-x:4 p-y:.8 undec ga-link' data-ga-action='discover' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='/read/ted-books' href='/read/ted-books'> <div class='f-w:700 m-b:.1'>TED Books</div> <div class='c:gray'>Short books to feed your craving for ideas</div> </a> </li> <li role='menuitem'> <a class='d:b hover/bg:gray-ll Main-nav__fs-1 p-x:4 p-y:.8 undec ga-link' data-ga-action='discover' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='https://ideas.ted.com' href='https://ideas.ted.com'> <div class='f-w:700 m-b:.1'>Ideas Blog</div> <div class='c:gray'>Our daily coverage of the world of ideas</div> </a> </li> <li role='menuitem'> <a class='d:b hover/bg:gray-ll Main-nav__fs-1 p-x:4 p-y:.8 undec ga-link' data-ga-action='discover' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='/newsletter' href='/newsletter'> <div class='f-w:700 m-b:.1'>Newsletter</div> <div class='c:gray'>Inspiration delivered straight to your inbox</div> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class='pos:r fl:l z-i:10 Main-nav__category' data-popper-name='attend' data-popper-root role='presentation'> <a aria-haspopup class='Main-nav__item Main-nav__category__label f-w:700 t-t:u undec Main-nav__label' data-popper-target href='#' onclick='return false' role='menuitem'>Attend</a> <ul aria-hidden class='popup popup--inverse popup--tailed popup--tailed--top popup--tailed--center sl Main-nav__category__list Main-nav__category__list--mp Main-nav/Popper__popup' role='menu'> <li role='menuitem'> <a class='d:b hover/bg:gray-ll Main-nav__fs-1 p-x:4 p-y:.8 undec ga-link' data-ga-action='attend' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='/attend/conferences' href='/attend/conferences'> <div class='f-w:700 m-b:.1'>Conferences</div> <div class='c:gray'>Take part in our events: TED, TEDGlobal and more</div> </a> </li> <li role='menuitem'> <a class='d:b hover/bg:gray-ll Main-nav__fs-1 p-x:4 p-y:.8 undec ga-link' data-ga-action='attend' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='/tedx/events' href='/tedx/events'> <div class='f-w:700 m-b:.1'>TEDx events</div> <div class='c:gray'>Find and attend local, independently organized events</div> </a> </li> <li role='menuitem'> <a class='d:b hover/bg:gray-ll Main-nav__fs-1 p-x:4 p-y:.8 undec ga-link' data-ga-action='attend' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='/attend/ted-on-screen' href='/attend/ted-on-screen'> <div class='f-w:700 m-b:.1'>TED on screen</div> <div class='c:gray'>Experience TED from home</div> </a> </li> <li role='menuitem'> <a class='d:b hover/bg:gray-ll Main-nav__fs-1 p-x:4 p-y:.8 undec ga-link' data-ga-action='attend' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='https://courses.ted.com/' href='https://courses.ted.com/'> <div class='f-w:700 m-b:.1'>TED Courses</div> <div class='c:gray'>Learn from TED speakers who expand on their world-changing ideas</div> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class='pos:r fl:l z-i:10 Main-nav__category' data-popper-name='participate' data-popper-root role='presentation'> <a aria-haspopup class='Main-nav__item Main-nav__category__label f-w:700 t-t:u undec Main-nav__label' data-popper-target href='#' onclick='return false' role='menuitem'>Participate</a> <ul aria-hidden class='popup popup--inverse popup--tailed popup--tailed--top popup--tailed--center sl Main-nav__category__list Main-nav__category__list--mp Main-nav/Popper__popup' role='menu'> <li role='menuitem'> <a class='d:b hover/bg:gray-ll Main-nav__fs-1 p-x:4 p-y:.8 undec ga-link' data-ga-action='participate' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='/participate/nominate' href='/participate/nominate'> <div class='f-w:700 m-b:.1'>Nominate</div> <div class='c:gray'>Recommend speakers, Audacious Projects, Fellows and more</div> </a> </li> <li role='menuitem'> <a class='d:b hover/bg:gray-ll Main-nav__fs-1 p-x:4 p-y:.8 undec ga-link' data-ga-action='participate' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='/participate/organize-a-local-tedx-event' href='/participate/organize-a-local-tedx-event'> <div class='f-w:700 m-b:.1'>Organize a local TEDx event</div> <div class='c:gray'>Rules and resources to help you plan a local TEDx event</div> </a> </li> <li role='menuitem'> <a class='d:b hover/bg:gray-ll Main-nav__fs-1 p-x:4 p-y:.8 undec ga-link' data-ga-action='participate' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='/participate/translate' href='/participate/translate'> <div class='f-w:700 m-b:.1'>Translate</div> <div class='c:gray'>Bring TED to the non-English speaking world</div> </a> </li> <li role='menuitem'> <a class='d:b hover/bg:gray-ll Main-nav__fs-1 p-x:4 p-y:.8 undec ga-link' data-ga-action='participate' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='/participate/ted-fellows-program' href='/participate/ted-fellows-program'> <div class='f-w:700 m-b:.1'>TED Fellows</div> <div class='c:gray'>Join or support innovators from around the globe</div> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class='pos:r fl:l z-i:10 Main-nav__category' data-popper-name='about' data-popper-root role='presentation'> <a aria-haspopup class='Main-nav__item Main-nav__category__label f-w:700 t-t:u undec Main-nav__label' data-popper-target href='#' onclick='return false' role='menuitem'>About</a> <ul aria-hidden class='popup popup--inverse popup--tailed popup--tailed--top popup--tailed--center sl Main-nav__category__list Main-nav__category__list--mp Main-nav/Popper__popup' role='menu'> <li role='menuitem'> <a class='d:b hover/bg:gray-ll Main-nav__fs-1 p-x:4 p-y:.8 undec ga-link' data-ga-action='about' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='/about' href='/about'> <div class='f-w:700 m-b:.1'>Our organization</div> <div class='c:gray'>Our mission, history, team, and more</div> </a> </li> <li role='menuitem'> <a class='d:b hover/bg:gray-ll Main-nav__fs-1 p-x:4 p-y:.8 undec ga-link' data-ga-action='about' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='/about/conferences' href='/about/conferences'> <div class='f-w:700 m-b:.1'>Conferences</div> <div class='c:gray'>TED Conferences, past, present, and future</div> </a> </li> <li role='menuitem'> <a class='d:b hover/bg:gray-ll Main-nav__fs-1 p-x:4 p-y:.8 undec ga-link' data-ga-action='about' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='/about/programs-initiatives' href='/about/programs-initiatives'> <div class='f-w:700 m-b:.1'>Programs & Initiatives</div> <div class='c:gray'>Details about TED's world-changing initiatives</div> </a> </li> <li role='menuitem'> <a class='d:b hover/bg:gray-ll Main-nav__fs-1 p-x:4 p-y:.8 undec ga-link' data-ga-action='about' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='/about/partner-with-ted' href='/about/partner-with-ted'> <div class='f-w:700 m-b:.1'>Partner with TED</div> <div class='c:gray'>Learn how you can partner with us</div> </a> </li> <li role='menuitem'> <a class='d:b hover/bg:gray-ll Main-nav__fs-1 p-x:4 p-y:.8 undec ga-link' data-ga-action='about' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='https://blog.ted.com' href='https://blog.ted.com'> <div class='f-w:700 m-b:.1'>TED Blog</div> <div class='c:gray'>Updates from TED and highlights from our global community</div> </a> </li> <li role='menuitem'> <a class='d:b hover/bg:gray-ll Main-nav__fs-1 p-x:4 p-y:.8 undec ga-link' data-ga-action='about' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='/read/ted-talks-the-official-ted-guide-to-public-speaking' href='/read/ted-talks-the-official-ted-guide-to-public-speaking'> <div class='f-w:700 m-b:.1'>TED Guide to Public Speaking</div> <div class='c:gray'>An insider’s guide to creating talks that are unforgettable</div> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <a class='ga-link bg:red b-r:.2 c:white hover/c:white fl:l f-w:700 m-x:.7 m-t:.6 p-x:.7 p-y:.7 t-d:n t-t:u' data-ga-action='membership' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='/membership' href='/membership?utm_medium=website&utm_source=main-nav-header&utm_campaign=membership-ted'> Membership </a> </ul> <div class='Main-nav__divider nav__divider fl:l show-lg'></div> <div class='loggedin-only fl:l pos:r z-i:10' data-popper-name='account' data-popper-root><a class='Main-nav__item Main-nav__account-button' data-popper-target href='/dashboard' id='main-nav-account-button' onclick='return false' role='button' title='Your account'> <div class='Main-nav__account-button__avatar'> <div class='Main-nav__account-button__badge'></div> </div> </a> <div aria-hidden class='popup popup--inverse popup--tailed popup--tailed--top popup--tailed--center Main-nav__category__list Main-nav__category__list--account Main-nav/Popper__popup' id='main-nav-account-menu' role='menu'></div></div> <a class='loggedout-only Main-nav__item fl:l ga-link f-w:700 t-t:u undec Main-nav__label' data-ga-action='signin' data-ga-category='navigation.item' data-ga-label='/session/new?context=ted.www%2Fmain-nav&referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ted.com%2Fspeakers' href='/session/new?context=ted.www%2Fmain-nav&referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ted.com%2Fspeakers'>Sign in</a> <div class='Main-nav__divider show-lg fl:l'></div> <div class='show-lg fl:l'> <a class='Main-nav__item' href='/search' id='main-nav-search' role='button'> <svg baseProfile="tiny" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="54" height="54" viewBox="0 0 512 512" class="Main-nav__icon Main-nav__icon--search"><title>Search</title><path d="M221.414 12.31C105.96 12.31 12 106.164 12 221.475c0 115.34 93.96 209.202 209.452 209.202 41.684 0 80.52-12.4 113.205-33.512l89.652 89.576c17.304 17.267 45.413 17.267 62.697 0 17.342-17.322 17.304-45.374 0-62.677l-89.634-89.5c21.13-32.646 33.512-71.406 33.512-113.09-.02-115.31-93.92-209.163-209.47-209.163zm167.5 209.165c0 92.267-75.136 167.27-167.462 167.27-92.344 0-167.462-75.04-167.462-167.27 0-92.22 75.118-167.25 167.462-167.193 92.326 0 167.424 74.973 167.463 167.193z"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> <form action='/search' aria-hidden='true' class='Main-nav__search pos:a right:0' id='main-nav-search-form' role='search'> <div class='Main-nav__search__content pos:a left:0'> <div class='Main-nav__divider fl:l'></div> <label> <span class='screen-reader-text'> Search: </span> <input aria-label='Search' autocorrect='off' class='Main-nav__fs-6 Main-nav__search__input' name='q' placeholder='Type to search' tabindex='-1' title='Press Enter to begin search'> </label> <a aria-label='Close' class='Main-nav__search__close fl:r' href='#' role='button' tabindex='-1'> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="54" height="54" viewBox="0, 0, 30, 30" class="Main-nav__icon"><title>Cancel search</title><path d="M24.5 6.718L6.936 24.282 24.5 6.718zm-18 0l17.564 17.564L6.5 6.718z" stroke="#414141" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="square" fill="none"/></svg> </a> </div> </form> </nav> <div id='main-nav-slideouts'></div> <script>g("mainNav.init",{"menuItems":[{"label":"Watch","name":"watch","items":[{"url":"/talks","label":"TED Talks","info":"Browse the library of TED talks and speakers"},{"url":"/playlists","label":"Playlists","info":"100+ collections of TED Talks, for curious minds"},{"url":"/series","label":"TED Series","info":"Go deeper into fascinating topics with original video series from TED."},{"url":"/watch/ted-ed","label":"TED-Ed videos","info":"Watch, share and create lessons with TED-Ed"},{"url":"/watch/tedx-talks","label":"TEDx Talks","info":"Talks from independently organized local events"}]},{"label":"Discover","name":"discover","items":[{"url":"/topics","label":"Topics","info":"Explore TED offerings by topic"},{"url":"https://audiocollective.ted.com","label":"Podcasts","info":"TED's original podcast initiatives"},{"url":"/read/ted-books","drilldown":true,"label":"TED Books","info":"Short books to feed your craving for ideas"},{"url":"https://ideas.ted.com","label":"Ideas Blog","info":"Our daily coverage of the world of ideas","external":true},{"url":"/newsletter","label":"Newsletter","info":"Inspiration delivered straight to your inbox"}]},{"label":"Attend","name":"attend","items":[{"url":"/attend/conferences","drilldown":true,"label":"Conferences","info":"Take part in our events: TED, TEDGlobal and more"},{"url":"/tedx/events","label":"TEDx events","info":"Find and attend local, independently organized events"},{"url":"/attend/ted-on-screen","label":"TED on screen","info":"Experience TED from home"},{"url":"https://courses.ted.com/","label":"TED Courses","info":"Learn from TED speakers who expand on their world-changing ideas"}]},{"label":"Participate","name":"participate","items":[{"url":"/participate/nominate","label":"Nominate","info":"Recommend speakers, Audacious Projects, Fellows and more"},{"url":"/participate/organize-a-local-tedx-event","drilldown":true,"label":"Organize a local TEDx event","info":"Rules and resources to help you plan a local TEDx event"},{"url":"/participate/translate","drilldown":true,"label":"Translate","info":"Bring TED to the non-English speaking world"},{"url":"/participate/ted-fellows-program","label":"TED Fellows","info":"Join or support innovators from around the globe"}]},{"label":"About","name":"about","items":[{"url":"/about","drilldown":true,"label":"Our organization","info":"Our mission, history, team, and more"},{"url":"/about/conferences","drilldown":true,"label":"Conferences","info":"TED Conferences, past, present, and future"},{"url":"/about/programs-initiatives","label":"Programs \u0026 Initiatives","info":"Details about TED's world-changing initiatives"},{"url":"/about/partner-with-ted","label":"Partner with TED","info":"Learn how you can partner with us"},{"url":"https://blog.ted.com","label":"TED Blog","info":"Updates from TED and highlights from our global community","external":true},{"url":"/read/ted-talks-the-official-ted-guide-to-public-speaking","label":"TED Guide to Public Speaking","info":"An insider’s guide to creating talks that are unforgettable"}]}]})</script> <script> // For Mixpanel tracking, when following a link from the main nav (hearder), // add an entry to the localstorage with // key: navigation_context // value: Header const headerLinks = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.Main-nav__category__list--mp')); const membershipLink = document.querySelector('[data-ga-action="membership"]'); headerLinks.forEach(link => { link.addEventListener('click', () => { window.localStorage.setItem('navigation_context', 'Header'); }); }); if (membershipLink) { membershipLink.addEventListener('click', () => { window.localStorage.setItem('navigation_context', 'Header'); }); } </script><div class='main speakers-main' role='main'> <div class='search'> <div class='container'> <h1 class='h1 h1--alt m3'>TED Speakers</h1> <p class='p1 m2'> Thinkers. Doers. Idea-generators. These are the speakers who have delivered a talk featured on TED.com. Whether the talk was given at an official TED conference, at one of thousands of local, independently organized TEDx events, or on another stage altogether, these are the people who brought it to life. </p> </div> <form action='' class='filters m1' id='filters' method='get'> <div class='filters__top'> <div class='container'> <div class='filters__opener hide-sm'> Filter speakers </div> <div class='filters__top__content row row-skinny'> <div class='col col-sm-4 col-lg-3 filters__filter'> <div class='pos:r'> <input type="text" name="q" id="q" class="filters__filter__input form-control form-control--small" placeholder="Search TED Speakers…" /> <svg class="filters__filter__setter pos:a right:0 top:0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="40" height="40" viewBox="-5 -5 50 50" role="button" tabindex="0" style="cursor:pointer"> <title>Search</title> <path d="M2 2h36v36H2V2z" fill="#FFF"/> <path d="M17.769 5.081c-7.006 0-12.708 5.695-12.708 12.693 0 6.999 5.702 12.695 12.711 12.695 2.529 0 4.886-.752 6.869-2.033l5.441 5.435a2.695 2.695 0 0 0 3.805 0 2.688 2.688 0 0 0 0-3.803l-5.44-5.431a12.59 12.59 0 0 0 2.034-6.863c-.001-6.998-5.7-12.693-12.712-12.693zm10.165 12.693c0 5.599-4.56 10.151-10.162 10.151-5.604 0-10.163-4.554-10.163-10.151 0-5.597 4.559-10.15 10.163-10.146 5.602 0 10.16 4.549 10.162 10.146z" fill="#666"/> </svg> </div> </div> <div class='col col-sm-4 col-lg-3 filters__filter'> <select name="topics" id="topics" class="filters__filter__combo form-control form-control--dropdown form-control--small" data-filter-multiple="true"><option value="">Topic</option> <option value="technology">Technology</option> <option value="science">Science</option> <option value="global issues">Global Issues</option> <option value="culture">Culture</option> <option value="design">Design</option></select> </div> <div class='col col-sm-4 col-lg-3 filters__filter'> <select name="events" id="events" class="filters__filter__combo form-control form-control--dropdown form-control--small" data-filter-multiple="false"><option value="">Event</option> <option value="ted2017">TED2017</option> <option value="ted2018">TED2018</option> <option value="ted2019">TED2019</option> <option value="ted2022">TED2022</option> <option value="ted2020 ">TED2020 </option></select> </div> <div class='col filters__filter hide-sm'> <div class='row row-skinny row-oh-2up'> <div class='col'> <input type="submit" name="commit" value="Submit" class="button button--wide button--dark filters__apply" data-disable-with="Submit" /> </div> <div class='col'> <button class='button button--wide filters__clear'>Clear</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='filters__bottom'> <div class='container'> <div class='row row-skinny'> <div class='col col-sm-8 col-lg-9 filters__active'> <div class='filters__active__label'> Active filters: </div> <div class='filters__active__stubs'> <a class='l3 filters__clear' href='#'>Clear</a> </div> </div> <div class='col col-sm-4 col-lg-3 filters__sort filters__active__sort'> <div class='row row-skinny'> <div class='col col-sm-4 text-right show-sm'> <label class='filters__label' for='filters-sort'>Sort by:</label> </div> <div class='col col-sm-8'> <select name="sort" id="sort" class="form-control form-control--dropdown form-control--small filters__sort__select"><optgroup label="Sort by…" Last_name="last" First_name="first" Most_recent="talk"><option value="last">Last name</option> <option value="first">First name</option> <option value="talk">Most recent</option></optgroup></select> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </form> <div class='container results' id='browse-results'> <div class='row row-sm-4up row-lg-6up'> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/jennifer_aaker'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/pe.tedcdn.com/images/ted/290ba0749aa1f83c61cd75930896fcadd70eccd0_254x191.jpg?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Jennifer<br>Aaker</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Behavioral scientist</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/sandra_aamodt'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/pe.tedcdn.com/images/ted/4a37c5ed67bf4d4a1cf7aa643607626b44aee0cc_254x191.jpg?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Sandra<br>Aamodt</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Neuroscientist and science writer</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/morra_aarons_mele'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/pe.tedcdn.com/images/ted/f9678e66320520e8cfcaba3515721227c32f3e29_254x191.jpg?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Morra<br>Aarons-Mele</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Anxious overachiever</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/trevor_aaronson'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/pe.tedcdn.com/images/ted/be3f21ef302848961fa661676979ef33c57d101e_254x191.jpg?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Trevor<br>Aaronson</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Journalist</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/chris_abani'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/pe.tedcdn.com/images/ted/7c102ef562417c970f6a13fe72a5d3072b01f71e_254x191.jpg?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Chris<br>Abani</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Novelist, poet</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/makhtoum_abdalla'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/pe.tedcdn.com/images/ted/c390720bf167a781b584b64b027209b13eb110e8_254x191.jpg?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Makhtoum<br>Abdalla</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Education rights champion</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/simona_abdallah'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/pe.tedcdn.com/images/ted/69a3b77357f297218479e5d178d3e87ddb6443be_254x191.jpg?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Simona<br>Abdallah</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Percussionist</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/yassmin_abdel_magied'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/pe.tedcdn.com/images/ted/4b6fccb798bdb3c75d827d799b52b1cdf9ad3345_254x191.jpg?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Yassmin<br>Abdel-Magied</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Mechanical engineer, social advocate</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/rana_abdelhamid'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/pe.tedcdn.com/images/ted/22539f4dfc3e1a3dca61022b9345f617881b9725_254x191.jpg?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Rana<br>Abdelhamid</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Community organizer, entrepreneur</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/shameran_abed'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/pe.tedcdn.com/images/ted/7c7e6b331189942a61a7de48365c724fa8a3d7de_254x191.jpg?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Shameran<br>Abed</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Global poverty activist</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/karim_abouelnaga'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/pe.tedcdn.com/images/ted/e91dbd1d89bc1bdefe6cbec6ebbff9c913f6e064_254x191.jpg?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Karim<br>Abouelnaga</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Education entrepreneur</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/mark_abraham'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/ted-conferences-speaker-photos-production.s3.amazonaws.com/wjjs4o95mv38dck0btp46osajv6g?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Mark<br>Abraham</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Personalization pioneer</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/marc_abrahams'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/pe.tedcdn.com/images/ted/6ce52170e488499f44d4145454d54b247325bc8b_254x191.jpg?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Marc<br>Abrahams</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Science humorist</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/marina_abramovic'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/pe.tedcdn.com/images/ted/1c54aef09c8e06a3c222d60d0543e001a19258cc_254x191.jpg?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Marina<br>Abramović</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Performance artist</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/eve_abrams'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/pe.tedcdn.com/images/ted/a44c1ad1a2edc7145c5411ee87f71f8682805524_254x191.jpg?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Eve<br>Abrams</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Audio documentarian</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/j_j_abrams'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/pe.tedcdn.com/images/ted/bea27cf7a854f30a9d191a9804247128d98a564d_254x191.jpg?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> J.J.<br>Abrams</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Filmmaker</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/stacey_abrams'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/pe.tedcdn.com/images/ted/fbe7f28b3b8f844131344d8c2f06316611a0aa4a_254x191.jpg?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Stacey<br>Abrams</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Politician</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/jose_antonio_abreu'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/pe.tedcdn.com/images/ted/bb46e98625bdf5e678db00ef9de07accfb16f7e1_254x191.jpg?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> José Antonio<br>Abreu</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Maestro</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/thomas_abt'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/pe.tedcdn.com/images/ted/6684250048829fe376a70c6f0ab4c132d803e2f8_254x191.jpg?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Thomas<br>Abt</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Author, researcher, policymaker</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/aziz_abu_sarah'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/ted-conferences-speaker-photos-production.s3.amazonaws.com/ziyo94jabjrq1w4xrk0udtluzcwz?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Aziz<br>Abu Sarah</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Peacemaker, entrepreneur</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/christiane_marie_abu_sarah'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/pe.tedcdn.com/images/ted/4477482f6ef6a0aad84d8791896ef32f09c45404_254x191.jpg?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Christiane-Marie<br>Abu Sarah</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>World historian and conflict resolution specialist</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/jamil_abu_wardeh'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/pe.tedcdn.com/images/ted/192131_254x191.jpg?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Jamil<br>Abu-Wardeh</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Producer</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/jad_abumrad'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/pe.tedcdn.com/images/ted/276eb875906e71549c509ff65cd99d8d225eb056_254x191.jpg?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Jad<br>Abumrad</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Radio host, producer</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/mohamed_aburawi'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/ted-conferences-speaker-photos-production.s3.amazonaws.com/so9v4ty4ghjp4pnok27ryhxzhhrt?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Mohamed<br>Aburawi</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Health systems entrepreneur</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/leyla_acaroglu'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/pe.tedcdn.com/images/ted/06116e46fa7abc0546ad2b13fa6219943dae5aaa_254x191.jpg?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Leyla<br>Acaroglu</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Sustainability strategist</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/emmanuel_acho'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/ted-conferences-speaker-photos-production.s3.amazonaws.com/mah5uct952sbuu4189yd59viou90?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Emmanuel<br>Acho</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Emmy-winning host and producer</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/shawn_achor'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/pe.tedcdn.com/images/ted/5e1981945f0ab69a7ab7d4054dbba05332576f71_254x191.jpg?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Shawn<br>Achor</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Psychologist</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/kate_ackerman_TEDxBoston20220516-50508'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/ted-conferences-speaker-photos-production.s3.amazonaws.com/l6d70m6t6rgfliabwtmfs3ha1as0?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Kate<br>Ackerman</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Sports endocrinology clinician scientist</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/bill_ackman'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/ted-conferences-speaker-photos-production.s3.amazonaws.com/osylxvylsiwppru3ujmkptm0k6op?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Bill<br>Ackman</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Founder and CEO, Pershing Square Capital Management</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> <div class='col'> <a class='results__result media media--sm-v m4' href='/speakers/alessandro_acquisti'> <div class='media__image media__image--thumb'> <span class="thumb thumb--square"><span class="thumb__sizer"><span class="thumb__tugger"><img alt="" class=" thumb__image" play="false" src="https://pi.tedcdn.com/r/pe.tedcdn.com/images/ted/e59121d7ae38599f8a0a0beade11356205817bfe_254x191.jpg?h=191&w=254" /><span class="thumb__aligner"></span></span></span></span> </div> <div class='media__message'> <h4 class='h7 m5'> Alessandro<br>Acquisti</h4> <p class='p4'> <strong>Privacy economist</strong> </p> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class='results__pagination'> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Pagination" class="pagination"><span class="pagination__prev pagination__flipper pagination__flipper--disabled">Previous</span><span class=pagination__separator>|</span><span class="pagination__item pagination__current">1</span><span class=pagination__separator>|</span><a rel="next" class="pagination__item pagination__link" href="/speakers?page=2">2</a><span class=pagination__separator>|</span><a class="pagination__item pagination__link" href="/speakers?page=3">3</a><span class=pagination__separator>|</span><a class="pagination__item pagination__link" href="/speakers?page=4">4</a><span class=pagination__separator>|</span><a class="pagination__item pagination__link" href="/speakers?page=5">5</a><span class="pagination__item pagination__gap">…</span><a class="pagination__item pagination__link" href="/speakers?page=139">139</a><span class=pagination__separator>|</span><a class="pagination__next pagination__flipper pagination__link" rel="next" href="/speakers?page=2">Next</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <script data-spec="q">q("browse.init",{"sources":{"topics":{"technology":"Technology","science":"Science","global issues":"Global Issues","culture":"Culture","design":"Design","business":"Business","entertainment":"Entertainment","arts":"Arts","education":"Education","health":"Health","art":"Art","politics":"Politics","creativity":"Creativity","music":"Music","medicine":"Medicine","tedx":"TEDx","activism":"Activism","economics":"Economics","social change":"Social Change","biology":"Biology","brain":"Brain","environment":"Environment","collaboration":"Collaboration","children":"Children","communication":"Communication","women":"Women","innovation":"Innovation","health care":"Health Care","invention":"Invention","animals":"Animals","photography":"Photography","war":"War","writing":"Writing","architecture":"Architecture","society":"Society","computers":"Computers","future":"Future","humanity":"Humanity","community":"Community","psychology":"Psychology","africa":"Africa","history":"History","performance":"Performance","film":"Film","oceans":"Oceans","storytelling":"Storytelling","data":"Data","exploration":"Exploration","entrepreneur":"Entrepreneur","humor":"Humor","internet":"Internet","media":"Media","nature":"Nature","climate change":"Climate Change","government":"Government","green":"Green","sustainability":"Sustainability","food":"Food","journalism":"Journalism","physics":"Physics","ted fellows":"TED Fellows","cities":"Cities","engineering":"Engineering","poverty":"Poverty","space":"Space","life":"Life","live music":"Live Music","happiness":"Happiness","development":"Development","evolution":"Evolution","law":"Law","visualizations":"Visualizations","language":"Language","medical research":"Medical Research","neuroscience":"Neuroscience","math":"Math","philosophy":"Philosophy","robots":"Robots","violence":"Violence","genetics":"Genetics","inequality":"Inequality","peace":"Peace","religion":"Religion","social media":"Social Media","identity":"Identity","personal growth":"Personal Growth","astronomy":"Astronomy","beauty":"Beauty","disease":"Disease","work":"Work","cancer":"Cancer","crime":"Crime","energy":"Energy","poetry":"Poetry","race":"Race","universe":"Universe","parenting":"Parenting","transportation":"Transportation","biodiversity":"Biodiversity","comedy":"Comedy","dance":"Dance","death":"Death","product design":"Product Design","web":"Web","youth":"Youth","disability":"Disability","philanthropy":"Philanthropy","sex":"Sex","security":"Security","software":"Software","alternative energy":"Alternative Energy","biotech":"Biotech","gaming":"Gaming","investment":"Investment","mental health":"Mental Health","mind":"Mind","money":"Money","policy":"Policy","cognitive science":"Cognitive Science","materials":"Materials","mission blue":"Mission Blue","urban planning":"Urban Planning","adventure":"Adventure","choice":"Choice","sports":"Sports","illness":"Illness","open-source":"Open Source","aging":"Aging","agriculture":"Agriculture","faith":"Faith","insects":"Insects","marketing":"Marketing","water":"Water","dna":"Dna","gender":"Gender","intelligence":"Intelligence","interface design":"Interface Design","theater":"Theater","big problems":"Big Problems","chemistry":"Chemistry","demo":"Demo","disaster relief":"Disaster Relief","relationships":"Relationships","self":"Self","united states":"United States","fish":"Fish","corruption":"Corruption","literature":"Literature","love":"Love","military":"Military","motivation":"Motivation","performance art":"Performance Art","pollution":"Pollution","public health":"Public Health","statistics":"Statistics","tedmed":"TEDMed","ai":"Ai","aids":"Aids","anthropology":"Anthropology","cars":"Cars","consumerism":"Consumerism","finance":"Finance","industrial design":"Industrial Design","news":"News","potential":"Potential","singer":"Singer","terrorism":"Terrorism","third world":"Third World","advertising":"Advertising","china":"China","consciousness":"Consciousness","family":"Family","illusion":"Illusion","magic":"Magic","success":"Success","biosphere":"Biosphere","memory":"Memory","online video":"Online Video","prison":"Prison","ted prize":"TED Prize","bacteria":"Bacteria","democracy":"Democracy","failure":"Failure","feminism":"Feminism","microbiology":"Microbiology","morality":"Morality","museums":"Museums","neurology":"Neurology","piano":"Piano","ted residency":"TED Residency","algorithm":"Algorithm","asia":"Asia","compassion":"Compassion","complexity":"Complexity","decision-making":"Decision Making","fashion":"Fashion","goal-setting":"Goal Setting","middle east":"Middle East","privacy":"Privacy","teaching":"Teaching","world cultures":"World Cultures","europe":"Europe","flight":"Flight","hack":"Hack","islam":"Islam","nasa":"Nasa","presentation":"Presentation","productivity":"Productivity","spoken word":"Spoken Word","women in business":"Women In Business","atheism":"Atheism","behavioral economics":"Behavioral Economics","biomechanics":"Biomechanics","books":"Books","city":"City","curiosity":"Curiosity","drones":"Drones","fear":"Fear","funny":"Funny","human origins":"Human Origins","immigration":"Immigration","lgbt":"Lgbt","library":"Library","map":"Map","nuclear energy":"Nuclear Energy","prosthetics":"Prosthetics","birds":"Birds","buddhism":"Buddhism","capitalism":"Capitalism","charter for compassion":"Charter For Compassion","christianity":"Christianity","composing":"Composing","discovery":"Discovery","guitar":"Guitar","india":"India","macarthur grant":"Macarthur Grant","men":"Men","new york":"New York","planets":"Planets","prediction":"Prediction","public spaces":"Public Spaces","research":"Research","sight":"Sight","sound":"Sound","tedyouth":"TEDYouth","aircraft":"Aircraft","ancient world":"Ancient World","biomimicry":"Biomimicry","brazil":"Brazil","cello":"Cello","cooperation":"Cooperation","deextinction":"Deextinction","ecology":"Ecology","extraterrestrial life":"Extraterrestrial Life","foreign policy":"Foreign Policy","gender equality":"Gender Equality","meme":"Meme","microfinance":"Microfinance","movies":"Movies","oil":"Oil","paleontology":"Paleontology","plastic":"Plastic","play":"Play","senses":"Senses","simplicity":"Simplicity","slavery":"Slavery","ted en español":"TED En Español","telecom":"Telecom","toy":"Toy","behavior":"Behavior","bioethics":"Bioethics","code":"Code","cosmos":"Cosmos","depression":"Depression","dinosaurs":"Dinosaurs","empathy":"Empathy","extreme sports":"Extreme Sports","geology":"Geology","god":"God","google":"Google","hearing":"Hearing","hiv":"Hiv","interview":"Interview","leadership":"Leadership","manufacturing":"Manufacturing","meditation":"Meditation","microsoft":"Microsoft","nanoscale":"Nanoscale","novel":"Novel","personality":"Personality","population":"Population","refugees":"Refugees","shopping":"Shopping","sociology":"Sociology","solar":"Solar","speech":"Speech","surgery":"Surgery","time":"Time","trees":"Trees","violin":"Violin","virus":"Virus","arctic":"Arctic","body language":"Body Language","brand":"Brand","bullying":"Bullying","conservation":"Conservation","dark matter":"Dark Matter","debate":"Debate","diy":"Diy","economy":"Economy","emotions":"Emotions","equality":"Equality","evil":"Evil","farming":"Farming","friendship":"Friendship","games":"Games","gamification":"Gamification","glacier":"Glacier","global":"Global","global development":"Global Development","globalization":"Globalization","guns":"Guns","healthcare":"Healthcare","human rights":"Human Rights","infrastructure":"Infrastructure","israel":"Israel","jazz":"Jazz","kids":"Kids","medical imaging":"Medical Imaging","microbes":"Microbes","mindfulness":"Mindfulness","mobility":"Mobility","network":"Network","openness":"Openness","origami":"Origami","painting":"Painting","pandemic":"Pandemic","plants":"Plants","programming":"Programming","risk taking":"Risk Taking","sanitation":"Sanitation","sleep":"Sleep","smell":"Smell","solar system":"Solar System","string theory":"String Theory","student":"Student","syria":"Syria","ted-ed":"TED Ed","tednyc":"TEDNyc","transparency":"Transparency","urban":"Urban","3d printing":"3d Printing","addiction":"Addiction","adolescence":"Adolescence","advocacy":"Advocacy","age":"Age","aid":"Aid","alexander lukashenko":"Alexander Lukashenko","algae":"Algae","animation":"Animation","anthropocene":"Anthropocene","ants":"Ants","apes":"Apes","archaeology":"Archaeology","arduino":"Arduino","artificial intelligence":"Artificial Intelligence","asteroid":"Asteroid","astrobiology":"Astrobiology","augmented reality":"Augmented Reality","author":"Author","autism":"Autism","autism spectrum disorder":"Autism Spectrum Disorder","autonomy":"Autonomy","ballet":"Ballet","bees":"Bees","beetle":"Beetle","behavioral psychology":"Behavioral Psychology","big bang":"Big Bang","biofuel":"Biofuel","biological warfare":"Biological Warfare","biomimcry":"Biomimcry","blindness":"Blindness","body":"Body","botany":"Botany","camera":"Camera","chautauqua":"Chautauqua","chief information officer":"Chief Information Officer","choreography":"Choreography","collaborative":"Collaborative","college":"College","color":"Color","commander":"Commander","computer programming":"Computer Programming","computer science":"Computer Science","connection":"Connection","contemporary":"Contemporary","criminal":"Criminal","criminal justice":"Criminal Justice","crisis management":"Crisis Management","crispr":"Crispr","cyborg":"Cyborg","data commons":"Data Commons","data protection":"Data Protection","de-extinct1on":"De Extinct1on","deception":"Deception","decision making":"Decision Making","developmental science":"Developmental Science","digital media":"Digital Media","digital revolution":"Digital Revolution","disruptive":"Disruptive","driverless cars":"Driverless Cars","drugs":"Drugs","dying":"Dying","earthquake":"Earthquake","ebola":"Ebola","egypt":"Egypt","entomology":"Entomology","epidemiology":"Epidemiology","ethics":"Ethics","evolutionary psychology":"Evolutionary Psychology","exoskeleton":"Exoskeleton","factory work":"Factory Work","fiction":"Fiction","filmmaker":"Filmmaker","financial firms":"Financial Firms","freedom of information":"Freedom Of Information","gay":"Gay","gender spectrum":"Gender Spectrum","genome":"Genome","geography":"Geography","german":"German","global commons":"Global Commons","global warming":"Global Warming","grammar":"Grammar","great initiative":"Great Initiative","heart health":"Heart Health","higher education":"Higher Education","homelessness":"Homelessness","hormones":"Hormones","human body":"Human Body","human experience":"Human Experience","human resources":"Human Resources","hyperconductivity":"Hyperconductivity","idnentit":"Idnentit","industrial growth":"Industrial Growth","innovative":"Innovative","insight":"Insight","installation":"Installation","intelligence augmentation":"Intelligence Augmentation","interactivity":"Interactivity","interconnectivity":"Interconnectivity","iran":"Iran","iraq":"Iraq","japan":"Japan","jok church":"Jok Church","lab":"Lab","legal":"Legal","lies":"Lies","linguistics":"Linguistics","machine learning":"Machine Learning","management":"Management","maps":"Maps","mars":"Mars","mental illness":"Mental Illness","mentally ill":"Mentally Ill","microcontroller":"Microcontroller","migrant workers":"Migrant Workers","model":"Model","modern":"Modern","molecular biology":"Molecular Biology","moon":"Moon","motion capture":"Motion Capture","nanotechnology":"Nanotechnology","nato":"Nato","nobel prize":"Nobel Prize","normalcy":"Normalcy","nuclear weapons":"Nuclear Weapons","obesity":"Obesity","online courses":"Online Courses","open source":"Open Source","opera":"Opera","optogenetics":"Optogenetics","pain":"Pain","partner talk":"Partner Talk","peer pressure":"Peer Pressure","pharmaceuticals":"Pharmaceuticals","physiology":"Physiology","post production":"Post Production","power":"Power","powerpoint":"Powerpoint","pregnancy":"Pregnancy","primates":"Primates","privacy issues":"Privacy Issues","prosecute":"Prosecute","protein":"Protein","protests":"Protests","public art":"Public Art","quantum":"Quantum","reference":"Reference","remix":"Remix","resources":"Resources","retouching":"Retouching","revolution":"Revolution","ribbit":"Ribbit","rivers":"Rivers","salesforce.com":"Salesforce.Com","science and art":"Science And Art","sculpture":"Sculpture","search database":"Search Database","sexual violence":"Sexual Violence","sharing":"Sharing","skateboarding":"Skateboarding","smart material":"Smart Material","social impact":"Social Impact","social networking":"Social Networking","social psychology":"Social Psychology","south america":"South America","squatters":"Squatters","startup":"Startup","state-building":"State Building","steam":"Steam","stem":"Stem","steve howard":"Steve Howard","suicide":"Suicide","sun":"Sun","superconductive":"Superconductive","surveillance":"Surveillance","ted books":"TED Books","teded":"TEDEd","tedindia":"TEDIndia","telecommunication":"Telecommunication","television":"Television","theatre":"Theatre","theory":"Theory","trafficking":"Trafficking","transgender":"Transgender","translation":"Translation","travel":"Travel","trust":"Trust","us navy":"Us Navy","vaccines":"Vaccines","video":"Video","visual effects":"Visual Effects","visualization":"Visualization","vocals":"Vocals","vulnerability":"Vulnerability","web-tracking":"Web Tracking","wikipedia":"Wikipedia","work-life balance":"Work Life Balance","world bank institute":"World Bank Institute"},"events":{"ted2017":"TED2017","ted2018":"TED2018","ted2019":"TED2019","ted2022":"TED2022","ted2020 ":"TED2020 ","ted@bcg":"TED@Bcg","ted2014":"TED2014","ted2023":"TED2023","ted2009":"TED2009","ted2013":"TED2013","ted2016":"TED2016","ted2015":"TED2015","tedglobal 2012":"TEDGlobal 2012","ted2011":"TED2011","ted-ed":"TED Ed","ted2010":"TED2010","tedglobal 2013":"TEDGlobal 2013","ted2007":"TED2007","tedglobal 2011":"TEDGlobal 2011","ted2012":"TED2012","tedglobal 2009":"TEDGlobal 2009","":"","countdown":"Countdown","ted2008":"TED2008","ted membership":"TED Membership","tedmonterey":"TEDMonterey","tedglobal 2010":"TEDGlobal 2010","tedglobal 2017":"TEDGlobal 2017","tedglobal 2014":"TEDGlobal 2014","countdown summit":"Countdown Summit","ted2024":"TED2024","ted countdown summit":"TED Countdown Summit","ted residency":"TED Residency","tedsummit 2019":"TEDSummit 2019","the way we work":"The Way We Work","ted2006":"TED2006","tedwomen 2017":"TEDWomen 2017","tedwomen 2018":"TEDWomen 2018","tedwomen 2021":"TEDWomen 2021","tedxmilehigh":"TEDxmilehigh","the ted interview":"The TED Interview","ted2005":"TED2005","tedwomen 2019":"TEDWomen 2019","tedindia 2009":"TEDIndia 2009","tedwomen 2010":"TEDWomen 2010","tedxmidatlantic":"TEDxmidatlantic","ted2003":"TED2003","ted2004":"TED2004","tedsummit":"TEDSummit","tedxbeaconstreet":"TEDxbeaconstreet","tedwomen 2016":"TEDWomen 2016","tedwomen 2023":"TEDWomen 2023","tedwomen 2015":"TEDWomen 2015","tedxsydney":"TEDxsydney","ted salon brightline initiative":"TED Salon Brightline Initiative","tednyc":"TEDNyc","ted2002":"TED2002","tedglobal 2005":"TEDGlobal 2005","a ted original podcast":"A TED Original Podcast","tedglobal 2007":"TEDGlobal 2007","ted talks live":"TED Talks Live","tedwomen 2020":"TEDWomen 2020","ted connects":"TED Connects","ted democracy":"TED Democracy","ted@ibm":"TED@Ibm","mission blue voyage":"Mission Blue Voyage","we the future":"We The Future","ted fellows: shape your future":"TED Fellows: Shape Your Future","tedmed 2020":"TEDMed 2020","tednext 2024":"TEDNext 2024","small thing big idea":"Small Thing Big Idea","ted audio collective":"TED Audio Collective","ted countdown: overcoming dilemmas in the green transition":"TED Countdown: Overcoming Dilemmas In The Green Transition","ted studio":"TED Studio","ted@nas":"TED@Nas","ted@ups":"TED@Ups","eg 2007":"Eg 2007","tedglobal\u003elondon":"TEDGlobal\u003eLondon","ted@bcg paris":"TED@Bcg Paris","ted@bcg toronto":"TED@Bcg Toronto","ted@merck kgaa, darmstadt, germany":"TED@Merck Kgaa, Darmstadt, Germany","tedmed 2018":"TEDMed 2018","tedwomen presents":"TEDWomen Presents","tedxboston":"TEDxboston","tedxexeter":"TEDxexeter","tedxsummit":"TEDxsummit","ted countdown dilemma series: food":"TED Countdown Dilemma Series: Food","ted fellows":"TED Fellows","ted-ed educator talks":"TED Ed Educator Talks","ted@bcg milan":"TED@Bcg Milan","tedcity2.0":"TEDCity2.0","tedmed 2009":"TEDMed 2009","tedmed 2016":"TEDMed 2016","tedmed 2017":"TEDMed 2017","tedsalon berlin 2014":"TEDSalon Berlin 2014","tedsalon ny2013":"TEDSalon Ny2013","tedsalon ny2014":"TEDSalon Ny2014","tedxcambridge":"TEDxcambridge","tedxcern":"TEDxcern","tedxlondonwomen":"TEDxlondonwomen","tedxriodelaplata":"TEDxriodelaplata","tedxstanford":"TEDxstanford","tedxvienna":"TEDxvienna","ted countdown new york session 2022":"TED Countdown New York Session 2022","ted@bcg mumbai":"TED@Bcg Mumbai","ted@bcg san francisco":"TED@Bcg San Francisco","ted@destinationcanada":"TED@Destinationcanada","tedglobal\u003enyc":"TEDGlobal\u003eNyc","tedmed 2012":"TEDMed 2012","tedmed 2014":"TEDMed 2014","how to deal with difficult feelings":"How To Deal With Difficult Feelings","ted countdown london session 2022":"TED Countdown London Session 2022","ted talks education":"TED Talks Education","ted talks india":"TED Talks India","ted2020":"TED2020","ted@nyc":"TED@Nyc","ted@pmi":"TED@Pmi","ted@wellsfargo":"TED@Wellsfargo","tedai 2023":"TEDAi 2023","tedglobal\u003egeneva":"TEDGlobal\u003eGeneva","tedwomen 2013":"TEDWomen 2013","tedxbrussels":"TEDxbrussels","tedxmarin":"TEDxmarin","tedxpsu":"TEDxpsu","tedxusc":"TEDxusc","countdown global livestream":"Countdown Global Livestream","eg 2008":"Eg 2008","mission blue ii":"Mission Blue Ii","serious play 2008":"Serious Play 2008","ted talks india: nayi baat":"TED Talks India: Nayi Baat","ted@dupont":"TED@Dupont","ted@work":"TED@Work","tedgloballondon":"TEDGloballondon","tedmed 2013":"TEDMed 2013","tedmed 2015":"TEDMed 2015","tedxberkeley":"TEDxberkeley","tedxberlin":"TEDxberlin","tedxcaltech":"TEDxcaltech","tedxseattle":"TEDxseattle","tedxwomen 2011":"TEDxwomen 2011","ted en español en nyc":"TED En Español En Nyc","ted fellows retreat 2015":"TED Fellows Retreat 2015","ted immigrant diaspora: iranian":"TED Immigrant Diaspora: Iranian","ted salon border stories":"TED Salon Border Stories","ted-ed weekend":"TED Ed Weekend","ted@westpac":"TED@Westpac","tedmed 2011":"TEDMed 2011","tedsalon london 2010":"TEDSalon London 2010","tedxboston 2011":"TEDxboston 2011","tedxboston 2012":"TEDxboston 2012","tedxmanchester":"TEDxmanchester","tedyouth 2014":"TEDYouth 2014","in the green: the business of climate action":"In The Green: The Business Of Climate Action","taste3 2008":"Taste3 2008","ted countdown dilemma series":"TED Countdown Dilemma Series","ted salon bezos scholars":"TED Salon Bezos Scholars","ted1998":"TED1998","ted@state street boston":"TED@State Street Boston","ted@tommy":"TED@Tommy","tedsalon london fall 2012":"TEDSalon London Fall 2012","tedsalon london spring 2011":"TEDSalon London Spring 2011","tedsalon ny2011":"TEDSalon Ny2011","tedxhousesofparliament":"TEDxhousesofparliament","tedxmanhattanbeach":"TEDxmanhattanbeach","tedxnewyork":"TEDxnewyork","tedxoslo":"TEDxoslo","tedxwarwick":"TEDxwarwick","tedxwomen 2012":"TEDxwomen 2012","tedyouth 2015":"TEDYouth 2015","build back better":"Build Back Better","ted dialogues":"TED Dialogues","ted fellows retreat 2013":"TED Fellows Retreat 2013","ted intersections":"TED Intersections","ted salon american family insurance":"TED Salon American Family Insurance","ted salon dwen":"TED Salon Dwen","ted salon novo nordisk":"TED Salon Novo Nordisk","ted salon samsung":"TED Salon Samsung","ted salon the macallan":"TED Salon The Macallan","ted salon u.s. air force":"TED Salon U.S. Air Force","ted salon unicef":"TED Salon Unicef","ted salon zebra technologies":"TED Salon Zebra Technologies","ted salon: radical craft":"TED Salon: Radical Craft","ted@bcg london":"TED@Bcg London","ted@cannes":"TED@Cannes","ted@state":"TED@State","tedcountdown@bloomberggreenfestival":"TEDCountdown@Bloomberggreenfestival","tedsalon london spring 2012":"TEDSalon London Spring 2012","tedxboulder":"TEDxboulder","tedxeast":"TEDxeast","tedxlondon":"TEDxlondon","tedxmit":"TEDxmit","tedxohiostateuniversity":"TEDxohiostateuniversity","tedxrainier":"TEDxrainier","tedxsmu":"TEDxsmu","tedxuniversityofnevada":"TEDxuniversityofnevada","torchbearers":"Torchbearers","ted countdown 2024 dilemma series":"TED Countdown 2024 Dilemma Series","ted in the field":"TED In The Field","ted salon doha debates":"TED Salon Doha Debates","ted salon nia tero":"TED Salon Nia Tero","ted salon the rockefeller foundation":"TED Salon The Rockefeller Foundation","ted salon undp":"TED Salon Undp","ted salon verizon":"TED Salon Verizon","ted2001":"TED2001","ted@new york":"TED@New York","tedmed 2010":"TEDMed 2010","tedsalon 2006":"TEDSalon 2006","tedsalon ny2012":"TEDSalon Ny2012","tedxamsterdam":"TEDxamsterdam","tedxaustin":"TEDxaustin","tedxkc":"TEDxkc","tedxlondonbusinessschool":"TEDxlondonbusinessschool","tedxmaastricht":"TEDxmaastricht","tedxmidatlantic 2017":"TEDxmidatlantic 2017","tedxpeachtree":"TEDxpeachtree","tedxportland":"TEDxportland","tedxreno":"TEDxreno","tedxsaltlakecity":"TEDxsaltlakecity","tedxsanfrancisco":"TEDxsanfrancisco","tedxtoronto 2010":"TEDxtoronto 2010","tedxuofm":"TEDxuofm","tedxvancouver":"TEDxvancouver","tedxwrigleyville":"TEDxwrigleyville","tedxyyc":"TEDxyyc","tedyouth 2011":"TEDYouth 2011","tedyouth 2013":"TEDYouth 2013","chautauqua institution":"Chautauqua Institution","full spectrum auditions":"Full Spectrum Auditions","outrage + optimism":"Outrage + Optimism","ted explains the world with ian bremmer":"TED Explains The World With Ian Bremmer","ted masterclass":"TED Masterclass","ted salon dell technologies":"TED Salon Dell Technologies","ted salon optum":"TED Salon Optum","ted salon: education everywhere":"TED Salon: Education Everywhere","ted@bcg berlin":"TED@Bcg Berlin","ted@bcg singapore":"TED@Bcg Singapore","ted@intel":"TED@Intel","ted@unilever":"TED@Unilever","tedactive 2011":"TEDActive 2011","tedai san francisco":"TEDAi San Francisco","tedxatlanta":"TEDxatlanta","tedxbend":"TEDxbend","tedxbroadway":"TEDxbroadway","tedxcambridgesalon":"TEDxcambridgesalon","tedxcanberra":"TEDxcanberra","tedxchange":"TEDxchange","tedxcharlottesville":"TEDxcharlottesville","tedxchristchurch":"TEDxchristchurch","tedxcmu":"TEDxcmu","tedxdanubia":"TEDxdanubia"}}})</script></div> <footer class='footer'> <div class='container'> <div class='footer__content'> <a class="g-logo-small footer__logo" href="/">TED</a> <div class='footer__content__links'> <nav class='footer__section' role='navigation'> <h3 class='footer__title'> Programs & initiatives </h3> <ul class='footer__links'> <li class='m5'><a class="footer__link" href="/about/programs-initiatives/tedx-program">TEDx</a></li> <li class='m5'><a class="footer__link" href="/about/programs-initiatives/ted-fellows-program">TED Fellows</a></li> <li class='m5'><a class="footer__link" href="/about/programs-initiatives/ted-ed">TED Ed</a></li> <li class='m5'><a class="footer__link" href="/about/programs-initiatives/ted-translators">TED Translators</a></li> <li class='m5'><a class="footer__link" href="/about/programs-initiatives/ted-institute">TED Institute</a></li> <li class='m5'><a class="footer__link" href="/about/programs-initiatives/the-audacious-project">The Audacious Project</a></li> <li class='m5'><a class="footer__link" href="https://tedatwork.ted.com">TED@Work</a></li> <li class='m5'><a class="footer__link" href="https://courses.ted.com">TED Courses</a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav class='footer__section' role='navigation'> <h3 class='footer__title'> Ways to get TED </h3> <ul class='footer__links'> <li class='m5'><a class="footer__link" href="/podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li class='m5'><a class="footer__link" href="/about/programs-initiatives/ted-talks/ways-to-get-ted-talks">More ways to get TED</a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav class='footer__section' role='navigation'> <h3 class='footer__title'>Follow TED</h3> <ul class='footer__links'> <li class='m5'><a class="footer__link" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/TED">Facebook</a></li> <li class='m5'><a class="footer__link" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/tedtalks">Twitter</a></li> <li class='m5'><a class="footer__link" target="_blank" href="https://instagram.com/ted">Instagram</a></li> <li class='m5'><a class="footer__link" target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/ted">YouTube</a></li> <li class='m5'><a class="footer__link" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ted-conferences/">LinkedIn</a></li> <li><a class="footer__link" href="https://blog.ted.com">TED Blog</a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav class='footer__section' role='navigation'> <h3 class='footer__title'>Our community</h3> <ul class='footer__links'> <li class='m5'><a class="footer__link" href="/people/speakers">TED Speakers</a></li> <li class='m5'><a class="footer__link" href="/people/fellows">TED Fellows</a></li> <li class='m5'><a class="footer__link" href="/people/translators">TED Translators</a></li> <li class='m5'><a class="footer__link" rel="nofollow" href="/people/tedx">TEDx Organizers</a></li> <li class='m5'><a class="footer__link" href="/people">TED Community</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class='footer__content__forms'> <form class='footer__section footer__section--form footer-newsletter p-r:.8'> <h3 class='footer__title'>TED Newsletters</h3> <div class='c:black f:.9 m-b:2'> Get the latest <span class='f-w:700'> TED Talks </span> delivered daily, right to your inbox </div> <a class='ga-link bg:gray-dd b-r:.2 c:white hover/c:white d:i-b f:1 f-w:700 p-y:1 p-x:4 t-d:n' data-ga-action='getStarted' data-ga-category='footer' data-ga-label='recommends' href='/newsletters'> Sign up now </a> </form> <form class='footer__section' style='display:none;'> <h3 class='footer__title'>Language Selector</h3> <p>TED.com translations are made possible by volunteer translators. Learn more about the <a href="/pages/open_translation_project">Open Translation Project</a>.</p> <select class='form-control' disabled> <option>English</option> </select> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class='footer__services'> <div class='container footer__services__container'> <nav role='navigation'> <ul class='footer__links'> <li><a class="footer__service" href="/about/our-organization/our-policies-terms/ted-talks-usage-policy">TED Talks Usage Policy</a></li> <li><a class="footer__service" href="/about/our-organization/our-policies-terms/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a class="footer__service" href="/about/partner-with-ted">Advertising / Partnership</a></li> <li><a class="footer__service" href="/about/our-organization/our-policies-terms/ted-com-terms-of-use">TED.com Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a class="footer__service" href="/about/our-organization/jobs-at-ted">Jobs</a></li> <li><a class="footer__service" href="/about/our-organization/contact-us/press-and-media-information">Press</a></li> <li><a class="footer__service" href="https://support.ted.com ">Help</a></li> <li> <button class='footer__service' onclick='OneTrust.ToggleInfoDisplay()'>Privacy Preferences</button> </li> <li><a class="footer__service" data-ga="{"category":"footer","action":"navigation","label":"/membership"}" href="/membership?utm_medium=website&utm_source=footer&utm_campaign=membership-ted">Membership</a></li> </ul> </nav> <p class='footer__service footer__service--info' role='contentinfo'> © TED Conferences, LLC. All rights reserved. </p> </div> </div> </footer> <script> // For Mixpanel tracking, when following a link from the footer, // add an entry to the localstorage with // key: navigation_context // value: Footer const footerContent = document.querySelector('.footer__content'); footerContent.addEventListener('click', (e) => { if (e.target.tagName === 'A') { window.localStorage.setItem('navigation_context', 'Footer'); } }); </script></div> <a class='shoji__lattice' href='#' id='shoji-lattice'></a> </div> </div> <script src='https://pa.tedcdn.com/javascripts/screens/manifest-faaa3b0bc4385f661fea.js'></script> <script src='https://pa.tedcdn.com/javascripts/screens/e23fc83ded4f4a08e25a.chunk.js'></script> <script async src='https://pa.tedcdn.com/javascripts/screens/16094ad4cfcbd5dbf220.chunk.js'></script><script> (function() { if (window.TED && TED.zone && TED.zone.hide_advertising) return; window.advBidxc = window.advBidxc || {}; window.advBidxc.timeout = 400; window.advBidxc.customerId = '8CUETUT4L'; window.advBidxc.domain = window.location.hostname; window.advBidxc.version = 5.1; window.advBidxc.startTime = new Date().getTime(); function loadScript(tagSrc) { var scriptTag = document.createElement('script'); var placeTag = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; scriptTag.type = 'text/javascript'; scriptTag.async = true; scriptTag.src = tagSrc; placeTag.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptTag, placeTag); } function loadGPT() { if (!window.advBidxc.isAdServerLoaded) { loadScript('https://www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js'); window.advBidxc.isAdServerLoaded = true; } } function init() { window.advBidxc.loadGPT = setTimeout(loadGPT, window.advBidxc.timeout); var mnSrc = 'https://hbx.media.net/bidexchange.js?cid=' + window.advBidxc.customerId + "&version=" + window.advBidxc.version + '&dn=' + window.advBidxc.domain; loadScript(mnSrc); } init(); })(); </script><script> (function(s,o,b,a,m){ a=s.createElement(o),m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0]; a.async=1;a.src=b; m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js'); </script><script> var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "7341760" }); (function() { if (window.TED && TED.zone && TED.zone.hide_advertising) return; var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })(); </script><script> (function(d,s,u,e,m,r){r=(d.location.search||'').match(/[?&](geo=[A-Z]{2})\b/);e=d.createElement(s),m=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];e.async=1;e.src=u+(r?'&'+r[1]:'');m.parentNode.insertBefore(e,m)})(document,'script','https://geo-assets.tedcdn.com/cookie-notice/tcn.js?cb=1.1.4') </script><script> // Remove a key from local storage and return its value const consumeLocalStorage = key => { if (window !== undefined) { const storageValue = window.localStorage.getItem(key); window.localStorage.removeItem(key); return storageValue || null; } return null; }; // Parse the url path to find the what page the user is on. // If the user is at root, return 'Home Page'. // If the user is on a talks page, return null const getContentDiscoveryContextType = pathName => { if (window) { let contextType = pathName.split('/')[1]; if (contextType === '') { contextType = 'Home Page'; } if (contextType === 'talks') { return null; } return contextType; } return null; }; // Import Mixpanel JavaScript SDK (function(f,b){if(!b.__SV){var e,g,i,h;window.mixpanel=b;b._i=[];b.init=function(e,f,c){function g(a,d){var b=d.split(".");2==b.length&&(a=a[b[0]],d=b[1]);a[d]=function(){a.push([d].concat(Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0)))}}var a=b;"undefined"!==typeof c?a=b[c]=[]:c="mixpanel";a.people=a.people||[];a.toString=function(a){var d="mixpanel";"mixpanel"!==c&&(d+="."+c);a||(d+=" (stub)");return d};a.people.toString=function(){return a.toString(1)+".people (stub)"};i="disable time_event track track_pageview track_links track_forms track_with_groups add_group set_group remove_group register register_once alias unregister identify name_tag set_config reset opt_in_tracking opt_out_tracking has_opted_in_tracking has_opted_out_tracking clear_opt_in_out_tracking start_batch_senders people.set people.set_once people.unset people.increment people.append people.union people.track_charge people.clear_charges people.delete_user people.remove".split(" "); for(h=0;h<i.length;h++)g(a,i[h]);var j="set set_once union unset remove delete".split(" ");a.get_group=function(){function b(c){d[c]=function(){call2_args=arguments;call2=[c].concat(Array.prototype.slice.call(call2_args,0));a.push([e,call2])}}for(var d={},e=["get_group"].concat(Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0)),c=0;c<j.length;c++)b(j[c]);return d};b._i.push([e,f,c])};b.__SV=1.2;e=f.createElement("script");e.type="text/javascript";e.async=!0;e.src="undefined"!==typeof MIXPANEL_CUSTOM_LIB_URL? MIXPANEL_CUSTOM_LIB_URL:"file:"===f.location.protocol&&"//cdn.mxpnl.com/libs/mixpanel-2-latest.min.js".match(/^\/\//)?"https://cdn.mxpnl.com/libs/mixpanel-2-latest.min.js":"//cdn.mxpnl.com/libs/mixpanel-2-latest.min.js";g=f.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];g.parentNode.insertBefore(e,g)}})(document,window.mixpanel||[]); // Initialize Mixpanel JS mixpanel.init('cefc84a7a812fb3bb40d6efadb6b3163', { debug: false, api_host: 'https://mixpanel-proxy.ted.com', track_pageview: true, }); const commonProperties = { product: 'ted.com', system_language: navigator ? navigator.language : null, language_parameter_value: 'en', test_id: '', }; window.trackEvent = (event, properties) => { mixpanel.track(event, { ...commonProperties, ...properties }); } window.trackForm = (formId, event, properties) => { mixpanel.track_forms(formId, event, { ...commonProperties, ...properties }); } // Send a tracking event on each screen view window.trackEvent('screen_view', { navigation_context: consumeLocalStorage('navigation_context'), content_discovery_context: consumeLocalStorage('content_discovery_context'), content_discovery_page_type: getContentDiscoveryContextType('/speakers'), cta_impression_context: consumeLocalStorage('cta_impression_context'), talk_id: null, talk_type_id: null, talk_type_name: null, talk_page_view_context: null, talk_slug: null, talk_language: null, recommendation_id: null, playlist_slug: null, video_duration: null, video_topics: null, video_publish_date: null, talkstar_context: null, subtitle_language: null, }); </script></body></html>