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cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hydrology_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hydrology (disambiguation)">Hydrology (disambiguation)</a>.</div> Hydrology (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%95%CE%B4%CF%89%CF%81#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὕδωρ">ὕδωρ</a> (húdōr) 'water' and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:-λογία">-λογία</a> (<a href="/wiki/-logy" title="-logy">-logía</a>) 'study of') is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water resources</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is called a hydrologist. Hydrologists are scientists studying <a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">earth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">environmental science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil</a> or <a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">environmental engineering</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical geography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-1">[1]</a> Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmental preservation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resource management">water management</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-1">[1]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rain_over_Beinn_Eich,_Luss_Hills,_Scotland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Rain_over_Beinn_Eich%2C_Luss_Hills%2C_Scotland.jpg/290px-Rain_over_Beinn_Eich%2C_Luss_Hills%2C_Scotland.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Rain_over_Beinn_Eich%2C_Luss_Hills%2C_Scotland.jpg/435px-Rain_over_Beinn_Eich%2C_Luss_Hills%2C_Scotland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Rain_over_Beinn_Eich%2C_Luss_Hills%2C_Scotland.jpg/580px-Rain_over_Beinn_Eich%2C_Luss_Hills%2C_Scotland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5471" data-file-height="3029"></a><figcaption>Rain falling over a <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. Understanding the cycling of water into, through, and out of catchments is a key element of hydrology.</figcaption></figure> Hydrology subdivides into surface water hydrology, <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> hydrology (<a href="/wiki/Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">hydrogeology</a>), and marine hydrology. Domains of hydrology include <a href="/wiki/Hydrometeorology" title="Hydrometeorology">hydrometeorology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surface-water_hydrology" title="Surface-water hydrology">surface hydrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">hydrogeology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage-basin</a> management, and <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a> are not included because water is only one of many important aspects within those fields. Hydrological research can inform environmental engineering, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">policy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">planning</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Branches">1 Branches</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Applications">2 Applications</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#History">3 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Themes">4 Themes</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Groundwater">4.1 Groundwater</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Infiltration">4.2 Infiltration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Soil_moisture">4.3 Soil moisture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Surface_water_flow">4.4 Surface water flow</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Precipitation_and_evaporation">4.5 Precipitation and evaporation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Remote_sensing">4.6 Remote sensing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Water_quality">4.7 Water quality</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Integrating_measurement_and_modelling">4.8 Integrating measurement and modelling</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Prediction">4.9 Prediction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Statistical_hydrology">4.10 Statistical hydrology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Modeling">4.11 Modeling</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Transport">4.12 Transport</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Organizations">5 Organizations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Intergovernmental_organizations">5.1 Intergovernmental organizations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#International_research_bodies">5.2 International research bodies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#National_research_bodies">5.3 National research bodies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#National_and_international_societies">5.4 National and international societies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Basin-_and_catchment-wide_overviews">5.5 Basin- and catchment-wide overviews</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Research_journals">6 Research journals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Further_reading">9 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Branches">Branches</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Branches" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_hydrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical hydrology">Chemical hydrology</a> is the study of the chemical characteristics of water.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecohydrology" title="Ecohydrology">Ecohydrology</a> is the study of interactions between organisms and the hydrologic cycle.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">Hydrogeology</a> is the study of the presence and movement of <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogeochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogeochemistry">Hydrogeochemistry</a> is the study of how terrestrial water dissolves minerals <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> and this effect on water chemistry.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroinformatics" title="Hydroinformatics">Hydroinformatics</a> is the adaptation of information technology to hydrology and water resources applications.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrometeorology" title="Hydrometeorology">Hydrometeorology</a> is the study of the transfer of water and energy between land and water body surfaces and the lower atmosphere.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_hydrology" title="Isotope hydrology">Isotope hydrology</a> is the study of the isotopic signatures of water.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-water_hydrology" title="Surface-water hydrology">Surface hydrology</a> is the study of hydrologic processes that operate at or near Earth's surface.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a> management covers water storage, in the form of reservoirs, and floods protection.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a> includes the chemistry of water in rivers and lakes, both of pollutants and natural solutes.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <ul><li>Calculation of <a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a>.</li> <li>Calculation of <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">Evapotranspiration</a></li> <li>Calculating <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>.</li> <li>Determining the <a href="/wiki/Water_balance" title="Water balance">water balance</a> of a region.</li> <li>Determining the <a href="/wiki/Hydrology_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrology (agriculture)">agricultural water balance</a>.</li> <li>Designing <a href="/wiki/Riparian-zone_restoration" title="Riparian-zone restoration">riparian-zone restoration</a> projects.</li> <li>Mitigating and predicting <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a> risk.</li> <li>Real-time <a href="/wiki/Flood_forecasting" title="Flood forecasting">flood forecasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flood_warning" title="Flood warning">flood warning</a>, Flood Frequency Analysis</li> <li>Designing <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> schemes and managing agricultural productivity.</li> <li>Part of the hazard module in <a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_modeling" title="Catastrophe modeling">catastrophe modeling</a>.</li> <li>Providing <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>.</li> <li>Designing <a href="/wiki/Dams" class="mw-redirect" title="Dams">dams</a> for <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric power</a> generation.</li> <li>Designing <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridges</a>.</li> <li>Designing <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sewers</a> and urban drainage systems.</li> <li>Analyzing the impacts of <a href="/wiki/Antecedent_moisture" title="Antecedent moisture">antecedent moisture</a> on sanitary sewer systems.</li> <li>Predicting <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphologic</a> changes, such as <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">sedimentation</a>.</li> <li>Assessing the impacts of natural and anthropogenic environmental change on <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water resources</a>.</li> <li>Assessing <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">contaminant</a> transport risk and establishing environmental policy guidelines.</li> <li>Estimating the water resource potential of river basins.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Water resources</a> management.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resources engineering">Water resources engineering</a> - application of hydrological and hydraulic principles to the planning, development, and management of water resources for beneficial human use. It involves assessing water availability, quality, and demand; designing and operating water infrastructure; and implementing strategies for sustainable water management.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations. (April 2012) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG/290px-Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3621" data-file-height="1935"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG/290px-Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG" data-width="290" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG/435px-Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG/580px-Caesarea_maritima_BW_3.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Roman aqueduct at <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a>, bringing water from the wetter <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Carmel mountains</a> to the settlement</figcaption></figure> Hydrology has been subject to investigation and engineering for millennia. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptians</a> were one of the first to employ hydrology in their engineering and agriculture, inventing a form of water management known as basin irrigation.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> towns were protected from flooding with high earthen walls. <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(watercourse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueduct (watercourse)">Aqueducts</a> were built by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">Romans</a>, while <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">history</a> shows that the Chinese built irrigation and flood control works. The ancient <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> used hydrology to build complex irrigation works in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, also known for the invention of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valve_Pit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valve Pit (page does not exist)">Valve Pit</a> which allowed construction of large reservoirs, <a href="/wiki/Anicut" title="Anicut">anicuts</a> and canals which still function. <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Marcus Vitruvius</a>, in the first century BC, described a philosophical theory of the hydrologic cycle, in which precipitation falling in the mountains infiltrated the Earth's surface and led to streams and springs in the lowlands.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> With the adoption of a more scientific approach, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Palissy" title="Bernard Palissy">Bernard Palissy</a> independently reached an accurate representation of the hydrologic cycle. It was not until the 17th century that hydrologic variables began to be quantified. Pioneers of the modern science of hydrology include <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Perrault_(scientist)" title="Pierre Perrault (scientist)">Pierre Perrault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edme_Mariotte" title="Edme Mariotte">Edme Mariotte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Halley" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Halley">Edmund Halley</a>. By measuring rainfall, runoff, and drainage area, Perrault showed that rainfall was sufficient to account for the flow of the Seine. Mariotte combined velocity and river cross-section measurements to obtain a discharge value, again in the Seine. Halley showed that the evaporation from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> was sufficient to account for the outflow of rivers flowing into the sea.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Advances in the 18th century included the <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli" title="Daniel Bernoulli">Bernoulli</a> <a href="/wiki/Piezometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezometer">piezometer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernoulli's equation">Bernoulli's equation</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli" title="Daniel Bernoulli">Daniel Bernoulli</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pitot_tube" title="Pitot tube">Pitot tube</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Pitot" title="Henri Pitot">Henri Pitot</a>. The 19th century saw development in groundwater hydrology, including <a href="/wiki/Darcy%27s_law" title="Darcy's law">Darcy's law</a>, the Dupuit-Thiem well formula, and Hagen-<a href="/wiki/Poiseuille" title="Poiseuille">Poiseuille</a>'s capillary flow equation. Rational analyses began to replace empiricism in the 20th century, while governmental agencies began their own hydrological research programs. Of particular importance were Leroy Sherman's <a href="/wiki/Unit_hydrograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit hydrograph">unit hydrograph</a>, the infiltration theory of <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Horton" title="Robert E. Horton">Robert E. Horton</a>, and C.V. Theis' aquifer test/equation describing well hydraulics. Since the 1950s, hydrology has been approached with a more theoretical basis than in the past, facilitated by advances in the physical understanding of hydrological processes and by the advent of computers and especially <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic information systems">geographic information systems</a> (GIS). (See also <a href="/wiki/GIS_and_hydrology" title="GIS and hydrology">GIS and hydrology</a>) </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Themes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">Water cycle</a></div> The central theme of hydrology is that water circulates throughout the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> through different pathways and at different rates. The most vivid image of this is in the evaporation of water from the ocean, which forms clouds. These clouds drift over the land and produce rain. The rainwater flows into lakes, rivers, or aquifers. The water in lakes, rivers, and aquifers then either evaporates back to the atmosphere or eventually flows back to the ocean, completing a cycle. Water changes its state of being several times throughout this cycle. The areas of research within hydrology concern the movement of water between its various states, or within a given state, or simply quantifying the amounts in these states in a given region. Parts of hydrology concern developing methods for directly measuring these flows or amounts of water, while others concern modeling these processes either for scientific knowledge or for making a prediction in practical applications. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Groundwater">Groundwater</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Groundwater" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Building_a_map_of_groundwater_countours.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Building_a_map_of_groundwater_countours.gif/250px-Building_a_map_of_groundwater_countours.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="660"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Building_a_map_of_groundwater_countours.gif/250px-Building_a_map_of_groundwater_countours.gif" data-width="250" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Building_a_map_of_groundwater_countours.gif/375px-Building_a_map_of_groundwater_countours.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Building_a_map_of_groundwater_countours.gif/500px-Building_a_map_of_groundwater_countours.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Building a map of groundwater contours</figcaption></figure> Ground water is water beneath Earth's surface, often pumped for drinking water.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-1">[1]</a> Groundwater hydrology (<a href="/wiki/Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">hydrogeology</a>) considers quantifying groundwater flow and solute transport.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Problems in describing the saturated zone include the characterization of aquifers in terms of flow direction, groundwater pressure and, by inference, groundwater depth (see: <a href="/wiki/Aquifer_test" title="Aquifer test">aquifer test</a>). Measurements here can be made using a <a href="/wiki/Piezometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezometer">piezometer</a>. Aquifers are also described in terms of hydraulic conductivity, storativity and transmissivity. There are a number of geophysical methods<a href="#cite_note-Vereecken-7">[7]</a> for characterizing aquifers. There are also problems in characterizing the vadose zone (unsaturated zone).<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infiltration">Infiltration</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Infiltration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">Infiltration (hydrology)</a></div> Infiltration is the process by which water enters the soil. Some of the water is absorbed, and the rest <a href="/wiki/Percolation" title="Percolation">percolates</a> down to the <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a>. The infiltration capacity, the maximum rate at which the soil can absorb water, depends on several factors. The layer that is already saturated provides a resistance that is proportional to its thickness, while that plus the depth of water above the soil provides the driving force (<a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_head" title="Hydraulic head">hydraulic head</a>). Dry soil can allow rapid infiltration by <a href="/wiki/Capillary_action" title="Capillary action">capillary action</a>; this force diminishes as the soil becomes wet. <a href="/wiki/Compaction_(geology)" title="Compaction (geology)">Compaction</a> reduces the porosity and the pore sizes. Surface cover increases capacity by retarding runoff, reducing compaction and other processes. Higher temperatures reduce <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>, increasing infiltration.<a href="#cite_note-Reddy-9">[9]</a>: 250–275 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil_moisture">Soil moisture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Soil moisture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soil_moisture" title="Soil moisture">Soil moisture</a></div> Soil moisture can be measured in various ways; by <a href="/wiki/Capacitance_probe" title="Capacitance probe">capacitance probe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_domain_reflectometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Time domain reflectometer">time domain reflectometer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tensiometer_(soil_science)" title="Tensiometer (soil science)">tensiometer</a>. Other methods include solute sampling and geophysical methods.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_water_flow">Surface water flow</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Surface water flow" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wlmm3_hg.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Wlmm3_hg.png/250px-Wlmm3_hg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="465"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 194px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Wlmm3_hg.png/250px-Wlmm3_hg.png" data-width="250" data-height="194" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Wlmm3_hg.png/375px-Wlmm3_hg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Wlmm3_hg.png/500px-Wlmm3_hg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Hydrograph" title="Hydrograph">flood hydrograph</a> showing <a href="/wiki/Stage_(hydrology)" title="Stage (hydrology)">stage</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Shawsheen_River" title="Shawsheen River">Shawsheen River</a> at Wilmington</figcaption></figure> Hydrology considers quantifying surface water flow and solute transport, although the treatment of flows in large rivers is sometimes considered as a distinct topic of hydraulics or hydrodynamics. Surface water flow can include flow both in recognizable river channels and otherwise. Methods for measuring flow once the water has reached a river include the <a href="/wiki/Stream_gauge" title="Stream gauge">stream gauge</a> (see: <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">discharge</a>), and tracer techniques. Other topics include chemical transport as part of surface water, sediment transport and erosion. One of the important areas of hydrology is the interchange between rivers and aquifers. Groundwater/surface water interactions in streams and aquifers can be complex and the direction of net water flux (into surface water or into the aquifer) may vary spatially along a stream channel and over time at any particular location, depending on the relationship between stream stage and groundwater levels. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precipitation_and_evaporation">Precipitation and evaporation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Precipitation and evaporation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-10-14_12_27_49_National_Weather_Service_Standard_Rain_Gauge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/2013-10-14_12_27_49_National_Weather_Service_Standard_Rain_Gauge.JPG/170px-2013-10-14_12_27_49_National_Weather_Service_Standard_Rain_Gauge.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/2013-10-14_12_27_49_National_Weather_Service_Standard_Rain_Gauge.JPG/170px-2013-10-14_12_27_49_National_Weather_Service_Standard_Rain_Gauge.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/2013-10-14_12_27_49_National_Weather_Service_Standard_Rain_Gauge.JPG/255px-2013-10-14_12_27_49_National_Weather_Service_Standard_Rain_Gauge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/2013-10-14_12_27_49_National_Weather_Service_Standard_Rain_Gauge.JPG/340px-2013-10-14_12_27_49_National_Weather_Service_Standard_Rain_Gauge.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A standard <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> <a href="/wiki/Rain_gauge" title="Rain gauge">rain gauge</a></figcaption></figure> In some considerations, hydrology is thought of as starting at the land-atmosphere boundary<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and so it is important to have adequate knowledge of both precipitation and evaporation. Precipitation can be measured in various ways: <a href="/wiki/Disdrometer" title="Disdrometer">disdrometer</a> for precipitation characteristics at a fine time scale; <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> for cloud properties, rain rate estimation, hail and snow detection; <a href="/wiki/Rain_gauge" title="Rain gauge">rain gauge</a> for routine accurate measurements of rain and snowfall; <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> for rainy area identification, rain rate estimation, land-cover/land-use, and soil moisture, snow cover or snow water equivalent for example.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">Evaporation</a> is an important part of the water cycle. It is partly affected by humidity, which can be measured by a <a href="/wiki/Sling_psychrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sling psychrometer">sling psychrometer</a>. It is also affected by the presence of snow, hail, and ice and can relate to dew, mist and fog. Hydrology considers evaporation of various forms: from water surfaces; as transpiration from plant surfaces in natural and agronomic ecosystems. Direct measurement of evaporation can be obtained using Simon's <a href="/wiki/Evaporation_pan" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaporation pan">evaporation pan</a>. Detailed studies of evaporation involve boundary layer considerations as well as momentum, heat flux, and energy budgets. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remote_sensing">Remote sensing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Remote sensing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA%27s_GRACE_Sees_Major_Water_Losses_in_Middle_East.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/NASA%27s_GRACE_Sees_Major_Water_Losses_in_Middle_East.jpg/290px-NASA%27s_GRACE_Sees_Major_Water_Losses_in_Middle_East.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/NASA%27s_GRACE_Sees_Major_Water_Losses_in_Middle_East.jpg/290px-NASA%27s_GRACE_Sees_Major_Water_Losses_in_Middle_East.jpg" data-width="290" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/NASA%27s_GRACE_Sees_Major_Water_Losses_in_Middle_East.jpg/435px-NASA%27s_GRACE_Sees_Major_Water_Losses_in_Middle_East.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/NASA%27s_GRACE_Sees_Major_Water_Losses_in_Middle_East.jpg/580px-NASA%27s_GRACE_Sees_Major_Water_Losses_in_Middle_East.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Estimates of changes in water storage around the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> Rivers, measured by NASA's <a href="/wiki/GRACE_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="GRACE (satellite)">GRACE</a> satellites. The satellites measure tiny changes in gravitational acceleration, which can then be processed to reveal movement of water due to changes in its total mass.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">Remote sensing</a></div> Remote sensing of hydrologic processes can provide information on locations where in situ sensors may be unavailable or sparse. It also enables observations over large spatial extents. Many of the variables constituting the terrestrial water balance, for example <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a> storage, <a href="/wiki/Soil_moisture" title="Soil moisture">soil moisture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>, are measurable using remote sensing at various spatial-temporal resolutions and accuracies.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Sources of remote sensing include land-based sensors, airborne sensors and <a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">satellite sensors</a> which can capture <a href="/wiki/Passive_microwave_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive microwave sensor">microwave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Near-infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-infrared">thermal and near-infrared</a> data or use <a href="/wiki/Lidar" title="Lidar">lidar</a>, for example. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_quality">Water quality</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Water quality" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></div> In hydrology, studies of water quality concern organic and inorganic compounds, and both dissolved and sediment material. In addition, water quality is affected by the interaction of dissolved oxygen with organic material and various chemical transformations that may take place. Measurements of water quality may involve either in-situ methods, in which analyses take place on-site, often automatically, and laboratory-based analyses and may include <a href="/wiki/Bacteriological_water_analysis" title="Bacteriological water analysis">microbiological analysis</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integrating_measurement_and_modelling">Integrating measurement and modelling</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Integrating measurement and modelling" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Budget analyses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameter_estimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameter estimation">Parameter estimation</a></li> <li>Scaling in time and space</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_assimilation" title="Data assimilation">Data assimilation</a></li> <li>Quality control of data – see for example <a href="/wiki/Double_mass_analysis" title="Double mass analysis">Double mass analysis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prediction">Prediction</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prediction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Observations of hydrologic processes are used to make <a href="/wiki/Predictions" class="mw-redirect" title="Predictions">predictions</a> of the future behavior of hydrologic systems (water flow, water quality).<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> One of the major current concerns in hydrologic research is "Prediction in Ungauged Basins" (PUB), i.e. in basins where no or only very few data exist.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistical_hydrology">Statistical hydrology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Statistical hydrology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The aims of Statistical hydrology is to provide appropriate statistical methods for analyzing and modeling various parts of the hydrological cycle.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> By analyzing the statistical properties of hydrologic records, such as rainfall or river flow, hydrologists can estimate future hydrologic phenomena. When making assessments of how often relatively rare events will occur, analyses are made in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Return_period" title="Return period">return period</a> of such events. Other quantities of interest include the average flow in a river, in a year or by season. These estimates are important for <a href="/wiki/Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineers">engineers</a> and economists so that proper <a href="/wiki/Risk_analysis_(business)" title="Risk analysis (business)">risk analysis</a> can be performed to influence investment decisions in future infrastructure and to determine the yield reliability characteristics of water supply systems. Statistical information is utilized to formulate operating rules for large dams forming part of systems which include agricultural, industrial and <a href="/wiki/Residential" class="mw-redirect" title="Residential">residential</a> demands. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modeling">Modeling</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modeling" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shetran_plan_view_dunsop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Shetran_plan_view_dunsop.jpg/220px-Shetran_plan_view_dunsop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1380"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 249px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Shetran_plan_view_dunsop.jpg/220px-Shetran_plan_view_dunsop.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="249" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Shetran_plan_view_dunsop.jpg/330px-Shetran_plan_view_dunsop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Shetran_plan_view_dunsop.jpg/440px-Shetran_plan_view_dunsop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Plan view of water flow through a <a href="/wiki/Catchment" class="mw-redirect" title="Catchment">catchment</a> simulated by the <a href="/wiki/SHETRAN" title="SHETRAN">SHETRAN</a> hydrological modelling system</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hydrological_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrological modeling">Hydrological modeling</a></div> Hydrological models are simplified, conceptual representations of a part of the hydrologic cycle. They are primarily used for hydrological prediction and for understanding hydrological processes, within the general field of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific modeling">scientific modeling</a>. Two major types of hydrological models can be distinguished:<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <ul><li>Models based on data. These models are <a href="/wiki/Black_box_(systems)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black box (systems)">black box</a> systems, using mathematical and statistical concepts to link a certain input (for instance rainfall) to the model output (for instance <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a>). Commonly used techniques are <a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">regression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transfer_function" title="Transfer function">transfer functions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/System_identification" title="System identification">system identification</a>. The simplest of these models may be linear models, but it is common to deploy non-linear components to represent some general aspects of a catchment's response without going deeply into the real physical processes involved. An example of such an aspect is the well-known behavior that a catchment will respond much more quickly and strongly when it is already wet than when it is dry.</li> <li>Models based on process descriptions. These models try to represent the physical processes observed in the real world. Typically, such models contain representations of <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subsurface_flow" title="Subsurface flow">subsurface flow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Open_channel_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Open channel flow">channel flow</a>, but they can be far more complicated. Within this category, models can be divided into conceptual and deterministic. Conceptual models link simplified representations of the hydrological processes in an area, whereas deterministic models seek to resolve as much of the physics of a system as possible. These models can be subdivided into single-event models and continuous simulation models.</li></ul> Recent research in hydrological modeling tries to have a more global approach to the understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modeling_in_hydrology" title="Behavioral modeling in hydrology">behavior of hydrologic systems</a> to make better predictions and to face the major challenges in water resources management. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hydrologic_transport_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrologic transport model">Hydrologic transport model</a></div> Water movement is a significant means by which other materials, such as soil, gravel, boulders or pollutants, are transported from place to place. Initial input to receiving waters may arise from a <a href="/wiki/Point_source_(pollution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Point source (pollution)">point source</a> discharge or a <a href="/wiki/Line_source" title="Line source">line source</a> or <a href="/wiki/Area_source_(pollution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Area source (pollution)">area source</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a>. Since the 1960s rather complex <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">mathematical models</a> have been developed, facilitated by the availability of high-speed computers. The most common pollutant classes analyzed are <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids" title="Total dissolved solids">total dissolved solids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Organizations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intergovernmental_organizations">Intergovernmental organizations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Intergovernmental organizations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Hydrological_Programme" title="International Hydrological Programme">International Hydrological Programme</a> (IHP)<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_research_bodies">International research bodies</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: International research bodies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Water_Management_Institute" title="International Water Management Institute">International Water Management Institute</a> (IWMI)<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li> <li>UN-IHE Delft Institute for Water Education<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_research_bodies">National research bodies</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: National research bodies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Ecology_and_Hydrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for Ecology and Hydrology">Centre for Ecology and Hydrology</a> – UK<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li> <li>Centre for Water Science, <a href="/wiki/Cranfield_University" title="Cranfield University">Cranfield University</a>, UK<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li> <li>eawag – aquatic research, ETH Zürich, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li> <li>Institute of Hydrology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> – Water Resources of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a> – Office of Hydrologic Development, US<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army Corps of Engineers">US Army Corps of Engineers</a> Hydrologic Engineering Center, US<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrologic_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrologic Research Center">Hydrologic Research Center</a>, US<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li> <li>NOAA Economics and Social Sciences, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li> <li>University of Oklahoma Center for Natural Hazards and Disasters Research, US<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Hydrology_Research_Centre" title="National Hydrology Research Centre">National Hydrology Research Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Hydrology" title="National Institute of Hydrology">National Institute of Hydrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_and_international_societies">National and international societies</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: National and international societies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>American Institute of Hydrology (AIH)<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_America" title="Geological Society of America">Geological Society of America</a> (GSA) – Hydrogeology Division<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a> (AGU) – Hydrology Section<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ground_Water_Association" title="National Ground Water Association">National Ground Water Association</a> (NGWA)<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Water_Resources_Association" title="American Water Resources Association">American Water Resources Association</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li>Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. (CUAHSI)<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Hydrological_Sciences" title="International Association of Hydrological Sciences">International Association of Hydrological Sciences</a> (IAHS)<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li> <li>Statistics in Hydrology Working Group (subgroup of IAHS)<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li> <li>German Hydrological Society (DHG: Deutsche Hydrologische Gesellschaft)<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li> <li>Italian Hydrological Society (SII-IHS) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sii-ihs.it">Società Idrologica Italiana</a></li> <li>Nordic Association for Hydrology<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hydrological_Society" title="British Hydrological Society">British Hydrological Society</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li>Russian Geographical Society (Moscow Center) – Hydrology Commission<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></li> <li>International Association for Environmental Hydrology<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Hydrogeologists" title="International Association of Hydrogeologists">International Association of Hydrogeologists</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soham.org.np/">Society of Hydrologists and Meteorologists – Nepal</a> <a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basin-_and_catchment-wide_overviews">Basin- and catchment-wide overviews</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Basin- and catchment-wide overviews" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Connected Waters Initiative, University of New South Wales<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> – Investigating and raising awareness of groundwater and water resource issues in Australia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray%E2%80%93Darling_basin" title="Murray–Darling basin">Murray Darling Basin</a> Initiative, Department of Environment and Heritage, Australia<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Research_journals">Research journals</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Research journals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inderscience.com/jhome.php?jcode=ijhst">International Journal of Hydrology Science and Technology</a></li> <li>Hydrological Processes, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1099-1085">1099-1085</a> (electronic) 0885-6087 (paper), <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a></li> <li>Hydrology Research, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0029-1277">0029-1277</a>, IWA Publishing (formerly Nordic Hydrology)</li> <li>Journal of Hydroinformatics, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1464-7141">1464-7141</a>, IWA Publishing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Hydrologic_Engineering" title="Journal of Hydrologic Engineering">Journal of Hydrologic Engineering</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0733-9496">0733-9496</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">ASCE</a> Publication</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Hydrology" title="Journal of Hydrology">Journal of Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Research" title="Water Research">Water Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Research" title="Water Resources Research">Water Resources Research</a></li> <li>Hydrological Sciences Journal - Journal of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0262-6667">0262-6667</a> (Print), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2150-3435">2150-3435</a> (Online)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_and_Earth_System_Sciences" title="Hydrology and Earth System Sciences">Hydrology and Earth System Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Hydrometeorology" title="Journal of Hydrometeorology">Journal of Hydrometeorology</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Aqueous solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">Climatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering_science" title="Environmental engineering science">Environmental engineering science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological Engineering">Geological Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Kenue" title="Green Kenue">Green Kenue</a> – a software tool for hydrologic modellers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">Hydraulics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HydroCAD" title="HydroCAD">HydroCAD</a> – hydrology and hydraulics modeling software</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrology (agriculture)">Hydrology (agriculture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Hydrological_Programme" title="International Hydrological Programme">International Hydrological Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash%E2%80%93Sutcliffe_model_efficiency_coefficient" title="Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient">Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_hydrology" title="Outline of hydrology">Outline of hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamal" title="Potamal">Potamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socio-hydrology" title="Socio-hydrology">Socio-hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_science" title="Soil science">Soil science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">Water distribution on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WEAP" title="WEAP">WEAP</a> (Water Evaluation And Planning) software to model catchment hydrology from climate and land use data</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchment_hydrology" title="Catchment hydrology">Catchment hydrology</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Other water-related fields</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a> is the more general study of water in the oceans and estuaries.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a> is the more general study of the atmosphere and of weather, including precipitation as snow and rainfall.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a> is the study of lakes, rivers and wetlands ecosystems. It covers the biological, chemical, physical, geological, and other attributes of all inland waters (running and standing waters, both fresh and saline, natural or man-made).<a href="#cite_note-Wetzel-51">[51]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Water resources</a> are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful. Hydrology studies the availability of those resources, but usually not their uses.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-USGS-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_1-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919135804/http://water.usgs.gov/edu/hydrology.html">"What is hydrology and what do hydrologists do?"</a>. USA.gov. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Geological Survey">U.S. Geological Survey</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://water.usgs.gov/edu/hydrology.html">the original</a> on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA.gov&rft.atitle=What+is+hydrology+and+what+do+hydrologists+do%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwater.usgs.gov%2Fedu%2Fhydrology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engineeringonline.ucr.edu/blog/what-is-water-resources-engineering/">"What is water resources engineering?"</a>. University of California Riverside. 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Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 25. Royal Society Publishing: 47–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.1970.0004">10.1098/rsnr.1970.0004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Edmond+Halley%2C+F.S.R.%2C+Hydrologist+Extraordinary&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=47-57&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.1970.0004&rft.aulast=Biswat&rft.aufirst=Asit+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsnr.1970.0004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrafSimmons2009" class="citation journal cs1">Graf, T.; Simmons, C. T. (February 2009). "Variable-density groundwater flow and solute transport in fractured rock: Applicability of the Tang et al. [1981] analytical solution". Water Resources Research. 45 (2): W02425. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009WRR....45.2425G">2009WRR....45.2425G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2008WR007278">10.1029/2008WR007278</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133884299">133884299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Resources+Research&rft.atitle=Variable-density+groundwater+flow+and+solute+transport+in+fractured+rock%3A+Applicability+of+the+Tang+et+al.+%5B1981%5D+analytical+solution&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=W02425&rft.date=2009-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133884299%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2008WR007278&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009WRR....45.2425G&rft.aulast=Graf&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Simmons%2C+C.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vereecken-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Vereecken_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVereeckenKemnaMünchTillmann2006" class="citation book cs1">Vereecken, H.; Kemna, A.; Münch, H. 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Retrieved 12 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Society+of+Hydrologists+and+Meteorologists&rft.atitle=Society+of+Hydrologists+and+Meteorologists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoham.org.np%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.connectedwaters.unsw.edu.au">"Connected Waters Initiative (CWI)"</a>. University of New South Wales. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130409231617/https://www.connectedwaters.unsw.edu.au/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Connected+Waters+Initiative+%28CWI%29&rft.pub=University+of+New+South+Wales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.connectedwaters.unsw.edu.au&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/node/24407">"Integrated Water Resource Management in Australia: Case studies – Murray-Darling Basin initiative"</a>. Australian Government, Department of the Environment. Australian Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140205175227/http://www.environment.gov.au/node/24407">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Government%2C+Department+of+the+Environment&rft.atitle=Integrated+Water+Resource+Management+in+Australia%3A+Case+studies+%E2%80%93+Murray-Darling+Basin+initiative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.au%2Fnode%2F24407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wetzel-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Wetzel_51-0">^</a> Wetzel, R.G. (2001) Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems, 3rd ed. Academic Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-744760-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-744760-1">0-12-744760-1</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Eslamian, S., 2014, (ed.) Handbook of Engineering Hydrology, Vol. 1: Fundamentals and Applications, Francis and Taylor, CRC Group, 636 Pages, USA.</li> <li>Eslamian, S., 2014, (ed.) Handbook of Engineering Hydrology, Vol. 2: Modeling, Climate Change and Variability, Francis and Taylor, CRC Group, 646 Pages, USA.</li> <li>Eslamian, S, 2014, (ed.) Handbook of Engineering Hydrology, Vol. 3: Environmental Hydrology and Water Management, Francis and Taylor, CRC Group, 606 Pages, USA.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonMcDonnell2005" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Malcolm G.; McDonnell, Jeffrey J., eds. (2005). Encyclopedia of hydrological sciences. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-49103-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-49103-9"><bdi>0-471-49103-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+hydrological+sciences&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-471-49103-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendriks2010" class="citation book cs1">Hendriks, Martin R. (2010). Introduction to physical hydrology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929684-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929684-2"><bdi>978-0-19-929684-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+physical+hydrology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929684-2&rft.aulast=Hendriks&rft.aufirst=Martin+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornbergerWibergRaffenspergerD'Odorico2014" class="citation book cs1">Hornberger, George M.; <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Wiberg" title="Patricia Wiberg">Wiberg, Patricia L.</a>; Raffensperger, Jeffrey P.; D'Odorico, Paolo P. (2014). Elements of physical hydrology (2nd ed.). Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421413730" title="Special:BookSources/9781421413730"><bdi>9781421413730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+physical+hydrology&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Md.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781421413730&rft.aulast=Hornberger&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Patricia+L.&rft.au=Raffensperger%2C+Jeffrey+P.&rft.au=D%27Odorico%2C+Paolo+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaidment1993" class="citation book cs1">Maidment, David R., ed. (1993). Handbook of hydrology. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-039732-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-039732-5"><bdi>0-07-039732-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+hydrology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-07-039732-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCuen2005" class="citation book cs1">McCuen, Richard H. (2005). Hydrologic analysis and design (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson-Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-142424-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-142424-6"><bdi>0-13-142424-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hydrologic+analysis+and+design&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+N.J.&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Pearson-Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-13-142424-6&rft.aulast=McCuen&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViessmanGary_L._Lewis2003" class="citation book cs1">Viessman, Warren Jr.; Gary L. Lewis (2003). Introduction to hydrology (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-673-99337-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-673-99337-X"><bdi>0-673-99337-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+hydrology&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+N.J.&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-673-99337-X&rft.aulast=Viessman&rft.aufirst=Warren+Jr.&rft.au=Gary+L.+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrology" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&oldid=1251985527">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&oldid=1251985527</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrology&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 19 October 2024, at 05:14 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrologie" title="Hidrologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hidrologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%87" title="علم المياه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم المياه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrologia" title="Hidrologia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Hidrologia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrolox%C3%ADa" title="Hidroloxía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hidroloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrologiya" title="Hidrologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hidrologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="هیدرولوژی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیدرولوژی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জলবিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জলবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гидрология – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гидрология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Гідралогія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гідралогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="हाइड्रोलाजी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हाइड्रोलाजी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrolohiya" title="Hidrolohiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hidrolohiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хидрология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хидрология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrologija" title="Hidrologija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hidrologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrologia" title="Hidrologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hidrologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Гидрологи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гидрологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologie" title="Hydrologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hydrologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroleg" title="Hydroleg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hydroleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologi" title="Hydrologi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hydrologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologie" title="Hydrologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hydrologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCdroloogia" title="Hüdroloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hüdroloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Υδρολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υδρολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrolog%C3%ADa" title="Hidrología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hidrología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrologio" title="Hidrologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hidrologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrologia" title="Hidrologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hidrologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آب‌شناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آب‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologie" title="Hydrologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hydrologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidreola%C3%ADocht" title="Hidreolaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hidreolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrolox%C3%ADa" title="Hidroloxía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hidroloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99" title="수문학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수문학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ջրաբանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջրաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जलविज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जलविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrologija" title="Hidrologija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hidrologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrologio" title="Hidrologio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hidrologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrologi" title="Hidrologi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hidrologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologia" title="Hydrologia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hydrologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatnafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Vatnafræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vatnafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrologia" title="Idrologia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Idrologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="הידרולוגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הידרולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrologi" title="Hidrologi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hidrologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಜಲವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಲವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჰიდროლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰიდროლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гидрология – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гидрология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гидрология – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гидрология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologia" title="Hydrologia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hydrologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrolo%C4%A3ija" title="Hidroloģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hidroloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologie" title="Hydrologie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hydrologie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrologija" title="Hidrologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hidrologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologie" title="Hydrologie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hydrologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrol%C3%B3gia" title="Hidrológia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hidrológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хидрологија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хидрологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF" title="ഹൈഡ്രോളജി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൈഡ്രോളജി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जलविज्ञान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जलविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrologi" title="Hidrologi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hidrologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrologi" title="Hidrologi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hidrologi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C5%ABi-%C3%B9ng-h%C5%8Fk" title="Cūi-ùng-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cūi-ùng-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Гидрологи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гидрологи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဇလဗေဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဇလဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologie" title="Hydrologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hydrologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="水文学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水文学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologi" title="Hydrologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hydrologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologi" title="Hydrologi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hydrologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologie" title="Hydrologie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Hydrologie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrologia" title="Idrologia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Idrologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гидрологий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Гидрологий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidrologiya" title="Gidrologiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gidrologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="اوبپوهنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوبپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologia" title="Hydrologia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hydrologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrologia" title="Hidrologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hidrologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrologie" title="Hidrologie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hidrologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaku_yachay" title="Yaku yachay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yaku yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гидрология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гидрология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrologjia" title="Hidrologjia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hidrologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E2%80%8D" title="ජල විද්‍යාව‍ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජල විද්‍යාව‍" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hydrology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%DA%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="هائيڊرولوجي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هائيڊرولوجي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrol%C3%B3gia" title="Hydrológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hydrológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrologija" title="Hidrologija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hidrologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ئاوناسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاوناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хидрологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хидрологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrologija" title="Hidrologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hidrologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrologi" title="Hidrologi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hidrologi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologia" title="Hydrologia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hydrologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologi" title="Hydrologi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hydrologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நீரியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீரியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гидрология – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гидрология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="อุทกวิทยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุทกวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Обшиносӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Обшиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_bilimi" title="Su bilimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Su bilimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Гідрологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гідрологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مائیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مائیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idro%C5%82ogia" title="Idrołogia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Idrołogia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7y_v%C4%83n_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Thủy văn học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thủy văn học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrolohiya" title="Hidrolohiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hidrolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="水文学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="水文学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="水文學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="水文學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="水文学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="水文学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 October 2024, at 05:14 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" 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