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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Facies, depositional environments and drowning of Tethyan isolated carbonate platforms: the Paleogene carbonates of Malta | Facies </title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Facies, depositional environments and drowning of Tethyan isolated carbonate platforms: the Paleogene carbonates of Malta"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Facies - The &lt; 900-m-thick Paleogene carbonates of the Maltese Islands and offshore wells comprise 16 facies grouped into 7 carbonate facies associations (TA, TB, TC, TD1, TD2,..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10347-022-00648-1/MediaObjects/10347_2022_648_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="10347"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Facies, depositional environments and drowning of Tethyan isolated carbonate platforms: the Paleogene carbonates of Malta"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Facies 2022 68:3"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2022-05-07"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2022 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2022 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="The &lt; 900-m-thick Paleogene carbonates of the Maltese Islands and offshore wells comprise 16 facies grouped into 7 carbonate facies associations (TA, TB, TC, TD1, TD2, TE1 and TE2). Previous works misclassified facies as belonging to a carbonate ramp, which derailed hydrocarbon exploration. This study confirms that the 200-km-wide, flat-topped, Malta isolated carbonate platform consists of coarse-grained, platform margin sediments surrounding the muddy, shallow marine interior that was tectonically segmented by half graben during foreland extension. Dating by correlation to benthic foraminiferal zones reveals two &gt; 15&nbsp;Ma-long depositional hiatuses that bound the Eocene carbonates. Cyclic sediments are capped by Eocene gypsum beds and Oligocene palaeosols&nbsp;and were controlled by third-order sea level cycles. About 700&nbsp;m of inner platform sediments accumulated from the Eocene (TA and TB) to the early Chattian (TC) until an abrupt and ubiquitous change to platform margin facies dominated by coralline red algae and subordinate corals (TD1). The succeeding transgressive rhodalgal biostrome (TD2) aggraded &gt; 40&nbsp;m and prograded into underfilled half graben, later capped by mobile dunes of large benthic foraminifera (TE1). Deeper water oligophotic to aphotic biota (TE2) draped over the platform by the late Chattian. Increased foreland subsidence and the spread of coarse-grained platform margin sediments signals the beginning of the drowning succession reflecting environmental stress, the decline of coral reef builders, reduced sedimentation rate and increased dispersal rates, culminating in hardgrounds along the drowning surface that terminated carbonate platform sedimentation by the end of the Chattian."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1612-4820"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Facies"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2022-05-07"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="68"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="3"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="23"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2022 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10347-022-00648-1"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s10347-022-00648-1"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10347-022-00648-1.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10347-022-00648-1"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Facies"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Facies"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer Berlin Heidelberg"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1612-4820"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Facies, depositional environments and drowning of Tethyan isolated carbonate platforms: the Paleogene carbonates of Malta"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="68"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="3"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2022/07"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2022/05/07"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="23"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Original Article"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s10347-022-00648-1"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s10347-022-00648-1"/> <meta name="size" content="247818"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s10347-022-00648-1"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s10347-022-00648-1&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="The &lt; 900-m-thick Paleogene carbonates of the Maltese Islands and offshore wells comprise 16 facies grouped into 7 carbonate facies asso"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Gatt, Peter"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Sedimentology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Biogeosciences"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Geochemistry"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Paleontology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Ecology"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Paleobiology; citation_title=Diversity of coralline red algae: origination and extinction patterns from the Early Cretaceous to the Pleistocene; citation_author=J Aguirre, R Riding, J Braga; citation_volume=26; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=651-667; citation_doi=10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0651:DOCRAO>2.0.CO;2; citation_id=CR1"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Basin Analysis; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_id=CR2; citation_author=P Allen; citation_author=J Allen; citation_publisher=Blackwell Scientific Publications"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mem Soc Geol Ital; citation_title=Palaeogeographic evolution and structural setting of the northern side of the Sicily Channel; citation_author=M Antonelli, R Franciosi, G Pezzi, A Querci, GP Ronco, F Vezzani; citation_volume=41; citation_publication_date=1988; citation_pages=141-157; citation_id=CR3"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Geodyn; citation_title=The strait of Sicily rift zone: foreland deformation related to the evolution of a back-arc basin; citation_author=A Argnani; citation_volume=12; citation_publication_date=1990; citation_pages=311-331; citation_doi=10.1016/0264-3707(90)90028-S; citation_id=CR4"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Carbonate sediments and their diagenesis. 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Previous works misclassified facies as belonging to a carbonate ramp, which derailed hydrocarbon exploration. This study confirms that the 200-km-wide, flat-topped, Malta isolated carbonate platform consists of coarse-grained, platform margin sediments surrounding the muddy, shallow marine interior that was tectonically segmented by half graben during foreland extension. Dating by correlation to benthic foraminiferal zones reveals two > 15 Ma-long depositional hiatuses that bound the Eocene carbonates. Cyclic sediments are capped by Eocene gypsum beds and Oligocene palaeosols and were controlled by third-order sea level cycles. About 700 m of inner platform sediments accumulated from the Eocene (TA and TB) to the early Chattian (TC) until an abrupt and ubiquitous change to platform margin facies dominated by coralline red algae and subordinate corals (TD1). The succeeding transgressive rhodalgal biostrome (TD2) aggraded > 40 m and prograded into underfilled half graben, later capped by mobile dunes of large benthic foraminifera (TE1). Deeper water oligophotic to aphotic biota (TE2) draped over the platform by the late Chattian. Increased foreland subsidence and the spread of coarse-grained platform margin sediments signals the beginning of the drowning succession reflecting environmental stress, the decline of coral reef builders, reduced sedimentation rate and increased dispersal rates, culminating in hardgrounds along the drowning surface that terminated carbonate platform sedimentation by the end of the Chattian."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10347-022-00648-1/MediaObjects/10347_2022_648_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" 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Previous works misclassified facies as belonging to a carbonate ramp, which derailed hydrocarbon exploration. This study confirms that the 200-km-wide, flat-topped, Malta isolated carbonate platform consists of coarse-grained, platform margin sediments surrounding the muddy, shallow marine interior that was tectonically segmented by half graben during foreland extension. Dating by correlation to benthic foraminiferal zones reveals two > 15 Ma-long depositional hiatuses that bound the Eocene carbonates. Cyclic sediments are capped by Eocene gypsum beds and Oligocene palaeosols and were controlled by third-order sea level cycles. About 700 m of inner platform sediments accumulated from the Eocene (TA and TB) to the early Chattian (TC) until an abrupt and ubiquitous change to platform margin facies dominated by coralline red algae and subordinate corals (TD1). The succeeding transgressive rhodalgal biostrome (TD2) aggraded > 40 m and prograded into underfilled half graben, later capped by mobile dunes of large benthic foraminifera (TE1). Deeper water oligophotic to aphotic biota (TE2) draped over the platform by the late Chattian. Increased foreland subsidence and the spread of coarse-grained platform margin sediments signals the beginning of the drowning succession reflecting environmental stress, the decline of coral reef builders, reduced sedimentation rate and increased dispersal rates, culminating in hardgrounds along the drowning surface that terminated carbonate platform sedimentation by the end of the Chattian.","datePublished":"2022-05-07T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2022-05-07T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"1","pageEnd":"23","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-022-00648-1","keywords":["Carbonate platform","Paleogene","Coralline red algae","Western Tethys","Depositional 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Berlin Heidelberg","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Peter Gatt","url":"http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3871-8395","affiliation":[{"name":"Geoscience Malta Consultants","address":{"name":"Geoscience Malta Consultants, Attard, Malta","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"pgatt.geo@gmail.com","@type":"Person"}],"isAccessibleForFree":false,"hasPart":{"isAccessibleForFree":false,"cssSelector":".main-content","@type":"WebPageElement"},"@type":"ScholarlyArticle"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage"}</script> </head> <body class="" >  <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>   <noscript data-test="gtm-body"> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" 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class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb2" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <span itemprop="name">Article</span><meta itemprop="position" content="3"> </li> </ol> </nav> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">Facies, depositional environments and drowning of Tethyan isolated carbonate platforms: the Paleogene carbonates of Malta</h1> <ul class="c-article-identifiers"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Original Article</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> Published: <time datetime="2022-05-07">07 May 2022</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="c-article-identifiers c-article-identifiers--cite-list"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> <span data-test="journal-volume">Volume 68</span>, article number <span data-test="article-number">9</span>, (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2022</span>) </li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item c-article-identifiers__item--cite"> <a href="#citeas" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </li> </ul> <div class="app-article-masthead__buttons" data-test="download-article-link-wrapper" data-track-context="masthead"> </div> </div> <div class="app-article-masthead__brand"> <a href="/journal/10347" class="app-article-masthead__journal-link" data-track="click_journal_home" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 768px)" width="120" height="159" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w120/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/10347?as=webp, https://media.springernature.com/w316/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/10347?as=webp 2x"> <img width="72" height="95" src="https://media.springernature.com/w72/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/10347?as=webp" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w144/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/10347?as=webp 2x" alt=""> </picture> <span class="app-article-masthead__journal-title">Facies</span> </a> <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10347/aims-and-scope" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_aims_and_scope" data-track-action="aims and scope" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> Aims and scope <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/faci/" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="article masthead on springerlink article page" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link"> Submit manuscript <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Peter-Gatt-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Peter-Gatt-Aff1" data-author-search="Gatt, Peter" data-corresp-id="c1">Peter Gatt<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" 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class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>The < 900-m-thick Paleogene carbonates of the Maltese Islands and offshore wells comprise 16 facies grouped into 7 carbonate facies associations (TA, TB, TC, TD1, TD2, TE1 and TE2). Previous works misclassified facies as belonging to a carbonate ramp, which derailed hydrocarbon exploration. This study confirms that the 200-km-wide, flat-topped, Malta isolated carbonate platform consists of coarse-grained, platform margin sediments surrounding the muddy, shallow marine interior that was tectonically segmented by half graben during foreland extension. Dating by correlation to benthic foraminiferal zones reveals two > 15 Ma-long depositional hiatuses that bound the Eocene carbonates. Cyclic sediments are capped by Eocene gypsum beds and Oligocene palaeosols and were controlled by third-order sea level cycles. About 700 m of inner platform sediments accumulated from the Eocene (TA and TB) to the early Chattian (TC) until an abrupt and ubiquitous change to platform margin facies dominated by coralline red algae and subordinate corals (TD1). The succeeding transgressive rhodalgal biostrome (TD2) aggraded > 40 m and prograded into underfilled half graben, later capped by mobile dunes of large benthic foraminifera (TE1). Deeper water oligophotic to aphotic biota (TE2) draped over the platform by the late Chattian. Increased foreland subsidence and the spread of coarse-grained platform margin sediments signals the beginning of the drowning succession reflecting environmental stress, the decline of coral reef builders, reduced sedimentation rate and increased dispersal rates, culminating in hardgrounds along the drowning surface that terminated carbonate platform sedimentation by the end of the Chattian.</p></div></div></section> <div class="c-notes"> <p class="c-notes__text c-status-message--info"> <svg width="24" height="24" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="c-status-message__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> This is a preview of subscription content, <a id="test-login-banner-link" href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10347-022-00648-1%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3Dfe7e8d53-9464-484e-b76a-83ed412e59e2" data-track="click" 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srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10347-022-00648-1/MediaObjects/10347_2022_648_Fig8_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10347-022-00648-1/MediaObjects/10347_2022_648_Fig8_HTML.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="244"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-9"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig9" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 9</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10347-022-00648-1/MediaObjects/10347_2022_648_Fig9_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10347-022-00648-1/MediaObjects/10347_2022_648_Fig9_HTML.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="210"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-10"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig10" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 10</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10347-022-00648-1/MediaObjects/10347_2022_648_Fig10_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10347-022-00648-1/MediaObjects/10347_2022_648_Fig10_HTML.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="178"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-11"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig11" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 11</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10347-022-00648-1/MediaObjects/10347_2022_648_Fig11_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10347-022-00648-1/MediaObjects/10347_2022_648_Fig11_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="204"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-12"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig12" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 12</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10347-022-00648-1/MediaObjects/10347_2022_648_Fig12_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10347-022-00648-1/MediaObjects/10347_2022_648_Fig12_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="154"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-13"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig13" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 13</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10347-022-00648-1/MediaObjects/10347_2022_648_Fig13_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10347-022-00648-1/MediaObjects/10347_2022_648_Fig13_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="124"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-14"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig14" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 14</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10347-022-00648-1/MediaObjects/10347_2022_648_Fig14_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10347-022-00648-1/MediaObjects/10347_2022_648_Fig14_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="271"></picture></div></div></figure></div> </div> <div data-test="cobranding-download"> </div> <section aria-labelledby="inline-recommendations" data-title="Inline Recommendations" class="c-article-recommendations" data-track-component="inline-recommendations"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-title" id="inline-recommendations">Similar content being viewed by others</h3> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10347-018-0545-0/MediaObjects/10347_2018_545_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div 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Note Brevi, pp 191–194. <a href="http://www.socgeol.it" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="http://www.socgeol.it">www.socgeol.it</a></p></li></ul><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s10347-022-00648-1?format=refman&flavour=references">Download references<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><section data-title="Acknowledgements"><div class="c-article-section" id="Ack1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Ack1">Acknowledgements</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Ack1-content"><p>BP and Total are thanked for providing well data. Thin sections were made at Durham University and analysed at Geoscience Malta Consulting. This study is partly based on the author’s PhD thesis. The Editor, Prof Maurice Tucker (Bristol) and reviewers are thanked for their support and suggestions.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Funding"><div class="c-article-section" id="Fun-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Fun">Funding</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Fun-content"><p>The author did not receive support from any organization for submitted work.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Geoscience Malta Consultants, 23, Ficus Street, Attard, Malta</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Peter Gatt</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Peter-Gatt-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Peter Gatt</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Peter%20Gatt" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - 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Facies, depositional environments and drowning of Tethyan isolated carbonate platforms: the Paleogene carbonates of Malta. <i>Facies</i> <b>68</b>, 9 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-022-00648-1</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s10347-022-00648-1?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time 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