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href="#British_dispositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>British dispositions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_dispositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_American_landing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_American_landing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>First American landing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_American_landing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_of_Isaac_Brock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_Isaac_Brock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Death of Isaac Brock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_Isaac_Brock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movements,_10_a.m._to_2_p.m." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movements,_10_a.m._to_2_p.m."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Movements, 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movements,_10_a.m._to_2_p.m.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sheaffe's_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sheaffe's_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Sheaffe's attack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sheaffe's_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="معركة مرتفعات كوينزتون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة مرتفعات كوينزتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="کوئینستن هایتس دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوئینستن هایتس دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_na_Queenston_Heights" title="Bitva na Queenston Heights – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva na Queenston Heights" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Queenston_Heights" title="Schlacht bei Queenston Heights – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht bei Queenston Heights" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Queenston_Heights" title="Batalla de Queenston Heights – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Queenston Heights" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="نبرد کوئینستن هایتس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد کوئینستن هایتس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Queenston_Heights" title="Bataille de Queenston Heights – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Queenston Heights" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%80%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B4_%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%B8%A0_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="퀸스턴 하이츠 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퀸스턴 하이츠 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="クィーンストン・ハイツの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クィーンストン・ハイツの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Queenston_Heights" title="Bitwa pod Queenston Heights – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Queenston Heights" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Queenston_Heights" title="Batalha de Queenston Heights – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Queenston Heights" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Битва на Куинстонских высотах – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва на Куинстонских высотах" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenston_Heightsin_taistelu" title="Queenston Heightsin taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Queenston Heightsin taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Queenston_Heights" title="Trận Queenston Heights – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Queenston Heights" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q200682#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">War of 1812 battle</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Queenston Heights</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Push_on,_brave_York_volunteers(large).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Push_on%2C_brave_York_volunteers%28large%29.jpg/300px-Push_on%2C_brave_York_volunteers%28large%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Push_on%2C_brave_York_volunteers%28large%29.jpg/450px-Push_on%2C_brave_York_volunteers%28large%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Push_on%2C_brave_York_volunteers%28large%29.jpg/600px-Push_on%2C_brave_York_volunteers%28large%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2416" data-file-height="1820" /></a></span><br /><i>Death of General Brock at the Battle of Queenston Heights</i>, John David Kelly</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>13 October 1812</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Queenston" title="Queenston">Queenston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>)</div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Queenston_Heights&params=43.16192_N_79.05049_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°09′43″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°03′02″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.16192°N 79.05049°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.16192; -79.05049</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Anglo-Canadian victory<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins1996_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins1996-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Brock" title="Isaac Brock">Isaac Brock</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <br /> <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Hale_Sheaffe" title="Roger Hale Sheaffe">Roger Hale Sheaffe</a></span> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Macdonell" title="John Macdonell">John Macdonell</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Van_Rensselaer" title="Stephen Van Rensselaer">Stephen Van Rensselaer</a></span> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1,300</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 3,550<sup id="cite_ref-Hitsman92_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitsman92-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 21 killed <br /> 85 wounded <br /> 22 captured<sup id="cite_ref-Malcomson297_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malcomson297-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 80-100 killed <br /> 80 wounded <br /> 955 captured, of whom 90 were wounded<sup id="cite_ref-CruikDoc143_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CruikDoc143-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CruikDoc92_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CruikDoc92-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CruikDoc121_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CruikDoc121-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CruikZas44_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CruikZas44-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CruikDoc74_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CruikDoc74-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Niagara_frontier" title="Template:Campaignbox War of 1812: Niagara frontier"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Niagara_frontier" title="Template talk:Campaignbox War of 1812: Niagara frontier"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Niagara_frontier" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox War of 1812: Niagara frontier"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Niagara_Frontier" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Niagara Frontier</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1812</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Caledonia_and_HMS_Detroit" title="Capture of HMS Caledonia and HMS Detroit">Capture of HMS Caledonia and HMS Detroit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queenston Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Frenchman's Creek">Frenchman's Creek</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1813</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_George" title="Battle of Fort George">Fort George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoney_Creek" title="Battle of Stoney Creek">Stoney Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaver_Dams" title="Battle of Beaver Dams">Beaver Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Fort_Schlosser" title="Raid on Fort Schlosser">Fort Schlosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ball%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Ball's Farm">Ball's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Black_Rock" title="Raid on Black Rock">Black Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanticoke_Creek" title="Battle of Nanticoke Creek">Nanticoke Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Niagara" title="Capture of Fort Niagara">1st Fort Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lewiston" title="Battle of Lewiston">Lewiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buffalo" title="Battle of Buffalo">Buffalo</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1814</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_Near_Fort_Niagara" class="mw-redirect" title="Skirmish Near Fort Niagara">2nd Fort Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Port_Dover" title="Raid on Port Dover">Port Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Erie" title="Capture of Fort Erie">1st Fort Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippawa" title="Battle of Chippawa">Chippawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lundy%27s_Lane" title="Battle of Lundy's Lane">Lundy's Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Conjocta_Creek" title="Battle of Conjocta Creek">Conjocta Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Erie" title="Siege of Fort Erie">2nd Fort Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cook%27s_Mills" title="Battle of Cook's Mills">Cook's Mills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Queenston Heights</b> was the first major battle in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. Resulting in a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> victory, it took place on 13 October 1812 near <a href="/wiki/Queenston" title="Queenston">Queenston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>). </p><p>The battle was fought between <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> regulars with New York militiamen, led by Major General <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Van_Rensselaer" title="Stephen Van Rensselaer">Stephen Van Rensselaer</a>, and British regulars, <a href="/wiki/York_Militia" title="York Militia">York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_and_Welland_Regiment#History" title="Lincoln and Welland Regiment">Lincoln</a> militiamen, and <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a> warriors, led by Major General Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Brock" title="Isaac Brock">Isaac Brock</a> and then Major General <a href="/wiki/Roger_Hale_Sheaffe" title="Roger Hale Sheaffe">Roger Hale Sheaffe</a>, who took command after Brock was killed. </p><p>The battle was fought as the result of an American attempt to establish a foothold on the Canadian side of the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a> before campaigning ended with the onset of winter. The decisive battle was the culmination of a poorly-managed American offensive and may be most historically significant for the loss of the British commander. </p><p>Despite their numerical advantage and the wide dispersal of British forces defending against their invasion attempt, the Americans, who were stationed in <a href="/wiki/Lewiston_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewiston (town), New York">Lewiston, New York</a>, were unable to get the bulk of their invasion force across the Niagara River because of the work of British artillery and the reluctance on the part of the undertrained and inexperienced American militia. As a result, British reinforcements arrived, defeated the unsupported American forces, and forced them to surrender. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Queenston_Heights&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States invasion across the Niagara River was originally intended to be part of a four-pronged attack on <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a>'s border strongpoints. From west to east, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/William_Hull" title="William Hull">William Hull</a> would attack <a href="/wiki/Amherstburg,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Amherstburg, Ontario">Amherstburg</a> through <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit</a>, Major General Van Rensselaer would attack across the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a>, another diversionary attack would cross the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a> to take <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a>, and Major General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Henry Dearborn</a>, the commander in chief of the United States Army, would make the major attack via <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a> to capture <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These attacks were expected to bring the colony to its knees and ensure a quick peace. </p><p>However, the four attacks on Upper Canada failed or were not even launched. Hull was besieged in Detroit and, fearing a massacre by Britain's <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">Native American</a> allies, surrendered the town and his entire army following the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit" title="Siege of Detroit">siege of Detroit</a>. Dearborn and his army remained relatively inactive at <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a> and seemed to be in no hurry to attempt an invasion. </p><p>Van Rensselaer was also unable to launch any immediate attack on the Niagara Peninsula, lacking troops and supplies. Although he held the rank of Major General in the New York state militia, Van Rensselaer had not commanded troops in battle and was not a warrior, being considered the leading <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a> candidate for the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">governorship of New York</a>. Possibly hoping to get Van Rensselaer out of the way, New York Governor <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Tompkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Tompkins">Daniel Tompkins</a> had put Van Rensselaer's name forward to command the army on the Niagara, and he officially took command on 13 July. Van Rensselaer secured the appointment of his second cousin, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Van_Rensselaer" title="Solomon Van Rensselaer">Solomon Van Rensselaer</a>, as his <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a>. Solomon van Rensselaer was an experienced soldier who had been wounded at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers" title="Battle of Fallen Timbers">Battle of Fallen Timbers</a> in 1794, and a valuable source of advice to the General. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Queenston_Heights&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_moves">British moves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Queenston_Heights&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: British moves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major General Isaac Brock was both the civil Administrator of Upper Canada and Commander of the military forces there. He was an aggressive commander, and his successful capture of Detroit had won him praise, the reputation as the "saviour of Upper Canada" and a knighthood, the news of which would only reach Upper Canada after his death. However, his superior at <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec City, Quebec">Quebec</a>, Lieutenant General Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Prevost" title="George Prevost">George Prevost</a>, was of a more cautious bent, and the two clashed over strategy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GenIsaacBrock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/GenIsaacBrock.jpg/170px-GenIsaacBrock.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/GenIsaacBrock.jpg/255px-GenIsaacBrock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/GenIsaacBrock.jpg/340px-GenIsaacBrock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>Major General <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Brock" title="Isaac Brock">Isaac Brock</a> led a force made up of British regulars, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian militia">Canadian militiamen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a> warriors during the Battle of Queenston Heights.</figcaption></figure> <p>Brock had hastened back from Detroit, intending to cross the Niagara, defeat Van Rensselaer before he could be reinforced and occupy upper <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York State</a>. Prevost vetoed this plan, ordering Brock to behave more defensively.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only was Prevost concerned by Brock's apparently rash actions, but he was aware that the British Government had revoked several <a href="/wiki/Orders_in_Council_(1807)" title="Orders in Council (1807)">Orders in Council</a> which affected American merchant ships, and thus removed some of the stated causes of the war. He believed that peace negotiations might result and did not wish to prejudice any talks by taking offensive action.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He opened negotiations with General Dearborn, and arranged local <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistices</a>. The United States government rejected Prevost's approach and ordered Dearborn "to proceed with the utmost vigor in your operations", after giving Prevost notice of the resumption of hostilities.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it took several weeks for this correspondence to travel between Washington and the frontier. </p><p>While Brock had been at Detroit, Major General Sheaffe had been in command of the troops on the Niagara. Acting under Prevost's orders, Sheaffe had concluded an armistice with Colonel Van Rensselaer on 20 August and had even gone further than Prevost's orders by voluntarily restricting the movement of British troops and supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brock returned to the Niagara on 22 August, to find the armistice in effect. The terms of the armistice permitted the use of the river by both powers as a common waterway and Brock could only watch as American reinforcements and supplies were moved to Van Rensselaer's army, without being able to take action to prevent it. The armistice ended on 8 September, by which time Van Rensselaer's army was considerably better supplied than it had been before. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_internal_quarrels">American internal quarrels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Queenston_Heights&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: American internal quarrels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even with Hull's failure and Dearborn's inaction, Van Rensselaer's situation appeared strong. On 1 September, he had only 691 unpaid men fit for duty, but the arrival of reinforcements boosted his force considerably. In addition to his own force of around 6,000 regulars, volunteers, and militia, Van Rensselaer had Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Smyth" title="Alexander Smyth">Alexander Smyth</a>'s force of 1,700 regular soldiers under his command. However, Smyth, who was a regular officer although a lawyer by trade, steadfastly refused to obey Van Rensselaer's orders or respond to his summons.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank26_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank26-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As soon as his force reached the frontier, Smyth deployed his force near <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, at the head of the Niagara River. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephenvanrensselaer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Stephenvanrensselaer.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>Maj Gen <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Van_Rensselaer" title="Stephen Van Rensselaer">Stephen Van Rensselaer</a> planned for the main American force to cross the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lewiston_(village),_New_York" title="Lewiston (village), New York">Lewiston, New York</a> and take the heights near <a href="/wiki/Queenston,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Queenston, Ontario">Queenston, Ontario</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Van Rensselaer planned for the main force to cross the Niagara from Lewiston and take the heights near Queenston, while Smyth crossed the river near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Niagara" title="Fort Niagara">Fort Niagara</a> and attacked <a href="/wiki/Fort_George,_Ontario" title="Fort George, Ontario">Fort George</a> from the rear. However, Smyth made no reply to Van Rensselaer's plan. When summoned to a council of officers in early October to plan the attack, Smyth did not respond, nor did he reply to a letter sent soon after. A direct order to arrive "with all possible dispatch" was also met with silence. Van Rensselaer, an amiable politician in a hurry to launch his attack, chose to proceed with the attack from Lewiston only, rather than bring Smyth before a <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a> and possibly delay the start of the battle. His aim was to establish a fortified bridgehead around Queenston, where he could maintain his army in winter quarters while planning for a campaign in the spring.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank26_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank26-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonel Van Rensselaer had visited the British side under the escort of Brock's aide, Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Macdonell" title="John Macdonell">John Macdonell</a>, and had gained a fairly good idea of the lay of the land. </p><p>On 9 October, American sailors, artillerymen, and volunteers from the militia, commanded by Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Elliot" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesse Elliot">Jesse Elliot</a>, launched a successful boarding attack on the <a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brigs</a> <i><a href="/wiki/HMS_Caledonia_(1807)" title="HMS Caledonia (1807)">Caledonia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/HMS_Detroit_(1812)" title="HMS Detroit (1812)">Detroit</a></i>, anchored near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Erie,_Ontario" title="Fort Erie, Ontario">Fort Erie</a> at the head of the Niagara River. Both brigs were captured, although <i>Detroit</i> subsequently ran aground and was set on fire to prevent it being recaptured. Brock feared this might presage an attack from Buffalo and galloped to Fort Erie. Although he soon realised that there was no immediate danger from Smyth in Buffalo, and returned to his headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake" title="Niagara-on-the-Lake">Niagara</a> that night, it was mistakenly reported to Van Rensselaer that Brock had left in haste for Detroit, which Major General <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> was attempting to retake.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank28_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank28-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Rensselaer decided to launch an attack at 3 a.m. on 11 October, even though Colonel Van Rensselaer was ill. </p><p>On 10 October, Van Rensselaer sent orders to Smyth to march his brigade to Lewiston in preparation for the attack "with every possible dispatch."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smyth set out upon receipt of the letter. However, in foul weather, he chose a route to Lewiston that was so bad that abandoned wagons could be seen "sticking in the road."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same tempestuous weather drenched Van Rensselaer's troops as they stood and waited to embark. One of the lead boatmen, a Lieutenant Sims, rowed his boat away and deserted the army, taking with him most of the oars. By the time the oars could be replaced, the attack had to be postponed. Colonel Van Rensselaer set the second attempt for 13 October.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smyth received word the attack had been postponed at 10 a.m. on 11 October. He then turned back to his camp at <a href="/wiki/Black_Rock,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Rock, New York">Black Rock, New York</a>, near Buffalo, rather than press on to Lewiston. He wrote to Van Rensselaer on 12 October that his troops would be in condition to move out again on 14 October, a day after the postponed attack was to be launched. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brock's_preparations"><span id="Brock.27s_preparations"></span>Brock's preparations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Queenston_Heights&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Brock's preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evans_before_Queenston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Evans_before_Queenston.jpg/220px-Evans_before_Queenston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Evans_before_Queenston.jpg/330px-Evans_before_Queenston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Evans_before_Queenston.jpg/440px-Evans_before_Queenston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1794" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption>Attempts to perform a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_exchange" title="Prisoner exchange">prisoner exchange</a> were made on 12 October by Major <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Evans_(British_Army_officer)" title="Thomas Evans (British Army officer)">Thomas Evans</a>. Intelligence gathered from the attempted exchange led Evans to deduce an American attack was imminent.</figcaption></figure> <p>Brock was aware of the failed attempt to cross the river on 11 October but was not certain this was not a mere demonstration to distract him from a major attack elsewhere. On 12 October, Major <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Evans_(British_Army_officer)" title="Thomas Evans (British Army officer)">Thomas Evans</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Brigade_Major" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigade Major">Brigade Major</a> at Fort George)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> crossed the Niagara River under a flag of truce to request an immediate exchange of prisoners taken in Elliot's raid on the British brigs three days before. He attempted to see Colonel Solomon Van Rensselaer but was told the Colonel was ill. Instead, he was met by a man who claimed to be General Stephen Van Rensselaer's secretary, Toock. Toock was probably Major John Lovett (Van Rensselaer's private military secretary) in disguise, and he repeatedly stated no exchange could be arranged until "the day after tomorrow." </p><p>Evans was struck by the repetition of this phrase and spotted several boats hidden under bushes along the shore. He deduced that a crossing was planned for 13 October, but when he returned to the British lines a council of officers responded to his statement with laughter and mockery. However, Brock took Evans aside and after a meeting was convinced of the possibility. That evening he dispatched several orders for the militia to assemble. </p><p>On 13 October, Brock was at his headquarters in Niagara. Major General Sheaffe was at <a href="/wiki/Fort_George,_Ontario" title="Fort George, Ontario">Fort George</a> nearby with the main British force. There were other British detachments at Queenston, Chippawa, and Fort Erie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Queenston_Heights&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_dispositions">British dispositions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Queenston_Heights&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: British dispositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vrooman%27s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Vrooman%27s.jpg/220px-Vrooman%27s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Vrooman%27s.jpg/330px-Vrooman%27s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Vrooman%27s.jpg/440px-Vrooman%27s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of <a href="/wiki/Vrooman%27s_Point" title="Vrooman's Point">Vrooman's Point</a>. A mile north of <a href="/wiki/Queenston,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Queenston, Ontario">Queenston</a>, the British positioned a twenty-four-pounder <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> piece used to harass American troops attempting to embark across the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a> during the battle.</figcaption></figure> <p>The village of Queenston consisted of a stone barracks and twenty houses each surrounded by gardens and peach orchards.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank28_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank28-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several farmhouses were scattered through the neighbouring fields and pastures. The village lay at the mouth of the gorge of the River Niagara. Immediately south of the village, the ground rose 300 feet (100 m) to Queenston Heights. The slope from the heights to the river bank was very steep but overgrown with shrubs and trees, making it fairly easy to climb. Lewiston was on the American side of the river, with the ground to its south rising to Lewiston Heights. The river was fast-flowing and 200 yards wide but was described as being little trouble to even an indifferent oarsman.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank28_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank28-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In time of peace, there was a regular boat service between Queenston and Lewiston<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with permanent landing stages in both villages. </p><p>The British detachment at Queenston consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Grenadier" title="Grenadier">grenadier</a> company of the <a href="/wiki/49th_(Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales%27s)_(Hertfordshire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="49th (Princess Charlotte of Wales's) (Hertfordshire) Regiment of Foot">49th Regiment of Foot</a> (which Brock had formerly commanded) under Captain James Dennis, a flank company of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Regiment_of_York_Militia" title="2nd Regiment of York Militia">2nd Regiment of York Militia</a> (the "York Volunteers") under Captain George Chisholm, and a detachment of the <a href="/wiki/41st_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="41st Regiment of Foot">41st Regiment of Foot</a> with a 3-pounder <a href="/wiki/Grasshopper_cannon" title="Grasshopper cannon">grasshopper cannon</a>. The light company of the 49th under Captain John Williams was posted in huts on top of the heights. An 18-pounder gun and a mortar<sup id="cite_ref-Malcomson136_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malcomson136-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were mounted in a <a href="/wiki/Redan" title="Redan">redan</a> halfway up the Heights, and a 24-pounder gun and a carronade were sited in a barbette at <a href="/wiki/Vrooman%27s_Point" title="Vrooman's Point">Vrooman's Point</a>, a mile north of the village, guarded by a company of the 5th Regiment of <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_and_Welland_Regiment#Perpetuated_units" title="Lincoln and Welland Regiment">Lincoln Militia</a> under Captain Samuel Hatt. Two more companies of York Militia under Captains Cameron and Heward were stationed at Brown's Point, three miles to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaslow30_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaslow30-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining local militia of the 5th Lincoln Regiment were not on duty but could assemble at very short notice.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_American_landing">First American landing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Queenston_Heights&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First American landing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"The grape and musket balls, poured upon them at close quarters as they approached the shore, made incredible havoc. A single discharge from a field-piece directed by Captain Dennis himself (the captain of the 49th Grenadiers) killed fifteen in one boat." </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Robinson,_1st_Baronet,_of_Toronto" title="Sir John Robinson, 1st Baronet, of Toronto">John Beverley Robinson</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Regiment_of_York_Militia" title="2nd Regiment of York Militia">2nd York Volunteers</a><sup id="cite_ref-Robinson34_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson34-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>The American forces involved were the 6th, 13th, and 23rd U.S. Regiments of Infantry, with detachments of U.S. Artillery serving as infantry. There were also the 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, and 20th Regiments of New York Militia and a volunteer battalion of riflemen,<sup id="cite_ref-Zaslow30_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaslow30-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> totalling 900 regulars and 2,650 militia.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitsman92_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitsman92-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the United States Army was being rapidly expanded, most of the regulars at Lewiston were recent recruits, and Van Rensselaer considered the militiamen's drill and discipline superior to that of the regulars. The Americans had twelve boats, each of which could carry thirty men, and two large boats which could carry eighty men and which were fitted with platforms on which <a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">field guns</a> or wagons could be carried. A last-minute squabble over seniority and precedence led to the command of the first landing party being split. Colonel Van Rensselaer led the militia contingent and Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Chrystie" title="John Chrystie">John Chrystie</a> of the <a href="/wiki/13th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="13th Infantry Regiment (United States)">13th U.S. Infantry</a> led the regulars. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Queenston_Heights,_Artist_Unknown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights%2C_Artist_Unknown.jpg/275px-Battle_of_Queenston_Heights%2C_Artist_Unknown.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights%2C_Artist_Unknown.jpg/413px-Battle_of_Queenston_Heights%2C_Artist_Unknown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights%2C_Artist_Unknown.jpg/550px-Battle_of_Queenston_Heights%2C_Artist_Unknown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption><i>The Battle of Queenston Heights</i> by eyewitness James B. Dennis, depicts the American landing on 13 October 1812. The village of Queenston is in the right foreground, with Queenston Heights behind. Lewiston is in the left foreground</figcaption></figure> <p>The Americans began crossing the river in thirteen boats at 4 a.m. on 13 October. Three boats, including Chrystie's, were swept downstream by the current. One landed lower down and the other two under Chrystie returned to the American side of the river. Ten minutes after they began the crossing, the remaining ten boats under Colonel van Rensselaer began landing at the village.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaslow30_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaslow30-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sentry noticed them and, rather than fire his musket to raise the alarm and thus warn the American troops that they had been spotted, ran to Dennis' headquarters. After waiting and observing the enemy landing build up for several minutes, Dennis' troops began firing rolling, accurate <a href="/wiki/Volley_fire" title="Volley fire">volleys</a> into the Americans in the midst of their coming ashore, firing low so as to inflict debilitating wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Berton233_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berton233-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonel Van Rensselaer was hit in the thigh by a musket ball as soon as he stepped out of his boat on the Canadian shore. As he tried to form up his troops, he was promptly hit five more times in the heel, thighs and calf, and though he survived, he spent most of the battle out of action, weak from loss of blood.<sup id="cite_ref-Berton233_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berton233-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Captain <a href="/wiki/John_E._Wool" title="John E. Wool">John E. Wool</a> of the 13th U.S. Infantry took over and fought to retain the American foothold in Queenston. </p><p>Meanwhile, the British guns opened fire in the direction of the American landing stage at Lewiston, and the American guns (two 18-pounder guns in an earthwork named "Fort Gray" on Lewiston Heights, two 6-pounder field guns and two 5.5-inch (140 mm) mortars near the landing stage) opened fire on Queenston village.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaslow30_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaslow30-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dennis' troops were driven back into the village but kept firing from the shelter of the houses. </p><p>As the light grew, the British guns became more accurate. As a second wave of six American boats began to cross the river, the crews of three of them, including their two largest, one of which was carrying Lieutenant Colonel Chrystie, panicked as they came under fire. Chrystie's pilot turned the boat back for shore, despite Chrystie's efforts to restrain him. This later caused controversy when Captain Lawrence, commanding the next boat following, asserted Chrystie had ordered him to retreat, leading to accusations of cowardice.<sup id="cite_ref-VanRensselaer28_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanRensselaer28-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the four remaining boats was sunk by fire from a 3-pound grasshopper cannon and a trio of others, carrying Lieutenant Colonel John Fenwick (formerly the commandant at Fort Niagara) and 80 men, drifted downstream and landed in Hamilton Cove, a hollow about 800 yards downriver, where a detachment of <a href="/wiki/York_Militia" title="York Militia">York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_and_Welland_Regiment#Perpetuated_units_–_1794–1863" title="Lincoln and Welland Regiment">Lincoln Militia</a> quickly surrounded Fenwick's men. A blistering fire was opened upon the U.S. infantry; Fenwick was grievously wounded in the face by a pistol shot, also receiving musket balls in his thigh and right side – his cloak was riddled with nine additional balls.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their boats' hulls perforated with musket fire, and most of their comrades killed or wounded within minutes, all the other survivors of Fenwick's party quickly surrendered.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaslow33_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaslow33-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robinson34_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson34-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three men managed to escape in one boat, which sank on reaching the American side of the river. The last boat drifted within easy range of the gun at Vrooman's Point and its occupants surrendered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_of_Isaac_Brock">Death of Isaac Brock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Queenston_Heights&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death of Isaac Brock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At Fort George, Brock had been awakened by the noise of the artillery at Queenston. As he considered this might only be a diversion, he ordered only a few detachments to move to Queenston but galloped there himself, accompanied by a few aides. He passed through the village as dawn broke, being cheered by the men of the 49th, many of whom knew him well, and moved up to the <a href="/wiki/Redan" title="Redan">redan</a> to gain a better view.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 18-pounder cannon and the howitzer<sup id="cite_ref-Malcomson136_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malcomson136-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the redan were causing great carnage amongst the American boats. Since coming ashore an hour-and-a-half earlier,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the U.S. forces had been pinned down along the river. Prompted by Lieutenant Gansevoort of the U.S. Artillery, who knew the area well, the wounded Colonel Solomon Van Rensselaer ordered Captains Wool and Ogilvie to take a detachment upstream "and ascend the heights by the point of the rock, and storm the battery."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The redan had very few troops guarding it, the light company of the 49th having been ordered from the heights into the town by Brock to join the fighting in the village in support of the grenadier company.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wool's troops attacked just after Brock arrived, forcing his small party and the artillerymen to flee into the village, after quickly spiking the guns. Brock sent a message to Major General Sheaffe at Fort George, ordering him to bring as many troops as possible to Queenston. He then resolved to recapture the redan immediately rather than wait for reinforcements.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitsman96_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitsman96-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brock1812.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Brock1812.jpg/220px-Brock1812.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Brock1812.jpg/330px-Brock1812.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Brock1812.jpg/440px-Brock1812.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Major General Brock leading the charge. Brock was later <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">killed in action</a>, leading the right flank towards the top of Queenston Heights</figcaption></figure> <p>Brock's charge was made by Dennis' and Williams' two companies of the 49th and two companies of militia.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaslow33_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaslow33-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assault was halted by heavy fire and as he noticed unwounded men dropping to the rear, Brock shouted angrily that "This is the first time I have ever seen the 49th turn their backs!<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank9_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank9-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nursey1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nursey1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surely the heroes of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_invasion_of_Holland" title="Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland">Egmont</a> will not tarnish their record!"<sup id="cite_ref-Nursey1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nursey1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this rebuke, the ranks promptly closed up and were joined by two more companies of militia, those of Cameron and Heward. Brock saw that the militia supports were lagging behind at the foot of the hill and ordered one of his Provincial <a href="/wiki/Aide_de_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Aide de camp">aides-de-camp</a>, Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Macdonell" title="John Macdonell">John Macdonell</a>, to "Push on the York Volunteers" while he led his own party to the right, presumably intending to join his party with that of Williams' detachment who were beginning to make progress on that flank.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank9_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank9-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brock was struck in the wrist of his sword arm by a musket ball but pressed home the attack he was directing. His height and energetic gestures, together with his officer's uniform and a gaudy sash given to him eight weeks earlier by <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a> after the siege of Detroit,<sup id="cite_ref-Hitsman96_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitsman96-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made him a conspicuous target. He was shot down by an unknown American who stepped forward from a thicket and fired at a range of barely fifty yards. The ball struck Brock in the chest, killing him almost instantly.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His body was carried from the field and secreted in a nearby house at the corner of Queenston Street and Partition Street, diagonally opposite that of <a href="/wiki/Laura_Secord" title="Laura Secord">Laura Secord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite being a lawyer by trade with little military experience, Lieutenant Colonel Macdonell led a second attempt, together with Williams, to retake the redan.<sup id="cite_ref-Malcomson154_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malcomson154-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Williams' men of the 49th starting from brush to the right of the line near the escarpment and Macdonell's anchoring the left, the force of between 70 and 80 men (more than half of whom were militia) advanced toward the redan. Wool had been reinforced by more troops who had just made their way up the path to the top of the Heights, and Macdonell faced some four hundred troops. </p><p>Despite the disadvantage in numbers as well as attacking a fixed position, Williams' and Macdonell's small force was driving the opposing force to the edge of the gorge on which the redan was situated, and seemed on the verge of success before the Americans were able to regroup and stand firm. The battle's momentum turned when a musket ball hit Macdonell's mount, causing it to rear and twist around, and another shot hit him in the small of the back, causing him to fall from the horse.<sup id="cite_ref-Malcomson155_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malcomson155-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was removed from the battlefield but succumbed to his injuries early the next day. Captain Williams was laid low by a wound to the head, and Dennis by a severe wound to the thigh (although he continued to lead his detachment throughout the action).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carrying Macdonnell and the body of Brock, the British fell back through Queenston to Durham's Farm a mile north near Vrooman's Point.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaslow38_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaslow38-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to legend, Brock's last words were "Push on, brave York Volunteers", but this is very unlikely, since Brock was not with them when he fell. Moreover, the wound's location (as seen on his coat, which is on display at the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_War_Museum" title="Canadian War Museum">Canadian War Museum</a>) suggests Brock died almost instantly, without time to speak. According to historian J. Mackay Hitsman, Brock's earlier command to push on the York Volunteers, who had just arrived from Queenston, was transformed into the later legend.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitsman96_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitsman96-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movements,_10_a.m._to_2_p.m."><span id="Movements.2C_10_a.m._to_2_p.m."></span>Movements, 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Queenston_Heights&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Movements, 10 a.m. to 2 p.m."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 10 a.m., the Americans were opposed only by the 24-pounder at Vrooman's Point which was firing at the American boats at very long range. The Americans were able to push several hundred fresh troops and a 6-pounder field gun across the river. They unspiked the 18-pounder in the redan and used it to fire into Queenston village, but it had a limited field of fire away from the river. Some American soldiers entered Queenston village and looted some houses. They also rescued Lieutenant Colonel Fenwick and other survivors from his party, but did not attempt to drive Dennis from his position near Vrooman's Point.<sup id="cite_ref-Elting46_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elting46-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winfield_Scott,_ca._War_of_1812.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Winfield_Scott%2C_ca._War_of_1812.jpg/170px-Winfield_Scott%2C_ca._War_of_1812.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Winfield_Scott%2C_ca._War_of_1812.jpg/255px-Winfield_Scott%2C_ca._War_of_1812.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Winfield_Scott%2C_ca._War_of_1812.jpg/340px-Winfield_Scott%2C_ca._War_of_1812.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> was instructed to take command of the American forces that captured Queenston Heights earlier in the day. Scott was later captured at the end of the battle.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lieutenant Colonel Chrystie briefly took charge of the troops on the Canadian side but returned to Lewiston to collect reinforcements and entrenching tools. At about noon, General van Rensselaer and Chrystie crossed to the Canadian side of the river. They ordered the position on Queenston Heights to be fortified. Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gilbert_Totten" title="Joseph Gilbert Totten">Joseph Gilbert Totten</a> of the U.S. Engineers traced out the position of the proposed fortifications. Van Rensselaer appointed Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> of the 2nd U.S. Artillery to take command of the regulars on Queenston Heights. Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/William_Wadsworth_(officer)" title="William Wadsworth (officer)">William Wadsworth</a>, who was nominally present as a volunteer<sup id="cite_ref-Elting46_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elting46-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and who waived his right to overall command, took charge of the militia. There were few complete formed units; there was only a collection of unorganised detachments, some without their officers. Likewise some officers had crossed but their men had not followed them. Little more than a thousand of General Van Rensselaer's men had crossed the Niagara River. </p><p>Meanwhile, British reinforcements had begun to arrive from Fort George. A detachment of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Artillery" title="Royal Artillery">Royal Artillery</a> (a "car brigade", with draught horses and drivers provided by Canadian farmers and militia)<sup id="cite_ref-Hitsman98_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitsman98-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under Captain William Holcroft with two 6-pounder guns moved into Queenston village, supported by a company of the 41st under Captain Derenzy. Militia Captain Alexander Hamilton guided them to a firing position in the courtyard of Hamilton's house. When they opened fire at 1 p.m., it once again became hazardous for the American boats to attempt to cross the river. Two American boats and a scow were sunk, and <a href="/wiki/Shrapnel_shell" title="Shrapnel shell">shrapnel</a> fire several times silenced the American batteries in Lewiston.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, 300 <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawk nation">Mohawk</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hitsman98_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitsman98-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> warriors under Captains <a href="/wiki/John_Norton_(Mohawk_chief)" title="John Norton (Mohawk chief)">John Norton</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Brant_(Mohawk_chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Brant (Mohawk chief)">John Brant</a> climbed up to the top of the heights and suddenly fell on Scott's outposts. None were killed, and the Mohawk force was driven back into some woods, but the Americans' spirits were badly affected by their fear of the natives. Warcries could be clearly heard in Lewiston, and militia waiting there to cross the river refused to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sheaffe's_attack"><span id="Sheaffe.27s_attack"></span>Sheaffe's attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Queenston_Heights&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sheaffe's attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sheaffe arrived at Queenston at 2 p.m. and took charge of the British troops. He ordered yet more reinforcements to join him, and when they had done so, he led his force on a 3 miles (4.8 km) detour to the Heights, shielding them from the American artillery. Here, he was joined by another column of reinforcements from Chippawa under Captain Richard Bullock of the 41st. In all, he commanded over 800 men. In addition to the remnants of the force which had been engaged under Brock in the morning, he had five companies of the 41st and seven of militia (including <a href="/wiki/Captain_Runchey%27s_Company_of_Coloured_Men" title="Captain Runchey's Company of Coloured Men">Captain Runchey's Company of Coloured Men</a>), with two 3-pounder guns, belonging to Swayze's Provincial Artillery (a militia unit) but commanded by Lieutenant Crowther of the 41st. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rogerhalesheaffe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Rogerhalesheaffe.jpg/170px-Rogerhalesheaffe.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Rogerhalesheaffe.jpg/255px-Rogerhalesheaffe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Rogerhalesheaffe.jpg/340px-Rogerhalesheaffe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Arriving at Queenston at 2 p.m., shortly after Brock's death, Major General <a href="/wiki/Roger_Hale_Sheaffe" title="Roger Hale Sheaffe">Roger Hale Sheaffe</a> took charge of the remaining British regulars, Canadian militiamen, and Mohawk warriors.</figcaption></figure> <p>General Van Rensselaer determined at this point to re-cross to Lewiston to push forward reinforcements and munitions. Refugees and stragglers crowded into his boat and nearly capsized it.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Lewiston, he found that the troops had dissolved into a disorderly crowd<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was unable to cajole any more of the militia into crossing the river. He then tried to induce the civilian boatmen to cross the river and retrieve his soldiers from Canada, but they refused even that. The General reported the next day that, "...to my utter astonishment, I found that at the very moment when complete victory was in our hands, the ardor of the unengaged troops had entirely subsided. I rode in all directions – urged men by every consideration to pass over – but in vain."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sent a message to Brigadier General Wadsworth which left the decision whether to stand and fight or withdraw across the Niagara to him, promising to send boats if the decision was made to withdraw.<sup id="cite_ref-Elting48_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elting48-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Sheaffe's force began to advance, Scott and Wadsworth received Van Rensselaer's message. At this point, according to Scott, the effective American force on the heights consisted of 125 regular infantry, 14 artillerymen and 296 militiamen.<sup id="cite_ref-Elting48_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elting48-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Americans decided to abandon their incomplete field works and withdraw. Scott fell back to the top of the heights where he attempted to throw up a barricade of fence rails and brushwood to cover the evacuation with his regulars. He placed the 6-pounder gun in front of the line, and posted some riflemen on the right among the huts formerly occupied by the light company of the 49th. </p><p>Sheaffe took his time forming his men up and preparing them for battle and attacked at 4 p.m., twelve hours after Van Rensselaer launched his assault. The first attack was made by the light company of the 41st with 35 militia and some Native Americans against the riflemen on Scott's right. After firing a volley, they charged with the bayonet, forcing the riflemen to give way in confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheaffe immediately ordered a general advance, and the entire British line fired a volley, raised the Indian war-whoop and charged. The American militia, hearing the Mohawk war-cries and believing themselves doomed, retreated <i>en masse</i> and without orders. Cursing the men who would not cross the river, General Wadsworth surrendered at the edge of the precipice with 300 men. Scott, Totten and some others scrambled down the steep bank to the edge of the river. With no boats arriving to evacuate his men and with the Mohawk warriors furious over the deaths of two chiefs, Scott feared a massacre and surrendered to the British. The first two officers who tried to surrender were killed by Native Americans, and after Scott had personally waved a white flag (actually Totten's white cravat), excited Natives continued to fire from the heights into the crowd of Americans on the river bank below for several minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Elting48_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elting48-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once the surrender was made, Scott was shocked to see 500 militiamen, who had been hiding around the heights, emerging to surrender also. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Queenston_Heights&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British official casualty return gave 14 killed, 77 wounded, and 21 missing, with the loss of Norton's Native Americans not included.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Robert Malcomson has demonstrated this computation to be in error and shows that the British and Canadian losses were 16 killed, 83 wounded, and 21 captured, with a further 5 killed, 2 wounded, and 1 captured among the Native American contingent.<sup id="cite_ref-Malcomson297_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malcomson297-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gives a total loss of 21 killed, 85 wounded, and 22 captured. Among the wounded Canadians was James Secord, husband of <a href="/wiki/Laura_Secord" title="Laura Secord">Laura Secord</a>. </p><p>The number of Americans killed in the battle has been variously estimated at 60,<sup id="cite_ref-CruikDoc143_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CruikDoc143-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 90,<sup id="cite_ref-Quimby73_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quimby73-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 100.<sup id="cite_ref-CruikDoc92_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CruikDoc92-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 82 severely wounded Americans were evacuated across the Niagara before the surrender, of whom 2 soon died.<sup id="cite_ref-CruikDoc121_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CruikDoc121-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 955 Americans were initially captured by the British, including 120 severely wounded officers and men. This was more than the hospital at Niagara could accommodate, so some of them had to be cared for in the court house or in nearby churches. These were only the men who were badly injured enough to require hospitalization: the numbers of the walking wounded, who were seen by the British surgeons and then kept with the other prisoners, have not been recorded. Of the severely wounded prisoners, 30 soon died,<sup id="cite_ref-CruikZas44_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CruikZas44-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so by the time a full report on the prisoners was issued on 15 October, there were 19 officers and 417 enlisted men of the U.S. regulars and 54 officers and 435 other ranks of the New York Militia.<sup id="cite_ref-CruikDoc74_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CruikDoc74-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 80 surviving wounded in the American hospital and the 90 surviving wounded prisoners were presumably the basis for General Van Rensselaer's statement, in a letter to Dearborn on 20 October, that "the aggregate" of his information would indicate that 170 Americans had been wounded in the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-CruikDoc143_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CruikDoc143-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gives total American casualties of 60–100 killed, 80 wounded, 90 wounded prisoners and 835 other prisoners. 6 officers (4 regular and 2 militia) were among the killed; 11 officers (6 regular and 5 militia) were among the wounded who escaped capture and 8 officers (4 regular and 4 militia) were among the wounded prisoners. Those captured included Brigadier General William Wadsworth of the New York Militia, Lieutenant Colonel Scott and four other lieutenant colonels.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 6-pounder gun and the colours of a New York Militia regiment were also captured. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Queenston_Heights&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sheaffe immediately proposed a temporary truce and invited Van Rensselaer to send surgeons to assist in treating the wounded. Having assented, General Van Rensselaer resigned immediately after the battle and was succeeded as senior officer on the Niagara by Alexander Smyth, the officer whose insolence had badly injured the invasion attempt. Smyth still had his regulars at Buffalo but refused to launch an attack until he had 3,000 men under his command. He launched a successful raid to prepare the ground for a full-scale invasion at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Frenchman's Creek">Battle of Frenchman's Creek</a> but then bungled two attempts to cross the river near Fort Erie and drew the loathing of his soldiers. Universally castigated for his refusal to attack and with rumours of mutiny in the air, Smyth slipped away to his home in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> rather than remain at his post. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Smyth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Alexander_Smyth.jpg/170px-Alexander_Smyth.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Alexander_Smyth.jpg/255px-Alexander_Smyth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Alexander_Smyth.jpg/340px-Alexander_Smyth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1623" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Smyth" title="Alexander Smyth">Alexander Smyth</a>, the officer who refused to support Van Rensselaer's attack, succeeded him as the senior American officer on the Niagara, after the latter's resignation.</figcaption></figure> <p>At Albany, the defeat of Van Rensselaer only increased Henry Dearborn's reluctance to act. With two armies already defeated, Dearborn was not keen on leading the third. He led a half-hearted advance as far as <a href="/wiki/Odelltown,_Quebec" title="Odelltown, Quebec">Odelltown</a>, where his militia refused to proceed further. After his regulars were easily repulsed by the garrison of an outpost at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1812)" title="Battle of Lacolle Mills (1812)">Lacolle Mills</a>, Dearborn retired to American territory. He would be replaced the following year with only minor successes to his credit. </p><p>The question of who was to blame for the defeat was one that was never resolved. Stephen Van Rensselaer's popularity remained high enough that he was able to make an unsuccessful attempt to unseat Daniel Tompkins as Governor of New York, and he later served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>. General <a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Armstrong, Jr.">John Armstrong, Jr.</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> for much of the war, pinned the blame on General Van Rensselaer in his <i>Notices of the War of 1812</i>, published after the war. This provoked an indignant response from Solomon Van Rensselaer, who compared Armstrong to <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a> and laid the blame squarely on Lieutenant Colonel Chrystie (who had died of natural causes in July 1813), who he accused of cowardice and said "to his failure may mainly be attributed all our disasters."<sup id="cite_ref-VanRensselaer28_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanRensselaer28-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The loss of Major General Brock was nevertheless a major blow to the British. Brock had inspired his own troops and the militia and civilian authorities in Upper Canada by his blustering confidence and activity. Sheaffe, his successor, received a baronetcy for his part in the victory but could not command the same respect. He was already known to many of the troops in Upper Canada as a harsh disciplinarian. His success where Brock had rashly sacrificed himself could not help him escape censure for not having followed up the victory at Queenston Heights with an attack on Fort Niagara (which had been left virtually evacuated by its garrison after a bombardment from British batteries that afternoon).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following April, he was defeated by a numerically superior American force at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York" title="Battle of York">Battle of York</a>. Although his decision to retreat with his few regulars was accepted by his superiors (and his American opponents) to be correct in military terms, it left the local militia, the Assembly of Upper Canada and the population of York feeling abandoned and aggrieved. He was relieved of his appointments in Upper Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Queenston_Heights&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brock%27s_Monument_at_Queenston_Heights,_Ontario.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Brock%27s_Monument_at_Queenston_Heights%2C_Ontario.JPG/220px-Brock%27s_Monument_at_Queenston_Heights%2C_Ontario.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Brock%27s_Monument_at_Queenston_Heights%2C_Ontario.JPG/330px-Brock%27s_Monument_at_Queenston_Heights%2C_Ontario.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Brock%27s_Monument_at_Queenston_Heights%2C_Ontario.JPG/440px-Brock%27s_Monument_at_Queenston_Heights%2C_Ontario.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A 56 metres (184 ft) column, known as <a href="/wiki/Brock%27s_Monument" title="Brock's Monument">Brock's Monument</a> was constructed atop Queenston Heights to commemorate the battle as well as Major General <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Brock" title="Isaac Brock">Isaac Brock</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A 56-metre (185 ft) column atop Queenston Heights in Queenston, Ontario, Canada, known as <a href="/wiki/Brock%27s_Monument" title="Brock's Monument">Brock's Monument</a>, commemorates the battle as well as the memory of the British General who died there. </p><p>The song "MacDonell on the Heights", by <a href="/wiki/Stan_Rogers" title="Stan Rogers">Stan Rogers</a>, commemorates the role of John MacDonell in the battle. </p><p>The Battle Honour "Queenstown" [sic] was awarded to two British regiments in the aftermath of the war: the <a href="/wiki/41st_(Welch)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="41st (Welch) Regiment of Foot">41st Regiment of Foot</a> and <a href="/wiki/49th_(Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales%27s)_(Hertfordshire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="49th (Princess Charlotte of Wales's) (Hertfordshire) Regiment of Foot">49th Regiment of Foot</a>, whose successor units in the modern British Army are the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Welsh" title="Royal Welsh">Royal Welsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Rifles" title="The Rifles">the Rifles</a> Regiments. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_and_Welland_Regiment" title="Lincoln and Welland Regiment">Lincoln and Welland Regiment</a>, the <a href="/wiki/56th_Field_Artillery_Regiment,_RCA" title="56th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA">56th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_York_Rangers_(1st_American_Regiment)" title="Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment)">Queen's York Rangers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hamilton_Light_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Hamilton Light Infantry">Royal Hamilton Light Infantry</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lorne_Scots_(Peel,_Dufferin_and_Halton_Regiment)" title="Lorne Scots (Peel, Dufferin and Halton Regiment)">Lorne Scots</a> perpetuate the history and heritage of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_units_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Canadian units of the War of 1812">Canadian militia</a> units that took part in the battle. These regiments also carry the <i>QUEENSTON</i> Battle Honour. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_405" title="Ontario Highway 405">Ontario Highway 405</a> that connects the <a href="/wiki/Lewiston%E2%80%93Queenston_Bridge" title="Lewiston–Queenston Bridge">Lewiston–Queenston Bridge</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Way" title="Queen Elizabeth Way">Queen Elizabeth Way</a> is named the General Brock Parkway. </p><p>Many songs have been written about the battle. In 1959, as an answer to "<a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="The Battle of New Orleans">The Battle of New Orleans</a>", then a hit record by <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Horton" title="Johnny Horton">Johnny Horton</a>, Toronto radio station <a href="/wiki/CHUM_(AM)" title="CHUM (AM)">CHUM</a> recorded "The Battle of Queenston Heights", with DJ <a href="/wiki/Mike_Darow" title="Mike Darow">Mike Darow</a> on lead vocals.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Credited to "Mike Darow and the CHUMS", the number became a regional hit in its own right, reaching #17 on CHUM's own chart.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Multiple streets, avenues, roads, and a university in Ontario are named after Major General Brock, as is the city of <a href="/wiki/Brockville" title="Brockville">Brockville</a> in the province. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Queenston_Heights&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jenkins1996-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins1996_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Jenkins1996" class="citation book cs1">Brian Jenkins (14 March 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PGwyqYmVigoC&pg=PA76"><i>Henry Goulburn, 1784–1856: A Political Biography</i></a>. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1371-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1371-6"><bdi>978-0-7735-1371-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Goulburn%2C+1784%E2%80%931856%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%E2%80%93+MQUP&rft.date=1996-03-14&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-1371-6&rft.au=Brian+Jenkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPGwyqYmVigoC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Queenston+Heights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitsman92-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hitsman92_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitsman92_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitsman, p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malcomson297-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malcomson297_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malcomson297_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Malcomson, <i>A Very Brilliant Affair</i>, p. 297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CruikDoc143-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CruikDoc143_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CruikDoc143_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CruikDoc143_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, <i>Documentary History</i>, p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CruikDoc92-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CruikDoc92_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CruikDoc92_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, <i>Documentary History</i>, p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CruikDoc121-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CruikDoc121_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CruikDoc121_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, <i>Documentary History</i>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CruikZas44-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CruikZas44_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CruikZas44_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, in Zaslow, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CruikDoc74-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CruikDoc74_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CruikDoc74_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, <i>Documentary History</i>, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elting, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, in Zaslow, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitsman, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitsman, p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitsman, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruikshank26-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank26_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank26_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, in Zaslow, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruikshank28-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank28_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank28_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank28_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, in Zaslow, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malcomson, <i>A Very Brilliant Affair</i>, p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malcomson, <i>A Very Brilliant Affair</i>, p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Rensselaer, pp. 21–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malcomson, <i>Lords of the Lake</i>, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elting, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malcomson136-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malcomson136_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malcomson136_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Malcomson, <i>A Very Brilliant Affair</i>, p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, in Lundy's Lane Historical Society, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaslow30-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zaslow30_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaslow30_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaslow30_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaslow30_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, in Zaslow, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, in Zaslow, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson34-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson34_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson34_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1904" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, C. W. (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Awo_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=Ek4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=4118,730405&dq=gordon-roberts&hl=en">"Life of Sir John Beverley Robinson, Bart., Chief-Justice of Upper Canada"</a>. p. 34<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+of+Sir+John+Beverley+Robinson%2C+Bart.%2C+Chief-Justice+of+Upper+Canada.&rft.pages=34&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=C.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DAwo_AAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DEk4MAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4118%2C730405%26dq%3Dgordon-roberts%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Queenston+Heights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berton233-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berton233_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berton233_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berton (1980), pp. 233–234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VanRensselaer28-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VanRensselaer28_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VanRensselaer28_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Rensselaer, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berton (1980), p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaslow33-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zaslow33_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaslow33_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, in Zaslow, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elting, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malcomson,<i>A Very Brilliant Affair</i>, p. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malcomson, <i>A Very Brilliant Affair</i>, p. 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitsman, p. 95. Cruikshank states Dennis had ordered the light company down by bugle call, before Brock's arrival</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitsman96-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hitsman96_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitsman96_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitsman96_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitsman, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruikshank9-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank9_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank9_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, in Lundy's Lane Historical Society, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nursey1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nursey1_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nursey1_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nursey, "The Story of Isaac Brock (General Sir Isaac Brock, K.B.): Hero, Defender and Saviour of Upper Canada 1812", p. 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, in Zaslow, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203406/http://eedition.niagaraadvance.ca/doc/Niagara-Advance/niagaraadvance10-03-12/2012100201/13.html#12">"Battle re-enactment, Brock funeral parade weekend highlights"</a>. niagaraadvance.ca. 3 October 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eedition.niagaraadvance.ca/doc/Niagara-Advance/niagaraadvance10-03-12/2012100201/13.html#12">the original</a> on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+re-enactment%2C+Brock+funeral+parade+weekend+highlights&rft.pub=niagaraadvance.ca&rft.date=2012-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feedition.niagaraadvance.ca%2Fdoc%2FNiagara-Advance%2Fniagaraadvance10-03-12%2F2012100201%2F13.html%2312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Queenston+Heights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malcomson154-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malcomson154_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malcomson, <i>A Very Brilliant Affair</i>, p. 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malcomson155-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malcomson155_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malcomson, <i>A Very Brilliant Affair</i>, p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, in Lundy's Lane Historical Society, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaslow38-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zaslow38_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, in Zaslow, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elting46-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elting46_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elting46_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elting, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitsman98-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hitsman98_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitsman98_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitsman, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, in Zaslow, pp. 39–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, in Zaslow, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, in Zaslow, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elting, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York Herald, 4 Nov. 1812, front page</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elting48-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elting48_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elting48_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elting48_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elting, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, in Zaslow, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, Documentary History, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quimby73-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Quimby73_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quimby, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, <i>Documentary History</i>, pp. 76, 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, in Lundy's Lane Historical Society, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YSp9b_VkFq4">"The Battle of Queenston Heights" on YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chumtribute.com/59-07-27-chart.jpg">"CHUM Hit Parade - July 27, 1959"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHUM+Hit+Parade+-+July+27%2C+1959&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchumtribute.com%2F59-07-27-chart.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Queenston+Heights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Queenston_Heights&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerton1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berton" title="Pierre Berton">Berton, Pierre</a> (1980). <i>The Invasion of Canada, 1812–1813</i>. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7710-1235-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7710-1235-7"><bdi>0-7710-1235-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invasion+of+Canada%2C+1812%E2%80%931813&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-7710-1235-7&rft.aulast=Berton&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Queenston+Heights" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorneman2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_R._Borneman" title="Walter R. Borneman">Borneman, Walter R. Borneman</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1812warthatforge0000born"><i>1812: The War That Forged a Nation</i></a></span>. New York: Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-053112-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-053112-6"><bdi>978-0-06-053112-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1812%3A+The+War+That+Forged+a+Nation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-06-053112-6&rft.aulast=Borneman&rft.aufirst=Walter+R.+Borneman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1812warthatforge0000born&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Queenston+Heights" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruikshank1971" class="citation book cs1">Cruikshank, Ernest A. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706191426/http://www.nosracines.ca/e/page.aspx?id=767269"><i>The Documentary History of the Campaign upon the Niagara Frontier. Part IV</i></a>. New York: Arno Press Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-02838-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-405-02838-5"><bdi>0-405-02838-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nosracines.ca/e/page.aspx?id=767269">the original</a> on 6 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Documentary+History+of+the+Campaign+upon+the+Niagara+Frontier.+Part+IV&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Arno+Press+Inc.&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-405-02838-5&rft.aulast=Cruikshank&rft.aufirst=Ernest+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nosracines.ca%2Fe%2Fpage.aspx%3Fid%3D767269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Queenston+Heights" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruikshank1964" class="citation book cs1">Cruikshank, Ernest A. (1964). "The Battle of Queenston Heights". In Zaslow, Morris (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116300872201"><i>The Defended Border</i></a></span>. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7705-1242-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7705-1242-9"><bdi>0-7705-1242-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Queenston+Heights&rft.btitle=The+Defended+Border&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Macmillan+of+Canada&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-7705-1242-9&rft.aulast=Cruikshank&rft.aufirst=Ernest+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrent_0116300872201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Queenston+Heights" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruikshank" class="citation book cs1">Cruikshank, Ernest A. <i>The Battle of Queenston Heights: An abridgement, by permission of the publishers, the Lundy's Lane Historical Society, of the monograph by E. A. Cruikshank</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Queenston+Heights%3A+An+abridgement%2C+by+permission+of+the+publishers%2C+the+Lundy%27s+Lane+Historical+Society%2C+of+the+monograph+by+E.+A.+Cruikshank&rft.aulast=Cruikshank&rft.aufirst=Ernest+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Queenston+Heights" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElting1995" class="citation book cs1">Elting, John R. (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amateurstoarmsmi00elti"><i>Amateurs to Arms: A Military History of the War of 1812</i></a></span>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80653-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80653-3"><bdi>0-306-80653-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amateurs+to+Arms%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+War+of+1812&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-306-80653-3&rft.aulast=Elting&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famateurstoarmsmi00elti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Queenston+Heights" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitsmanDonald_E._Graves1999" class="citation book cs1">Hitsman, J. Mackay; Donald E. Graves (1999). <i>The Incredible War of 1812</i>. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896941-13-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-896941-13-3"><bdi>1-896941-13-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Incredible+War+of+1812&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Robin+Brass+Studio&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-896941-13-3&rft.aulast=Hitsman&rft.aufirst=J.+Mackay&rft.au=Donald+E.+Graves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Queenston+Heights" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatimer2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Latimer" title="Jon Latimer">Latimer, Jon</a> (2007). <i>1812: War with America</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02584-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02584-4"><bdi>978-0-674-02584-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1812%3A+War+with+America&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02584-4&rft.aulast=Latimer&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Queenston+Heights" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcomson2003" class="citation book cs1">Malcomson, Robert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hWhkMwAACAAJ"><i>A Very Brilliant Affair: The Battle of Queenston Heights, 1812</i></a>. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896941-33-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-896941-33-8"><bdi>1-896941-33-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Very+Brilliant+Affair%3A+The+Battle+of+Queenston+Heights%2C+1812&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Robin+Brass+Studio&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-896941-33-8&rft.aulast=Malcomson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhWhkMwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Queenston+Heights" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcomson1998" class="citation book cs1">Malcomson, Robert (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lordsoflakenaval0000malc"><i>Lords of the Lake: The Naval War of Lake Ontario, 1812–14</i></a></span>. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-896941-08-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-896941-08-0"><bdi>978-1-896941-08-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lords+of+the+Lake%3A+The+Naval+War+of+Lake+Ontario%2C+1812%E2%80%9314&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Robin+Brass+Studio&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-896941-08-0&rft.aulast=Malcomson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flordsoflakenaval0000malc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Queenston+Heights" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuimby1997" class="citation book cs1">Quimby, Robert S. (1997). <i>The U.S. Army in the War of 1812: An Operational and Command Study</i>. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87013-441-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87013-441-8"><bdi>0-87013-441-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Army+in+the+War+of+1812%3A+An+Operational+and+Command+Study&rft.place=East+Lansing%2C+MI&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-87013-441-8&rft.aulast=Quimby&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Queenston+Heights" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNursey1923" class="citation book cs1">Nursey, Walter R. (1923). <i>The Story of Isaac Brock (General Sir Isaac Brock, K.B.): Hero, Defender and Saviour of Upper Canada 1812</i>. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Isaac+Brock+%28General+Sir+Isaac+Brock%2C+K.B.%29%3A+Hero%2C+Defender+and+Saviour+of+Upper+Canada+1812&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Nursey&rft.aufirst=Walter+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Queenston+Heights" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Rensselaer1836" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Van_Rensselaer" title="Solomon Van Rensselaer">Van Rensselaer, Solomon</a> (1836). <i>A Narrative of the Affair of Queenstown in the War of 1812</i>. New York: Leavitt, Lord & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-665-21524-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-665-21524-X"><bdi>0-665-21524-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Narrative+of+the+Affair+of+Queenstown+in+the+War+of+1812&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Leavitt%2C+Lord+%26+Co&rft.date=1836&rft.isbn=0-665-21524-X&rft.aulast=Van+Rensselaer&rft.aufirst=Solomon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Queenston+Heights" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaslow1964" class="citation book cs1">Zaslow, Morris (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116300872201"><i>The Defended Border: Upper Canada and the War of 1812</i></a></span>. Toronto: The Macmillan Company of Canada Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7705-1242-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7705-1242-9"><bdi>0-7705-1242-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defended+Border%3A+Upper+Canada+and+the+War+of+1812&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company+of+Canada+Limited&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-7705-1242-9&rft.aulast=Zaslow&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrent_0116300872201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Queenston+Heights" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Queenston_Heights&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights" class="extiw" title="commons:Battle of Queenston Heights"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Battle of Queenston Heights</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905130504/http://www.historiclewiston.org/vanrensselaer.html">Van Rensselaer's explanation to Gen. Dearborn as to why the Americans lost the Battle of Queenston</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warof1812.ca/queenstn.htm">An Historic Account of the Battle of Queenston Heights</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friendsoffortgeorge.ca/brocks-monument">Brock's Monument – Summary of the battle, information about the battlefield and tours.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060207161730/http://www.generalbrock.com/level2/queenston.htm">Battle summary, map, photos of area</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070411134712/http://www.historiclewiston.org/downloads/spring_summer_2006_placemat.pdf">Downloadable summary of Battle from Historic Lewiston, NY</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211192258/http://www.nfpl.library.on.ca/nfplindex/results.asp?action=browse&q=79&key=2263">Art works in the collection of the Niagara Falls Public Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080603121141/http://www.niagarapoetry.ca/warcontents.htm">Poems of the Battle of Queenston Heights from the Niagara Falls Poetry Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/the-film/watch-film-and-bonus-features/">PBS Documentary includes a chapter on this battle.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002175848/http://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/the-film/watch-film-and-bonus-features/">Archived</a> 2 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Lewes" title="Bombardment of Lewes">Lewes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Peter" title="Battle of Fort Peter">Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_St._Philip_(1815)" title="Siege of Fort St. Philip (1815)">St. Philip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Havre_de_Grace" title="Raid on Havre de Grace">Havre de Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Michaels" title="Battle of St. Michaels">St. Michaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg" title="Battle of Bladensburg">Bladensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caulk%27s_Field" title="Battle of Caulk's Field">Caulk's Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Point" title="Battle of North Point">North Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampden" title="Battle of Hampden">Hampden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Sandy_Creek" title="Battle of Big Sandy Creek">Big Sandy Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buffalo" title="Battle of Buffalo">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ogdensburg" title="Battle of Ogdensburg">Ogdensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plattsburgh" title="Battle of Plattsburgh">Plattsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Niagara" title="Capture of Fort Niagara">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Black_Rock" title="Raid on Black Rock">Black Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="Second Battle of Sacket's Harbor">Sacket's Harbor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_War_of_1812" title="North Carolina in the War of 1812">North Carolina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocracoke_raid" title="Ocracoke raid">Ocracoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson" title="Battle of Fort Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copus_massacre" title="Copus massacre">Copus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Siege of Fort Meigs">Meigs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rappahannock_River" title="Battle of Rappahannock River">Rappahannock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craney_Island" title="Battle of Craney Island">Craney Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Chesconessex_Creek" title="Raid on Chesconessex Creek">Chesconessex Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(Virginia)" title="Raid on Alexandria (Virginia)">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Farnham_Church" title="Skirmish at Farnham Church">Farnham Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">U.S. territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Illinois Territory in the War of 1812">Illinois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Dearborn" title="Battle of Fort Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rock_Island_Rapids" title="Battle of Rock Island Rapids">Rock Island Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Prairie_du_Chien" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Prairie du Chien">Prairie du Chien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Indiana in the War of 1812">Indiana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mississinewa" title="Battle of the Mississinewa">Mississinewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Tippecanoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wild_Cat_Creek" title="Battle of Wild Cat Creek">Wild Cat Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Harrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Wayne" title="Siege of Fort Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brownstown" title="Battle of Brownstown">Brownstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchtown" title="Battle of Frenchtown">Frenchtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mackinac_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguaga" title="Battle of Maguaga">Maguaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit" title="Siege of Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Mackinac" title="Siege of Fort Mackinac">Mackinac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashi_Skirmish" title="Bashi Skirmish">Bashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Autossee" title="Battle of Autossee">Autossee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burnt_Corn" title="Battle of Burnt Corn">Burnt Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Callabee_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Callabee Creek">Callabee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_Fight_(Creek_War)" title="Canoe Fight (Creek War)">Canoe Fight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Holy_Ground" title="Battle of Holy Ground">Holy Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)">Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talladega" title="Battle of Talladega">Talladega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tallushatchee" title="Battle of Tallushatchee">Tallushatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Emuckfaw_and_Enotachopo_Creek" title="Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek">Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bowyer" title="Fort Bowyer">Fort Bowyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mims_massacre" title="Fort Mims massacre">Mims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sinquefield" title="Fort Sinquefield">Sinquefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_Island" title="Credit Island">Credit Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sink_Hole" title="Battle of the Sink Hole">Sink Hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chateauguay" title="Battle of the Chateauguay">Chateauguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1812)" title="Battle of Lacolle Mills (1812)">1st Lacolle Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1814)" title="Battle of Lacolle Mills (1814)">2nd Lacolle Mills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaver_Dams" title="Battle of Beaver Dams">Beaver Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippawa" title="Battle of Chippawa">Chippawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cook%27s_Mills" title="Battle of Cook's Mills">Cook's Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crysler%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Crysler's Farm">Crysler's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_George" title="Battle of Fort George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Frenchman's Creek">Frenchman's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longwoods" title="Battle of Longwoods">Longwoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lundy%27s_Lane" title="Battle of Lundy's Lane">Lundy's Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malcolm%27s_Mills" title="Battle of Malcolm's Mills">Malcolm's Mills</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queenston Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoney_Creek" title="Battle of Stoney Creek">Stoney Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York" title="Battle of York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Erie" title="Capture of Fort Erie">1st Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Elizabethtown" title="Raid on Elizabethtown">Elizabethtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Port_Dover" title="Raid on Port Dover">Port Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Gananoque" title="Raid on Gananoque">Gananoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Erie" title="Siege of Fort Erie">2nd Erie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Florida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)" title="Battle of Pensacola (1814)">Pensacola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle">Naval battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Boxer" title="Capture of HMS Boxer">HMS <i>Boxer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Cyane" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of HMS Cyane">HMS <i>Cyane</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Epervier" title="Capture of HMS Epervier">HMS <i>Epervier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Frolic" title="Capture of HMS Frolic">HMS <i>Frolic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Penguin" title="Capture of HMS Penguin">HMS <i>Penguin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Dominica" title="Capture of HMS Dominica">HMS <i>Dominica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Argus" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of USS Argus">USS <i>Argus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake" title="Capture of USS Chesapeake">USS <i>Chesapeake</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_President" title="Capture of USS President">USS <i>President</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Flotilla" title="Chesapeake Bay Flotilla">Chesapeake Bay Flotilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Java_(1811)" title="HMS Java (1811)">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Java</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Avon" title="Sinking of HMS Avon">HMS <i>Avon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fayal" title="Battle of Fayal">Fayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Peacock" title="Sinking of HMS Peacock">HMS <i>Peacock</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Reindeer" title="Sinking of HMS Reindeer">HMS <i>Reindeer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution_vs_HMS_Guerriere" title="USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Guerriere</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_United_States_vs_HMS_Macedonian" title="USS United States vs HMS Macedonian">USS <i>United States</i> vs HMS <i>Macedonian</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Guaira_(1812)" title="Battle of La Guaira (1812)">La Guaira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Oswego_(1814)" title="Battle of Fort Oswego (1814)">Oswego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Huron" title="Engagements on Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Ontario" title="Engagements on Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="First Battle of Sacket's Harbor">Sacket's Harbor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Borgne" title="Battle of Lake Borgne">Lake Borgne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_James_Island" title="Action off James Island">James Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_Charles_Island" title="Action off Charles Island">Charles Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva_Campaign" title="Nuku Hiva Campaign">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Battle of Valparaíso">Valparaiso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:War_of_1812" title="Category:War of 1812">Category</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/War of 1812">definition</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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