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<option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option 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Transfer During Condensation in Annuli" data-journal="jeta"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2813-4648/2/4/11">Prediction of Heat Transfer During Condensation in Annuli</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mirza M. Shah</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Exp. Theor. Anal.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>2</em>(4), 134-151; https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta2040011 (registering DOI) - 3 Dec 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Many applications involve condensation in annuli; therefore, accurate prediction of heat transfer is important. While there have been a large number of experimental studies on condensation in tubes and several well-verified correlations are available for them, there have been very few experimental studies <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/2/4/11/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Many applications involve condensation in annuli; therefore, accurate prediction of heat transfer is important. While there have been a large number of experimental studies on condensation in tubes and several well-verified correlations are available for them, there have been very few experimental studies on annuli, and no well-verified correlation is available for prediction of heat transfer during condensation in annuli. This research was done to identify reliable correlations for this purpose and to develop a new one if needed. Literature was surveyed to identify experimental studies, test data, and predictive methods. Test data was compared to general correlations which have had considerable verification with data for condensation in channels. None of them was found fully satisfactory. A new correlation was developed by modifying the present author’s published correlation for condensation in tubes. It gives a <i>MAD</i> of 19.2% with available data from eight sources. Deviations of other correlations were much higher. The occurrence of surface tension effects and mini/macro channel boundary are investigated. The results of this research are presented and discussed. <a href="/2813-4648/2/4/11">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/2/4/11/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1535922"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1535922"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1535922" data-cycle-prev="#prev1535922" data-cycle-progressive="#images1535922" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1535922-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00011-g001-550.jpg?1733232813" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1535922" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1535922-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00011-g002-550.jpg?1733232815'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1535922-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00011-g003-550.jpg?1733232817'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1535922-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00011-g004-550.jpg?1733232819'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1535922-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00011-g005-550.jpg?1733232820'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1535922-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00011-g006-550.jpg?1733232822'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1535922-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00011-g007-550.jpg?1733232823'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1535922-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00011-g008-550.jpg?1733232825'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1535922-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00011-g009-550.jpg?1733232826'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1535922-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00011-g010-550.jpg?1733232829'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1535922-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00011-g001-550.jpg?1733232813" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the new correlation and the Shah [<a href="#B3-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">3</a>] correlation with the data of Moriploskiy et al. [<a href="#B14-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">14</a>] for steam in an annulus. <span class="html-italic">T<sub>SAT</sub></span> = 170 °C, <span class="html-italic">G</span> = 100 kg/m<sup>2</sup> s.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00011-g002-550.jpg?1733232815" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>An example of the improvement in predictions of the Shah [<a href="#B3-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">3</a>] correlation by modifying it to use <span class="html-italic">D<sub>HYD</sub></span> for all parameters. Data of Miropoloskiy et al. [<a href="#B14-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">14</a>]. <span class="html-italic">T<sub>SA</sub></span><sub>T</sub> = 170 °C, <span class="html-italic">G</span> = 200 kg/m<sup>2</sup>s.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00011-g003-550.jpg?1733232817" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the Shah [<a href="#B3-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">3</a>] and the present correlation with the data of Ruzaikin et al. [<a href="#B7-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">7</a>] for ammonia in an annulus with gap 2.5 mm. <span class="html-italic">T<sub>SAT</sub></span> = 55 °C, <span class="html-italic">G</span> = 122 kg/m<sup>2</sup>s.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00011-g004-550.jpg?1733232819" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the data of Ruzaikin et al. [<a href="#B7-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">7</a>] for the annulus with annular gap of 1 mm with the present and other correlations. <span class="html-italic">T<sub>SAT</sub></span> = 65 °C, <span class="html-italic">G</span> = 160 kg/m<sup>2</sup> s. Including data from Hosseini et al. [<a href="#B20-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">20</a>], Moradkhani et al. [<a href="#B21-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">21</a>], Marinheiro et al. [<a href="#B23-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">23</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00011-g005-550.jpg?1733232820" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the Shah [<a href="#B3-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">3</a>] and present correlations with data of Chen et al. [<a href="#B13-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">13</a>]) for R-22 in an annulus with annular gap of 6.15 mm. Fluid R-22, <span class="html-italic">T<sub>SAT</sub></span> = 45 °C, average quality 0.45.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00011-g006-550.jpg?1733232822" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the new and some published correlations with the data of Miropoloskiy et al. [<a href="#B14-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">14</a>] <span class="html-italic">T<sub>SAT</sub></span> = 234 °C, <span class="html-italic">G</span> = 200 kg/m<sup>2</sup> s. Including data from Hosseini et al. [<a href="#B20-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">20</a>], Moradkhani et al. [<a href="#B21-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">21</a>], Moser et al. [<a href="#B24-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">24</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00011-g007-550.jpg?1733232823" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the data of He et al. [<a href="#B10-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">10</a>] with various correlations. <span class="html-italic">T<sub>SAT</sub></span> = 45 °C, <span class="html-italic">G</span> = 94 kg/m<sup>2</sup> s. Including data from Hosseini et al. [<a href="#B20-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">20</a>], Moradkhani et al. [<a href="#B21-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">21</a>], Marinheiro et al. [<a href="#B23-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">23</a>], Moser et al. [<a href="#B24-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">24</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00011-g008-550.jpg?1733232825" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Data of Ruzaikin et al. [<a href="#B7-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">7</a>] compared to various correlations. Annular gap 2.5 mm, <span class="html-italic">T<sub>SAT</sub></span> = 55 °C, <span class="html-italic">G</span> = 50 kg/m<sup>2</sup> s, <span class="html-italic">We<sub>GT</sub></span> = 50, Shah heat transfer regime II. Including data from Moradkhani et al. [<a href="#B21-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">21</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00011-g009-550.jpg?1733232826" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Data of Chen et al. [<a href="#B13-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">13</a>] for R-410A compared to various correlations. <span class="html-italic">D<sub>HYD</sub></span> = 12.3 mm, <span class="html-italic">T<sub>SAT</sub></span> = 45 °C, average quality 0.45, heat transfer Regime II. Including data from Moradkhani et al. [<a href="#B21-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">21</a>], Marinheiro et al. [<a href="#B23-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">23</a>], Moser et al. [<a href="#B24-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">24</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00011/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00011-g010-550.jpg?1733232829" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Data of Chen et al. [<a href="#B13-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">13</a>] for R-22 compared to various correlations. <span class="html-italic">D<sub>HYD</sub></span> = 12.3 mm, <span class="html-italic">T<sub>SAT</sub></span> = 45 °C, average quality 0.45, heat transfer Regime II. Including data from Hosseini et al. [<a href="#B20-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">20</a>], Moradkhani et al. [<a href="#B21-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">21</a>], Marinheiro et al. [<a href="#B23-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">23</a>], Moser et al. [<a href="#B24-jeta-02-00011" class="html-bibr">24</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1512188" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 4813 KiB   </span> <a href="/2813-4648/2/4/10/pdf?version=1730450529" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="On the Origin of Görtler Vortices in Flow over a Multi-Element Airfoil" data-journal="jeta"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2813-4648/2/4/10">On the Origin of Görtler Vortices in Flow over a Multi-Element Airfoil</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hussein Kokash</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Catherine Mavriplis</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gbemeho Gilou Agbaglah</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Exp. Theor. Anal.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>2</em>(4), 121-133; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta2040010">https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta2040010</a> - 1 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 344 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The flow characteristics of a 30P30N three-element high-lift airfoil at low Reynolds numbers <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mfenced separators="" open="[" close="]"><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mfenced separators="" open="(" close=")"><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>4</mn></msup></mfenced></mfenced></semantics></math></inline-formula> are examined through three-dimensional simulations using a high-order spectral element method. This study primarily investigates the flow structures of the slat cove and Görtler vortices formed on <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/2/4/10/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The flow characteristics of a 30P30N three-element high-lift airfoil at low Reynolds numbers <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mfenced separators="" open="[" close="]"><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mfenced separators="" open="(" close=")"><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>4</mn></msup></mfenced></mfenced></semantics></math></inline-formula> are examined through three-dimensional simulations using a high-order spectral element method. This study primarily investigates the flow structures of the slat cove and Görtler vortices formed on the upper surface of the main airfoil. Spanwise instability grows exponentially in the slat cove with a constant wavelength, corresponding to that of the subsequently formed Görtler vortices. Görtler number calculations show that curvature-induced centrifugal instability at the slat cusp leads to the subsequent formation of Görtler vortices. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is used to analyze the development of flow structures in the slat cove in different time ranges. At early time, the flow in the slat cove is dominated by shear layers that evolve into spanwise perturbations. These perturbations further evolve into distinct bell-shaped structures close to the slat cusp and are advected to the upper surface of the main airfoil, leading to the formation of Görtler vortices. <a href="/2813-4648/2/4/10">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/2/4/10/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1512188"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1512188"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1512188" data-cycle-prev="#prev1512188" data-cycle-progressive="#images1512188" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1512188-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00010/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00010-g001-550.jpg?1730450602" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1512188" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1512188-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00010/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00010-g002-550.jpg?1730450607'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1512188-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00010/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00010-g003-550.jpg?1730450609'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1512188-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00010/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00010-g004-550.jpg?1730450610'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1512188-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00010/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00010-g005-550.jpg?1730450611'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1512188-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00010/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00010-g006-550.jpg?1730450612'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1512188-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00010/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00010-g007-550.jpg?1730450614'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1512188-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00010/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00010-g008-550.jpg?1730450615'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1512188-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00010/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00010-g009-550.jpg?1730450617'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1512188-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00010/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00010-g010-550.jpg?1730450618'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1512188-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00010/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00010-g001-550.jpg?1730450602" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>A sketch of the computational domain of the 30P30N airfoil showing (<b>a</b>) a side view of the <span class="html-italic">x</span>-<span class="html-italic">y</span> plane, (<b>b</b>) a close-up view of the airfoil slat, and (<b>c</b>) an isometric view of the three-element airfoil highlighting the spanwise length of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>0.2</mn> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>. The red and blue points, <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </semantics></math>, represent positions where velocity components are recorded for later analysis. Note that the schematic is not to scale.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00010/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00010-g002-550.jpg?1730450607" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Close-ups of the computational grid in the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> plane. Both collocation points within each element and element boundaries are shown.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00010/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00010-g003-550.jpg?1730450609" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Mean resultant velocity <math display="inline"><semantics> <mfenced separators="" open="(" close=")"> <msqrt> <mrow> <msup> <mover accent="true"> <mi>u</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mover accent="true"> <mi>v</mi> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </msqrt> <mo>/</mo> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mo>∞</mo> </msub> </mfenced> </semantics></math> profiles’ distribution along the local wall-normal coordinate <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mi>L</mi> </msub> <mo>/</mo> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>, extended from the airfoil surface <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mi>L</mi> </msub> <mo>/</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>, at 8 different positions on the main element from the leading edge to downstream labeled <b>a–h</b> in the top diagram. The top subfigure illustrates the labeled locations along the airfoil surface where profiles are measured. Bottom subfigures (<b>a</b>)–(<b>h</b>) display the velocity profile distributions at these positions. Simulation data for <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.27</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>4</mn> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> are shown in black, while experimental data for <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.38</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>4</mn> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> are represented in red, as presented in [<a href="#B35-jeta-02-00010" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00010/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00010-g004-550.jpg?1730450610" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Isometric view of the vorticity magnitude for flow around the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>30</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mn>30</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> airfoil at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.27</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>4</mn> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> for <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mo>∞</mo> </msub> <mo>/</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> (<b>a</b>), showing smooth vorticity contours, and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mo>∞</mo> </msub> <mo>/</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> (<b>b</b>) where regular streamwise structures are observed on top of the main element. The 2D slice of the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>z</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> plane shows the conventional mushroom shape of Görtler vortices identified by the streamwise vorticity (<b>b</b>), while shear layers are observed in (<b>a</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00010/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00010-g005-550.jpg?1730450611" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Spanwise velocity component, <span class="html-italic">w</span>, in the slat cove along the lines in the span direction, passing through points P1 (near the slat cusp, red lines) and P2 (in the central region, blue lines) for different times. The wavelength corresponds to <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>/</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.04</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>. (<b>b</b>) Amplitude growth of the slat cove spanwise perturbation at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.27</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>4</mn> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> for the flow around the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>30</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mn>30</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> three-element airfoil. The dashed line (in black) corresponds to the exponential fit, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mo>∼</mo> <mi>exp</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mn>3.5</mn> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mo>∞</mo> </msub> <mo>/</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </semantics></math>, with <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mo>∞</mo> </msub> <mo>/</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3.2</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> and the initial amplitude <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mfenced separators="" open="(" close=")"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mo>∞</mo> </msub> <mo>/</mo> <mi>c</mi> </mfenced> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00010/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00010-g006-550.jpg?1730450612" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Visualization of spatial coherent structures in the slat cove at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mo>∞</mo> </msub> <mo>/</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>7.4</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> using the normalized squared deviation (see Equation (<a href="#FD2-jeta-02-00010" class="html-disp-formula">2</a>)) of the streamwise velocity in the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>z</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> plane at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>/</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.02</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00010/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00010-g007-550.jpg?1730450614" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>2D slices showing the spanwise vorticity (left, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> plane) and the streamwise vorticity (right, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>z</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> plane) in the slat cove at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mo>∞</mo> </msub> <mo>/</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>6.0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> (<b>a</b>), <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mo>∞</mo> </msub> <mo>/</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>7.0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> (<b>b</b>), and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mo>∞</mo> </msub> <mo>/</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>8.0</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> (<b>c</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00010/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00010-g008-550.jpg?1730450615" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The Görtler number increases from the slat’s leading edge up to the slat cusp.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00010/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00010-g009-550.jpg?1730450617" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Energy distribution of the first four POD modes in the slat cove in the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>z</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> plane at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>/</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.02</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> for the three time intervals: <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mo>∞</mo> </msub> <mo>/</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3.2</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> (blue), <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mo>∞</mo> </msub> <mo>/</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> (red) and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mo>∞</mo> </msub> <mo>/</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>8</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> (green).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00010/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00010-g010-550.jpg?1730450618" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>First two POD modes of the slat cove in the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>z</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> plane at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>/</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.02</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> for the time range <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mo>∞</mo> </msub> <mo>/</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3.2</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> (<b>a1</b>,<b>a2</b>), <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mo>∞</mo> </msub> <mo>/</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> (<b>b1</b>,<b>b2</b>), and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mo>∞</mo> </msub> <mo>/</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>8</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> (<b>c1</b>,<b>c2</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1509109" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 6091 KiB   </span> <a href="/2813-4648/2/4/9/pdf?version=1730197826" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Analytical and Experimental Study of the Start of the Chip Removal in Rotational Turning" data-journal="jeta"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2813-4648/2/4/9">Analytical and Experimental Study of the Start of the Chip Removal in Rotational Turning</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>István Sztankovics</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Exp. Theor. Anal.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>2</em>(4), 103-120; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta2040009">https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta2040009</a> - 29 Oct 2024 </div> Viewed by 369 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The present challenges in the automotive industry require the development and practical implication of novel machining procedures, which will provide appropriate solutions. These procedures should still meet the requirements of productivity, surface quality and energy efficiency. The further development of novel machining procedures <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/2/4/9/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The present challenges in the automotive industry require the development and practical implication of novel machining procedures, which will provide appropriate solutions. These procedures should still meet the requirements of productivity, surface quality and energy efficiency. The further development of novel machining procedures introduces new problems that did not occur (or occurred to a lesser extent) with traditionally applied procedures. Rotational turning has come to the attention of production engineers in the previous decade since it can be used to machine ground-like surfaces in an ecologically friendly and highly productive manner. However, the chip removal characteristic is slightly different from traditional turning due to the applied special kinematic relation and complex tool edge geometry. The run-in phase will take longer, which is the time period between the first contact of the tool and the formation of a constant chip cross-sectional area. The clarification of the chip formation is important in any machining procedure. To achieve this goal, the geometric parameters of the chip must be determined. Since the start of the chip removal is a crucial stage in rotational turning due to its length, the chip height, chip width and the cross-sectional area of the chip should be separately defined in the initial stage. Therefore, in this paper, the initial phase of chip removal in rotational turning is studied. The increasing cross-sectional area of the chip is determined analytically by the application of the previously elaborated equation of the cut surface. Calculating formulas are defined for the different stages of the start of the chip removal, which could be used in the forthcoming studies to analyze the chip formation. The effects of different determining parameters are analyzed theoretically by the deduced formulas of the run-in phase and practical experiments are also carried out. The analytical and experimental analyses showed that increasing feed also increases the dynamic load on the cutting edge, while the depth of cut lowers the growth of the characteristic parameters of the chip, which results in a lower dynamic load on the tool. <a href="/2813-4648/2/4/9">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/2/4/9/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1509109"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1509109"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1509109" data-cycle-prev="#prev1509109" data-cycle-progressive="#images1509109" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' 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src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00009/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00009-g015-550.jpg?1730197995'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1509109-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00009/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00009-g016-550.jpg?1730197996'><p>Figure 16</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1509109-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00009/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00009-g001-550.jpg?1730197983" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Mathematical model of rotational turning [<a href="#B41-jeta-02-00009" class="html-bibr">41</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/9'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00009/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00009-g002-550.jpg?1730197986" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The applied cutting tool in the experiments (<b>a</b>) and the illustration of the chip removal (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/9'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00009/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00009-g003-550.jpg?1730197987" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Cross-sectional area of the chip in rotational turning.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/9'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00009/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00009-g004-550.jpg?1730197987" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The characteristic points and curves applied in the analysis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/9'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00009/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00009-g005-550.jpg?1730197988" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Chip form during the first defined interval.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/9'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00009/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00009-g006-550.jpg?1730197988" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Chip form during the second defined interval.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/9'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00009/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00009-g007-550.jpg?1730197989" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Chip form during the third defined interval.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/9'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00009/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00009-g008-550.jpg?1730197989" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the major cutting force (<span class="html-italic">F<sub>c</sub></span>) and the theoretical cross-sectional area of the chip (<span class="html-italic">A<sub>c</sub></span>), when <span class="html-italic">f</span> = 0.4 [mm/rev.] and <span class="html-italic">a<sub>p</sub></span> = 0.1 [mm].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/9'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00009/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00009-g009-550.jpg?1730197990" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the major cutting force (<span class="html-italic">F<sub>c</sub></span>) and the theoretical cross-sectional area of the chip (<span class="html-italic">A<sub>c</sub></span>) when <span class="html-italic">f</span> = 0.4 [mm/rev.] and <span class="html-italic">a<sub>p</sub></span> = 0.3 [mm].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/9'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00009/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00009-g010-550.jpg?1730197991" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the major cutting force (<span class="html-italic">F<sub>c</sub></span>) and the theoretical cross-sectional area of the chip (<span class="html-italic">A<sub>c</sub></span>), when <span class="html-italic">f</span> = 1.0 [mm/rev.] and <span class="html-italic">a<sub>p</sub></span> = 0.1 [mm].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/9'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00009/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00009-g011-550.jpg?1730197992" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the major cutting force (<span class="html-italic">F<sub>c</sub></span>) and the theoretical cross-sectional area of the chip (<span class="html-italic">A<sub>c</sub></span>) when <span class="html-italic">f</span> = 1.0 [mm/rev.] and <span class="html-italic">a<sub>p</sub></span> = 0.3 [mm].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/9'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00009/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00009-g012-550.jpg?1730197992" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Calculated charts of the cross-sectional area of the chip (<span class="html-italic">A<sub>c</sub></span>) in the run-in phase.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/9'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00009/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00009-g013-550.jpg?1730197993" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Calculated charts of the chip width (<span class="html-italic">b</span>) in the run-in phase.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/9'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00009/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00009-g014-550.jpg?1730197994" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Calculated charts of the equivalent chip thickness (<span class="html-italic">h<sub>e</sub></span>) in the run-in phase.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/9'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00009/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00009-g015-550.jpg?1730197995" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Effect of the feed on the growth rate of the major cutting force in the run-in phase when depth of cut is 0.1 [mm].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/9'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00009/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00009-g016-550.jpg?1730197996" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Effect of the depth of cut on the growth rate of the major cutting force in the run-in phase when the feed is 0.4 [mm/rev.].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/9'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1498467" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 31812 KiB   </span> <a href="/2813-4648/2/4/8/pdf?version=1728911243" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Technologies of Electrochemical Lithium Extraction Process from Lithium-Containing Solutions" data-journal="jeta"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2813-4648/2/4/8">The Technologies of Electrochemical Lithium Extraction Process from Lithium-Containing Solutions</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qingyuan Dong</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haiyin Gang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jinxiao Xu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zuxiang Li</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhongxiang Wang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Exp. Theor. Anal.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>2</em>(4), 91-102; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta2040008">https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta2040008</a> - 14 Oct 2024 </div> Viewed by 590 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> With the rapid development of new energy vehicles and the digital electronics industry, the demand for lithium has surged, necessitating advanced lithium extraction technologies. Electrochemical methods, noted for their high selectivity and efficiency in extracting target ions from liquid sources in an environmentally <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/2/4/8/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> With the rapid development of new energy vehicles and the digital electronics industry, the demand for lithium has surged, necessitating advanced lithium extraction technologies. Electrochemical methods, noted for their high selectivity and efficiency in extracting target ions from liquid sources in an environmentally friendly manner, have become increasingly vital. These methods are versatile, applicable in scenarios such as lithium extraction from saline lakes, mother liquor separation, and lithium enrichment. They include electrochemical deintercalation, electrochemical ion pumps, and electrodialysis, each offering unique benefits and challenges depending on the application context. This review provides a detailed exploration of the research progress in lithium extraction using electrochemical methods and discusses future prospects for these technologies, emphasizing their potential to meet the growing demand for lithium. <a href="/2813-4648/2/4/8">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/2/4/8/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1498467"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1498467"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1498467" data-cycle-prev="#prev1498467" data-cycle-progressive="#images1498467" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1498467-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00008/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00008-g001-550.jpg?1728911344" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1498467" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1498467-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00008/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00008-g002-550.jpg?1728911344'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1498467-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00008/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00008-g003-550.jpg?1728911346'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1498467-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00008/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00008-g004-550.jpg?1728911347'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1498467-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00008/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00008-g005-550.jpg?1728911350'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1498467-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00008/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00008-g006-550.jpg?1728911351'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1498467-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00008/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00008-g007-550.jpg?1728911353'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1498467-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00008/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00008-g008-550.jpg?1728911354'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1498467-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00008/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00008-g009-550.jpg?1728911355'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1498467-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00008/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00008-g001-550.jpg?1728911344" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Structure of the LiFePO<sub>4</sub>/FePO<sub>4</sub> electrolytic cell for lithium extraction reprinted from [<a href="#B26-jeta-02-00008" class="html-bibr">26</a>] under the terms of the CC-BY license.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00008/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00008-g002-550.jpg?1728911344" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The schematic diagram of continuous electrochemical device proposed for Li<sup>+</sup> recovery from geothermal water. Reprinted from [<a href="#B30-jeta-02-00008" class="html-bibr">30</a>], Copyright 2020, with permission from Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00008/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00008-g003-550.jpg?1728911346" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The schematic diagram of electrochemical extraction lithium by ion pump. Reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B36-jeta-02-00008" class="html-bibr">36</a>], Copyright 2011 American Chemical Society.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00008/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00008-g004-550.jpg?1728911347" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Apparatus and mechanism for lithium recovery from geothermal water by the FPO/KNiFC ion pump technique. Reprinted from [<a href="#B39-jeta-02-00008" class="html-bibr">39</a>], Copyright 2020, with permission from Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00008/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00008-g005-550.jpg?1728911350" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>A Schematic of newly designed electrochemical pumping cell comprising a La<sub>0.57</sub>Li<sub>0.29</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> (LLTO) electrolyte, Pt anode and cathode, a third Ni electrode, and main and secondary power supplies, thereby enabling mass transfer during Li ion extraction/recovery. (<b>a</b>) Schematic illustration of the three-compartment electrical cell to continuously enrich lithium from the feed solution to the cathode compartment and simultaneously generate H<sub>2</sub> and Cl<sub>2</sub> at the cathode and anode, respectively; (<b>b</b>) photographic image showing the enrichment setup; (<b>c</b>) the crystal structure of LLTO in ball-and-stick mode; (<b>d</b>) illustration of the percolation of lithium ions in the LLTO lattice; (<b>e</b>) images showing the glass-type LLTO membrane (~20 mm in diameter); (<b>f</b>) images showing the copper hollow fibre cathode, which is coated by catalytic Pt/Ru (dark colour) at one end. Reprinted from [<a href="#B41-jeta-02-00008" class="html-bibr">41</a>], Copyright 2008, with permission from RSC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00008/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00008-g006-550.jpg?1728911351" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The schematic of electrodialysis. Reprinted from [<a href="#B46-jeta-02-00008" class="html-bibr">46</a>], Copyright 2019, with permission from Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00008/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00008-g007-550.jpg?1728911353" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of the adsorption and desorption on the H<sub>1.6</sub>Mn<sub>1.6</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/rGO composite film. Reprinted from [<a href="#B47-jeta-02-00008" class="html-bibr">47</a>], Copyright 2019, with permission from Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00008/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00008-g008-550.jpg?1728911354" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The configuration of the designed selective electrodialysis. Reprinted from [<a href="#B48-jeta-02-00008" class="html-bibr">48</a>], Copyright 2023, with permission from Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00008/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00008-g009-550.jpg?1728911355" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) XRD pattern and the crystal structure of LATP, and the schematic illustration of (<b>B</b>) LES and (<b>C</b>) the extraction process. Reprinted from [<a href="#B49-jeta-02-00008" class="html-bibr">49</a>], Copyright 2024, with permission from Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1496649" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 4051 KiB   </span> <a href="/2813-4648/2/4/7/pdf?version=1728647482" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="FEM Investigation of the Roughness and Residual Stress of Diamond Burnished Surface" data-journal="jeta"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2813-4648/2/4/7">FEM Investigation of the Roughness and Residual Stress of Diamond Burnished Surface</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Viktoria Ferencsik</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Exp. Theor. Anal.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>2</em>(4), 80-90; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta2040007">https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta2040007</a> - 11 Oct 2024 </div> Viewed by 583 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Characterization of surface integrity is possible with three critical metrics: microstructure, surface roughness, and residual stress. The latter two are discussed in this paper for low-alloyed aluminum material quality. Ball burnishing is a regularly used finishing procedure to improve surface roughness, shape accuracy, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/2/4/7/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Characterization of surface integrity is possible with three critical metrics: microstructure, surface roughness, and residual stress. The latter two are discussed in this paper for low-alloyed aluminum material quality. Ball burnishing is a regularly used finishing procedure to improve surface roughness, shape accuracy, and fatigue life, taking advantage of the fact that it can favorably influence the variation in stress conditions in the material. The effect of burnishing is investigated using finite element simulation with DEFORM 2D software using the real surface roughness of the workpiece. The FEM model of the process is validated with experimental tests, the surface roughness is measured using an AltiSurf520 measuring device, and the residual stress is analyzed with a Stresstech Xstress 3000 G3R X-ray diffraction system (Stresstech, Vaajakoski, Finland). The results indicate that the burnishing process improves the surface roughness and stress conditions of AlCu6BiPb low-alloyed aluminum, and the study shows that there is good agreement between the FE and experimental results, further revealing the effect of the process parameters on the distribution of the compressive residual stress. <a href="/2813-4648/2/4/7">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/2/4/7/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1496649"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1496649"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1496649" data-cycle-prev="#prev1496649" data-cycle-progressive="#images1496649" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1496649-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00007-g001-550.jpg?1728647584" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1496649" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1496649-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00007-g002-550.jpg?1728647585'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1496649-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00007-g003-550.jpg?1728647587'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1496649-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00007-g004-550.jpg?1728647589'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1496649-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00007-g005a-550.jpg?1728647591'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1496649-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00007-g005b-550.jpg?1728647593'><p>Figure 5 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1496649-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00007-sch001-550.jpg?1728647594'><p>Scheme 1</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1496649-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00007-g001-550.jpg?1728647584" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic illustration of burnishing treatment. n—revolution; f—feed rate; F—burnishing force.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/7'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00007-g002-550.jpg?1728647585" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>A section of the FEM model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/7'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00007-g003-550.jpg?1728647587" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Implementation of machining and measuring processes: (<b>a</b>) the burnishing process; (<b>b</b>) measuring of surface roughness; (<b>c</b>) measuring of residual stress.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/7'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00007-g004-550.jpg?1728647589" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Changing of stress conditions during the first contact.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/7'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00007-g005a-550.jpg?1728647591" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Changing of stress conditions for the 10 full loaded steps.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/7'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00007-g005b-550.jpg?1728647593" title=" <strong>Figure 5 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Changing of stress conditions for the 10 full loaded steps.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/7'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00007-sch001-550.jpg?1728647594" title=" <strong>Scheme 1</strong><br/> <p>Change in the surface profile after simulation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/4/7'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1459973" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 22 pages, 7312 KiB   </span> <a href="/2813-4648/2/3/6/pdf?version=1724150158" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Comparative Analysis of Water Hammer Performance in Different Pipe Parameters with FSI" data-journal="jeta"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2813-4648/2/3/6">Comparative Analysis of Water Hammer Performance in Different Pipe Parameters with FSI</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mostafa Kandil</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tamer A. El-Sayed</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ahmed M. Kamal</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Exp. Theor. Anal.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>2</em>(3), 58-79; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta2030006">https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta2030006</a> - 20 Aug 2024 </div> Viewed by 1120 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Water hammer (WH) is a critical phenomenon in fluid-filled piping systems that can lead to severe pressure surges and structural damage. The characteristics of the pipe material, geometry, and support conditions play a crucial role in the fluid–structure interaction (FSI) during WH events. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/2/3/6/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Water hammer (WH) is a critical phenomenon in fluid-filled piping systems that can lead to severe pressure surges and structural damage. The characteristics of the pipe material, geometry, and support conditions play a crucial role in the fluid–structure interaction (FSI) during WH events. This study investigates the impact of various pipe parameters, including material, length, thickness, and diameter, on the WH behavior using an FSI-based numerical approach. A comprehensive computational model was developed based on the algorithm presented in Delft Hydraulics Benchmark Problem (A) to simulate the WH phenomenon in pipes made of different materials, such as steel, copper, ductile iron, PPR (polypropylene random copolymer), and GRP (glass-reinforced plastic). This study examines the influence of pipe parameters on WH performance in pipelines, utilizing FSI to analyze the phenomenon. The results show that the pipe material has a significant influence on the pressure wave speed, stress wave propagation, and the overall system response during WH. Pipes with lower modulus of elasticity, such as PPR and GRP, exhibit lower pressure wave speeds but higher stress wave speeds compared with steel pipes. Increasing the elastic modulus, pipe wall thickness, length, and diameter enhances the pipe’s stiffness and impacts the timing, magnitude of pressure surges, and the likelihood of cavitation. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the design and mitigation of WH in piping systems. <a href="/2813-4648/2/3/6">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/2/3/6/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1459973"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1459973"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1459973" data-cycle-prev="#prev1459973" data-cycle-progressive="#images1459973" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1459973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00006-g001-550.jpg?1724150228" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1459973" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1459973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00006-g002-550.jpg?1724150231'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1459973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00006-g003-550.jpg?1724150232'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1459973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00006-g004-550.jpg?1724150235'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1459973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00006-g005-550.jpg?1724150237'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1459973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00006-g006-550.jpg?1724150239'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1459973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00006-g007-550.jpg?1724150241'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1459973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00006-g008-550.jpg?1724150243'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1459973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00006-g009-550.jpg?1724150245'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1459973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00006-g010-550.jpg?1724150248'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1459973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00006-g011-550.jpg?1724150252'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1459973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00006-g012-550.jpg?1724150255'><p>Figure 12</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1459973-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00006-g001-550.jpg?1724150228" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The propagation of wave speed in liquid and tubes during WH events [<a href="#B1-jeta-02-00006" class="html-bibr">1</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/3/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00006-g002-550.jpg?1724150231" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The Benchmark Problem (A) pipeline model comprises a system of valves, pipes, and a tank.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/3/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00006-g003-550.jpg?1724150232" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Verification of proposed MATLAB program with Benchmark Problem (A) for a freely moving valve (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>Z</mi> <mo>/</mo> <mi>L</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>) with reference to absolute pressure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/3/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00006-g004-550.jpg?1724150235" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Point P and lines characterizing “feeding” in the distance–time plane. Reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B40-jeta-02-00006" class="html-bibr">40</a>] © Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/3/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00006-g005-550.jpg?1724150237" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Results of transient pressures at four specific locations: (<b>a</b>) steel (ST), (<b>b</b>) copper (Cu), (<b>c</b>) polypropylene random copolymer (PPR), (<b>d</b>) ductile iron (DI), and (<b>e</b>) glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) pipelines.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/3/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00006-g006-550.jpg?1724150239" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Results of fluid velocity at four specific locations: (<b>a</b>) steel (ST), (<b>b</b>) copper (Cu), (<b>c</b>) polypropylene random copolymer (PPR), (<b>d</b>) ductile iron (DI), and (<b>e</b>) glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) pipelines.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/3/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00006-g007-550.jpg?1724150241" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Results of axial tube velocity at four specific locations: (<b>a</b>) steel (ST), (<b>b</b>) copper (Cu), (<b>c</b>) polypropylene random copolymer (PPR), (<b>d</b>) ductile iron (DI), and (<b>e</b>) glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) pipelines.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/3/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00006-g008-550.jpg?1724150243" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Results of axial stress wave in the tube wall at four specific locations: (<b>a</b>) steel (ST), (<b>b</b>) copper (Cu), (<b>c</b>) polypropylene random copolymer (PPR), (<b>d</b>) ductile iron (DI), and (<b>e</b>) glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) pipelines.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/3/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00006-g009-550.jpg?1724150245" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>FFT results for numerical results at Z/L = 0.5: (<b>a</b>) steel (ST), (<b>b</b>) copper (Cu), (<b>c</b>) polypropylene random copolymer (PPR), (<b>d</b>) ductile iron (DI), and (<b>e</b>) glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) pipelines.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/3/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00006-g010-550.jpg?1724150248" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>WH pressure, fluid flow velocity, axial tube velocity, and axial stress in the tube wall over time for the steel pipeline for pipe lengths of 10 m, 20 m, and 30 m.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/3/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00006-g011-550.jpg?1724150252" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>WH pressure, water flow velocity, axial tube velocity, and axial stress in the tube wall over time for the steel pipeline for pipe radii of 300 mm, 400 mm, and 500 mm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/3/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00006-g012-550.jpg?1724150255" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>WH pressure, water flow velocity, axial tube velocity, and axial stress in the tube wall over time for the steel pipeline for pipe thicknesses of 4 mm, 8 mm, and 12 mm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/3/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1414529" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 2 pages, 159 KiB   </span> <a href="/2813-4648/2/2/5/pdf?version=1718343889" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Transductive and Transfer Learning" data-journal="jeta"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Editorial</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2813-4648/2/2/5">Transductive and Transfer Learning</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Barry K. Lavine</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Karl S. Booksh</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sharon L. Neal</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Exp. Theor. Anal.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>2</em>(2), 56-57; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta2020005">https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta2020005</a> - 14 Jun 2024 </div> Viewed by 978 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-full inline"> For most of the twentieth century, chemistry has been a data-poor discipline relying on well-thought-out hypotheses and carefully planned experiments to develop solutions to real-world problems [...] <a href="/2813-4648/2/2/5">Full article</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1382640" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 3751 KiB   </span> <a href="/2813-4648/2/2/4/pdf?version=1715564217" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Numerical Simulations of Thermoacoustic Binary Gas Mixture Batch Separation" data-journal="jeta"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2813-4648/2/2/4">Numerical Simulations of Thermoacoustic Binary Gas Mixture Batch Separation</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ahmad Kouta</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tomáš Vít</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Petra Dančová</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Exp. Theor. Anal.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>2</em>(2), 46-55; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta2020004">https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta2020004</a> - 25 Apr 2024 </div> Viewed by 1310 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In this paper, 2D simulations were carried out to prove the potential of thermoacoustic technology in separating a binary gas mixture. A 2D model of a gas mixture separator was developed, including a loudspeaker responsible for producing acoustic waves in the separation pipe. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/2/2/4/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In this paper, 2D simulations were carried out to prove the potential of thermoacoustic technology in separating a binary gas mixture. A 2D model of a gas mixture separator was developed, including a loudspeaker responsible for producing acoustic waves in the separation pipe. As a result of the imposed sound waves propagating inside the separator, main parameters including pressure, temperature, and density undergo oscillations, which in turn drive the light and heavy gas components in opposite directions. Through time, one end of the separator is enriched with the light component while the other end is enriched with the heavy one. Simulations were all performed using ANSYS Fluent. The aim was to separate an ideal gas mixture of Helium–Argon and study the impact of different parameters on the separation process. <a href="/2813-4648/2/2/4">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/2/2/4/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1382640"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1382640"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1382640" data-cycle-prev="#prev1382640" data-cycle-progressive="#images1382640" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1382640-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00004-g001-550.jpg?1715564335" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1382640" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1382640-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00004-g002-550.jpg?1715564336'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1382640-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00004-g003-550.jpg?1715564337'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1382640-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00004-g004-550.jpg?1715564338'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1382640-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00004-g005-550.jpg?1715564338'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1382640-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00004-g006-550.jpg?1715564339'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1382640-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00004-g007-550.jpg?1715564340'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1382640-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00004-g008-550.jpg?1715564341'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1382640-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00004-g009-550.jpg?1715564343'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1382640-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00004-g001-550.jpg?1715564335" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Thermoacoustic separation mechanism near the wall.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/2/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00004-g002-550.jpg?1715564336" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Dimensions of the thermoacoustic separator.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/2/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00004-g003-550.jpg?1715564337" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Oscillating pressure of the loudspeaker at the inlet (<b>red</b>) and at the outlet (<b>blue</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/2/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00004-g004-550.jpg?1715564338" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Temperature oscillations occurring at the outlet (<b>red</b>) and inlet (<b>blue</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/2/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00004-g005-550.jpg?1715564338" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Fluctuating velocity in red as a result of the pressure oscillations of the loudspeaker, while the straight blue line represents a stationary velocity at the outlet.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/2/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00004-g006-550.jpg?1715564339" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Difference in mole fraction between separator ends—Case 1.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/2/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00004-g007-550.jpg?1715564340" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Results from Swift et al. [<a href="#B20-jeta-02-00004" class="html-bibr">20</a>]. The red dotted line is added to indicate <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>5.837</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>. The vertical axis <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Δ</mi> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> represents the difference in mole fractions of Argon. Reproduced with permission from [<a href="#B20-jeta-02-00004" class="html-bibr">20</a>], © 2000 The American Physical Society.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/2/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00004-g008-550.jpg?1715564341" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Difference in mole fraction of Argon between the ends of the separator—Case 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/2/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00004-g009-550.jpg?1715564343" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Difference in mole fraction of Argon between the ends of the separator—Case 3.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/2/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1360461" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 4558 KiB   </span> <a href="/2813-4648/2/1/3/pdf?version=1710938832" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Precepts for Designing Sandwich Materials" data-journal="jeta"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label feature" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-feature" aria-expanded="false">Feature Paper</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2813-4648/2/1/3">Precepts for Designing Sandwich Materials</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gargi Shankar Nayak</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Heinz Palkowski</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Adele Carradò</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Exp. Theor. Anal.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>2</em>(1), 31-45; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta2010003">https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta2010003</a> - 20 Mar 2024 </div> Viewed by 1209 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The demand for innovative materials has been a significant driving force in material development in a variety of industries, including automotive, structural, and biomedical. Even though a tremendous amount of research has already been conducted on metallic, polymeric, and ceramic materials, they all <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/2/1/3/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The demand for innovative materials has been a significant driving force in material development in a variety of industries, including automotive, structural, and biomedical. Even though a tremendous amount of research has already been conducted on metallic, polymeric, and ceramic materials, they all have distinct drawbacks when used as mono-materials. This gave rise to the development of nature-inspired sandwich-structured composite materials. The combination of strong metallic skins with soft polymeric cores provides several advantages over mono-materials in terms of weight, damping, and mechanical property tuning. With this in mind, this review focuses on the various aspects of MPM SMs (Metal/polymer/metal Sandwich Materials). The reasons for the improved qualities of MPM SMs have been discussed, as well as the numerous approaches to producing such SMs. This review shows the various possibilities of achieving such SMs in complicated forms via different shaping techniques and intends to highlight the properties of MPM SMs’ remarkable qualities, the current trend in this field, and their potential to meet the demands of many industries. <a href="/2813-4648/2/1/3">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/2/1/3/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1360461"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1360461"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1360461" data-cycle-prev="#prev1360461" data-cycle-progressive="#images1360461" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1360461-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00003/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00003-g001-550.jpg?1710938932" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1360461" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1360461-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00003/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00003-g002-550.jpg?1710938934'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1360461-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00003/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00003-g003-550.jpg?1710938935'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1360461-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00003/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00003-g004-550.jpg?1710938935'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1360461-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00003/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00003-g005-550.jpg?1710938936'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1360461-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00003/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00003-g006-550.jpg?1710938937'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1360461-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00003/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00003-g007-550.jpg?1710938939'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1360461-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00003/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00003-g008-550.jpg?1710938939'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1360461-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00003/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00003-g009-550.jpg?1710938940'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1360461-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00003/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00003-g010-550.jpg?1710938941'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1360461-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00003/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00003-g011-550.jpg?1710938942'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1360461-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00003/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00003-g012-550.jpg?1710938943'><p>Figure 12</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1360461-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00003/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00003-g001-550.jpg?1710938932" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Examples of sandwich structures found in nature. Bird beak and wing bones composed of a cellular core and thin hard skins (<b>top left</b> and <b>right</b>); the human skull consists of compact bone skin and spongy bone as core (<b>bottom</b>) [<a href="#B1-jeta-02-00003" class="html-bibr">1</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00003/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00003-g002-550.jpg?1710938934" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Metal/polymer joining via mechanical joining using a screw or nut (<b>left</b>) and a rivet (<b>right</b>) [<a href="#B21-jeta-02-00003" class="html-bibr">21</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00003/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00003-g003-550.jpg?1710938935" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>SMs production via adhesive bonding. (<b>a</b>) General components in SMs and processing routes; (<b>b</b>) application of SMs in preparation of B-inner reinforcement for BMW 7 series (G12) [<a href="#B39-jeta-02-00003" class="html-bibr">39</a>]; (<b>c</b>) application of SMs in a car (Inrekor, Poole, UK) [<a href="#B40-jeta-02-00003" class="html-bibr">40</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00003/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00003-g004-550.jpg?1710938935" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of <span class="html-italic">grafting from</span> technique for immobilising polymers on metallic surfaces [<a href="#B47-jeta-02-00003" class="html-bibr">47</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00003/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00003-g005-550.jpg?1710938936" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Stages in the autohesion phenomenon [<a href="#B57-jeta-02-00003" class="html-bibr">57</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00003/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00003-g006-550.jpg?1710938937" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of the temperature field across the MPM SM cross-section.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00003/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00003-g007-550.jpg?1710938939" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Stress distribution comparison between mono-material and MPM SM panels during bending. Mono-material has a linear distribution of compressive stresses on the upper side and tensile stresses on the lower side, with a parabolic distribution of shear stresses. In MPM SMs, the skins carry tensile and compressive stresses, with the core carrying the shear stresses [<a href="#B76-jeta-02-00003" class="html-bibr">76</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00003/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00003-g008-550.jpg?1710938939" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Voigt and Reuss models. (<b>a</b>) Voigt model, where the orientation of sandwich constituents is parallel to the applied load. (<b>b</b>) Reuss model, where the orientation of sandwich constituents is perpendicular to the applied load [<a href="#B88-jeta-02-00003" class="html-bibr">88</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00003/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00003-g009-550.jpg?1710938940" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of engineering stress–strain curves obtained via experiment and ROM for AA5005-PP SMs [<a href="#B28-jeta-02-00003" class="html-bibr">28</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00003/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00003-g010-550.jpg?1710938941" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Dimensions of a symmetric SM for the determination of the <span class="html-italic">EI</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00003/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00003-g011-550.jpg?1710938942" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Comparison between mono-materials and MPM SMs in terms of weight to <span class="html-italic">EI</span> ratio [<a href="#B95-jeta-02-00003" class="html-bibr">95</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00003/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00003-g012-550.jpg?1710938943" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Failure modes of SMs under loading. (<b>a</b>) skin yielding; (<b>b</b>) skin wrinkling; (<b>c</b>) core cracking, (<b>d</b>) debonding. S: the thickness of skin sheets; C: the thickness of core; F: the applied force; l: the length of the specimen.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1360356" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 3 pages, 176 KiB   </span> <a href="/2813-4648/2/1/2/pdf?version=1710929486" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses: The Journey from Research to Solutions" data-journal="jeta"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Editorial</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2813-4648/2/1/2"><i>Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses:</i> The Journey from Research to Solutions</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marco Rossi</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Exp. Theor. Anal.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>2</em>(1), 28-30; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta2010002">https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta2010002</a> - 20 Mar 2024 </div> Viewed by 763 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Six months ago (September 2023), we began the journey of publishing a new and unique Open Access journal dedicated to publishing papers on the methods and applications of analysis science in both experimental and theoretical aspects in the more relevant fields of engineering, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/2/1/2/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Six months ago (September 2023), we began the journey of publishing a new and unique Open Access journal dedicated to publishing papers on the methods and applications of analysis science in both experimental and theoretical aspects in the more relevant fields of engineering, with a focus on its hottest specialized areas [...] <a href="/2813-4648/2/1/2">Full article</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1318179" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 27 pages, 3165 KiB   </span> <a href="/2813-4648/2/1/1/pdf?version=1705062241" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Active Brazing for Energy Devices Sealing" data-journal="jeta"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2813-4648/2/1/1">Active Brazing for Energy Devices Sealing</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jian Feng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marion Herrmann</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anne-Maria Reinecke</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Antonio Hurtado</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Exp. Theor. Anal.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>2</em>(1), 1-27; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta2010001">https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta2010001</a> - 12 Jan 2024 </div> <a href="/2813-4648/2/1/1#metrics">Cited by 2</a> | Viewed by 1825 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The pursuit of reliable energy devices sealing solutions stands as a paramount engineering challenge for ensuring energy safety and dependability. This review focuses on an examination of recent scientific publications, primarily within the last decade, with a central aim to grasp and apply <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/2/1/1/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The pursuit of reliable energy devices sealing solutions stands as a paramount engineering challenge for ensuring energy safety and dependability. This review focuses on an examination of recent scientific publications, primarily within the last decade, with a central aim to grasp and apply critical concepts relevant to the efficient design and specification of brazements for ceramic–metal active-brazed assemblies, emphasizing the sealing of energy devices. The goal is to establish robust and enduring joints capable of withstanding water-vapor and hydrogen environments. The review commences with a concise recapitulation of the fundamental principles of active brazing, followed by an in-depth exploration of material selection, illustrated using water-vapor-resistant sensors as illustrative examples. Furthermore, the review presents practical solutions for the sealing of energy devices while also scrutinizing the factors that exert significant influence on the deterioration of these active-brazed connections. Ultimately, the review culminates in a comprehensive discussion of emerging trends and developments in active brazing techniques for energy-related applications. <a href="/2813-4648/2/1/1">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/2/1/1/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1318179"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1318179"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1318179" data-cycle-prev="#prev1318179" data-cycle-progressive="#images1318179" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1318179-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00001/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00001-g001-550.jpg?1705062305" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1318179" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1318179-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00001/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00001-g002-550.jpg?1705062306'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1318179-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00001/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00001-g003-550.jpg?1705062307'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1318179-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00001/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00001-g004-550.jpg?1705062311'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1318179-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00001/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00001-g005-550.jpg?1705062313'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1318179-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00001/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00001-g006-550.jpg?1705062316'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1318179-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00001/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00001-g007-550.jpg?1705062317'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1318179-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00001/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00001-g008-550.jpg?1705062320'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1318179-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00001/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00001-g009-550.jpg?1705062320'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1318179-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00001/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00001-g010-550.jpg?1705062322'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1318179-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00001/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00001-g001-550.jpg?1705062305" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Temperature-resistance characteristics of different liquid-phase joining methods, categorized according to Fernie and Hanson [<a href="#B19-jeta-02-00001" class="html-bibr">19</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00001/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00001-g002-550.jpg?1705062306" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of conventional and active brazing techniques.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00001/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00001-g003-550.jpg?1705062307" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of a standard planar solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) supported by a stainless steel picture frame. Various pore types are illustrated as follows: Type I pores result from brazing faults, type II represents interfacial pores formed during the reduction of CuO, type III showcases a porous structure at stainless-steel–braze interfaces induced by thermal cycles, and type IV denotes gaseous water pockets formed from the recombination of hydrogen and oxygen that has migrated into the braze.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00001/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00001-g004-550.jpg?1705062311" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Channels, each with a diameter of 3 mm, are incorporated into a grid sensor specifically designed to accommodate signal feedthroughs tailored for the SECA device. This sensor is allocated within our facilities.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00001/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00001-g005-550.jpg?1705062313" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Results of materials selection using MADM process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00001/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00001-g006-550.jpg?1705062316" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>An institute-exclusive hydrothermal grid sensor tailored for the SECA device was developed and allocated within our facilities. The hydrothermal pipe features an inner diameter measuring 60 mm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00001/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00001-g007-550.jpg?1705062317" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Additional requirements for fabrication of wire-mesh sensors.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00001/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00001-g008-550.jpg?1705062320" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Intrusions undergo the most significant plastic deformation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00001/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00001-g009-550.jpg?1705062320" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Diagram depicting the progressive integration process of an LTCC sensor into the steel connector.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-02-00001/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-02-00001-g010-550.jpg?1705062322" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Diagram illustrating a TiO<sub>x</sub>–B<sub>x</sub>C thermoelectric module. Image supported by A.-M. Reinecke.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/2/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1292231" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 1882 KiB   </span> <a href="/2813-4648/1/2/7/pdf?version=1701412435" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Application of Fluorescence Anisotropy for Viscosity Measurements of Small Volume Biological Analytes" data-journal="jeta"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2813-4648/1/2/7">The Application of Fluorescence Anisotropy for Viscosity Measurements of Small Volume Biological Analytes</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Matthew J. Sydor</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Monica A. Serban</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Exp. Theor. Anal.</em> <b>2023</b>, <em>1</em>(2), 86-96; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta1020007">https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta1020007</a> - 1 Dec 2023 </div> Viewed by 1380 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy has been extensively used to detect changes in bimolecular rotation associated with viscosity levels within cells and other solutions. Physiological alterations of the viscosity of biological fluids have been associated with numerous pathological causes. This current work serves as proof <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/1/2/7/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy has been extensively used to detect changes in bimolecular rotation associated with viscosity levels within cells and other solutions. Physiological alterations of the viscosity of biological fluids have been associated with numerous pathological causes. This current work serves as proof of concept for a method to measure viscosity changes in small analyte volumes representative of biological fluids. The fluorophores used in this study were fluorescein disodium salt and Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP). To assess the ability of the method to accurately detect viscosity values in small volume samples, we conducted measurements with 12 µL and 100 µL samples. No statistically significant changes in determined viscosities were recorded as a function of sample volume for either fluorescent probe. The anisotropy of both fluorescence probes was measured in low viscosity standards ranging from 1.02 to 1.31 cP, representative of physiological fluid values, and showed increasing rotational correlation times in response to increasing viscosity. We also showed that smaller fluid volumes can be diluted to accommodate available cuvette volume requirements without a loss in the accuracy of detecting discrete viscosity variations. Moreover, the ability of this technique to detect subtle viscosity changes in complex fluids similar to physiological ones was assessed by using fetal bovine serum (FBS) containing samples. The presence of FBS in the analytes did not alter the viscosity specific rotational correlation time of EGFP, indicating that this probe does not interact with the tested analyte components and is able to accurately reflect sample viscosity. We also showed that freeze–thaw cycles, reflective of the temperature-dependent processes that biological samples of interest could undergo from the time of collection to analyses, did not impact the viscosity measurements’ accuracy. Overall, our data highlight the feasibility of using time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy for precise viscosity measurements in biological samples. This finding is relevant as it could potentially expand the use of this technique for in vitro diagnostic systems. <a href="/2813-4648/1/2/7">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/1/2/7/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1292231"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1292231"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1292231" data-cycle-prev="#prev1292231" data-cycle-progressive="#images1292231" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1292231-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00007-g001-550.jpg?1701412514" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1292231" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1292231-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00007-g002-550.jpg?1701412515'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1292231-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00007-g003-550.jpg?1701412516'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1292231-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00007-g004-550.jpg?1701412517'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1292231-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00007-g005-550.jpg?1701412518'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1292231-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00007-g001-550.jpg?1701412514" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Time-resolved anisotropy measurements of EGFP in different sample volume sizes. Rotational correlation times were derived from time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements of EGFP at different viscosities. The measurements collected with two different analyte volumes (12 µL and 100 µL); ns—not significant; n = 3–4; error bars illustrate standard deviation (SD).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/2/7'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00007-g002-550.jpg?1701412515" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Analysis of the effect of sample volumes on fluorescein anisotropy measurements. A two-way ANOVA with Sidak post-test was used to compare the mean rotational correlation time of each cuvette size in each viscosity standard. ns—not significant; n = 3–4; error bars illustrate SD.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/2/7'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00007-g003-550.jpg?1701412516" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Viscosity measurements in fluorescein-diluted samples. Viscosity standards of 1.02, 1.116, 1.31 cP, 4 μL of each, were diluted with DBPS to a volume of 12 μL. n = 3–4; a one-way ANOVA with Tukey multiple comparison test was used to determine significance * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.5, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001; error bars illustrate SD.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/2/7'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00007-g004-550.jpg?1701412517" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Time-resolved anisotropy measurements of fluorescein end EGFP in 100 μL samples 1.02 cP viscosity standard. Rotational correlation times are specific to the experimental probe used; n = 3–4; error bars illustrate SD.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/2/7'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00007/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00007-g005-550.jpg?1701412518" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The response of EGFP rotational correlation times in a biological sample mimetic. (<b>A</b>)—comparison of rotational correlation times in samples with or without FBS; (<b>B</b>)—evaluation of freeze–thaw effects rotational correlation times in samples with FBS. A two-way ANOVA with Sidak post-test was used to compare the data. ns—not significant; n = 3–4; error bars illustrate SD.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/2/7'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1288303" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 4765 KiB   </span> <a href="/2813-4648/1/2/6/pdf?version=1701062219" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy (CLEM): A Multifaceted Tool for the Study of Geological Specimens" data-journal="jeta"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label feature" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-feature" aria-expanded="false">Feature Paper</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2813-4648/1/2/6">Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy (CLEM): A Multifaceted Tool for the Study of Geological Specimens</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Flavio Cognigni</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lucia Miraglia</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Silvia Contessi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Francesco Biancardi</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marco Rossi</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Exp. Theor. Anal.</em> <b>2023</b>, <em>1</em>(2), 74-85; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta1020006">https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta1020006</a> - 27 Nov 2023 </div> <a href="/2813-4648/1/2/6#metrics">Cited by 2</a> | Viewed by 1896 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) is an advanced imaging approach that faces critical challenges in the analysis of both materials and biological specimens. CLEM integrates the strengths of both light and electron microscopy, in a hardware and software correlative environment, to produce <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/1/2/6/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) is an advanced imaging approach that faces critical challenges in the analysis of both materials and biological specimens. CLEM integrates the strengths of both light and electron microscopy, in a hardware and software correlative environment, to produce a composite image that combines the high resolution of the electron microscope with the large field of view of the light microscope. It enables a more comprehensive understanding of a sample’s microstructure, texture, morphology, and elemental distribution, thereby facilitating the interpretation of its properties and characteristics. CLEM has diverse applications in the geoscience field, including mineralogy, petrography, and geochemistry. Despite its many advantages, CLEM has some limitations that need to be considered. One of its major limitations is the complexity of the imaging process. CLEM requires specialized equipment and expertise, and it can be challenging to obtain high-quality images that are suitable for analysis. In this study, we present a CLEM workflow based on an innovative sample holder design specially dedicated to the examination of thin sections and three-dimensional samples, with a particular emphasis on geosciences. <a href="/2813-4648/1/2/6">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/1/2/6/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1288303"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1288303"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1288303" data-cycle-prev="#prev1288303" data-cycle-progressive="#images1288303" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1288303-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00006-ag-550.jpg?1701062306" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1288303" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1288303-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00006-g001-550.jpg?1701062288'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1288303-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00006-g002-550.jpg?1701062290'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1288303-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00006-g003-550.jpg?1701062293'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1288303-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00006-g004-550.jpg?1701062298'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1288303-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00006-g005-550.jpg?1701062303'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1288303-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00006-g006-550.jpg?1701062306'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1288303-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00006-ag-550.jpg?1701062306" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/2/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00006-g001-550.jpg?1701062288" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p><b>Innovative sample holder design features</b>. GTSx6 sample holder accommodates six specimen slides and features six sliding closures for optimal sample stabilization. The holder is provided with eight stub holders for positioning additional samples and/or standards used in chemical analysis. GTSx6 also includes an XY reference grid and three fiducial markers for easy calibration and alignment using ZEN Connect software.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/2/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00006-g002-550.jpg?1701062290" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p><b>Innovative sample holder design compatibility and calibration.</b> The holder features three numbered fiducial markers (reference triangles) for ZEN Connect software alignment and a sliding dovetail joint for easy installation and microscope compatibility.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/2/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00006-g003-550.jpg?1701062293" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p><b>Acquisition of reference images for the application of the CLEM workflow.</b> Multiple reference images of the GTSx6 sample holder with the specimens mounted on it were acquired using LM. Lapilli and ashes thick/thin sections, as well as three-dimensional samples, were investigated.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/2/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00006-g004-550.jpg?1701062298" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p><b>CLEM images of a lapilli thin section.</b> Images of lapilli acquired using LM on a thin section where SEM images were superimposed. This example compares two different observation and analytical systems that operate at different magnifications. Thanks to the correlation between the images, it is possible to quickly identify and accurately analyze what was observed during the LM investigation using the higher SEM resolution.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/2/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00006-g005-550.jpg?1701062303" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p><b>CLEM images of a three-dimensional sample of ashes</b>. Multi-scale and multi-technique investigation of ash particles captured using LM, with their corresponding images acquired through SEM (superimposed).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/2/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00006-g006-550.jpg?1701062306" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p><b>CLEM images with compositional maps.</b> (<b>a</b>) Combination of LM and SEM images coupled with the generation of EDX maps where (<b>b</b>) an enlarged view highlighting the chemical elements composing the sample is reported.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/2/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1286909" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 4909 KiB   </span> <a href="/2813-4648/1/2/5/pdf?version=1700814304" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Microstructure of Selective Laser Melted 316L under Non-Equilibrium Solidification Conditions" data-journal="jeta"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2813-4648/1/2/5">Microstructure of Selective Laser Melted 316L under Non-Equilibrium Solidification Conditions</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Emre Firat Özel</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dennis Pede</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Claas Müller</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yi Thomann</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ralf Thomann</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hadi Mozaffari-Jovein</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Exp. Theor. Anal.</em> <b>2023</b>, <em>1</em>(2), 64-73; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta1020005">https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta1020005</a> - 24 Nov 2023 </div> <a href="/2813-4648/1/2/5#metrics">Cited by 2</a> | Viewed by 1215 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In this study, the microstructural properties of selective laser melted 316L stainless steel were investigated using optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results show a very fine microstructure with visible melt <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/1/2/5/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In this study, the microstructural properties of selective laser melted 316L stainless steel were investigated using optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results show a very fine microstructure with visible melt pool boundaries and austenite as the predominant phase. Extremely fine sub-grain structures can be found within the grains, consisting of colonies of round or elongated cellular structures depending on orientations. Due to the prevailing cooling and solidification conditions, micro-segregations occur, leading to enrichment of the sub-grain boundaries with alloying elements such as silicon, chromium, manganese and molybdenum. The presence of ferrite could be detected in this area using TEM analysis. <a href="/2813-4648/1/2/5">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/1/2/5/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1286909"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1286909"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1286909" data-cycle-prev="#prev1286909" data-cycle-progressive="#images1286909" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1286909-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00005/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00005-g001-550.jpg?1700814383" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1286909" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1286909-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00005/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00005-g002-550.jpg?1700814384'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1286909-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00005/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00005-g003-550.jpg?1700814385'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1286909-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00005/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00005-g004-550.jpg?1700814387'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1286909-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00005/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00005-g005-550.jpg?1700814390'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1286909-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00005/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00005-g006-550.jpg?1700814393'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1286909-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00005/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00005-g001-550.jpg?1700814383" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Computed tomography image of the SLM flat specimen. The build direction shows how the specimen was built layer to layer on the process table. The red points are the measurement areas for the XRD analysis in <a href="#jeta-01-00005-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/2/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00005/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00005-g002-550.jpg?1700814384" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>XRD diffraction patterns for SLM 316L specimens (parallel to the build direction). JCPDS 6-0696 for ferrite and JCPDS 4-0829 for austenite were used for the evaluation of the spectra.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/2/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00005/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00005-g003-550.jpg?1700814385" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Microstructure of SLM 316L perpendicular to the build direction, visualized using optical micrography.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/2/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00005/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00005-g004-550.jpg?1700814387" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Microstructure analysis of SLM 316L by SEM showing (<b>a</b>) the cellular structure, and (<b>b</b>) a schematic drawing showing how various grains grow into the melt pool center with different angles.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/2/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00005/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00005-g005-550.jpg?1700814390" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>STEM image of a sub-grain boundary (outlined in green) and determination of the chemical composition (<a href="#jeta-01-00005-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>) in different areas using EDS analysis: Area 1 is the interface/grain boundary, in the green outlined area; Area 2 is the blue outlined area; and Area 3 is the red outlined area.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/2/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00005/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00005-g006-550.jpg?1700814393" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>HR-TEM analysis with atomic resolution and their corresponding FFT patterns at the sub-grain boundary, as shown in <a href="#jeta-01-00005-f005" class="html-fig">Figure 5</a>, reveals (<b>a</b>) the ferrite phase (with corresponding lattice planes) in the alloy-enriched region; (<b>b</b>) the presence of austenite (with corresponding lattice planes) in the unenriched region.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/2/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1245156" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 5435 KiB   </span> <a href="/2813-4648/1/1/4/pdf?version=1695311048" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Review of Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) Data Analysis Using Machine Learning" data-journal="jeta"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label feature" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-feature" aria-expanded="false">Feature Paper</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2813-4648/1/1/4">Review of Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) Data Analysis Using Machine Learning</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mou Adhikari</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rola Houhou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Julian Hniopek</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Thomas Bocklitz</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Exp. Theor. Anal.</em> <b>2023</b>, <em>1</em>(1), 44-63; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta1010004">https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta1010004</a> - 21 Sep 2023 </div> <a href="/2813-4648/1/1/4#metrics">Cited by 6</a> | Viewed by 3911 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) has emerged as a promising tool for all scientific studies in recent years. However, the utilization of FLIM data requires complex data modeling techniques, such as curve-fitting procedures. These conventional curve-fitting procedures are not only computationally intensive but <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/1/1/4/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) has emerged as a promising tool for all scientific studies in recent years. However, the utilization of FLIM data requires complex data modeling techniques, such as curve-fitting procedures. These conventional curve-fitting procedures are not only computationally intensive but also time-consuming. To address this limitation, machine learning (ML), particularly deep learning (DL), can be employed. This review aims to focus on the ML and DL methods for FLIM data analysis. Subsequently, ML and DL strategies for evaluating FLIM data are discussed, consisting of preprocessing, data modeling, and inverse modeling. Additionally, the advantages of the reviewed methods are deliberated alongside future implications. Furthermore, several freely available software packages for analyzing the FLIM data are highlighted. <a href="/2813-4648/1/1/4">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2813-4648/1/1/4/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1245156"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1245156"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1245156" data-cycle-prev="#prev1245156" data-cycle-progressive="#images1245156" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1245156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00004-g001-550.jpg?1695311155" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1245156" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1245156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00004-g002-550.jpg?1695311157'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1245156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00004-g003-550.jpg?1695311160'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1245156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00004-g004-550.jpg?1695311162'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1245156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00004-g005-550.jpg?1695311163'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1245156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00004-g006-550.jpg?1695311165'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1245156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00004-g007-550.jpg?1695311166'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1245156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00004-g008-550.jpg?1695311168'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1245156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00004-g009-550.jpg?1695311169'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1245156-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00004-g010-550.jpg?1695311170'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1245156-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00004-g001-550.jpg?1695311155" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Illustration of Jablonski’s diagram. A molecule in S<sub>0</sub> level absorbs energy, leading to an electronic excitation to a higher energy level for a short period of time. By internal conversion and vibrational relaxation processes, the electron moves to the lowest vibrational level of excited state. From the S<sub>1</sub> electronic state, the electron returns to the ground state in either a radiative or non-radiative way (adapted from [<a href="#B4-jeta-01-00004" class="html-bibr">4</a>]). (<b>b</b>) The emission spectrum of the donor (blue line) must overlap with the excitation spectrum of the acceptor (yellow line). (<b>c</b>) The distance between donor and the acceptor molecule is important for the FLIM-FRET process. (<b>d</b>) If the distance is larger than the threshold value R0, no FRET is occurring. (<b>e</b>) If both molecules are in very close proximity, the donor’s energy can be transferred to the acceptor, and the acceptor molecule emits a photon. (<b>b</b>–<b>e</b>) reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B10-jeta-01-00004" class="html-bibr">10</a>] © Leica Microsystems GmbH.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00004-g002-550.jpg?1695311157" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>This figure shows the relationship between FLIM image and phasor plot. The phasor distributions are calculated by Fourier transform after data acquisition from TCSPC. Each intensity pixel value in the image was converted as a point in the phasor plot. Adopted with permission from [<a href="#B6-jeta-01-00004" class="html-bibr">6</a>] © Leica Microsystems GmbH.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00004-g003-550.jpg?1695311160" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Illustration showing different software packages for lifetime estimation: (<b>a</b>) Python-based FLIMview where fitted curve, residue, and pixel coordinates can be visualized together [<a href="#B22-jeta-01-00004" class="html-bibr">22</a>]. (<b>b</b>) Fiji FLIMJ package [<a href="#B23-jeta-01-00004" class="html-bibr">23</a>]. (<b>c</b>) FLIMfit package is connected with Omero for image analysis [<a href="#B24-jeta-01-00004" class="html-bibr">24</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00004-g004-550.jpg?1695311162" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Performance of transfer learning in denoising: (<b>a</b>) Schematic of the transfer learning method. (<b>b</b>) Synthetic noisy images from microtube confocal images and corresponding denoised images with transfer learning denoising from pre-training using FMD dataset and compared to self-supervised denoising without pre-training. (<b>c</b>) The denoising performance, in terms of “Mean square error”, “Structure similarity index”, and “Mean Fourier ring correlation as a function of the synthetic noisy image”. Reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B36-jeta-01-00004" class="html-bibr">36</a>] under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00004-g005-550.jpg?1695311163" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of data modeling: First, true lifetime images were extracted from raw data by conventional methods like maximum likelihood method and least-square fitting. The machine learning model was then used to predict lifetime parameters. Afterward, machine learning was used for classification and segmentation. By segmentation region of interest (ROI) has been separated from background and in classification hyperplane divides data into different classes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00004-g006-550.jpg?1695311165" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>This image shows segmentation method by phasor plot: (<b>a</b>) two-photon intensity image; (<b>b</b>) fluorescence lifetime image; (<b>c</b>) phasor plot; (<b>d</b>,<b>f</b>) phasor labeling. Similar fluorescence decays have same features, so they cluster together. Here, red and blue color clusters are selected manually by users and this label their corresponding pixels in the image with certain colors; (<b>e</b>,<b>g</b>) clustered images (each color in g represents the one cluster). Reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B37-jeta-01-00004" class="html-bibr">37</a>] © The Optical Society.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00004-g007-550.jpg?1695311166" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram shows the different architectures of ResNet, ResNetZ, and Res2Net. The proposed network and Res2Net have a shortcut connection. Reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B46-jeta-01-00004" class="html-bibr">46</a>] under the terms of the CC-BY 4. license.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00004-g008-550.jpg?1695311168" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Each column shows the FLIM images of cervical cancer from four participants: One row represents t<sub>m</sub> value from the NAD(P)H, and another row shows the a<sub>2</sub> values from NAD(P)H. Lifetime values are shorter in cancerous cells than in normal cells because cancer cells tend to undergo glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation. (<b>a</b>−<b>d</b>) samples are from cervical cancer patients and (<b>e</b>−<b>h</b>) samples are from normal patient. Reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B38-jeta-01-00004" class="html-bibr">38</a>] under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00004-g009-550.jpg?1695311169" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>This is the workflow of inverse modeling. First, a machine learning model was trained with artificial FLIM data. Artificial data mimic the real experimental data. To generate the artificial data, system response function (IRF) is convolved with an exponential function. Predicted parameters were compared with original artificial data. Finally, the machine learning model is tested with real data, measured data. Here, thick line represents the data generation and training method and dotted line represents the evolution process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jeta/jeta-01-00004/article_deploy/html/images/jeta-01-00004-g010-550.jpg?1695311170" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) The architecture of FLI–Net. The input of the FLI–Net is 3D data cube. (<b>B</b>) MSE vs. epochs for lifetime 1, lifetime 2, abundance ratio. (<b>C</b>) t–SNE projection from the last activation map. (<b>D</b>) FLI–Net performance concerning structure similarity index (SSIM). (<b>E</b>) LSF performance concerning SSIM. From the plot, it is clear that FLI–Net performance is better than LSF. Reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B60-jeta-01-00004" class="html-bibr">60</a>] under the terms of the PNAS license.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2813-4648/1/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <span class="more" style="display: none;"></span> </div> <div class="row footer"> <div class="listing-select-options"> <div class="columns small-12"> <div class="select generic-item"> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element export-expanded"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_more</i> </a> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_less</i> </a> </div> <div class="listing-export-options export-element"> <div class="export-element" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <input type="checkbox" class="selector selectUnselectAll bb-checkbox" id="selectUnselectAll" 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