CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135a345796f40f4',cH: 'DuTMfffVo6erTgpSUtnK.2xeQnpaXrBoee81ZkaAxuE-1739793844-1.2.1.1-_McrXMoJqVqeBagHW9VjiYlDS.FCzuDkgGW5GgOjPlvbSQx1fQfUZAtjNIFxZddO',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=passenger%20car%20unit&__cf_chl_tk=Xx3M1LNSkDjcolvw50VVcMSzrfVS_Cfg0o3_isgMoJc-1739793844-1.0.1.1-4agBvAakqhY00OHpSz4PuIlcwrlsTqHzWACHJeovX.s",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739793844',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=passenger%20car%20unit&__cf_chl_f_tk=Xx3M1LNSkDjcolvw50VVcMSzrfVS_Cfg0o3_isgMoJc-1739793844-1.0.1.1-4agBvAakqhY00OHpSz4PuIlcwrlsTqHzWACHJeovX.s",md: "XhzjVoFz5hQh9NAkdDvTwsNCVGBn1McDyFndaXA32Og-1739793844-1.2.1.1-Eqjg8j5C4LfFvQlY9QElU6vcmVSIufQxkJBgAjgaGqQGJPWHibTDRLH87KkDt7zwb123MsRL5X_J5bbvLN_C7Ou0oR.D.79il1LqU8qQdEx1r9plTQkzcfOyK1.rLkCPhsBPB1CgQJ.hLLVvjwk8fkmszIwdwBGbQ3m4BHQ6Qr8HWsWhQgclLZ_ftVk62qySjdVSOS19EaslHQYm3unNSZv0dhrPyfCz2itF0gp5QFKmzahebObg2sI_E6OBgBoxaM2m43E.Ur7ywv_JOi9R4M8x.ajgjFdI_hbuqLcfSkdDV4q1kUWN_CkxX1HO8Zp10L6IPoZyNrvBGJxfudG2WCv0ZMnukq8tiMZJlLq_0ylErYI_kmjPHITMRjmPXVFb0xhNdB4oUIcMOX23gkK9YU9Yyvoe4IJjpMNzFsL55Tvheckij7R5d.FkmAmcI9LBVaAoDV5YfNettAh_QCnR_Z.QhG_6F8yR5_EKPMzrrssqmI1En9TxuRTTIJmYJ_UMTk0244vnE7JWSY3Hagji_.n1VfBUn_Q9IIqEYgZ0Xi4ZvolJ.KGF8F0yVbmFNJL7mSJ27A.g4E6SbPbr7HpMZnCZnOLbRaT82ak4l_CJJcX5SOJ_v7yx7920ceGXEvo_CiJsadi6TlqSCZUBhnq79hQNJMbasdu223aGPCiSOO7jpQczTDYXF3ie35_NE4SPQXVNuw.GWhYJPTasRKggotCLrEfFVdbzrwJQk6mRFjPVsY_fDlRj7AUsROOHjJX07cPNwV6zCAJg6hK7jIToLOWBVxjzOLrnLynXvpQlXwZ72U9sZB_4O0Uz5sss8z46N1PI0rabhTzjLo_BeMKW37rJnoXqgCIHxOIgaJCv556w35hgqbzX8KWlATjKqIR7K4VqqX4Lx3TSOAgUYsmTPiUEnMPsTFZrvXCwyCsoE29NH2Jia_8u.2IRmKBg_6jlNCo4rX5C.htAphrD27zm8rk8GjyLe0it6GCWOtysGfcNhYo37B15d4e6TjRUzXL0FxZ3Q8QWF_az8MzCnonLS6fgEPDboY7LuRVIbOOw9XdEp3DrljtQuCop_d3EiDk3jc.2oXnx5FzVPGP3v8Nfrrj1GoCbMHlJkeUIL8Jgskbsg8kDtgiYlwAbanA5Zjfy_Kr.nMaFqzb349T9lw1loyG5ViUReAd7_3aclHPCwk9RnwICapn4LlBIeeDdnpjmynARmd0pqw9NqZZV6KRS_fTpeK5L5LsVYzZXrwzs5ADFC0.wt47wHwWSfuBYcGpAAY1tI2K.NxUXbbT4TYq4IaScNFgkSw3De1bABqgFlsMpyLty7Tw8C2FW3Fkg3uTGRjeW6vXo0DXPZM33oG3ITE1LX76fIqGdaRq0OiJ2Qex2e4KCFJLfvTHHm7PYDldClyHlBMaxBpVOVmXUexnnEzDJwhpGq.x3bTJ2lkU5Dn2EASRPpHQFs4NcAyTpRxJ7fm0ehId9.E91Flny5YWqK19VnrRl1W5TXaezvpbrsxmG8zxjvK6R7svM_lIbJS3QaPEIBhBE7LStANzd589a56970M5vfhoEdp...5q_Uw8M5wX6yum97b2cOxpzjQ35dH4D5_mIAozPQzDn.HJ6p0BZhGJL0Lk5MeVNsSLmgfkAFXzwEiwO1_EPkiZRb2fgYvJUb9fsFkpVGSnQZmYDXq2Jzi4JThQB_p78gVhzw4a.SGFTqBHVGYB_RG00hB2o6kWCpvWGmBLdFvFk6IT5ymeokvfDsHamuIYA6nvISFmzXYX5YbicZG5hwjAQTVWcl2VpgPIsbYYhcEPkj79tNKLi4sUVlv62YVRp1IJ8Lvnr3OdKfLmC0kmbcXyc5SF11VYRgWbA..XbsGZzbmDQNOxfLvxFWWgkspaUOb0814EUPspeBttNiHobJVPBOdMdUdh2IAmeiawml7e7UDY2RMQ2Wn0eXlZUPMS.VfVBMGw3eDOR57vGfz1mWYiC4H3f",mdrd: "VTT181iGjTwBkKyiLV1RJPPAc3KM7vFqZAAJT8jdPFo-1739793844-1.2.1.1-6tZhN49OkzjOd9pkWMkXZmjfixfXLZclcMa8DXbrBuYQoeWsK.650uUzOXTBe0YOSN2OJ4kCQ6uyPTaNCN7iP9oqqsDsYpXhFlUqjQpL0s8GcqL3_MZlGYIsU5fFOpXeIVOGFhFNUqpISZHviX4He4TYy4cDILwMahGJBpjkfkdVzKzDN9Gk7exTGXsIY_.i6mI0jWCQjQ19fSXHFMgJOzYv3HZGOgZQcML9QuVXXQ3m9sgxot04ZtGNGiJq1Yl3wCkXAsmnT031yT_Wkdt3Tz5Bz_j1uOT2_zzFvgMXHlr1QlozIf5DJujF3JvkcmVC47Z0RhO_8Kei84G06LnbEFX5KoXC1YvEDi.Lr._nzX2WQ9cmfhl59R0YP4R3W02tLuiQVthACw42e95dBFCDpwHHkgmJ28ac4KmR8nt_uwFXTUH0gsHC1r7xP5bD5IyZYEn9qoJHvCxwAwGkfiyABE9qU29Twpdm6SinEJ9E3QvlDDr2xsCHG3j_TeCrUkuFxtsqkBbsZslwh5y1iY61fqP3XOgKiM.nAhNFVBUrNHvyfrIfh3fBEzwyo0i.XYQUuSWe6FJpJhRGmxNHj2h86AeXuAjjCFFdltoi.TOnAbUKTloLtMMJ37KVPCUA6cly2VaVOTDLUh2M9FtR.hGLEpv2H1F.0FblJ59wZmt3yKnmogDZa4cZ0QRVSEiA5U_bTPxHzgBnhnfmarviXM7nodKlrKqocd4J5i.r.DQ7F9cwONCXqen9R2CR.NTCjfgglexmyqOUzITFKiKvxRhHfIW9C9WH9i59vbW96jaILPu54CtpgjroF71022jwfmUCW0EOGDDGK0bM6.LL3PU5F4xdzNmAhIfgTyMUSaP.8xYn5SxfCop0C8tm8e2cBfskWfyBN4SAkkNftZk7EeNShH2pB7W6CYnQ.nveLJgVjoHoDRWUFYiFA1DgCjMxcGcKkuVkxeiSI1fzfD.iFlf30PaE1EARJ4yGWtaujORR04wHWnxaTRlK16zODNz24Lem6WYcjOOS3Jz5GjDxgEG0Kw271jubyqLNsaNEI_oFbLIsvcA6YVijeagLHE5ei7WJn3djY4aBD9Q8jeuaOETiqIDqG_rAXQ2C4z.drJK7Z5gqXMW72e5KR82tRogW4EbgOb390ufSjZgZeF_uUhk8oYViM6FqCoI11ggs5ayrePhJ7kNpqm2OxFTdzZ6ifAUQUr8yyyNs37pwOb4l8nzVEDdfVhfLZqCEIX54mvIVSU8644uUmbODwMZrrtt2DQaQW6hXkVnd7N.V6gogxTIAuNyNzugoXyN6NY_.jNCyfQ1Dl_Gda0XxWaRlzOi3OD_7ehG4wLq5MW2ZZuSo_WrH0DEfCcOPziIWmqbxBUvxjI8YRdec_JUMKT.Po8J3Kwo8x2VWuzJkSnx_aah.ggzMlqjTFCo8EQRVfMS9hMr9cTAX06t0i6vNE0eq08HWl9dG0EAKooiwRoQHLrR4Kt49FG0aC5INJMyP.A6PD984Rwcnvl57j4vEivIP.bYVoj2wk.x2KtChAlmD80iV.9D64e.uV6mh6REXCB49ww2wxQhIUOHg3Akrqktzu3BPriv4t3DZbhqe9UE8Syf9M.Ku_vp3_5MakrBLUVnN5Z0JAZue04rjSF2GJuD9g2FWQ5nArewLAT4OlGTPGydPmD95PzZC3_r5NNnN48jJDLkiA.IXFCc10225qAE4mxBT6q1oYCs75SKyhQLrwFBSBMYsER6U0av7Us0MuAfPXnZcJnxemOewr4gasf8vyvsEe92eYmHO89K6ekSkX3aScn9U.v5Th73LAoka1bWTMxQTJ5FBBBXUil_6mFvCpFtrAs67XFzkAvDM74.PPLqno4ZHARdRERSFT8.BJS2ZhkOOKsDEq7wYpOVpPYkVPhkRrvcYfG8.Vhxc9qtBdomuZcx9tZJHicmXwkRVVLiZUhIpepsdWiNBYi4WPFlTGbHV9HGk"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135a345796f40f4';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=passenger%20car%20unit&__cf_chl_rt_tk=Xx3M1LNSkDjcolvw50VVcMSzrfVS_Cfg0o3_isgMoJc-1739793844-1.0.1.1-4agBvAakqhY00OHpSz4PuIlcwrlsTqHzWACHJeovX.s" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>