CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Magical girl - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"7491e84b-f008-4327-a474-5ede6b88c9eb","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Magical_girl","wgTitle":"Magical girl","wgCurRevisionId":1278990071,"wgRevisionId":1278990071,"wgArticleId":33565121,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use mdy dates from October 2023","Articles containing Japanese-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020","Magical girl","1962 establishments in Japan","Anime and manga genres","Anime and manga terminology","Fantasy genres","Science fantasy","Female stock characters in anime and manga","Fiction about magic","Girls","Japanese magical girl films","Magical girl anime and manga","Magical girl anime and manga characters","Magical girl films","Magical girl television series"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Magical_girl","wgRelevantArticleId":33565121,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q752321","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.19"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipe-tan_sorceress_color.svg/1200px-Wikipe-tan_sorceress_color.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1697"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipe-tan_sorceress_color.svg/800px-Wikipe-tan_sorceress_color.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1131"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipe-tan_sorceress_color.svg/640px-Wikipe-tan_sorceress_color.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="905"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Magical girl - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_girl"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_girl"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Magical_girl rootpage-Magical_girl skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Magical+girl" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Magical+girl" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Magical+girl" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Magical+girl" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Genre_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genre_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Genre history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genre_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genre history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genre_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1953–1971:_Early_magical_girl_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1953–1971:_Early_magical_girl_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1953–1971: Early magical girl works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1953–1971:_Early_magical_girl_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1972–1979:_Majokko_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1972–1979:_Majokko_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1972–1979: <span><i>Majokko</i></span> series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1972–1979:_Majokko_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980–1989:_Transition_from_majokko_to_magical_girl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980–1989:_Transition_from_majokko_to_magical_girl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1980–1989: Transition from <span><i>majokko</i></span> to magical girl</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980–1989:_Transition_from_majokko_to_magical_girl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990–1999:_Transforming_heroine_and_diversification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990–1999:_Transforming_heroine_and_diversification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1990–1999: Transforming heroine and diversification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990–1999:_Transforming_heroine_and_diversification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000–present:_Expanding_demographic_and_parody_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000–present:_Expanding_demographic_and_parody_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>2000–present: Expanding demographic and parody works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000–present:_Expanding_demographic_and_parody_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concepts_and_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concepts_and_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Concepts and themes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Concepts_and_themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Concepts and themes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Concepts_and_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Femininity_and_youth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Femininity_and_youth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Femininity and youth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Femininity_and_youth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Transformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heroine_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heroine_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Heroine elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heroine_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romance_and_friendship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romance_and_friendship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Romance and friendship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romance_and_friendship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Live-action_television_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Live-action_television_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Live-action television series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Live-action_television_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merchandise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merchandise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Merchandise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merchandise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Japanese_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Japanese_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Non-Japanese works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-Japanese_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_and_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_and_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Europe and the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_and_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Critical analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Magical girl</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="فتاة ساحرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فتاة ساحرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C5%8D_Sh%C5%8Djo" title="Mahō Shōjo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mahō Shōjo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maho-%C5%9Foco" title="Maho-şoco – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maho-şoco" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Magical girl" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C5%8D_sh%C5%8Djo" title="Mahō shōjo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mahō shōjo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C3%B3_%C5%A1%C3%B3d%C5%BEo" title="Mahó šódžo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mahó šódžo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Magical girl" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_Girl" title="Magical Girl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Magical Girl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C5%8D_sh%C5%8Djo" title="Mahō shōjo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mahō shōjo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maho-%C5%9Do%C4%9Do" title="Maho-ŝoĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maho-ŝoĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="دختر جادویی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دختر جادویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Magical girl" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%B2%95%EC%86%8C%EB%85%80" title="마법소녀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마법소녀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B8-%D5%B7%D5%B8%D5%BB%D5%B8" title="Մահո-շոջո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մահո-շոջո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C5%8D_sh%C5%8Djo" title="Mahō shōjo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mahō shōjo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C5%8D_sh%C5%8Djo" title="Mahō shōjo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mahō shōjo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%92%27%D7%95" title="מאהו שוג'ו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאהו שוג'ו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C3%B3_s%C3%B3dzso" title="Mahó sódzso – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mahó sódzso" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maho_shojo" title="Maho shojo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maho shojo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%B3" title="魔法少女 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="魔法少女" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਜਾਦੂਈ ਕੁੜੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਾਦੂਈ ਕੁੜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%8F%DA%91%DB%8C" title="جادوئی کُڑی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جادوئی کُڑی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C5%8D-sh%C5%8Djo" title="Mahō-shōjo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mahō-shōjo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C5%8D_sh%C5%8Djo" title="Mahō shōjo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mahō shōjo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE-%D1%81%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%91" title="Махо-сёдзё – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Махо-сёдзё" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Magical girl" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%86%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_(%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8E_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7)" title="کچی جادوویی (ئەنیمێ و مانگا) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کچی جادوویی (ئەنیمێ و مانگا)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%9F%D0%BE" title="Махо шоџо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Махо шоџо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taikatytt%C3%B6genre" title="Taikatyttögenre – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taikatyttögenre" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C5%8D_sh%C5%8Djo" title="Mahō shōjo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mahō shōjo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="สาวน้อยเวทมนตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สาวน้อยเวทมนตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sihirli_k%C4%B1zlar" title="Sihirli kızlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sihirli kızlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE-%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BE" title="Махо-сьодзьо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Махо-сьодзьо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_ph%C3%A1p_thi%E1%BA%BFu_n%E1%BB%AF" title="Ma pháp thiếu nữ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ma pháp thiếu nữ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%B3" title="魔法少女 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="魔法少女" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%B3" title="魔法少女 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="魔法少女" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q752321#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Magical_girl" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Magical_girl" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Magical_girl" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&oldid=1278990071" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Magical_girl&id=1278990071&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMagical_girl"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMagical_girl"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Magical_girl&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Magical_girl_anime_and_manga" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q752321" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genre of anime and manga</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Magical_girlfriend" title="Magical girlfriend">Magical girlfriend</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Spanish film, see <a href="/wiki/Magical_Girl_(film)" title="Magical Girl (film)">Magical Girl (film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipe-tan_sorceress_color.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipe-tan_sorceress_color.svg/220px-Wikipe-tan_sorceress_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipe-tan_sorceress_color.svg/330px-Wikipe-tan_sorceress_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipe-tan_sorceress_color.svg/440px-Wikipe-tan_sorceress_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Moe_anthropomorphism" title="Moe anthropomorphism">anthropomorph</a> Wikipe-tan as a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">majokko</i></span>, the original magical girl archetype</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Magical girl</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">魔法少女</span>, <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">mahō shōjo</i></span>)</span> is a <a href="/wiki/Genre#Subgenre" title="Genre">subgenre</a> of primarily Japanese <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> media (including <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_novel" title="Light novel">light novels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Live-action" class="mw-redirect" title="Live-action">live-action</a> media) centered on young girls who possess magical abilities, which they typically use through an ideal <a href="/wiki/Alter_ego" title="Alter ego">alter ego</a> into which they can transform.<sup id="cite_ref-Sugawa_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ann_2016-05-27_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ann_2016-05-27-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genre emerged in 1962 with the manga <i><a href="/wiki/Himitsu_no_Akko-chan" title="Himitsu no Akko-chan">Himitsu no Akko-chan</a></i>, followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Sally_the_Witch" title="Sally the Witch">Sally the Witch</a></i> in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A wave of similar anime produced in the 1970s led to <i><b>majokko</b></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">魔女っ子</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">little witch</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span> being used as a common term for the genre. In the 1980s, the term was largely replaced by "magical girl", reflecting the new popularity of shows produced by other studios, including <i><a href="/wiki/Magical_Princess_Minky_Momo" title="Magical Princess Minky Momo">Magical Princess Minky Momo</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Creamy_Mami,_the_Magic_Angel" title="Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel">Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel</a></i>. </p><p>In the 1990s, <i><a href="/wiki/Sailor_Moon" title="Sailor Moon">Sailor Moon</a></i> redefined the genre by combining "transforming hero" elements from live-action <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">tokusatsu</a></i></span> hero shows. The growth of late-night anime in the early 2000s led to a demographic shift for the genre, where series with more mature themes such as <i><a href="/wiki/Magical_Girl_Lyrical_Nanoha" title="Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha">Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha</a></i> (2004) were created and marketed towards an older male audience. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genre_history">Genre history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Genre history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239945135">.mw-parser-output .anime-and-manga .sidebar-pretitle,.mw-parser-output .anime-and-manga .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,.mw-parser-output .anime-and-manga .sidebar-heading{background:lavender}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist anime-and-manga"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Anime_eye.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anime_eye.svg/70px-Anime_eye.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anime_eye.svg/105px-Anime_eye.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anime_eye.svg/140px-Anime_eye.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Anime</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anime" title="History of anime">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_acting_in_Japan" title="Voice acting in Japan">Voice acting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_companies" title="List of anime companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_animation_studios" title="List of Japanese animation studios">Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_video_animation" title="Original video animation">Original video animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_net_animation" title="Original net animation">Original net animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub">Fansub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandub" title="Fandub">Fandub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_anime" title="Lists of anime">Lists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_series_by_episode_count" title="List of anime series by episode count">Longest series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_franchises_by_episode_count" title="List of anime franchises by episode count">Longest franchises</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Manga</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_manga" title="History of manga">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_publishers" title="List of manga publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_outside_Japan" title="Manga outside Japan">International market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_artist" title="Manga artist">Manga artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_manga" title="Alternative manga">Alternative</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gekiga" title="Gekiga">Gekiga</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Heta-uma" title="Heta-uma">Heta-uma</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_(manga)" title="New Wave (manga)">New Wave</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yonkoma" title="Yonkoma">Yonkoma</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_iconography" title="Manga iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanlation" title="Scanlation">Scanlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_cafe" title="Manga cafe">Manga cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_manga" title="Lists of manga">Lists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_manga" title="List of best-selling manga">Best-selling series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_series_by_volume_count" title="List of manga series by volume count">Longest series</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Demographic groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shōnen</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shōjo</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Seinen</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Josei</i></span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anime_and_manga_by_genre" title="Category:Anime and manga by genre">Genres</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bara_(genre)" title="Bara (genre)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Bara</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boys%27_love" title="Boys' love">Boys' love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_manga" title="Cooking manga">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Iyashikei" title="Iyashikei">Iyashikei</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></i></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Mecha</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Otomechikku" title="Otomechikku">Otomechikku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryona" title="Ryona">Ryona</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_manga" title="Sports manga">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teens%27_love" title="Teens' love">Teens' love</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_artists" title="List of manga artists">Manga artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_directors" title="List of anime directors">Anime directors</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anime_and_manga_fandom" title="Anime and manga fandom">Fandom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi" title="Doujinshi"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Doujinshi</i></span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_shop" title="Doujin shop"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Doujin</i></span> shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_printer" title="Doujinshi printer"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Doujinshi</i></span> printer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Anime convention">Conventions</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anime conventions">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_club" title="Anime club">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">Cosplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_music_video" title="Anime music video">Anime music video</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku">Otaku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi_fandom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi fandom"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yaoi</i></span> fandom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_anime_and_manga" title="Glossary of anime and manga">Glossary</a> <ul><li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moe_(slang)" title="Moe (slang)"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Moe</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nijikon" title="Nijikon">Nijikon</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2.5D_musical" title="2.5D musical">2.5D musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_song" title="Anime song">Anime song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime-influenced_animation" title="Anime-influenced animation">Anime-influenced animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyAnimeList" title="MyAnimeList">MyAnimeList</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipe-tan_face.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/15px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/23px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wikipe-tan_face.svg/30px-Wikipe-tan_face.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="440" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anime_and_manga" title="Portal:Anime and manga">Anime and manga portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anime_and_manga" title="Template:Anime and manga"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anime_and_manga" title="Template talk:Anime and manga"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anime_and_manga" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anime and manga"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1953–1971:_Early_magical_girl_works"><span id="1953.E2.80.931971:_Early_magical_girl_works"></span>1953–1971: Early magical girl works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1953–1971: Early magical girl works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite no presence of magic, the manga series <i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Knight" title="Princess Knight">Princess Knight</a></i> (1953) is seen as a prototype for the magical girl genre,<sup id="cite_ref-Gravett_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gravett-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it set forth the appeal of girls who transform to do things they normally cannot perform.<sup id="cite_ref-ann_2016-05-27_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ann_2016-05-27-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Himitsu_no_Akko-chan" title="Himitsu no Akko-chan">Himitsu no Akko-chan</a></i> (1962), serialized in the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga"><i>shōjo</i> manga</a> magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Ribon" title="Ribon">Ribon</a></i>, is credited as the earliest magical girl manga series.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Sally_the_Witch" title="Sally the Witch">Sally the Witch</a></i> followed in 1966, with a concept inspired by the American sitcom <i><a href="/wiki/Bewitched" title="Bewitched">Bewitched</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sugawa_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ann_2016-05-27_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ann_2016-05-27-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its 1966 anime television adaptation produced by <a href="/wiki/Toei_Animation" title="Toei Animation">Toei Animation</a>, is regarded as the first magical girl anime.<sup id="cite_ref-Gravett_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gravett-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 78">: 78 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This anime adaptation introduced the idea of using a <a href="/wiki/Compact_(cosmetics)" title="Compact (cosmetics)">compact</a> to transform, a characteristic that is still present in modern series in the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-magmix_2020-10-24_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magmix_2020-10-24-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1972–1979:_Majokko_series"><span id="1972.E2.80.931979:_Majokko_series"></span>1972–1979: <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Majokko</i></span> series</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1972–1979: Majokko series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toei Animation produced most of the magical girl series of the 1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-Sugawa_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> collectively known as the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majokko_Series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majokko Series (page does not exist)">Majokko Series</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%98%A0%E9%AD%94%E5%A5%B3%E3%81%A3%E5%AD%90%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" class="extiw" title="ja:東映魔女っ子シリーズ">ja</a>]</span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sugawa_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This popularized the term <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">majokko</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">魔女っ子</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">little witch</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span> for the genre, especially with <i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C5%8Dtsukai_Chappy" title="Mahōtsukai Chappy">Mahōtsukai Chappy</a></i> (1972) and <i><a href="/wiki/Majokko_Megu-chan" title="Majokko Megu-chan">Majokko Megu-chan</a></i> (1974). <i>Megu-chan</i> has been noted in particular for its portrayal of multiple magical girls and the friendship between girls.<sup id="cite_ref-Sugawa_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coinciding with the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan#Second-wave_feminism_and_birth_control_activism" title="Feminism in Japan">women's liberation movement in Japan</a>, magical girls began displaying a "certain coquettishness" in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Sugawa_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980–1989:_Transition_from_majokko_to_magical_girl"><span id="1980.E2.80.931989:_Transition_from_majokko_to_magical_girl"></span>1980–1989: Transition from <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">majokko</i></span> to magical girl</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1980–1989: Transition from majokko to magical girl"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1980, Toei released <i><a href="/wiki/Lalabel,_the_Magical_Girl" title="Lalabel, the Magical Girl">Lalabel, the Magical Girl</a></i>, the first instance of the term "<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">mahō shōjo</i></span> (magical girl)" being used.<sup id="cite_ref-Aihara_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aihara-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> In the following years, other studios besides Toei began producing magical girl anime series, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Magical_Princess_Minky_Momo" title="Magical Princess Minky Momo">Magical Princess Minky Momo</a></i> (1982) and <i><a href="/wiki/Creamy_Mami,_the_Magic_Angel" title="Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel">Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel</a></i> (1983), the latter of which was the first installment of <a href="/wiki/Studio_Pierrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Studio Pierrot">Studio Pierrot</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=%27%27Magic_Girl_Series%27%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="''Magic Girl Series'' (page does not exist)"><i>Magic Girl Series</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%B4%E3%81%88%E3%82%8D%E9%AD%94%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" class="extiw" title="ja:ぴえろ魔法少女シリーズ">ja</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aihara_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aihara-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> A characteristic of <i>Minky Momo</i> and <i>Creamy Mami</i> showed girls transforming into grown-up images of themselves,<sup id="cite_ref-kettle_vol_32_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kettle_vol_32-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> which has been linked to the increasing prominence of women at this time including politician <a href="/wiki/Takako_Doi" title="Takako Doi">Takako Doi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/All-female_band" title="All-female band">all-female band</a> <a href="/wiki/Princess_Princess_(band)" title="Princess Princess (band)">Princess Princess</a>, and pop <a href="/wiki/Japanese_idol" title="Japanese idol">idol</a> <a href="/wiki/Seiko_Matsuda" title="Seiko Matsuda">Seiko Matsuda</a>, as well as the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Law_(Japan)" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Law (Japan)">Equal Employment Opportunity Act</a> in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-Sugawa_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yuji_Nunokawa" title="Yuji Nunokawa">Yuji Nunokawa</a>, the producer of both <i>Minky Momo</i> and <i>Creamy Mami</i>, noted that male fans of the magical girl genre increased after <i>Creamy Mami</i> due to the shows' use of transformations and they enjoyed watching girls using magic to solve their problems in ways men traditionally could not.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the popularity of <i>Minky Momo</i> and Studio Pierrot's shows, the term "<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">majokko</i></span>" had largely fallen out of use in favor of "magical girl".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990–1999:_Transforming_heroine_and_diversification"><span id="1990.E2.80.931999:_Transforming_heroine_and_diversification"></span>1990–1999: Transforming heroine and diversification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1990–1999: Transforming heroine and diversification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sailor_Moon" title="Sailor Moon">Sailor Moon</a></i> (1991), whose anime adaptation was broadcast from 1992 to 1997, revolutionized the magical girl genre by combining "transforming hero" elements from live-action <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">tokusatsu</a></i></span> hero shows like <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Sentai" title="Super Sentai">Super Sentai</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kamen_Rider" title="Kamen Rider">Kamen Rider</a></i> with traditionally feminine interests, such as romance and fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-Sugawa_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aihara_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aihara-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> Up until then, magical girl series were comedic and the characters' use of magic only exacerbated social conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-ann_2016-05-27_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ann_2016-05-27-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key attribute of the transformations in <i>Sailor Moon</i> is that they focused on exaggerating the characters' beauty through make-up and fashion, negating the link between cuteness and weakness traditionally seen in women.<sup id="cite_ref-Sugawa_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, unlike previous magical girl series, <i>Sailor Moon</i> featured a team of magical girls as the main characters, with male characters supporting them in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-kettle_vol_32_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kettle_vol_32-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> The format of using fighting, transforming heroines became popular and were used in other magical girl series following <i>Sailor Moon</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 199">: 199 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poitras_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poitras-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Series that attempted to capitalize on <i>Sailor Moon</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> success include <i><a href="/wiki/Akazukin_Chacha" title="Akazukin Chacha">Akazukin Chacha</a></i>, whose anime adaptation created an original arc featuring "transforming heroine" characteristics;<sup id="cite_ref-Aihara_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aihara-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 106">: 106 </span></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Cutie_Honey_Flash" title="Cutie Honey Flash">Cutie Honey Flash</a></i> (1997), a remake of the original male-oriented science fiction series <i><a href="/wiki/Cutie_Honey" title="Cutie Honey">Cutie Honey</a></i> (1973) for a young female demographic;<sup id="cite_ref-yamashita_2002_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamashita_2002-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Wedding_Peach" title="Wedding Peach">Wedding Peach</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the following years, the magical girl genre became diversified. While <i>Sailor Moon</i> also drew in male fans, <i><a href="/wiki/Cardcaptor_Sakura" title="Cardcaptor Sakura">Cardcaptor Sakura</a></i> (1998) was extremely popular among men in spite of its target demographic for including themes such as <a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">cosplay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">boys' love</a>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Otokonoko" title="Otokonoko">otokonoko</a></i></span>, and <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">yuri</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-realsound_2016-11-18_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-realsound_2016-11-18-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Cardcaptor Sakura</i> was also one of the series that influenced the idea of <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Moe_(slang)" title="Moe (slang)">moe</a></i></span>, which was integrated into later magical girl series aimed at an adult male audience.<sup id="cite_ref-realsound_2016-11-18_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-realsound_2016-11-18-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, <i>Cutie Honey Flash</i> also drew in a male audience who were fans of the original <i>Cutie Honey</i> series.<sup id="cite_ref-yamashita_2002_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamashita_2002-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 111–112">: 111–112 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000–present:_Expanding_demographic_and_parody_works"><span id="2000.E2.80.93present:_Expanding_demographic_and_parody_works"></span>2000–present: Expanding demographic and parody works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2000–present: Expanding demographic and parody works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Magical boy" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Magic_Boy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Magic Boy (disambiguation)">Magic Boy</a>.</div> <p>After the end of <i><a href="/wiki/Ojamajo_Doremi" title="Ojamajo Doremi">Ojamajo Doremi</a></i> (1999), Toei Animation's first original magical girl anime series since 1985,<sup id="cite_ref-Aihara_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aihara-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Pretty_Cure" title="Pretty Cure">Pretty Cure</a></i> was broadcast in 2004, with new installments broadcast yearly.<sup id="cite_ref-Sugawa_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to <i>Sailor Moon</i>, <i>Pretty Cure</i> drew influences from <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">tokusatsu</a></i></span> hero shows, but unlike the former, it was heavily focused on action and used the same talents who worked on <i><a href="/wiki/Kamen_Rider" title="Kamen Rider">Kamen Rider</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Sentai" title="Super Sentai">Super Sentai</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ann_2020-10-30_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ann_2020-10-30-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This helped the series achieve widespread demographic appeal outside of young girls.<sup id="cite_ref-ann_2020-10-30_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ann_2020-10-30-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, the target demographic of magical girl shows expanded. With more late-night anime being produced in the early 2000s, magical girl shows aimed at an older male demographic were produced, a notable one being <i><a href="/wiki/Magical_Girl_Lyrical_Nanoha" title="Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha">Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha</a></i> (2004), a <a href="/wiki/Spin-off_(media)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin-off (media)">spin-off</a> originating from the adult game series <i><a href="/wiki/Triangle_Heart" title="Triangle Heart">Triangle Heart</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-realsound_2016-11-18_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-realsound_2016-11-18-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the series were targeted towards older audiences, this allowed for dark and mature themes to be explored, including death and the price of magical power.<sup id="cite_ref-Sugawa_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The magical girl genre earned renewed popularity in the 2010s with the advent of <i><a href="/wiki/Puella_Magi_Madoka_Magica" title="Puella Magi Madoka Magica">Puella Magi Madoka Magica</a></i> (2011),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose mature themes and darker approach earned acclaim from viewers and critics outside the conventional audience group.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples of late-night magical girl anime include <i><a href="/wiki/Day_Break_Illusion" title="Day Break Illusion">Day Break Illusion</a></i> (2013) and <i><a href="/wiki/Fate/Kaleid_Liner_Prisma_Illya" class="mw-redirect" title="Fate/Kaleid Liner Prisma Illya">Fate/Kaleid Liner Prisma Illya</a></i> (2013).<sup id="cite_ref-Sugawa_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though transforming heroine shows remain popular, traditional magical girl series featuring witches demonstrating the importance of hopes and dreams, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Tweeny_Witches" title="Tweeny Witches">Tweeny Witches</a></i> (2004) and <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Witch_Academia" title="Little Witch Academia">Little Witch Academia</a></i> (2013) were still produced.<sup id="cite_ref-Sugawa_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to late-night magical girl series, media exploring the idea of male characters as magical girls (colloquially known as "<b>magical boys</b>"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) were introduced, most of them as comedic parodies.<sup id="cite_ref-kettle_vol_32_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kettle_vol_32-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Kimagure_Orange_Road" title="Kimagure Orange Road">Kimagure Orange Road</a></i> (1985) introduced audiences to the idea of a "magical boy" character.<sup id="cite_ref-Newitz_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newitz-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Cute_High_Earth_Defense_Club_Love!" title="Cute High Earth Defense Club Love!">Cute High Earth Defense Club Love!</a></i> (2015) features a cast of male characters parodying the magical girl concepts combined with growing interest in <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen">bishōnen</a></i></span> shows aimed at a <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Fujoshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujoshi">fujoshi</a></i></span> audience.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other magical boy parodies include <i><a href="/wiki/Is_This_a_Zombie%3F" title="Is This a Zombie?">Is This a Zombie?</a></i> (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Magical_Girl_Ore" title="Magical Girl Ore">Magical Girl Ore</a></i> (2018).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concepts_and_themes">Concepts and themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Concepts and themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Femininity_and_youth">Femininity and youth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Femininity and youth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Magical girl series use elements associated with female interests, such as accessories associated with traditional femininity, child-rearing, and romance.<sup id="cite_ref-Sugawa_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magical girl characters are typically 10 to 14 years old, with cute features and an appearance resembling a princess or an <a href="/wiki/Japanese_idol" title="Japanese idol">idol</a> singer.<sup id="cite_ref-yamashita_2002_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamashita_2002-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 110">: 110 </span></sup> Older women are usually portrayed as villains.<sup id="cite_ref-yamashita_2002_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamashita_2002-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 110">: 110 </span></sup> Professor Bill Ellis noted that in traditional <a href="/wiki/Japanese_folklore" title="Japanese folklore">Japanese folklore</a>, powerful women were depicted to be monstrous, similar to <a href="/wiki/Oni" title="Oni">Oni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transformation">Transformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In magical girl series, the main female characters transform into prettier, more mature-looking versions of themselves who have special powers, an idea originating from <i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Knight" title="Princess Knight">Princess Knight</a></i>. Unlike hero shows, the items used to initiate transformation are often "cute" accessories associated with femininity and beauty.<sup id="cite_ref-Sugawa_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first example of an item used to aid the transformation is the anime adaptation of <i><a href="/wiki/Himitsu_no_Akko-chan" title="Himitsu no Akko-chan">Himitsu no Akko-chan</a></i>, in which Akko uses a <a href="/wiki/Compact_(cosmetics)" title="Compact (cosmetics)">compact</a> to transform; since the broadcast of the series, compacts are commonly used as a transformation item.<sup id="cite_ref-magmix_2020-10-24_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magmix_2020-10-24-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heroine_elements">Heroine elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Heroine elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "transforming heroine"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">変身ヒロイン</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">henshin hiroin</i></span>)</span> is a concept adapted from <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">tokusatsu</a></i></span> hero shows (dramas or movies) that was first popularized by <i><a href="/wiki/Sailor_Moon" title="Sailor Moon">Sailor Moon</a></i> in the early 1990s; it has been a staple of magical girl series since.<sup id="cite_ref-Sugawa_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aihara_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aihara-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> The transforming heroine features an ordinary schoolgirl who changes into an "adorable" costume with "cute" accessories; she then uses a sceptre (or a similar weapon) to channel magical energy in order to fight against the forces of evil.<sup id="cite_ref-Sugawa_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This format has allowed magical girls to be viewed as <a href="/wiki/Superheroine" class="mw-redirect" title="Superheroine">superheroines</a>, especially in the West during the <a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">girl power</a> movement of the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Sugawa_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comparisons have been drawn to Western superheroines like <i><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer">Buffy the Vampire Slayer</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Wonder_Woman" title="Wonder Woman">Wonder Woman</a></i>, but unlike the former, "transforming heroine" series use femininity to weaponize and also features young girls instead of women,<sup id="cite_ref-Sugawa_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while older women are typically portrayed as villains in magical girl series.<sup id="cite_ref-yamashita_2002_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamashita_2002-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 110">: 110 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romance_and_friendship">Romance and friendship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Romance and friendship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A common goal for magical girl characters since the 1960s is romance that eventually results in marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-yamashita_2002_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamashita_2002-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 110">: 110 </span></sup> While heterosexual romance was present and received focus in magical girl series, post–<i>Sailor Moon</i> works saw a diminished presence in male characters in favor of focusing on the friendships between the main female characters.<sup id="cite_ref-ann_2016-05-27_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ann_2016-05-27-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akiko Sugawa suggests that the future of magical girl shows may include rebellion against sexual norms, using <i><a href="/wiki/Puella_Magi_Madoka_Magica" title="Puella Magi Madoka Magica">Puella Magi Madoka Magica</a></i> as an example of <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">yuri</a></i></span> relationships favored over heterosexual relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-Sugawa_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Live-action_television_series">Live-action television series</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Live-action television series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1989, <a href="/wiki/Shotaro_Ishinomori" title="Shotaro Ishinomori">Shotaro Ishinomori</a> produced the first live-action magical girl series, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mah%C5%8D_Sh%C5%8Djo_Ch%C5%ABka_na_Pai_Pai!&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahō Shōjo Chūka na Pai Pai! (page does not exist)">Mahō Shōjo Chūka na Pai Pai!</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%B3%E3%81%A1%E3%82%85%E3%81%86%E3%81%8B%E3%81%AA%E3%81%B1%E3%81%84%E3%81%B1%E3%81%84!" class="extiw" title="ja:魔法少女ちゅうかなぱいぱい!">ja</a>]</span></i>, as part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Toei_Fushigi_Comedy_Series" title="Toei Fushigi Comedy Series">Toei Fushigi Comedy Series</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aihara_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aihara-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> The popularity of the show led to five more installments produced, including <i><a href="/wiki/La_Belle_Fille_Masqu%C3%A9e_Poitrine" title="La Belle Fille Masquée Poitrine">La Belle Fille Masquée Poitrine</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C5%ABgen_Jikk%C5%8D_Sisters_Shushutrian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yūgen Jikkō Sisters Shushutrian (page does not exist)">Yūgen Jikkō Sisters Shushutrian</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%A8%80%E5%AE%9F%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%89%E5%A7%89%E5%A6%B9%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3" class="extiw" title="ja:有言実行三姉妹シュシュトリアン">ja</a>]</span></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with all of them categorized as the <i><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Bishōjo</i></span> Series</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">美少女シリーズ</span></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aihara_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aihara-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> The shows were viewed as a female counterpart to <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">tokusatsu</a></i></span> series aimed at young boys, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Sentai" title="Super Sentai">Super Sentai</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kamen_Rider" title="Kamen Rider">Kamen Rider</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Ultraman" title="Ultraman">Ultraman</a></i>; however, interest in the genre declined in the early 1990s due to competing toy sales with <i>Sailor Moon</i> and other magical girl anime.<sup id="cite_ref-realsound_2018-04-08_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-realsound_2018-04-08-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Live-action magical girl series were revived with the <i><a href="/wiki/Girls_%C3%97_Heroine" title="Girls × Heroine">Girls × Heroine</a></i> series, beginning with <i><a href="/wiki/Idol_%C3%97_Warrior_Miracle_Tunes!" title="Idol × Warrior Miracle Tunes!">Idol × Warrior Miracle Tunes!</a></i> in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-realsound_2018-04-08_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-realsound_2018-04-08-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merchandise">Merchandise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Merchandise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Magical girl series aimed at young girls were often marketed with a merchandise line, with Kumiko Saito saying that magical girl anime is best understood as "twenty-five-minute advertisements for toy merchandise", highlighting the high production costs and the involvement of <a href="/wiki/Bandai" title="Bandai">Bandai</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Sailor_Moon" title="Sailor Moon">Sailor Moon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pretty_Cure" title="Pretty Cure">Pretty Cure</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saito_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saito-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reiko Yamashita also mentioned <i><a href="/wiki/Ojamajo_Doremi" title="Ojamajo Doremi">Ojamajo Doremi</a></i> as an example of a series with mass toy production.<sup id="cite_ref-yamashita_2002_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamashita_2002-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 114">: 114 </span></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Pretty_Cure" title="Pretty Cure">Pretty Cure</a></i> has become Japan's fifth highest grossing franchise as of 2010 in part due to its high merchandise sales.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the <i><a href="/wiki/Girls_%C3%97_Heroine" title="Girls × Heroine">Girls × Heroine</a></i> series, <a href="/wiki/Shogakukan" title="Shogakukan">Shogakukan</a> project manager Reiko Sasaki stated that she had to create scenarios on how to integrate the toys into the show.<sup id="cite_ref-oricon_2019-02-27_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oricon_2019-02-27-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Himitsu_no_Akko-chan" title="Himitsu no Akko-chan">Himitsu no Akko-chan</a></i> was the earliest example of having a merchandise line and was a "huge hit".<sup id="cite_ref-Aihara_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aihara-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> Toys from the 1980s were commonly in bright colors and were mostly compact cases or sticks, with the character's face sometimes printed on them.<sup id="cite_ref-Aihara_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aihara-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> From 1990 to 1994, toy sets began including pendants as part of transformation items, along with feminine motifs, such as hearts and stars; most of the toys were pink at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Aihara_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aihara-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56">: 56 </span></sup> From 1995 to 1999, the toys became more colorful.<sup id="cite_ref-Aihara_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aihara-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 120">: 120 </span></sup> </p><p>For <i><a href="/wiki/Sailor_Moon" title="Sailor Moon">Sailor Moon</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> 20th anniversary, in 2013, <a href="/wiki/Bandai" title="Bandai">Bandai</a>, the producer of their toy line, released a cosmetics line based on transformation items seen in the series, aimed at adult women who grew up with the show.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by a life-sized replica of Sailor Moon's Moon Stick, which Bandai produced as part of their <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proplica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proplica (page does not exist)">Proplica</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROPLICA" class="extiw" title="ja:PROPLICA">ja</a>]</span> merchandise line aimed at adult collectors,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a jewelry line.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years that followed, other magical girl franchises released merchandise lines aimed towards adult women, through collaborations with fashion brands such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_Music_%26_Ecology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earth Music & Ecology (page does not exist)">Earth Music & Ecology</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC" class="extiw" title="ja:アースミュージックアンドエコロジー">ja</a>]</span>'s Japan Label,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liz_Lisa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liz Lisa (page does not exist)">Liz Lisa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIZ_LISA" class="extiw" title="ja:LIZ LISA">ja</a>]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thank_You_Mart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thank You Mart (page does not exist)">Thank You Mart</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" class="extiw" title="ja:サンキューマート">ja</a>]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SuperGroupies,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Favorite.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-Japanese_works">Non-Japanese works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Non-Japanese works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In China, <i><a href="/wiki/Balala_the_Fairies" title="Balala the Fairies">Balala the Fairies</a></i> is an ongoing franchise originating as a live-action series before transferring to animation, though it was accused of plagiarizing <i><a href="/wiki/Pretty_Cure" title="Pretty Cure">Pretty Cure</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe_and_the_United_States">Europe and the United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Europe and the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winx_Club_main_characters_cast.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/Winx_Club_main_characters_cast.png/220px-Winx_Club_main_characters_cast.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/Winx_Club_main_characters_cast.png/330px-Winx_Club_main_characters_cast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c0/Winx_Club_main_characters_cast.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>The main characters of the animated series <i><a href="/wiki/Winx_Club" title="Winx Club">Winx Club</a></i> (2004–2019)</figcaption></figure> <p>Similar to Japan, the transforming heroine concept coined by <i><a href="/wiki/Sailor_Moon" title="Sailor Moon">Sailor Moon</a></i> saw popularity when the show was broadcast overseas in the 1990s due to the <a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">girl power</a> movement taking place in Europe and the United States at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Sugawa_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influence of <i>Sailor Moon</i> has led magical girls to be associated with <a href="/wiki/Superheroine" class="mw-redirect" title="Superheroine">superheroines</a> in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-Sugawa_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable examples include <i><a href="/wiki/W.I.T.C.H." title="W.I.T.C.H.">W.I.T.C.H.</a></i> (2001) and <i><a href="/wiki/Winx_Club" title="Winx Club">Winx Club</a></i> (2004) in Italy;<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-avclub_2020-09-18_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avclub_2020-09-18-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Totally_Spies!" title="Totally Spies!">Totally Spies!</a></i> (2001),<sup id="cite_ref-Saito_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saito-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/LoliRock" title="LoliRock">LoliRock</a></i> (2014),<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Miraculous:_Tales_of_Ladybug_%26_Cat_Noir" title="Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir">Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir</a></i> (2015) in France.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animated series from the United States, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Powerpuff_Girls" title="The Powerpuff Girls">The Powerpuff Girls</a></i> (1998),<sup id="cite_ref-Saito_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saito-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Bee_and_PuppyCat" title="Bee and PuppyCat">Bee and PuppyCat</a></i> (2013),<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Steven_Universe" title="Steven Universe">Steven Universe</a></i> (2013),<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Star_vs._the_Forces_of_Evil" title="Star vs. the Forces of Evil">Star vs. the Forces of Evil</a></i> (2015),<sup id="cite_ref-avclub_2020-09-18_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avclub_2020-09-18-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Magical_Girl_Friendship_Squad" title="Magical Girl Friendship Squad">Magical Girl Friendship Squad</a></i> (2020),<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been influenced by magical girl themes and reference them. Characters in <i><a href="/wiki/My_Little_Pony:_Equestria_Girls" title="My Little Pony: Equestria Girls">My Little Pony: Equestria Girls</a></i> are described as "full-time students and part-time magical pony girls".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The influence of the genre has also been seen in Western comics and graphic novels, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Agents_of_the_Realm" title="Agents of the Realm">Agents of the Realm</a></i> (2014),<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zodiac_Starforce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zodiac Starforce (page does not exist)">Zodiac Starforce</a></i> (2015),<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sleepless_Domain" title="Sleepless Domain">Sleepless Domain</a></i> (2015).<sup id="cite_ref-:22_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_analysis">Critical analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Critical analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Magical girl series have been linked to <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">female empowerment</a> since the 1970s, from exploring <a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">female sexuality</a> to weaponizing femininity.<sup id="cite_ref-Sugawa_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from feminine <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender norms</a> from the genre's defiance against female gender roles, the magical girl genre has also influenced a shift in male gender norms as the stigma between traditional femininity and weakness were removed.<sup id="cite_ref-Saito_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saito-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Akiko Shimada's 2011 dissertation <i>Representations of Girls in Japanese Magical Girl TV Animation Programmes from 1966 to 2003 and Japanese Female Audiences' Understanding of Them</i> references Yokokawa (1991) and Murase (2000) who state that in Japanese language, the word "shojo" is always used in third person. Young girls do not refer to themselves as "shojo". This reflects on how narratives about shojo are crafted from a third-party, often <a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">male lens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Girl_Heroes" title="Girl Heroes">Girl Heroes</a></i>—2002 book by Susan Hopkins</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_girl_works" title="List of magical girl works">List of magical girl works</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sugawa-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sugawa_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugawa_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugawa_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugawa_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugawa_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugawa_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugawa_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugawa_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugawa_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugawa_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugawa_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugawa_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugawa_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugawa_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugawa_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugawa_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugawa_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugawa_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugawa_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugawa_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugawa_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugawa_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugawa_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSugawa2015" class="citation web cs1">Sugawa, Akiko (February 26, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nippon.com/en/in-depth/a03904/">"Children of Sailor Moon: The Evolution of Magical Girls in Japanese Anime"</a>. <i>Nippon Communications Foundation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401013143/http://www.nippon.com/en/in-depth/a03904/">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nippon+Communications+Foundation&rft.atitle=Children+of+Sailor+Moon%3A+The+Evolution+of+Magical+Girls+in+Japanese+Anime&rft.date=2015-02-26&rft.aulast=Sugawa&rft.aufirst=Akiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nippon.com%2Fen%2Fin-depth%2Fa03904%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ann_2016-05-27-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ann_2016-05-27_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ann_2016-05-27_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ann_2016-05-27_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ann_2016-05-27_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ann_2016-05-27_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEkens2016" class="citation news cs1">Ekens, Gabriella (May 27, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2016-05-27/what-makes-magical-girls-so-popular/.102557">"What Makes Magical Girls So Popular?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108131710/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2016-05-27/what-makes-magical-girls-so-popular/.102557">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=What+Makes+Magical+Girls+So+Popular%3F&rft.date=2016-05-27&rft.aulast=Ekens&rft.aufirst=Gabriella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Ffeature%2F2016-05-27%2Fwhat-makes-magical-girls-so-popular%2F.102557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFunimation2020" class="citation web cs1">Funimation (February 4, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.funimation.com/blog/2020/02/04/magical-girl-anime-guide-cute-grim-puella-madoka-asuka-cardcaptor-sakura/">"A Guide to Magical Girls, From Cute to Grim"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Funimation" title="Funimation">Funimation</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024063413/https://www.funimation.com/blog/2020/02/04/magical-girl-anime-guide-cute-grim-puella-madoka-asuka-cardcaptor-sakura/">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Funimation&rft.atitle=A+Guide+to+Magical+Girls%2C+From+Cute+to+Grim&rft.date=2020-02-04&rft.au=Funimation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.funimation.com%2Fblog%2F2020%2F02%2F04%2Fmagical-girl-anime-guide-cute-grim-puella-madoka-asuka-cardcaptor-sakura%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gravett-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gravett_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gravett_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGravett2004" class="citation book cs1">Gravett, Paul (2004). <i>Manga: Sixty Years of Japanese Comics</i> (2nd ed.). London: Laurence King. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1856693910" title="Special:BookSources/1856693910"><bdi>1856693910</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga%3A+Sixty+Years+of+Japanese+Comics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=77&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Laurence+King&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1856693910&rft.aulast=Gravett&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson2007" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Jason (2007). <i>Manga: The Complete Guide</i>. New York: Del Rey Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0345485908" title="Special:BookSources/978-0345485908"><bdi>978-0345485908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga%3A+The+Complete+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Del+Rey+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0345485908&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kinejun.com/">"キネマ旬報別冊『動画王 vol.02 スーパー魔女っ子大戦』"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kinema_Junpo" title="Kinema Junpo">Kinema Junpo</a></i> (in Japanese). Japan: Kinema-Junposha.Co.Ltd. July 1997. p. 25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201212102352/https://www.kinejun.com/">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kinema+Junpo&rft.atitle=%E3%82%AD%E3%83%8D%E3%83%9E%E6%97%AC%E5%A0%B1%E5%88%A5%E5%86%8A%E3%80%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%94%BB%E7%8E%8B+vol.02+%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E9%AD%94%E5%A5%B3%E3%81%A3%E5%AD%90%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%A6%E3%80%8F&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1997-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kinejun.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoren2003" class="citation journal cs1">Boren, James (September 2003). "The Making of a Magical Girl". <i><a href="/wiki/Animerica" title="Animerica">Animerica</a></i>. <b>11</b> (9). <a href="/wiki/Viz_Media" title="Viz Media">Viz Media</a>: 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animerica&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+a+Magical+Girl&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2003-09&rft.aulast=Boren&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-magmix_2020-10-24-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-magmix_2020-10-24_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magmix_2020-10-24_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magmix.jp/post/38350/">"女の子が憧れた『ひみつのアッコちゃん』大ヒットの要は「コンパクトと呪文」だった？"</a>. <i>Magmix</i> (in Japanese). October 24, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101011011/https://magmix.jp/post/38350">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Magmix&rft.atitle=%E5%A5%B3%E3%81%AE%E5%AD%90%E3%81%8C%E6%86%A7%E3%82%8C%E3%81%9F%E3%80%8E%E3%81%B2%E3%81%BF%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%82%B3%E3%81%A1%E3%82%83%E3%82%93%E3%80%8F+%E5%A4%A7%E3%83%92%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%81%AE%E8%A6%81%E3%81%AF%E3%80%8C%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%81%A8%E5%91%AA%E6%96%87%E3%80%8D%E3%81%A0%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%EF%BC%9F&rft.date=2020-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmagmix.jp%2Fpost%2F38350%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aihara-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aihara_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aihara_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aihara_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aihara_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aihara_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aihara_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aihara_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aihara_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aihara_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aihara_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aihara_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aihara_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAihara2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aihara, Ruriko (February 10, 2020). <i><span></span>'80s &'90s 魔女っ子おもちゃブック</i> [<i><span></span>'80s & '90s Majokko Toy Book</i>] (in Japanese). Japan: Graphicsha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4766133462" title="Special:BookSources/978-4766133462"><bdi>978-4766133462</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%2780s+%26%2790s+%E9%AD%94%E5%A5%B3%E3%81%A3%E5%AD%90%E3%81%8A%E3%82%82%E3%81%A1%E3%82%83%E3%83%96%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF&rft.place=Japan&rft.pub=Graphicsha&rft.date=2020-02-10&rft.isbn=978-4766133462&rft.aulast=Aihara&rft.aufirst=Ruriko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kettle_vol_32-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kettle_vol_32_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kettle_vol_32_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kettle_vol_32_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohtabooks.com/publish/2016/08/12161712.html">"特集魔法少女が大好き！"</a> [Special feature: We love magical girls!]. <i>Kettle</i> (in Japanese). Vol. 32. Japan: <a href="/wiki/Ohta_Publishing" title="Ohta Publishing">Ohta Publishing</a>. August 17, 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4778315429" title="Special:BookSources/978-4778315429"><bdi>978-4778315429</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kettle&rft.atitle=%E7%89%B9%E9%9B%86+%E9%AD%94%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%B3%E3%81%8C%E5%A4%A7%E5%A5%BD%E3%81%8D%EF%BC%81&rft.volume=32&rft.date=2016-08-17&rft.isbn=978-4778315429&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohtabooks.com%2Fpublish%2F2016%2F08%2F12161712.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalbraith2019" class="citation book cs1">Galbraith, Patrick W. (June 12, 2019). <i>Otaku and the Struggle for Imagination in Japan</i>. Durham: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781478006299" title="Special:BookSources/9781478006299"><bdi>9781478006299</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Otaku+and+the+Struggle+for+Imagination+in+Japan&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2019-06-12&rft.isbn=9781478006299&rft.aulast=Galbraith&rft.aufirst=Patrick+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poitras-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Poitras_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoitras2004" class="citation book cs1">Poitras, Gilles (2004). <i>Anime Essentials: Every Thing a Fan Needs to Know</i> (4th ed.). Berkeley, California: Stone Bridge Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">31–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1880656531" title="Special:BookSources/1880656531"><bdi>1880656531</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anime+Essentials%3A+Every+Thing+a+Fan+Needs+to+Know&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Stone+Bridge+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1880656531&rft.aulast=Poitras&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yamashita_2002-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yamashita_2002_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yamashita_2002_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yamashita_2002_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yamashita_2002_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yamashita_2002_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yamashita_2002_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yamashita_2002_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYamashita2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yamashita, Reiko (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/hokkaidoshakai1988/15/0/15_0_107/_pdf">"=「アニメとジェンダー」～変わる?アニメの世界"</a> ["Anime and Gender" Changing? The World of Anime]. <i>現代社会学研究 [Contemporary Sociology Research]</i> (in Japanese). <b>15</b>. Japan: Hokkaido Sociological Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021043629/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/hokkaidoshakai1988/15/0/15_0_107/_pdf">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6+%5BContemporary+Sociology+Research%5D&rft.atitle=%3D%E3%80%8C%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A1%E3%81%A8%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%80%8D%EF%BD%9E%E5%A4%89%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8B%3F%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A1%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&rft.volume=15&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Yamashita&rft.aufirst=Reiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fhokkaidoshakai1988%2F15%2F0%2F15_0_107%2F_pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDennison2018" class="citation web cs1">Dennison, Kara (October 31, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190615091029/https://blog.vrv.co/kdennison/3910/three-90s-magical-girl-shows-that-wanted-to-be-the-next-sailor-moon/">"Three 90s Magical Girl Shows That Wanted to Be the Next Sailor Moon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/VRV_(streaming_service)" title="VRV (streaming service)">VRV</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.vrv.co/kdennison/3910/three-90s-magical-girl-shows-that-wanted-to-be-the-next-sailor-moon/">the original</a> on June 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VRV&rft.atitle=Three+90s+Magical+Girl+Shows+That+Wanted+to+Be+the+Next+Sailor+Moon&rft.date=2018-10-31&rft.aulast=Dennison&rft.aufirst=Kara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.vrv.co%2Fkdennison%2F3910%2Fthree-90s-magical-girl-shows-that-wanted-to-be-the-next-sailor-moon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-realsound_2016-11-18-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-realsound_2016-11-18_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-realsound_2016-11-18_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-realsound_2016-11-18_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://realsound.jp/movie/2016/11/post-3245.html">"魔法少女アニメなぜ激増？『魔法使いサリー』から『魔法少女育成計画』に至る系譜を読む"</a>. <i>Real Sound</i> (in Japanese). November 18, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200422103001/https://realsound.jp/movie/2016/11/post-3245.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Real+Sound&rft.atitle=%E9%AD%94%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%B3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A1%E3%81%AA%E3%81%9C%E6%BF%80%E5%A2%97%EF%BC%9F%E3%80%8E%E9%AD%94%E6%B3%95%E4%BD%BF%E3%81%84%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%80%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%80%8E%E9%AD%94%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%B3%E8%82%B2%E6%88%90%E8%A8%88%E7%94%BB%E3%80%8F%E3%81%AB%E8%87%B3%E3%82%8B%E7%B3%BB%E8%AD%9C%E3%82%92%E8%AA%AD%E3%82%80&rft.date=2016-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frealsound.jp%2Fmovie%2F2016%2F11%2Fpost-3245.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ann_2020-10-30-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ann_2020-10-30_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ann_2020-10-30_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIturiel2020" class="citation news cs1">Ituriel, Ivan (October 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2020-10-30/pretty-cure-101-everything-you-need-to-know-and-some-things-you-dont/.164903">"Pretty Cure 101: Everything You Need to Know And Some Things You Don't"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201201022453/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2020-10-30/pretty-cure-101-everything-you-need-to-know-and-some-things-you-dont/.164903">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Pretty+Cure+101%3A+Everything+You+Need+to+Know+And+Some+Things+You+Don%27t&rft.date=2020-10-30&rft.aulast=Ituriel&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Ffeature%2F2020-10-30%2Fpretty-cure-101-everything-you-need-to-know-and-some-things-you-dont%2F.164903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nlab.itmedia.co.jp/research/articles/102011/">"【魔法少女まどか☆マギカ】魔法少女になるならどの子がいい？【人気アンケート実施中】"</a>. <i>ITmedia</i> (in Japanese). February 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ITmedia&rft.atitle=%E3%80%90%E9%AD%94%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%B3%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A9%E3%81%8B%E2%98%86%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%80%91%E9%AD%94%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%B3%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8B%E3%81%AA%E3%82%89%E3%81%A9%E3%81%AE%E5%AD%90%E3%81%8C%E3%81%84%E3%81%84%EF%BC%9F%E3%80%90%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%97%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E5%AE%9F%E6%96%BD%E4%B8%AD%E3%80%91&rft.date=2021-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnlab.itmedia.co.jp%2Fresearch%2Farticles%2F102011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoveridge2018" class="citation web cs1">Loveridge, Lynzee (July 22, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-list/2018-07-22/.134507">"The List - 7 Horrifying Magical Girl Anime"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=The+List+-+7+Horrifying+Magical+Girl+Anime&rft.date=2018-07-22&rft.aulast=Loveridge&rft.aufirst=Lynzee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fthe-list%2F2018-07-22%2F.134507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJensen2016" class="citation news cs1">Jensen, Paul (December 16, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2016-12-16/rise-of-the-dark-magical-girls/.1100e=2016-12-04">"Rise of the Dark Magical Girls"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806122535/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2016-12-16/rise-of-the-dark-magical-girls/.110004">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Rise+of+the+Dark+Magical+Girls&rft.date=2016-12-16&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Ffeature%2F2016-12-16%2Frise-of-the-dark-magical-girls%2F.1100e%3D2016-12-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOhanesian2012" class="citation web cs1">Ohanesian, Liz (October 22, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215415/http://www.laweekly.com/publicspectacle/2012/10/22/how-puella-magi-madoka-magica-shatters-anime-stereotypes?showFullText=true">"How <i>Puella Magi Madoka Magica</i> Shatters Anime Stereotypes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/LA_Weekly" title="LA Weekly">LA Weekly</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laweekly.com/publicspectacle/2012/10/22/how-puella-magi-madoka-magica-shatters-anime-stereotypes?showFullText=true">the original</a> on April 26, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LA+Weekly&rft.atitle=How+Puella+Magi+Madoka+Magica+Shatters+Anime+Stereotypes&rft.date=2012-10-22&rft.aulast=Ohanesian&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laweekly.com%2Fpublicspectacle%2F2012%2F10%2F22%2Fhow-puella-magi-madoka-magica-shatters-anime-stereotypes%3FshowFullText%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcNulty2015" class="citation news cs1">McNulty, Amy (March 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/cute-high-earth-defense-club-love/episode-9/.85594">"Cute High Earth Defense Club LOVE! Episode 9"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130030648/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/cute-high-earth-defense-club-love/episode-9/.85594">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Cute+High+Earth+Defense+Club+LOVE%21+Episode+9&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft.aulast=McNulty&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Freview%2Fcute-high-earth-defense-club-love%2Fepisode-9%2F.85594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newitz-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newitz_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewitz1995" class="citation journal cs1">Newitz, Annalee (October 1, 1995). "Magical Girls and Atomic Bomb Sperm: Japanese Animation in America". <i><a href="/wiki/Film_Quarterly" title="Film Quarterly">Film Quarterly</a></i>. <b>49</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">2–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1213488">10.2307/1213488</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1213488">1213488</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56255959">56255959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Film+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Magical+Girls+and+Atomic+Bomb+Sperm%3A+Japanese+Animation+in+America&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=1995-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56255959%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1213488%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1213488&rft.aulast=Newitz&rft.aufirst=Annalee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBridges2015" class="citation news cs1">Bridges, Rose (May 13, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/cute-high-earth-defense-club-love-episodes-1-12-streaming/.87530">"Cute High Earth Defense Club LOVE! Episodes 1-12 Streaming"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106182443/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/cute-high-earth-defense-club-love-episodes-1-12-streaming/.87530">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Cute+High+Earth+Defense+Club+LOVE%21+Episodes+1-12+Streaming&rft.date=2015-05-13&rft.aulast=Bridges&rft.aufirst=Rose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Freview%2Fcute-high-earth-defense-club-love-episodes-1-12-streaming%2F.87530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin2013" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Theron (January 24, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/is-this-a-zombie/dvd-the-complete-series-limited-edition">"Is This A Zombie? DVD - The Complete Series [Limited Edition]"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190426091720/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/is-this-a-zombie/dvd-the-complete-series-limited-edition">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Is+This+A+Zombie%3F+DVD+-+The+Complete+Series+%5BLimited+Edition%5D&rft.date=2013-01-24&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Theron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Freview%2Fis-this-a-zombie%2Fdvd-the-complete-series-limited-edition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrisin2018" class="citation news cs1">Orisin, Lauren (June 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/magical-girl-ore/episode-12/.133100">"Magical Girl Ore: Episode 12"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509052013/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/magical-girl-ore/episode-12/.133100">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Magical+Girl+Ore%3A+Episode+12&rft.date=2018-06-20&rft.aulast=Orisin&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Freview%2Fmagical-girl-ore%2Fepisode-12%2F.133100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCletoBahl2016" class="citation journal cs1">Cleto, Sara; Bahl, Erin Kathleen (April 6, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fh5020020">"Becoming the Labyrinth: Negotiating Magical Space and Identity in Puella Magi Madoka Magica"</a>. <i>Humanities</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fh5020020">10.3390/h5020020</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanities&rft.atitle=Becoming+the+Labyrinth%3A+Negotiating+Magical+Space+and+Identity+in+Puella+Magi+Madoka+Magica&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2016-04-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fh5020020&rft.aulast=Cleto&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft.au=Bahl%2C+Erin+Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fh5020020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0046417/">"イナズマン＆ポワトリン、冬のライダー映画に登場決定！サナギマンも復活し映画初出演！"</a>. <i>Cinema Today</i> (in Japanese). September 29, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020221912/https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0046417">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cinema+Today&rft.atitle=%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%86%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%80%81%E5%86%AC%E3%81%AE%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB%E3%81%AB%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%B4%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%EF%BC%81%E3%82%B5%E3%83%8A%E3%82%AE%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%82%E5%BE%A9%E6%B4%BB%E3%81%97%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB%E5%88%9D%E5%87%BA%E6%BC%94%EF%BC%81&rft.date=2012-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinematoday.jp%2Fnews%2FN0046417%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-realsound_2018-04-08-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-realsound_2018-04-08_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-realsound_2018-04-08_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://realsound.jp/tech/2018/04/post-179945.html">"大人気シリーズ第二弾『魔法×戦士マジマジョピュアーズ！"</a>. <i>Real Sound</i> (in Japanese). April 8, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181207045748/https://realsound.jp/tech/2018/04/post-179945.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Real+Sound&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%97%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%BE%E3%80%8E%E9%AD%94%E6%B3%95%C3%97%E6%88%A6%E5%A3%AB+%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B8%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%EF%BC%81&rft.date=2018-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frealsound.jp%2Ftech%2F2018%2F04%2Fpost-179945.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYamamoto2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yamamoto, Keisuke (February 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oricon.co.jp/special/52567/">"プリキュア一強に終止符？話題の「女児向け特撮ドラマ」担当者に聞く、子ども番組が"守るべきもの"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon</a></i> (in Japanese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428152326/https://www.oricon.co.jp/special/52567/">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oricon&rft.atitle=%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E4%B8%80%E5%BC%B7%E3%81%AB%E7%B5%82%E6%AD%A2%E7%AC%A6%EF%BC%9F+%E8%A9%B1%E9%A1%8C%E3%81%AE%E3%80%8C%E5%A5%B3%E5%85%90%E5%90%91%E3%81%91%E7%89%B9%E6%92%AE%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E%E3%80%8D%E6%8B%85%E5%BD%93%E8%80%85%E3%81%AB%E8%81%9E%E3%81%8F%E3%80%81%E5%AD%90%E3%81%A9%E3%82%82%E7%95%AA%E7%B5%84%E3%81%8C%22%E5%AE%88%E3%82%8B%E3%81%B9%E3%81%8D%E3%82%82%E3%81%AE%22&rft.date=2019-02-27&rft.aulast=Yamamoto&rft.aufirst=Keisuke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oricon.co.jp%2Fspecial%2F52567%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saito-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saito_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saito_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saito_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saito_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaito2014" class="citation journal cs1">Saito, Kumiko (January 2, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/magic-shojo-and-metamorphosis-magical-girl-anime-and-the-challenges-of-changing-gender-identities-in-japanese-society/AAA8B9C5895D35A48C9EFC28495D4F9B">"Magic, Shōjo, and Metamorphosis: Magical Girl Anime and the Challenges of Changing Gender Identities in Japanese Society"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Asian_Studies" title="The Journal of Asian Studies">The Journal of Asian Studies</a></i>. <b>73</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> (published February 2014): <span class="nowrap">143–</span>164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911813001708">10.1017/S0021911813001708</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43553398">43553398</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162306735">162306735</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Magic%2C+Sh%C5%8Djo%2C+and+Metamorphosis%3A+Magical+Girl+Anime+and+the+Challenges+of+Changing+Gender+Identities+in+Japanese+Society&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.date=2014-01-02&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162306735%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43553398%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911813001708&rft.aulast=Saito&rft.aufirst=Kumiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-asian-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fmagic-shojo-and-metamorphosis-magical-girl-anime-and-the-challenges-of-changing-gender-identities-in-japanese-society%2FAAA8B9C5895D35A48C9EFC28495D4F9B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kanto.meti.go.jp/kankobutu/data/contents_kaigaishijyo_chousa.pdf#page=24"><i>コンテンツ2次利用市場（ライセンス市場）に係る競争環境及び海外市場動向実態調査</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy,_Trade_and_Industry" title="Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry">Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry</a>. 2011. pp. <span class="nowrap">22–</span>23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413021105/http://www.kanto.meti.go.jp/kankobutu/data/contents_kaigaishijyo_chousa.pdf#page=24">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 13, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%83%842%E6%AC%A1%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%EF%BC%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%EF%BC%89%E3%81%AB%E4%BF%82%E3%82%8B+%E7%AB%B6%E4%BA%89%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%8F%8A%E3%81%B3%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E5%8B%95%E5%90%91%E5%AE%9F%E6%85%8B%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Economy%2C+Trade+and+Industry&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kanto.meti.go.jp%2Fkankobutu%2Fdata%2Fcontents_kaigaishijyo_chousa.pdf%23page%3D24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oricon_2019-02-27-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oricon_2019-02-27_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYamamoto2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yamamoto, Keisuke (February 27, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oricon.co.jp/special/52567/">"プリキュア一強に終止符？話題の「女児向け特撮ドラマ」担当者に聞く、子ども番組が"守るべきもの"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon</a></i> (in Japanese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428152326/https://www.oricon.co.jp/special/52567/">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oricon&rft.atitle=%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E4%B8%80%E5%BC%B7%E3%81%AB%E7%B5%82%E6%AD%A2%E7%AC%A6%EF%BC%9F+%E8%A9%B1%E9%A1%8C%E3%81%AE%E3%80%8C%E5%A5%B3%E5%85%90%E5%90%91%E3%81%91%E7%89%B9%E6%92%AE%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E%E3%80%8D%E6%8B%85%E5%BD%93%E8%80%85%E3%81%AB%E8%81%9E%E3%81%8F%E3%80%81%E5%AD%90%E3%81%A9%E3%82%82%E7%95%AA%E7%B5%84%E3%81%8C%22%E5%AE%88%E3%82%8B%E3%81%B9%E3%81%8D%E3%82%82%E3%81%AE%22&rft.date=2019-02-27&rft.aulast=Yamamoto&rft.aufirst=Keisuke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oricon.co.jp%2Fspecial%2F52567%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoo2013" class="citation news cs1">Loo, Egan (June 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2013-06-04/sailor-moon-crystal-star-inspires-real-cosmetic-for-adults">"Sailor Moon's Crystal Star Inspires Real Cosmetic for Adults"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Sailor+Moon%27s+Crystal+Star+Inspires+Real+Cosmetic+for+Adults&rft.date=2013-06-04&rft.aulast=Loo&rft.aufirst=Egan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Finterest%2F2013-06-04%2Fsailor-moon-crystal-star-inspires-real-cosmetic-for-adults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2013-10-17/bandai-revamps-sailor-moon-moon-stick-toy-for-grown-ups">"Bandai Revamps Sailor Moon's Moon Stick Toy for Grown-ups"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a></i>. October 17, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Bandai+Revamps+Sailor+Moon%27s+Moon+Stick+Toy+for+Grown-ups&rft.date=2013-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Finterest%2F2013-10-17%2Fbandai-revamps-sailor-moon-moon-stick-toy-for-grown-ups&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNishijima2014" class="citation news cs1">Nishijima, Chris (November 29, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2014-11-29/bandai-releases-new-line-of-sailor-moon-earrings/.81291">"Bandai Releases New Line of Sailor Moon Earrings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Bandai+Releases+New+Line+of+Sailor+Moon+Earrings&rft.date=2014-11-29&rft.aulast=Nishijima&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Finterest%2F2014-11-29%2Fbandai-releases-new-line-of-sailor-moon-earrings%2F.81291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emae-jp.tumblr.com/post/18944032329/about">"about Japan Label"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earth_Music_%26_Ecology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earth Music & Ecology (page does not exist)">Earth Music & Ecology</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC" class="extiw" title="ja:アースミュージックアンドエコロジー">ja</a>]</span></i>. March 8, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earth+Music+%26+Ecology%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bja%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=about+Japan+Label&rft.date=2012-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femae-jp.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F18944032329%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://natalie.mu/comic/news/131285">"キュゥべえ柄プルオーバーなど、女性向け「まどか☆マギカ」コラボアパレル"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Natalie_(website)" title="Natalie (website)">Natalie</a></i> (in Japanese). November 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natalie&rft.atitle=%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A5%E3%81%B9%E3%81%88%E6%9F%84%E3%83%97%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AA%E3%81%A9%E3%80%81%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%90%91%E3%81%91%E3%80%8C%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A9%E3%81%8B%E2%98%86%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%80%8D%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9C%E3%82%A2%E3%83%91%E3%83%AC%E3%83%AB&rft.date=2014-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnatalie.mu%2Fcomic%2Fnews%2F131285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://natalie.mu/comic/news/174181">"「CCさくら」×earth music＆ecology、桜ワンピや魔法陣スカートが登場"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Natalie_(website)" title="Natalie (website)">Natalie</a></i> (in Japanese). January 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natalie&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8CCC%E3%81%95%E3%81%8F%E3%82%89%E3%80%8D%C3%97earth+music%EF%BC%86ecology%E3%80%81%E6%A1%9C%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%82%84%E9%AD%94%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%81%8C%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%B4&rft.date=2016-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnatalie.mu%2Fcomic%2Fnews%2F174181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://natalie.mu/comic/news/300211">"「CCさくら」×earth、制服風のニットやケロちゃんが覗くトートなど6アイテム"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Natalie_(website)" title="Natalie (website)">Natalie</a></i> (in Japanese). September 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natalie&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8CCC%E3%81%95%E3%81%8F%E3%82%89%E3%80%8D%C3%97earth%E3%80%81%E5%88%B6%E6%9C%8D%E9%A2%A8%E3%81%AE%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%82%84%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AD%E3%81%A1%E3%82%83%E3%82%93%E3%81%8C%E8%A6%97%E3%81%8F%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%81%AA%E3%81%A96%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0&rft.date=2018-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnatalie.mu%2Fcomic%2Fnews%2F300211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://natalie.mu/comic/news/393864">"「おジャ魔女どれみ」×earthがコラボ、どれみたちをイメージした洋服やアクセサリー"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Natalie_(website)" title="Natalie (website)">Natalie</a></i> (in Japanese). August 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natalie&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8C%E3%81%8A%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E9%AD%94%E5%A5%B3%E3%81%A9%E3%82%8C%E3%81%BF%E3%80%8D%C3%97earth%E3%81%8C%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9C%E3%80%81%E3%81%A9%E3%82%8C%E3%81%BF%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A1%E3%82%92%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E6%B4%8B%E6%9C%8D%E3%82%84%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC&rft.date=2020-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnatalie.mu%2Fcomic%2Fnews%2F393864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mantan-web.jp/article/20180502dog00m200020000c.html">"おジャ魔女どれみ：LIZ LISAコラボのワンピース登場どれみのパティシエ服をイメージ"</a> [Ojamajo Doremi: Liz Lisa collaboration one-piece revealed! Based on Doremi's patissier uniform]. <i>Mantan Web</i> (in Japanese). May 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mantan+Web&rft.atitle=%E3%81%8A%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E9%AD%94%E5%A5%B3%E3%81%A9%E3%82%8C%E3%81%BF%EF%BC%9ALIZ+LISA%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9C%E3%81%AE%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%B4+%E3%81%A9%E3%82%8C%E3%81%BF%E3%81%AE%E3%83%91%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A8%E6%9C%8D%E3%82%92%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8&rft.date=2018-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmantan-web.jp%2Farticle%2F20180502dog00m200020000c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNagoya2018" class="citation news cs1">Nagoya, Misato (March 25, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeed.com/jp/misatonagoya/majyo-goods">"サンキューマートにおジャ魔女どれみのグッズが売ってたんだが"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BuzzFeed" title="BuzzFeed">BuzzFeed Japan</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BuzzFeed+Japan&rft.atitle=%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E9%AD%94%E5%A5%B3%E3%81%A9%E3%82%8C%E3%81%BF%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B0%E3%83%83%E3%82%BA%E3%81%8C%E5%A3%B2%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%9F%E3%82%93%E3%81%A0%E3%81%8C&rft.date=2018-03-25&rft.aulast=Nagoya&rft.aufirst=Misato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeed.com%2Fjp%2Fmisatonagoya%2Fmajyo-goods&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDennison2019" class="citation news cs1">Dennison, Kara (July 11, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2019/07/11/creamy-mami-character-goods-prove-showa-idols-are-forever">"Creamy Mami Character Goods Prove Showa Idols Are Forever"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Crunchyroll" title="Crunchyroll">Crunchyroll</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crunchyroll&rft.atitle=Creamy+Mami+Character+Goods+Prove+Showa+Idols+Are+Forever&rft.date=2019-07-11&rft.aulast=Dennison&rft.aufirst=Kara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crunchyroll.com%2Fanime-news%2F2019%2F07%2F11%2Fcreamy-mami-character-goods-prove-showa-idols-are-forever&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animatetimes.com/news/details.php?id=1496206951">"TVアニメ『カードキャプターさくら』の桜のバトル衣装をイメージのコラボエプロン3種＆ケロちゃんとスッピーのミトンセット発売"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Animate_(retailer)" title="Animate (retailer)">Animate</a></i> (in Japanese). May 31, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animate&rft.atitle=TV%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A1%E3%80%8E%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%97%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%81%95%E3%81%8F%E3%82%89%E3%80%8F%E3%81%AE%E6%A1%9C%E3%81%AE%E3%83%90%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E8%A1%A3%E8%A3%85%E3%82%92%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9C%E3%82%A8%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B33%E7%A8%AE%EF%BC%86%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AD%E3%81%A1%E3%82%83%E3%82%93%E3%81%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%83%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AE%E3%83%9F%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BB%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E7%99%BA%E5%A3%B2&rft.date=2017-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animatetimes.com%2Fnews%2Fdetails.php%3Fid%3D1496206951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animatetimes.com/news/details.php?id=1508817618">"『おジャ魔女どれみ』より腕時計＆バッグと春風どれみ＆藤原はづき＆妹尾あいこ＆瀬川おんぷの4人をイメージしたランジェリーセットが登場！"</a> [Wristwatch, bag, and Doremi Harukaze/ Hazuki Fujiwara / Aiko Senoo / Onpu Segawa inspired lingerie set from Ojamajo Doremi revealed!]. <i><a href="/wiki/Animate_(retailer)" title="Animate (retailer)">Animate</a></i> (in Japanese). October 24, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animate&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8E%E3%81%8A%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E9%AD%94%E5%A5%B3%E3%81%A9%E3%82%8C%E3%81%BF%E3%80%8F%E3%82%88%E3%82%8A%E8%85%95%E6%99%82%E8%A8%88%EF%BC%86%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%82%B0%E3%81%A8%E6%98%A5%E9%A2%A8%E3%81%A9%E3%82%8C%E3%81%BF%EF%BC%86%E8%97%A4%E5%8E%9F%E3%81%AF%E3%81%A5%E3%81%8D%EF%BC%86%E5%A6%B9%E5%B0%BE%E3%81%82%E3%81%84%E3%81%93%EF%BC%86%E7%80%AC%E5%B7%9D%E3%81%8A%E3%82%93%E3%81%B7%E3%81%AE4%E4%BA%BA%E3%82%92%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BB%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%81%8C%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%B4%EF%BC%81&rft.date=2017-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animatetimes.com%2Fnews%2Fdetails.php%3Fid%3D1508817618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://natalie.mu/comic/news/318816">"「神風怪盗ジャンヌ」×Favoriteコラボ、桃栗学園制服やアクセスイメージしたワンピも"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Natalie_(website)" title="Natalie (website)">Natalie</a></i> (in Japanese). February 5, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natalie&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8C%E7%A5%9E%E9%A2%A8%E6%80%AA%E7%9B%97%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8C%E3%80%8D%C3%97Favorite%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9C%E3%80%81%E6%A1%83%E6%A0%97%E5%AD%A6%E5%9C%92%E5%88%B6%E6%9C%8D%E3%82%84%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%82%82&rft.date=2019-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnatalie.mu%2Fcomic%2Fnews%2F318816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://natalie.mu/comic/news/320421">"「ぴちぴちピッチ」るちあ、波音、リナをイメージしたコラボワンピース3種"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Natalie_(website)" title="Natalie (website)">Natalie</a></i> (in Japanese). February 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natalie&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8C%E3%81%B4%E3%81%A1%E3%81%B4%E3%81%A1%E3%83%94%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E3%80%8D%E3%82%8B%E3%81%A1%E3%81%82%E3%80%81%E6%B3%A2%E9%9F%B3%E3%80%81%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8A%E3%82%92%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B93%E7%A8%AE&rft.date=2019-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnatalie.mu%2Fcomic%2Fnews%2F320421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://natalie.mu/comic/news/320554">"「おジャ魔女どれみ」×Favoriteコラボ、どれみたちの見習い服がワンピースに"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Natalie_(website)" title="Natalie (website)">Natalie</a></i> (in Japanese). February 19, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natalie&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8C%E3%81%8A%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E9%AD%94%E5%A5%B3%E3%81%A9%E3%82%8C%E3%81%BF%E3%80%8D%C3%97Favorite%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9C%E3%80%81%E3%81%A9%E3%82%8C%E3%81%BF%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A1%E3%81%AE%E8%A6%8B%E7%BF%92%E3%81%84%E6%9C%8D%E3%81%8C%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AB&rft.date=2019-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnatalie.mu%2Fcomic%2Fnews%2F320554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://natalie.mu/comic/news/335297">"「東京ミュウミュウ」コラボワンピース、ミュウイチゴやカフェ制服モチーフの5種"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Natalie_(website)" title="Natalie (website)">Natalie</a></i> (in Japanese). June 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natalie&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8C%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A6%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A6%E3%80%8D%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%80%81%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%81%E3%82%B4%E3%82%84%E3%82%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E5%88%B6%E6%9C%8D%E3%83%A2%E3%83%81%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%81%AE5%E7%A8%AE&rft.date=2019-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnatalie.mu%2Fcomic%2Fnews%2F335297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://natalie.mu/comic/news/346352">"「まどか☆マギカ」コラボワンピ、まどかたちの魔法少女衣装や見滝原中学校の制服も"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Natalie_(website)" title="Natalie (website)">Natalie</a></i> (in Japanese). September 5, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natalie&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8C%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A9%E3%81%8B%E2%98%86%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%80%8D%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%80%81%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A9%E3%81%8B%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A1%E3%81%AE%E9%AD%94%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%B3%E8%A1%A3%E8%A3%85%E3%82%84%E8%A6%8B%E6%BB%9D%E5%8E%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E3%81%AE%E5%88%B6%E6%9C%8D%E3%82%82&rft.date=2019-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnatalie.mu%2Fcomic%2Fnews%2F346352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://natalie.mu/comic/news/357750">"「CCさくら」Favoriteとのコラボ第2弾、魔法陣あしらったパーカーワンピなど"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Natalie_(website)" title="Natalie (website)">Natalie</a></i> (in Japanese). December 2, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natalie&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8CCC%E3%81%95%E3%81%8F%E3%82%89%E3%80%8DFavorite%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9C%E7%AC%AC2%E5%BC%BE%E3%80%81%E9%AD%94%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A3%E3%81%82%E3%81%97%E3%82%89%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%81%AA%E3%81%A9&rft.date=2019-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnatalie.mu%2Fcomic%2Fnews%2F357750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYamada2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yamada, Yūsuke (February 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ameba.jp/entry/20150204-633">"中国産魔法少女アニメ『バララシャオモーシェン』がプリキュアっぽいような"</a> [Chinese magical girl series <i>Balala the Fairies</i> seems to resemble <i>Pretty Cure</i>]. <i><a href="/wiki/Kotaku" title="Kotaku">Kotaku Japan</a></i> (in Japanese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127224955/https://news.ameba.jp/entry/20150204-633">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Ameba_(website)" title="Ameba (website)">Ameba</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kotaku+Japan&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%A3%E9%AD%94%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%B3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A1%E3%80%8E%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%80%8F%E3%81%8C%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%81%A3%E3%81%BD%E3%81%84%E3%82%88%E3%81%86%E3%81%AA&rft.date=2015-02-04&rft.aulast=Yamada&rft.aufirst=Y%C5%ABsuke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.ameba.jp%2Fentry%2F20150204-633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAltehenger2013" class="citation book cs1">Altehenger, Jennifer E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Htqw-BHJlnwC&pg=PA66">"Chapter 4: Comic Travels: Disney Publishing in the People's Republic of China"</a>. In Yung, Anthony Y.H. (ed.). <i>Asian Popular Culture: The Global (Dis)continuity</i>. Hoboken, New Jersey: Taylor and Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">66–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134089956" title="Special:BookSources/9781134089956"><bdi>9781134089956</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805175609/https://books.google.com/books?id=Htqw-BHJlnwC&pg=PA66">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+Comic+Travels%3A+Disney+Publishing+in+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.btitle=Asian+Popular+Culture%3A+The+Global+%28Dis%29continuity.&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781134089956&rft.aulast=Altehenger&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHtqw-BHJlnwC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-avclub_2020-09-18-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-avclub_2020-09-18_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-avclub_2020-09-18_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBose2020" class="citation news cs1">Bose, Priyanka (September 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avclub.com/sailor-moon-s-impact-on-modern-american-animation-remai-1844994160">"Sailor Moon's impact on modern American animation remains undeniable"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_A.V._Club" title="The A.V. Club">The A.V. Club</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221235842/https://tv.avclub.com/sailor-moon-s-impact-on-modern-american-animation-remai-1844994160">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+A.V.+Club&rft.atitle=Sailor+Moon%27s+impact+on+modern+American+animation+remains+undeniable&rft.date=2020-09-18&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Priyanka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avclub.com%2Fsailor-moon-s-impact-on-modern-american-animation-remai-1844994160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnders2016" class="citation web cs1">Anders, Ella (April 27, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsckids.com/2016/04/lolirock-arrives-long-last-us/">"Lolirock Arrives At Long Last to US"</a>. <i>BSC Kids</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807112150/http://www.bsckids.com/2016/04/lolirock-arrives-long-last-us/">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BSC+Kids&rft.atitle=Lolirock+Arrives+At+Long+Last+to+US&rft.date=2016-04-27&rft.aulast=Anders&rft.aufirst=Ella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsckids.com%2F2016%2F04%2Flolirock-arrives-long-last-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSilverman2020" class="citation news cs1">Silverman, Rebecca (July 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2020-07-01/our-most-anticipated-anime-of-summer-2020/.161217">"Our Most Anticipated Anime Of Summer 2020"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106012059/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2020-07-01/our-most-anticipated-anime-of-summer-2020/.161217">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2020</span>. <q>There's also something vaguely reminiscent of the French 2014 – 2017 magical girl cartoon LoliRock, and since that streamed on Netflix, the visual similarities may prove helpful as well.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Our+Most+Anticipated+Anime+Of+Summer+2020&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Ffeature%2F2020-07-01%2Four-most-anticipated-anime-of-summer-2020%2F.161217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnders2015" class="citation web cs1">Anders, Ella (July 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsckids.com/2015/07/part-magical-girl-part-superhero-ladybug-arrives-state-side-fall/">"Part Magical Girl, Part Superhero; Ladybug Arrives State-Side in Fall"</a>. <i>BSC Kids</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127225001/http://www.bsckids.com/2015/07/part-magical-girl-part-superhero-ladybug-arrives-state-side-fall/">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BSC+Kids&rft.atitle=Part+Magical+Girl%2C+Part+Superhero%3B+Ladybug+Arrives+State-Side+in+Fall&rft.date=2015-07-02&rft.aulast=Anders&rft.aufirst=Ella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsckids.com%2F2015%2F07%2Fpart-magical-girl-part-superhero-ladybug-arrives-state-side-fall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollins2015" class="citation web cs1">Collins, Elle (December 3, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216171301/http://comicsalliance.com/nickelodeon-ladybug-cat-noir/">"Teen French Heroes Ladybug & Cat Noir Arrive On Nickelodeon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ComicsAlliance" title="ComicsAlliance">ComicsAlliance</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comicsalliance.com/nickelodeon-ladybug-cat-noir/">the original</a> on February 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ComicsAlliance&rft.atitle=Teen+French+Heroes+Ladybug+%26+Cat+Noir+Arrive+On+Nickelodeon&rft.date=2015-12-03&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Elle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomicsalliance.com%2Fnickelodeon-ladybug-cat-noir%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKahn2014" class="citation web cs1">Kahn, Juliet (August 27, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comicsalliance.com/natasha-allegri-interview-bee-puppycat/">"Bee & Puppycat's Natasha Allegri: The ComicsAlliance Interview"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ComicsAlliance" title="ComicsAlliance">ComicsAlliance</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ComicsAlliance&rft.atitle=Bee+%26+Puppycat%27s+Natasha+Allegri%3A+The+ComicsAlliance+Interview&rft.date=2014-08-27&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Juliet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomicsalliance.com%2Fnatasha-allegri-interview-bee-puppycat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPolo2016" class="citation news cs1">Polo, Susana (May 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polygon.com/tv/2016/5/11/11604098/steven-universe-explained">"Steven Universe, Explained"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Polygon_(website)" title="Polygon (website)">Polygon</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108120412/http://www.polygon.com/tv/2016/5/11/11604098/steven-universe-explained">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polygon&rft.atitle=Steven+Universe%2C+Explained&rft.date=2016-05-11&rft.aulast=Polo&rft.aufirst=Susana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2Ftv%2F2016%2F5%2F11%2F11604098%2Fsteven-universe-explained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchedeen2020" class="citation news cs1">Schedeen, Jesse (September 29, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sea.ign.com/review/164273/syfys-tzgz-series-premieres-magical-girl-friendship-squad-wild-life-review">"Review: Syfy's late-night animation block adds one winner and one misfire"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IGN" title="IGN">IGN Southeast Asia</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127225031/https://sea.ign.com/review/164273/syfys-tzgz-series-premieres-magical-girl-friendship-squad-wild-life-review">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IGN+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Syfy%27s+late-night+animation+block+adds+one+winner+and+one+misfire.&rft.date=2020-09-29&rft.aulast=Schedeen&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsea.ign.com%2Freview%2F164273%2Fsyfys-tzgz-series-premieres-magical-girl-friendship-squad-wild-life-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.discovery.com/us/dfc/press-releases/2017/girls-canterlot-high-return-discovery-family--4057/">"The Girls of Canterlot High Return to Discovery Family in Three New My Little Pony: Equestria Girls Specials to Air Throughout the Network's Annual "Summer Splash" Programming Event"</a>. <i>Discovery</i>. May 26, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181029030753/https://press.discovery.com/us/dfc/press-releases/2017/girls-canterlot-high-return-discovery-family--4057/">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discovery&rft.atitle=The+Girls+of+Canterlot+High+Return+to+Discovery+Family+in+Three+New+My+Little+Pony%3A+Equestria+Girls+Specials+to+Air+Throughout+the+Network%27s+Annual+%22Summer+Splash%22+Programming+Event&rft.date=2017-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.discovery.com%2Fus%2Fdfc%2Fpress-releases%2F2017%2Fgirls-canterlot-high-return-discovery-family--4057%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCruz2014" class="citation web cs1">Cruz, Larry (August 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbr.com/agents-of-the-realm-she-is-the-one-named-sailor-norah/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Agents of the Realm': She is the one named Sailor Norah"</a>. <i>CBR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBR&rft.atitle=%27Agents+of+the+Realm%27%3A+She+is+the+one+named+Sailor+Norah&rft.date=2014-08-18&rft.aulast=Cruz&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbr.com%2Fagents-of-the-realm-she-is-the-one-named-sailor-norah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbr.com/zodiac-starforce-1/">"Zodiac Starforce #1"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources" title="Comic Book Resources">Comic Book Resources</a></i>. August 5, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127225051/https://www.cbr.com/zodiac-starforce-1/">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Comic+Book+Resources&rft.atitle=Zodiac+Starforce+%231&rft.date=2015-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbr.com%2Fzodiac-starforce-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781648276507">"The Price of Magic (Sleepless Domain #1) by Mary Cagle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a></i>. October 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=The+Price+of+Magic+%28Sleepless+Domain+%231%29+by+Mary+Cagle&rft.date=2022-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2F9781648276507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShimada2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Shimada, Akiko Sugawa (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/9562075.pdf"><i>Representations of Girls in Magical Girl TV Animation Programmes from 1966 to 2003 and Japanese Female Audiences' Understanding of Them</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Ph.D.). Warwick, UK: University of Warwick<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Representations+of+Girls+in+Magical+Girl+TV+Animation+Programmes+from+1966+to+2003+and+Japanese+Female+Audiences%27+Understanding+of+Them&rft.inst=University+of+Warwick&rft.date=2011-09&rft.aulast=Shimada&rft.aufirst=Akiko+Sugawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F9562075.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoshida2002" class="citation journal cs1">Yoshida, Kaori (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090903170819/http://journals2.iranscience.net:800/mcel.pacificu.edu/mcel.pacificu.edu/aspac/home/papers/scholars/yoshida/yoshida.php3">"Evolution of Female Heroes: Carnival Mode of Gender Representation in Anime"</a>. <i>ASPAC: Asian Studies on the Pacific Coast</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals2.iranscience.net:800/mcel.pacificu.edu/mcel.pacificu.edu/aspac/home/papers/scholars/yoshida/yoshida.php3">the original</a> on September 3, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ASPAC%3A+Asian+Studies+on+the+Pacific+Coast&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+Female+Heroes%3A+Carnival+Mode+of+Gender+Representation+in+Anime&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Yoshida&rft.aufirst=Kaori&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals2.iranscience.net%3A800%2Fmcel.pacificu.edu%2Fmcel.pacificu.edu%2Faspac%2Fhome%2Fpapers%2Fscholars%2Fyoshida%2Fyoshida.php3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartinez1998" class="citation book cs1">Martinez, D.P. (1998). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Worlds_of_Japanese_Popular_Culture:_Gender,_Shifting_Boundaries_and_Global_Cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="The Worlds of Japanese Popular Culture: Gender, Shifting Boundaries and Global Cultures">The Worlds of Japanese Popular Culture: Gender, Shifting Boundaries and Global Cultures</a></i> (Reprint ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521631289" title="Special:BookSources/0521631289"><bdi>0521631289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Worlds+of+Japanese+Popular+Culture%3A+Gender%2C+Shifting+Boundaries+and+Global+Cultures&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0521631289&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=D.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagical+girl" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animation_industry_in_Japan227" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animation_industry_in_Japan" title="Template:Animation industry in Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animation_industry_in_Japan" title="Template talk:Animation industry in Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animation_industry_in_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animation industry in Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animation_industry_in_Japan227" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Animation industry in Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anime" title="History of anime">History of anime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Association_of_Japanese_Animations" title="The Association of Japanese Animations">The Association of Japanese Animations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Animation_Creators_Association" title="Japanese Animation Creators Association">Japanese Animation Creators Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_Kobe" title="Animation Kobe">Animation Kobe Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animax_Anison_Grand_Prix" title="Animax Anison Grand Prix">Animax Anison Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animage" title="Animage">Anime Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Academy_Prize_for_Animation_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year">Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Media_Arts_Festival" title="Japan Media Arts Festival">Japan Media Arts Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainichi_Film_Award_for_Best_Animation_Film" title="Mainichi Film Award for Best Animation Film">Mainichi Film Award for Best Animation Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtype" title="Newtype">Newtype Anime Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cfuji_Nobur%C5%8D_Award" title="Ōfuji Noburō Award">Ōfuji Noburō Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiyu_Awards" title="Seiyu Awards">Seiyu Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugoi_Japan_Award" title="Sugoi Japan Award">Sugoi Japan Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Anime_Award" title="Tokyo Anime Award">Tokyo Anime Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Original_net_animation" title="Original net animation">Original net animation (ONA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_video_animation" title="Original video animation">Original video animation (OVA)</a></li> <li>Television <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_night_anime" class="mw-redirect" title="Late night anime">Late night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UHF_anime" title="UHF anime">UHF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bara_(genre)" title="Bara (genre)">Bara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_manga" title="Cooking manga">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futanari" title="Futanari">Futanari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyashikei" title="Iyashikei">Iyashikei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomechikku" title="Otomechikku">Otomechikku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryona" title="Ryona">Ryona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_manga" title="Sports manga">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teens%27_love" title="Teens' love">Teens' love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anime programming blocks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animeism" title="Animeism">Animeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_(TV_programming_block)" title="Noise (TV programming block)">Noise</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noitamina" title="Noitamina">Noitamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%2BUltra" title="+Ultra">+Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animage" title="Animage">Animage</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_director" title="Animation director">Animation director</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_directors" title="List of anime directors">List of anime directors</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animedia" title="Animedia">Animedia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katsud%C5%8D_Shashin" title="Katsudō Shashin">Katsudō Shashin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kinema_Junpo" title="Kinema Junpo">Kinema Junpo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newtype" title="Newtype">Newtype</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_song" title="Anime song">Anime song</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anime" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Anime">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_genres257" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_genres" title="Template:Film genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres" title="Template talk:Film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres257" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see <i>Exploitation film template</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodrama film">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Film_genres" title="Category:Film genres">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fantasy_fiction451" style="text-align:center;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fantasy_fiction" title="Template:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fantasy_fiction" title="Template talk:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fantasy_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fantasy_fiction451" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fantasy" title="History of fantasy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_fantasy" title="Early history of fantasy">Sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Action-adventure <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_world" title="Lost world">Lost world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia‎</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_fantasy" title="Children's fantasy">Children's fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsian_fantasy" title="Bangsian fantasy">Bangsian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale_parody" title="Fairy tale parody">Fairy tale parodies</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairytale_fantasy" title="Fairytale fantasy">Fairytale fantasy</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_of_manners" title="Fantasy of manners">Fantasy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_fantasy" title="Hard fantasy">Hard fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LitRPG" title="LitRPG">LitRPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_fantasy" title="Low fantasy">Low fantasy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythic_fiction" title="Mythic fiction">Mythic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythpunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythpunk">Mythpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omegaverse" title="Omegaverse">Omegaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a>‎ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">Urban fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective fiction‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">West‎ern fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_fantasy_films" title="List of highest-grossing fantasy films">highest-grossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sword_and_sorcery_films" title="List of sword and sorcery films">S&S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_television_programs" title="List of fantasy television programs">Television programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Adult_Fantasy_series" title="Ballantine Adult Fantasy series">Ballantine Adult Fantasy series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Masterworks" title="Fantasy Masterworks">Fantasy Masterworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fantasy novels">List of novels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(A%E2%80%93H)" title="List of fantasy novels (A–H)">A–H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(I%E2%80%93R)" title="List of fantasy novels (I–R)">I–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(S%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of fantasy novels (S–Z)">S–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_story_collections" title="List of fantasy story collections">List of story collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_(magazine)" title="Fantastic (magazine)">Fantastic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures" title="Fantastic Adventures">Fantastic Adventures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locus_(magazine)" title="Locus (magazine)">Locus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction" title="The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction">The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Science_Fantasy_(magazine)" title="Science Fantasy (magazine)">Science Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unknown_(magazine)" title="Unknown (magazine)">Unknown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9erie" title="Féerie">Féeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_podcast" title="Fantasy podcast">Podcasts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Balrog Award">Balrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fantasy_Award" title="British Fantasy Award">British Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Award" title="Crawford Award">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_Award" title="Gandalf Award">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gemmell_Awards_for_Fantasy" title="David Gemmell Awards for Fantasy">Gemmell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fantasy_Award" title="International Fantasy Award">International Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Fantasy_Novel_Award" title="Japan Fantasy Novel Award">Japan Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s_d%27Or" title="Méliès d'Or">Méliès d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Awards" title="Mythopoeic Awards">Mythopoeic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htifantasia_Award" title="Tähtifantasia Award">Tähtifantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award" title="World Fantasy Award">World Fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fandom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanspeak" title="Fanspeak">Fanspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_fandom" title="Harry Potter fandom"><i>Harry Potter</i> fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inklings">The Inklings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom" title="Lovecraft fandom">Lovecraft fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_influence_on_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's influence on fantasy">Tolkien's influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien">Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Convention" title="World Fantasy Convention">World Fantasy Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_trope" title="Fantasy trope">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">Elementals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Faeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin-walker" title="Skin-walker">Skin-walkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural#Spirit" title="Supernatural">Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lich" title="Lich">Liches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_characters" title="List of stock characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">Damsel in distress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_lord" title="Dark lord">Dark lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_(fairy_tale)" title="Donor (fairy tale)">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonslayer" title="Dragonslayer">Dragonslayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">Magicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_detectives" title="List of science fiction and fantasy detectives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_magic_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard and soft magic systems">Hard and soft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Dark</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">neutral</a>/<a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_item" title="Magic item">Magic item</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egregore" title="Egregore">Egregore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">Thaumaturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">Theurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy races">Fantasy races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Treants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">Gnomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfling" title="Halfling">Halflings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">Leprechauns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">Merfolk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">Mermen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni" title="Oni">Oni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Places and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_worlds" title="List of fantasy worlds">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy map">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_city_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost city (fiction)">Lost city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_forest" title="Enchanted forest">Enchanted forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thieves%27_guild" title="Thieves' guild">Thieves' guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_schools#Magic_schools" title="List of fictional schools">Magic school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost stories</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT themes in speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fantasy" title="Outline of fantasy">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy" title="Category:Fantasy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stock_characters71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stock_characters" title="Template:Stock characters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stock_characters" title="Template talk:Stock characters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stock_characters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stock characters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stock_characters71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_characters" title="List of stock characters">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">Archetype</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_ethics_and_morality71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By ethics and morality</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;">Classic hero</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_hero" title="Action hero">Action hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_figure" title="Christ figure">Christ figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chosen_One_(trope)" title="The Chosen One (trope)">Chosen One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everyman" title="Everyman">Everyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">Folk hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight-errant" title="Knight-errant">Knight-errant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_hero" title="Legacy hero">Legacy hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_king" title="Mythological king">Mythological king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paladin" title="Paladin">Paladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youngest_son" title="Youngest son">Youngest son</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Antihero</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_alone" title="Man alone">Man alone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">Tragic hero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberhero" title="Cyberhero">Cyberhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_soldier" title="Super soldier">Super soldier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_marine" title="Space marine">Space marine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rogue_literature" title="Rogue literature">Rogues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lovable_rogue" title="Lovable rogue">Lovable rogue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_detective" title="Gentleman detective">Gentleman detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_(hero)" title="Jack (hero)">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickster" title="Trickster">Trickster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tricky_slave" title="Tricky slave">Tricky slave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanni" title="Zanni">Zanni</a> (servants, clowns: <a href="/wiki/Harlequin" title="Harlequin">Harlequin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brighella" title="Brighella">Brighella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scapino" title="Scapino">Scapino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulcinella" title="Pulcinella">Pulcinella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierrot" title="Pierrot">Pierrot</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_(stock_character)" title="Outlaw (stock character)">Outlaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bad_boy_archetype" title="Bad boy archetype">Bad boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirates in popular culture">Pirate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pirate" title="Air pirate">Air pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_pirate" title="Space pirate">Space pirate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_cop/bad_cop" class="mw-redirect" title="Good cop/bad cop">Good cop/bad cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rake_(stock_character)" title="Rake (stock character)">Rake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">Villains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Villain#Sympathetic_villain" title="Villain">Antivillains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_hero" title="False hero">False hero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;">The <a href="/wiki/Mole_(espionage)" title="Mole (espionage)">mole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_agent" title="Double agent">Double agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_twin" title="Evil twin">Evil twin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Darwinist">Social Darwinist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_lord" title="Dark lord">Dark lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_scientist" title="Mad scientist">Mad scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervillain" title="Supervillain">Supervillain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug-eyed_monster" title="Bug-eyed monster">Bug-eyed monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_clown" title="Evil clown">Evil clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killer_robot" title="Killer robot">Killer robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killer_toy" title="Killer toy">Killer toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_girl" title="Monster girl">Monster girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slime_(monster)" title="Slime (monster)">Slime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_swamp_monsters" title="List of swamp monsters">Swamp monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampires_in_popular_culture" title="Vampires in popular culture">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_zombies" title="Nazi zombies">Nazi zombies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_animal" title="Zombie animal">Zombie animal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alazon" title="Alazon">Alazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archenemy" title="Archenemy">Archenemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_devil" title="Folk devil">Folk devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_(character)" title="Igor (character)">Igor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masked_villain" title="Masked villain">Masked villain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miser" title="Miser">Miser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecchio" title="Vecchio">Vecchio</a> (wealthy old men, <a href="/wiki/Pantalone" title="Pantalone">Pantalone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Il_Dottore" title="Il Dottore">Il Dottore</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Capitano" title="Il Capitano">Il Capitano</a> (self styled captain, braggart)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_sex_and_gender71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By sex and gender</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminine" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine">Feminine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Love interest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Djo" title="Bishōjo">Bishōjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blonde_stereotype" title="Blonde stereotype">Blonde stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_daughter" title="Farmer's daughter">Farmer's daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_next_door" title="Girl next door">Girl next door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooker_with_a_heart_of_gold" title="Hooker with a heart of gold">Hooker with a heart of gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%A9nue" title="Ingénue">Ingénue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loosu_ponnu" title="Loosu ponnu">Loosu ponnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girlfriend" title="Magical girlfriend">Magical girlfriend</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catgirl" title="Catgirl">Catgirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_girl" title="Monster girl">Monster girl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manic_Pixie_Dream_Girl" title="Manic Pixie Dream Girl">Manic Pixie Dream Girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vixen_(stock_character)" title="Vixen (stock character)">Vixen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hag" title="Hag">Hag</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat_lady" title="Cat lady">Cat lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crone" title="Crone">Crone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Ruffiana" title="La Ruffiana">La Ruffiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loathly_lady" title="Loathly lady">Loathly lady</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hawksian_woman" title="Hawksian woman">Hawksian woman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Lady" title="Dragon Lady">Dragon Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale">Femme fatale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsundere" title="Tsundere">Tsundere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Women_warriors_in_literature_and_culture" title="Women warriors in literature and culture">Woman warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_girl" title="Jungle girl">Jungle girl</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virago" title="Virago">Virago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_female_character" title="Strong female character">Strong female character</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Queen_bee_(sociology)" title="Queen bee (sociology)">Queen bee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princesse_lointaine" title="Princesse lointaine">Princesse lointaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_belle" title="Southern belle">Southern belle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_girl" title="Valley girl">Valley girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_nadeshiko" title="Yamato nadeshiko">Yamato nadeshiko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT stereotypes">LGBT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_S_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class S (genre)">Class S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotong" title="Laotong">Laotong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lady-in-waiting" title="Lady-in-waiting">Lady-in-waiting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbina" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbina">Columbina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammy_stereotype" title="Mammy stereotype">Mammy stereotype</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geek_girl" title="Geek girl">Geek girl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamer_girl" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamer girl">Gamer girl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">Damsel in distress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_girl" title="Final girl">Final girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_and_dragon" title="Princess and dragon">Princess and dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Masculine" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculine">Masculine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Harlequin" title="Harlequin">Harlequin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierrot" title="Pierrot">Pierrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaramouche" title="Scaramouche">Scaramouche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Father_figure" title="Father figure">Father figure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wise_old_man" title="Wise old man">Wise old man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elderly_martial_arts_master" title="Elderly martial arts master">Elderly martial arts master</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Young</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_mappillai" title="American mappillai">American mappillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himbo" title="Himbo">Himbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Fool" title="Ivan the Fool">Ivan the Fool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_(hero)" title="Jack (hero)">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jock_(stereotype)" title="Jock (stereotype)">Jock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Johnny" title="Little Johnny">Little Johnny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_guy" title="Nice guy">Nice guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_Jewish_boy_stereotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Nice Jewish boy stereotype">Nice Jewish boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfluous_man" title="Superfluous man">Superfluous man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charming" title="Prince Charming">Prince Charming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen">Bishōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight-errant" title="Knight-errant">Knight-errant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Primitive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feral_child" title="Feral child">Feral child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_man" title="Mountain man">Mountain man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT stereotypes">LGBT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi#Seme_and_uke" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Seme and uke</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Otokonoko" title="Otokonoko">Otokonoko</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bad_boy_archetype" title="Bad boy archetype">Bad boy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pachuco" title="Pachuco">Pachuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_knight" title="Black knight">Black knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Others71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Others</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">Adolescent clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonslayer" title="Dragonslayer">Dragonslayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_(fairy_tale)" title="Donor (fairy tale)">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fool_(stock_character)" title="Fool (stock character)">Fool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Identity formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_friend" title="Imaginary friend">Imaginary friend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innamorati" title="Innamorati">Innamorati</a> ("The Lovers")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men" title="Little green men">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_Negro" title="Magical Negro">Magical Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_people_(fiction)" title="Mole people (fiction)">Mole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_icon" title="Pop icon">Pop icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshirt_(stock_character)" title="Redshirt (stock character)">Redshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_angel" title="Shoulder angel">Shoulder angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidekick" title="Sidekick">Sidekick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_man" title="Straight man">Straight man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokenism" title="Tokenism">Tokenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_drunk" title="Town drunk">Town drunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_mulatto" title="Tragic mulatto">Tragic mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck-kun" title="Truck-kun">Truck-kun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_idiot" title="Village idiot">Village idiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_savior_narrative_in_film" title="White savior narrative in film">White savior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&oldid=1278990071">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&oldid=1278990071</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Magical_girl" title="Category:Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1962_establishments_in_Japan" title="Category:1962 establishments in Japan">1962 establishments in Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anime_and_manga_genres" title="Category:Anime and manga genres">Anime and manga genres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anime_and_manga_terminology" title="Category:Anime and manga terminology">Anime and manga terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy_genres" title="Category:Fantasy genres">Fantasy genres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fantasy" title="Category:Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Female_stock_characters_in_anime_and_manga" title="Category:Female stock characters in anime and manga">Female stock characters in anime and manga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_magic" title="Category:Fiction about magic">Fiction about magic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Girls" title="Category:Girls">Girls</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_magical_girl_films" title="Category:Japanese magical girl films">Japanese magical girl films</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Magical_girl_anime_and_manga" title="Category:Magical girl anime and manga">Magical girl anime and manga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Magical_girl_anime_and_manga_characters" title="Category:Magical girl anime and manga characters">Magical girl anime and manga characters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Magical_girl_films" title="Category:Magical girl films">Magical girl films</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Magical_girl_television_series" title="Category:Magical girl television series">Magical girl television series</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)">CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from October 2023">Use mdy dates from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 March 2025, at 21:24<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magical_girl&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Magical girl</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>36 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.next-6db95d488b-7w4bp","wgBackendResponseTime":255,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.539","walltime":"1.829","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12662,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":394814,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3810,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":305006,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1492.004 1 -total"," 37.79% 563.890 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.92% 207.728 36 Template:Cite_news"," 12.62% 188.339 15 Template:Cite_web"," 11.46% 170.963 24 Template:Rp"," 10.73% 160.046 24 Template:R/superscript"," 10.35% 154.395 1 Template:Anime_and_manga"," 10.15% 151.396 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 9.61% 143.357 19 Template:Lang"," 6.68% 99.616 13 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.894","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16032373,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.next-6db95d488b-4jqxv","timestamp":"20250310125948","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Magical girl","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magical_girl","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q752321","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q752321","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-03-14T20:55:44Z","dateModified":"2025-03-05T21:24:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c9\/Wikipe-tan_sorceress_color.svg","headline":"genre of anime and manga"}</script> </body> </html>