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<li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sponsoring_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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id="toc-Editors-in-Chief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Open access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_Writing_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_Writing_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Scientific Writing School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_Writing_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abstracting_and_indexing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abstracting_and_indexing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Abstracting and indexing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abstracting_and_indexing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مجلة علم الفلك والفيزياء الفلكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجلة علم الفلك والفيزياء الفلكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Astronomy and Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics" title="Astronomy & Astrophysics – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Astronomy & Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Astronomy and Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Astronomy and Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics" title="Astronomy & Astrophysics – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Astronomy & Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Astronomy and Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics" title="Astronomy & Astrophysics – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Astronomy & Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EB%85%B8%EB%AF%B8_%26_%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC%EC%A7%81%EC%8A%A4" title="아스트로노미 & 아스트로피직스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아스트로노미 & 아스트로피직스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics" title="Astronomy & Astrophysics – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Astronomy & Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Astronomy and Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Astronomy and Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Astronomy and Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8E%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="アストロノミー・アンド・アストロフィジックス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アストロノミー・アンド・アストロフィジックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Astronomy and Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Astronomy and Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Astronomy and Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Astronomy and Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Astronomy and Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Астрономија и астрофизика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Астрономија и астрофизика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Astronomy and Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Astronomy and Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics" title="Astronomy & Astrophysics – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Astronomy & Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5" title="天文与天体物理学报 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天文与天体物理学报" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>This article is about the journal affiliated with the European Southern Observatory. For the publication by the Goodsell Observatory, see <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_and_Astro-Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy and Astro-Physics"><i>Astronomy and Astro-Physics</i></a>.</span> <span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Astrophysics_and_Astronomy" title="Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy"><i>Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy</i></a>.</span></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Academic journal</div><div class="infobox-journal-search" style="display:none;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;"><i><span class="fn">Astronomy & Astrophysics</span></i><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.stitle=Astron.+Astrophys.&rft.coden=AAEJAF&rft.issn=0004-6361&rft.eissn=1432-0746&rft_id=info:lccn/74220573&rft_id=info:oclcnum/1518497&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aanda.org%2F"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A%26A_Cover_Vol.584_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/A%26A_Cover_Vol.584_II.jpg/200px-A%26A_Cover_Vol.584_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/A%26A_Cover_Vol.584_II.jpg/300px-A%26A_Cover_Vol.584_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/A%26A_Cover_Vol.584_II.jpg/400px-A%26A_Cover_Vol.584_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="3340" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines" title="Outline of academic disciplines">Discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Editor-in-chief" title="Editor-in-chief">Edited</a> by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;">Thierry Forveille, João Alves</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;">Publication details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;">1969–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Publisher</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/EDP_Sciences" title="EDP Sciences">EDP Sciences</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">European Southern Observatory</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Periodical_literature#Frequency" title="Periodical literature">Frequency</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;">Monthly</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Copyright#Transfer,_assignment_and_licensing" title="Copyright">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;">CC BY 4.0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;">6.5 (2022)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;">Standard abbreviations<br /><span class="infobox-journal-search plainlinks" style="display:none;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marcinwrochna.github.io/abbrevIso/?search=Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics">ISO 4</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.issn.org/services/online-services/access-to-the-ltwa/">alt</a>) <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Academic_Journals/Bluebook_journals" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Academic Journals/Bluebook journals">Bluebook</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westerncriminology.org/publications/bluebook-abbreviations/">alt</a>)<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=0004-6361%5BISSN%5D">NLM</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics%5BJournal%5D">alt</a>) <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/msnhtml/serials.pdf">MathSciNet</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/search/journals.html?journalName=0004-6361&Submit=Search">alt</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Paid subscription required"><img alt="Paid subscription required" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="947" /></span></span>)</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">ISO 4</a></th><td class="infobox-data identifier" style="text-align:left;"><i>Astron. Astrophys.</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;">Indexing<br /><span class="infobox-journal-search plainlinks" style="display:none;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=issns&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=0004-6361">CODEN</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=issns&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=1432-0746">alt</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=titles&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=Astronomy+%26%2338%3B+Astrophysics">alt2</a>) <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/journals/00046361">JSTOR</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/showJournals?browseType=title">alt</a>) <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg1=0004-6361&argType1=all&searchCode1=KNUM&searchType=2">LCCN</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg1=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&argType1=all&searchCode1=KTIL&searchType=2">alt</a>)<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miar.ub.edu/issn/0004-6361">MIAR</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=0004-6361%5BISSN%5D">NLM</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics%5BJournal%5D">alt</a>) <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/sources?sortField=citescore&sortDirection=desc&isHiddenField=false&field=issn&issn=0004-6361">Scopus</a></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="type"><a href="/wiki/CODEN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CODEN (identifier)">CODEN</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=codens&exactMatch=y&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=AAEJAF">AAEJAF</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="type"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><span class="value"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0004-6361">0004-6361</a></span> (print)<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1432-0746">1432-0746</a> (web)<br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="type"><a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/74220573">74220573</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="type"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> no.</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1518497">1518497</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;">Links</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aanda.org/">Journal homepage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aanda.org/index.php?option=com_issues">Online archive</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A)</b></i> <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a monthly <a href="/wiki/Peer-reviewed" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-reviewed">peer-reviewed</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">scientific journal</a> covering theoretical, observational, and instrumental <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a>. It is operated by an editorial team under the supervision of a board of directors representing 27 sponsoring countries plus a representative of the <a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">European Southern Observatory</a>. The journal is published by <a href="/wiki/EDP_Sciences" title="EDP Sciences">EDP Sciences</a> and the current <a href="/wiki/Editors-in-chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Editors-in-chief">editors-in-chief</a> are <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Forveille" title="Thierry Forveille">Thierry Forveille</a> and João Alves. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Astronomy & Astrophysics</i> was created as an answer to the publishing situation found in Europe in the 1960s. At that time, multiple journals were being published in several countries around the continent. These journals usually had a limited number of subscribers, and articles were written in languages other than English. They were less widely read than American and British journals and the research they reported had therefore less impact in the community.<sup id="cite_ref-meynet2006_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meynet2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in 1963, conversations between astronomers from European countries assessed the need for a common astronomical journal. On 8 April 1968, leading astronomers from Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Scandinavian countries met in <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a> to prepare a possible merging of some of the principal existing journals. It was proposed that the new journal be called <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics, A European Journal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main policy-making body of the new journal was to be the "Board of Directors", consisting of senior astronomers or government representatives of the sponsoring countries. The board appoints the editors-in chief, who are responsible for the scientific contents of the journal. The <a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">European Southern Observatory</a> was chosen as an additional body that acts on behalf of the board and handles the administrative, financial, and legal matters of the journal. </p><p>A second meeting held in July 1968 in Brussels cemented the agreement discussed in Leiden. Each nation established an annual monetary contribution and appointed its delegates for the board of directors. Also at this meeting, the first editors-in-chief were appointed: <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Pottasch" title="Stuart Pottasch">Stuart Pottasch</a> and Jean-Louis Steinberg. </p><p>The next meeting took place in Paris on 11 October 1968 and is officially regarded as the first meeting of the board of directors. At this meeting, the first chairman of the board, <a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Blaauw" title="Adriaan Blaauw">Adriaan Blaauw</a>, was appointed, and the contract with the publisher <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a> was formalized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first issue of A&A was published in January 1969, merging several national journals of individual European countries into one comprehensive publication.<sup id="cite_ref-meynet2006_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meynet2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blaauweditorial1969_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blaauweditorial1969-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These journals, with their ISSN and date of first publication, are as follows: </p> <ul><li><i>Annales d'Astrophysique</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0365-0499">0365-0499</a> (France), established in 1938</li> <li><i>Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of the Netherlands</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0365-8910">0365-8910</a> (Netherlands), established in 1921</li> <li><i>Bulletin Astronomique</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0245-9787">0245-9787</a> (France), established in 1884</li> <li><i>Journal des Observateurs</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0368-3389">0368-3389</a> (France), established in 1915</li> <li><i>Zeitschrift für Astrophysik</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0372-8331">0372-8331</a> (Germany), established in 1930</li></ul> <p>Arkiv för Astronomi (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0004-2048">0004-2048</a>), established in 1948 in Sweden, was also incorporated in 1973. The publishing of Astronomy & Astrophysics was further extended in 1992 by the incorporation of Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia (I<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/title/bulletin-of-the-astronomical-institutes-of-czechoslovakia/oclc/2698694">SSN 0004-6248</a>), established in 1947. </p><p>There were only four issues of the journal in 1969, but it soon became a monthly publication and one of the four major generalist astronomical journals in the world. Initially, papers were submitted in English, French or German, but it soon became clear that, for a given author, the papers in English were cited twice as often as those in other languages. </p><p>In addition to regular research papers in several different fields of astrophysics. A&A featured Letters and Research Notes for short manuscripts on a significant result or idea. A Supplement Series for the journal was created in 1970 for publishing extensive tabular material and catalogs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The turn of the century brought important changes to the journal. In 2001, a new contract was signed with EDP Sciences, which replaced Springer as the publishing house. Special Issues featuring results of astronomical surveys and space missions such as <a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> were introduced. </p><p>The editorial structure of the journal was profoundly changed in 2003 <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2005 <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to involve more countries in the editorial process and to better handle the increasing number of submissions. Precise criteria for publishing in Astronomy & Astrophysics were explicited in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English language editing was introduced in 2001 as a service to the diverse authorship of the journal.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extensive survey of authors conducted in 2007 <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed widespread satisfaction with the new directions of the journal, although the use of structured abstracts <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proved more controversial. </p><p>The evolution of electronic publishing resulted in the extinction of the Supplement Series, which was incorporated in the main journal in 2001, and of the printed edition in 2016. <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Research Notes section was also discontinued in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, A&A announced the introduction of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edpsciences.org/en/news-highlights/2917-edp-sciences-and-eso-enhance-research-discoverability-with-direct-links-between-astronomy-astrophysics-and-eso-telescope-bibliography-records">links between articles and corresponding ESO datasets</a>. </p><p>The journal editorial office is located at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Observatory" title="Paris Observatory">Paris Observatory</a> and is supervised by the managing editor. It handles over 2000 papers per year. </p><p>An archive of the published articles and related material is maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Centre_de_donn%C3%A9es_astronomiques_de_Strasbourg" title="Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg">Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sponsoring_countries">Sponsoring countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sponsoring countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original sponsoring countries were the four countries whose journals merged to form <i>Astronomy & Astrophysics</i> (France, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden), together with Belgium, Denmark, Finland, and Norway. Norway later withdrew, but Austria, Greece, Italy, Spain, and Switzerland joined during the 1970s and 1980s. The Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia all joined as new members in the 1990s. </p><p>In 2001 the words "A European Journal" were removed from the front cover in recognition of the fact that the journal was becoming increasingly global in scope. In effect, Argentina was admitted as an "observer" in 2002. In 2004 the board of directors decided that the journal "will henceforth consider applications for sponsoring membership from any country in the world with well-documented active and excellent astronomical research".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Argentina became the first non-European country to gain full membership in 2005, followed by Brazil and Chile in 2006 (Brazil withdrew in 2016). Other European countries also joined during the 21st century: Portugal, Croatia, and Bulgaria during the 2010s, and  Armenia, Lithuania, Norway, Serbia and Ukraine in the 2010s.The current list of member countries is listed here.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chairs_of_the_Board_of_Directors">Chairs of the Board of Directors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chairs of the Board of Directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following persons are or have been chairs of the Board of Directors: </p> <ul><li>2023 - : A. Kučinskas</li> <li>2022-2023: W. J. Duschl</li> <li>2016-2022: A. Moitinho</li> <li>2014-2016: J. Lub</li> <li>2011-2013: B. Nordstroem</li> <li>2010: K.S. de Boer</li> <li>2005-2009: G. Meynet</li> <li>1999-2004: Aa. Sandqvist</li> <li>1993-1998: A. Maeder</li> <li>1979-1992: G. Contopoulos</li> <li>1969-1978: <a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Blaauw" title="Adriaan Blaauw">A. Blaauw</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editors-in-Chief">Editors-in-Chief</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Editors-in-Chief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2012 - : <i>Main Journal:</i> <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Forveille" title="Thierry Forveille">Thierry Forveille</a>, <i>Letters:</i> João Alves (replaced Malcolm Walmsley in 2013)</li> <li>2006 - 2011: <i>Main Journal:</i> Claude Bertout; <i>Letters:</i> Malcolm Walmsley</li> <li>2004 - 2005: <i>Main Journal:</i> Claude Bertout; <i>Letters:</i> Peter Schneider</li> <li>1999 - 2003: <i>Main Journal:</i> Claude Bertout, <a href="/wiki/Harm_Habing" title="Harm Habing">Harm Habing</a>; <i>Letters:</i> Peter Schneider</li> <li>1996 - 1998: <i>Main Journal:</i> James Lequeux, <a href="/wiki/Harm_Habing" title="Harm Habing">Harm Habing</a>; <i>Letters:</i> Peter Schneider (replaced Stuart Pottasch in 1997)</li> <li>1988 - 1995: <i>Main Journal:</i> James Lequeux, Michael Grewing; <i>Letters:</i> <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Pottasch" title="Stuart Pottasch">Stuart Pottasch</a></li> <li>1986 - 1988: <i>Main Journal:</i> Françoise Praderie, Michael Grewing; <i>Letters:</i><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Pottasch" title="Stuart Pottasch">Stuart Pottasch</a></li> <li>1983 - 1985: <i>Main Journal:</i> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Cesarsky" title="Catherine Cesarsky">Catherine Cesarsky</a>, Michael Grewing; <i>Letters:</i> <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Pottasch" title="Stuart Pottasch">Stuart Pottasch</a></li> <li>1981 - 1982: <i>Main Journal:</i> James Lequeux, Michael Grewing; <i>Letters:</i> <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Pottasch" title="Stuart Pottasch">Stuart Pottasch</a></li> <li>1979 - 1980: <i>Main Journal:</i> James Lequeux, <a href="/wiki/Hans-Heinrich_Voigt" title="Hans-Heinrich Voigt">Hans-Heinrich Voigt</a>; <i>Letters:</i> <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Pottasch" title="Stuart Pottasch">Stuart Pottasch</a></li> <li>1975 - 1978: <i>Main Journal:</i> Jean Heidmann, <a href="/wiki/Hans-Heinrich_Voigt" title="Hans-Heinrich Voigt">Hans-Heinrich Voigt</a>; <i>Letters:</i> <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Pottasch" title="Stuart Pottasch">Stuart Pottasch</a> (from 1976 on)</li> <li>1973 - 1974: <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Heidmann" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Heidmann">Jean Heidmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Pottasch" title="Stuart Pottasch">Stuart Pottasch</a></li> <li>1969 - 1972: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aanda.org/news/1183-jean-louis-steinberg-1922-2016">Jean-Louis Steinberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Pottasch" title="Stuart Pottasch">Stuart Pottasch</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open_access">Open access</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Open access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before 2022, the most recent issue of A&A was available free of charge for readers. Authors had the option to pay article processing charges (<a href="/wiki/Article_processing_charge" title="Article processing charge">APC</a>) for immediate and permanent open access. Furthermore, all Letters to the Editor and all articles published in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aanda.org/for-authors/author-information/paper-organization#Sections">Sections</a> 12 to 15 were in free access at no cost to the authors. Articles in the other sections of the journal were made freely available 12 months after publication (<a href="/wiki/Delayed_open_access_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Delayed open access journal">delayed open-access</a>), through the publisher's site and via the <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics_Data_System" title="Astrophysics Data System">Astrophysics Data System</a>. </p><p>Since the beginning of 2022, <i>Astronomy & Astrophysics</i> is published in full open access under the <a href="/wiki/Subscribe_to_Open" title="Subscribe to Open">Subscribe to Open</a> (S2O) model. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_Writing_School">Scientific Writing School</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Scientific Writing School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A&A organises Scientific Writing Schools<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aimed at postgraduate students and young researchers. The purpose of these schools is to teach young authors how to express their scientific results through adequate and efficient science writing. As of 2019, five of these schools were organised in Belgium (2008 and 2009), Hungary (2014), Chile (2016) and China (2019). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abstracting_and_indexing">Abstracting and indexing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Abstracting and indexing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This journal is abstracted and indexed in: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics_Data_System" title="Astrophysics Data System">Astrophysics Data System</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_Abstracts_Service" title="Chemical Abstracts Service">Chemical Abstracts Service</a><sup id="cite_ref-CASSI_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CASSI-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_Contents" title="Current Contents">Current Contents</a>/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences<sup id="cite_ref-ISI_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISI-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBSCO_Information_Services" title="EBSCO Information Services">EBSCO databases</a><sup id="cite_ref-MIAR_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIAR-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ei_Compendex" title="Ei Compendex">Ei Compendex</a><sup id="cite_ref-Compendex_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compendex-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspec" title="Inspec">Inspec</a><sup id="cite_ref-Inspec_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inspec-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadex" class="mw-redirect" title="Metadex">Metadex</a><sup id="cite_ref-MIAR_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIAR-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest databases</a><sup id="cite_ref-MIAR_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIAR-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>*<a href="/wiki/Science_Citation_Index_Expanded" title="Science Citation Index Expanded">Science Citation Index Expanded</a><sup id="cite_ref-ISI_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISI-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a><sup id="cite_ref-Scopus_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scopus-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZbMATH_Open" title="ZbMATH Open">ZbMATH Open</a><sup id="cite_ref-MATH_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MATH-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_Citation_Reports" title="Journal Citation Reports">Journal Citation Reports</a></i>, the journal has a 2022 <a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">impact factor</a> of 6.5.<sup id="cite_ref-WoS_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoS-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Astronomical_Journal" title="The Astronomical Journal">The Astronomical Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Referred to as <i>A&A</i> on its own website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meynet2006-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meynet2006_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meynet2006_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeynet2006" class="citation cs2">Meynet, Georges (2006), Heck, André (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5301-6_15">"Astronomy & Astrophysics - A Journal of Astronomers for Astronomers"</a>, <i>Organizations and Strategies in Astronomy</i>, Astrophysics and Space Science 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style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Silla_Observatory" title="La Silla Observatory">La Silla Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llano_de_Chajnantor_Observatory" title="Llano de Chajnantor Observatory">Llano de Chajnantor Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranal_Observatory" title="Paranal Observatory">Paranal Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_European_Coordinating_Facility" title="Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility">Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ESO_member_states.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ESO_member_states.svg/80px-ESO_member_states.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ESO_member_states.svg/120px-ESO_member_states.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ESO_member_states.svg/160px-ESO_member_states.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="458" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Telescopes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array" title="Atacama Large Millimeter Array">ALMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atacama_Pathfinder_Experiment" title="Atacama Pathfinder Experiment">APEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremely_Large_Telescope" title="Extremely Large Telescope">ELT</a> <small><i>(under construction)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESO_3.6_m_Telescope" title="ESO 3.6 m Telescope">ESO 3.6m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_1.2-metre_Leonhard_Euler_Telescope" title="Swiss 1.2-metre Leonhard Euler Telescope">EULER</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(national)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-Generation_Transit_Survey" title="Next-Generation Transit Survey">NGTS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(project)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Technology_Telescope" title="New Technology Telescope">NTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPG/ESO_telescope" title="MPG/ESO telescope">MPG/ESO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwhelmingly_Large_Telescope" title="Overwhelmingly Large Telescope">OWL</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(cancelled)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISTA_(telescope)" title="VISTA (telescope)">VISTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope" title="Very Large Telescope">VLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VLT_Survey_Telescope" title="VLT Survey Telescope">VST</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Telescope<br />instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADONIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ADONIS">ADONIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORALIE_spectrograph" class="mw-redirect" title="CORALIE spectrograph">CORALIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPRESSO" title="ESPRESSO">ESPRESSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Ray_Burst_Optical/Near-Infrared_Detector" title="Gamma-Ray Burst Optical/Near-Infrared Detector">GROND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Accuracy_Radial_Velocity_Planet_Searcher" title="High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher">HARPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-band_Multi-Object_Spectrograph" class="mw-redirect" title="K-band Multi-Object Spectrograph">KMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Unit_Spectroscopic_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer">MUSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIONIER_(VLTI)" 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