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<span>Udmurt Vos in Tataria and Bashkiria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Udmurt_Vos_in_Tataria_and_Bashkiria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic religious revival of the Udmurts</div> <p><b>Udmurt Vos</b> (<a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a>: Удмурт Вӧсь, literally "Udmurt Faith") is the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religious revival</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Udmurts" title="Udmurts">Udmurts</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Finno-Ugric peoples">Finno-Ugrian people</a> inhabiting the <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">republic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Udmurtia" title="Udmurtia">Udmurtia</a> in Russia. Among the Udmurts, as in other Finno-Ugrian republics in the <a href="/wiki/Volga-Finnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga-Finnic">Volga</a> region, the revival of <a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">paganism</a> is inextricably intertwined with the revival of national-ethnic culture and awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov177_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov177-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Udmurtian Pagan revival circles sprang out of the <i>Demen</i> (Udmurt for "Society") movement which was established in December 1989 for the protection and restoration of the Udmurt ethnic culture.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Udmurt Vos as an institution was founded in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to 2012 statistics, 2% of the population of <a href="/wiki/Udmurtia" title="Udmurtia">Udmurtia</a> adheres to forms of Paganism. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Schnirelmann" title="Victor Schnirelmann">Victor Schnirelmann</a> reported an adherence of 4% for the Udmurts alone. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_Vos&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a> word <i>vös’</i> means "prayer", "sacrifice", "religion", "faith" and as a root derives many other words in the Udmurt language, among which <i>vös’as’kon</i> meaning "prayer", "sacrifice", <i>vös’as’</i> meaning "priest", and the verbs <i>vös’any</i> meaning "to pray", "to sacrifice", "to hallow", <i>vös’as’kyny</i> that means "to pray", "to beg", and <i>vös’atyny</i> meaning "to sacrifice".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_Vos&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first date in the history of <a href="/wiki/Christianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation">Christianisation</a> of the Udmurts is 1557, when <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> conferred privileges on baptised Udmurt families by imperial deed.<sup id="cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov177_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov177-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, tough attempts to convert all the Udmurts were undertaken only in the middle of the 18th century, when the government began to implement measures to Christianise the population, sending missionaries who built churches and schools. Pagans were repressed, and sacred groves, prayer sites and pagan burial grounds were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov177_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov177-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various attempts to restore the Udmurt native religion emerged, for example the movement of the "Lime-Tree Worshippers" in 1849.<sup id="cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov178_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov178-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Mari_people" title="Mari people">Mari</a>, the Udmurt Pagans did not display any tendency to centralise or formalise their religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov178_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov178-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1917 began a short period of national reawakening, the Udmurt Republic was created and an active national intelligentsia took shape. This helped a revival of the Udmurt Vos.<sup id="cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov178_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov178-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with the 1930s' rise of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> the Udmurt intelligentsia was almost entirely destroyed, the high priests were declared enemies of the people and subjected to cruel repression, worship was forbidden, rural holy places, temples and family shrines were destroyed, and sacred groves were uprooted.<sup id="cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov178_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov178-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the <i><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a></i> period, the Udmurts had very high levels of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a> and suicide, and low birth rates. Moreover, <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> proceeded steadily.<sup id="cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov178_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov178-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1980s and the early 1990s ethno-national and cultural identity reawakened, and despite the significant Christianisation the Udmurt national movement was entirely outside the framework of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, and even hostile to it.<sup id="cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov178_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov178-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Udmurt native religion became the basis of the national movement, and in 1994 a group of <a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a> intellectuals, artists, writers, scholars and entrepreneurs founded the Udmurt Vos as an institution and mass association.<sup id="cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov179_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov179-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genuine high priests were sought, and Vasili Maksimov, a simple peasant from an Udmurt village in <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>, became the head of the new church.<sup id="cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov180_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov180-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National worship services were organised (a thing that had never happened before), and since that time these have been held yearly in different regions of the republic.<sup id="cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov180_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov180-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_Vos&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the theologians of the Udmurt Vos, the whole of nature is determined by the <a href="/wiki/Numinous" title="Numinous">numinous</a> presence of divinity, gods and spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov180_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov180-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Existence has three basic levels: the cosmic, in which the central divinity Inmar takes first place; that of the aerial elements, the heavens, in which Kvaz' is dominant; and the earthly creation, the world of creatures, in which Kelchin' is dominant. Alongside the hierarchy of Inmar, Kvaz' and Kelchin', there is Lud (the world tree), the genius (breeder) of all spirits, which is neither good nor evil.<sup id="cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov180_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov180-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dead live in another world which is a perfect mirror of our own.<sup id="cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov180_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov180-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to another source (Taagepera), traditional Udmurt Vos theory follows patterns similar to the <a href="/wiki/Mari_Traditional_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mari Traditional Religion">Mari</a> one, but in contrast to the Mari, female deities dominate. In-Mumy (Mother of the Heavens), Shundy-Mumy (Sun Mother) and (Gudyry-Mumy) are the chief deities. Male deities of the aerial sphere are Inmar (<a href="/wiki/Sky_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky god">god of the sky and air</a>), Töl-Peri (<a href="/wiki/Wind_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind god">wind</a>) and Kwaz (<a href="/wiki/Weather_god" title="Weather god">weather</a>). Earthly and chthonic gods are mostly male; they include Nulesmurt (forest man), Kyldysin (fertility and procreation), Invu (waters), and Vorshud (genius of the kins and <a href="/wiki/Genius_loci" title="Genius loci">genius loci</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Taagepera_p._278_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taagepera_p._278-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the movement's leaders, peoples who have renounced their own gods have no future, because their spiritual betrayal has led to deep injury of the people's soul.<sup id="cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov180_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov180-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They point to the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese people</a>, who have preserved their popular faith, as a model of better prospects.<sup id="cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov180_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov180-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only peoples who find in themselves the strength to take the step of returning to their roots have any prospect for the future.<sup id="cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov180_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov180-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the first Slavic <a href="/wiki/Rodnover" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodnover">Rodnover</a> communities, the <i>Tur</i>, first appeared in <a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a> in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov180_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov180-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is difficult to say whether or not the propaganda of Udmurt Vos played any role in its origin, but the leaders of the Udmurt Vos welcomed its appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov180_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov180-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_Vos&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some villages of followers of Udmurt Vos are organised to have sacrificial groves called <i>lud</i> in <a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where often are located the "large temples" (<i>byd’z’ym kuala</i>, "large prayer house"), special buildings for worship dedicated to the spirit breeder-generator of the kin, whose worship comprises both the ideas of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genius_generis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genius generis (page does not exist)">genius generis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genius_loci" title="Genius loci">genius loci</a>. Both of them are connected in the Udmurt notion <i>vorshud</i> (formed by <i>vordyny</i>, meaning "to hold", "to contain" plus <i>shud</i> meaning "happiness", "luck").<sup id="cite_ref-Lintrop,_2002,_44_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lintrop,_2002,_44-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "little temple" (<i>pichi</i>/<i>pokchi kuala</i>) is a kind of worship building located in the yard of each family that maintains the large prayer house. The clergy is made up of priests (<i>vös’as’</i>, <i>vösias</i>), local religious authorities elected amongst the males of the community for organising and performing prayers and sacrifices. They must be married and healthy, both mentally and physically.<sup id="cite_ref-Lintrop,_2002,_44_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lintrop,_2002,_44-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these priests may become high-priests (<i>tuno</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov178_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov178-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lintrop,_2002,_44_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lintrop,_2002,_44-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prayers are called <i>kuriskon</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taagepera_p._278_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taagepera_p._278-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Udmurt_Vos_in_Tataria_and_Bashkiria">Udmurt Vos in Tataria and Bashkiria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_Vos&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Udmurt Vos in Tataria and Bashkiria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Northern <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a> were in ancient times areas of settlement of the Udmurt people. Many Udmurt villages are divided in these two republics. Over the centuries Udmurts there were subjected to enforced <a href="/wiki/Islamisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamisation">Islamisation</a> by the dominating <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a>, but they preserved strong national consciousness and Pagan faith.<sup id="cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov181_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov181-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent times pan-Udmurt worship services have taken place annually in <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a>, and they have been the subject of repression by <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov181_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov181-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_Vos&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov177-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov177_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov177_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov177_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Filatov-Shchipkov, 1997, p. 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor Schnirelmann. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wlu.ca/documents/6483/Christians_Go_home.pdf">“Christians! Go home”: A Revival of Neo-Paganism between the Baltic Sea and Transcaucasia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140922163017/http://www.wlu.ca/documents/6483/Christians_Go_home.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-09-22 at <a href="/wiki/Archive-It" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive-It">Archive-It</a></i>. Journal of Contemporary Religion, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2002. <b>p. 206</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taagepera p. 279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aado Lintrop. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://folklore.ee/~aado/prayers.pdf">The Spring Prayer Feasts in the Udmurt Village of Varklet-Bodya in Tatarstan</a></i>. <i>Cosmos</i> 18 (2002), 43-55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov178-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov178_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov178_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov178_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov178_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov178_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov178_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov178_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Filatov-Shchipkov, 1997, p. 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov179-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov179_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Filatov-Shchipkov, 1997, p. 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov180-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov180_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov180_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov180_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov180_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov180_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov180_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov180_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov180_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov180_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov180_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Filatov-Shchipkov, 1997, p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taagepera_p._278-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taagepera_p._278_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taagepera_p._278_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taagepera p. 278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lintrop, 2002, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lintrop,_2002,_44-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lintrop,_2002,_44_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lintrop,_2002,_44_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lintrop,_2002,_44_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lintrop, 2002, 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Filatov-Shchipkov181-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov181_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filatov-Shchipkov181_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Filatov-Shchipkov, 1997, p. 181</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_Vos&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Schnirelmann, Victor: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140922163017/http://www.wlu.ca/documents/6483/Christians_Go_home.pdf">“Christians! Go home”: A Revival of Neo-Paganism between the Baltic Sea and Transcaucasia</a></i>. Journal of Contemporary Religion, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2002.</li> <li>Aado Lintrop. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://folklore.ee/~aado/prayers.pdf">The Spring Prayer Feasts in the Udmurt Village of Varklet-Bodya in Tatarstan</a></i>. <i>Cosmos</i> 18 (2002). pp. 43–55</li> <li>Rein Taagepera. <i>The Finno-Ugric Republics and the Russian State</i>. C. Hurst & Co, UK, 1999.</li> <li>Filatov, Sergei; Shchipkov Alexander. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09637499708431775">Udmurtia: Orthodoxy, Paganism, Authority</a></i>. Religion, State & Society, Vol. 25, No. 2, 1997</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_Vos&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galihanow2010.narod.ru/">Udmurt Vos</a> website</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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<li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png/50px-Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png/75px-Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png 1.5x, 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_German-speaking_Europe" title="Modern paganism in German-speaking Europe">German-speaking Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Hungary" title="Neopaganism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-paganism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Neo-paganism in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Italy" title="Neopaganism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_Scandinavia" title="Modern paganism in Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_South_Africa" title="Neopaganism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern paganism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern paganism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Minnesota" title="Neopaganism in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Movements (<a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausar_Auset_Society" title="Ausar Auset Society">Ausar Auset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Canarian (Berber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian-Scythian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Wicca</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Daco-Thracian (Romanian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kemetic_Orthodoxy" title="Kemetic Orthodoxy">Kemetic Orthodoxy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_neopaganism" title="Semitic neopaganism">Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_Native_Faith_organisations" title="List of Slavic Native Faith organisations">Rodnovery (list)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Ukrainian_National_Faith" title="Native Ukrainian National Faith">RUNVira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterburgian_Vedism" title="Peterburgian Vedism">Peterburgian Vedism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ynglism" title="Ynglism">Ynglism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Turko-Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tengrist_movements" title="List of Tengrist movements">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuism" title="Zuism">Zuism</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Interfaith: <a href="/wiki/European_Congress_of_Ethnic_Religions" title="European Congress of Ethnic Religions">European Congress of Ethnic Religions</a> · <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Traditional_Religions" title="Foundation for Traditional Religions">Foundation for Traditional Religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adonism" title="Adonism">Adonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christo-Paganism" title="Christo-Paganism">Christo-Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_All_Worlds" title="Church of All Worlds">Church of All Worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Aphrodite" title="Church of Aphrodite">Church of Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_Unitarian_Universalist_Pagans" title="Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans">Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanovism" title="Ivanovism">Ivanovism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Federation" title="Pagan Federation">Pagan Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringing_Cedars%27_Anastasianism" title="Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism">Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Priapus" title="Temple of Priapus">Temple of Priapus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochranianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feri_Tradition" title="Feri Tradition">Feri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">In society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_modern_paganism" title="Criticism of modern paganism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-paganism" title="Crypto-paganism">Crypto-paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pagan_views_on_LGBT_people" title="Modern pagan views on LGBT people">LGBTQ+ and paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_studies" title="Pagan studies">Pagan studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technopaganism" title="Technopaganism">Technopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_modern_paganism" title="List of writers on modern paganism">Writers on modern paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariosophy" title="Ariosophy">Ariosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotribalism" title="Neotribalism">Neotribalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_the_Renaissance" title="Platonism in the Renaissance">Platonism in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_Vos&oldid=1252952949">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udmurt_Vos&oldid=1252952949</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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