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Medical Information for Doctors and Other Medical Professionals
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20.777 5.57022 20.394C5.60289 20.357 5.63754 20.322 5.67318 20.289"></path></svg></div></a><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-inactive__uNEtz"><ul><li class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-content__JmUfL"><h6 class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-title__j9zHz">Featured conditions</h6><div class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-section__NpW9N"><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/childrens-health/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd" data-testid="ter_managingconditions_tertiarymenu"><p>ADHD in children</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/chest-lungs/asthma-leaflet" data-testid="ter_managingconditions_tertiarymenu"><p>Asthma</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/skin-conditions/viral-rashes/chickenpox-in-children" data-testid="ter_managingconditions_tertiarymenu"><p>Chickenpox</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/chest-lungs/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-leaflet" data-testid="ter_managingconditions_tertiarymenu"><p>COPD</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/digestive-health/inflammatory-bowel-disease/crohns-disease" data-testid="ter_managingconditions_tertiarymenu"><p>Crohn's disease</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/diabetes/diabetes-mellitus-leaflet" data-testid="ter_managingconditions_tertiarymenu"><p>Diabetes</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/womens-health/pelvic-pain-in-women/endometriosis" data-testid="ter_managingconditions_tertiarymenu"><p>Endometriosis</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/signs-symptoms/tiredness-fatigue/fibromyalgia" data-testid="ter_managingconditions_tertiarymenu"><p>Fibromyalgia</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/digestive-health/diarrhoea/gastroenteritis" data-testid="ter_managingconditions_tertiarymenu"><p>Gastroenteritis</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/skin-conditions/hives-inducible-urticaria" data-testid="ter_managingconditions_tertiarymenu"><p>Hives</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/digestive-health/irritable-bowel-syndrome-leaflet" data-testid="ter_managingconditions_tertiarymenu"><p>Irritable bowel syndrome</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/womens-health/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-leaflet" data-testid="ter_managingconditions_tertiarymenu"><p>Polycystic ovary syndrome</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/skin-conditions/psoriasis-leaflet" data-testid="ter_managingconditions_tertiarymenu"><p>Psoriasis</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/skin-conditions/viral-rashes/scarlet-fever" data-testid="ter_managingconditions_tertiarymenu"><p>Scarlet fever</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/infections/strep-a-group-a-strep-gas" data-testid="ter_managingconditions_tertiarymenu"><p>Strep A</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/ears-nose-throat-mouth/sore-throat-2/tonsillitis" data-testid="ter_managingconditions_tertiarymenu"><p>Tonsillitis</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/sexual-health/vaginal-discharge-female-discharge/vaginal-thrush-yeast-infection" data-testid="ter_managingconditions_tertiarymenu"><p>Vaginal thrush</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/signs-symptoms/dizziness/vertigo" data-testid="ter_managingconditions_tertiarymenu"><p>Vertigo</p></a></div><div class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-section__NpW9N"><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/managing-conditions" data-testid="ter_managingconditions_tertiarymenu"><p>Health conditions A-Z</p></a></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-content__X6m4s"><a href="https://patient.info" class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list__67206" data-testid="sec_medicine_information"><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-menu__Chqv2"><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-icon__4jDqd SecondaryNavigationDesktop_navigation-item--health-advice__IBQM_ SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-icon--inactive__FLGa2 "><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" width="24" viewBox="0 -960 960 960"><path d="M136-266q-32 0-46.5-21T86-337l109-304q8-22 30.5-37.5T272-694q23 0 45 15.5t30 37.5l112 306q11 29-3.5 49T410-266q-14 0-25.5-8.5T368-296l-24-68H200l-20 66q-4 13-17 22.5t-27 9.5Zm94-188h80l-34-132h-8l-38 132Zm379 188q-28 0-47.5-19.5T542-333q0-13 6.5-30t14.5-27l181-210H597q-20 0-33.5-13.5T550-647q0-20 13.5-33.5T597-694h194q28 0 47.5 19.5T858-626q0 13-6.5 29.5T837-570L658-360h155q20 0 33.5 13.5T860-313q0 20-13.5 33.5T813-266H609ZM411-760q-17 0-24-16t5-28l72-72q3-3 18-7 3 0 18 7l72 72q12 12 5 28t-24 16H411Zm71 683q-3 0-18-7l-72-72q-12-12-5-28t24-16h142q17 0 24 16t-5 28l-72 72q-3 3-18 7Z"></path></svg></div><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-item__YWsVF SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-item--active__ADoJv"><h2>Medicine information</h2><p>Information and fact sheets for patients and professionals. Find out side effects, medicine names, dosages and uses.</p></div></div><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-navicon__Phe1K "><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" width="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.67318 20.289L13.8612 12L5.67318 3.711C5.63754 3.678 5.60289 3.643 5.57022 3.605C5.2168 3.223 5 2.709 5 2.144C5 0.959999 5.95136 0 7.12448 0C7.68975 0 8.20553 0.224001 8.58469 0.589001C8.61241 0.615001 8.63815 0.641999 8.66389 0.667999L18.3349 10.436C18.3607 10.462 18.3864 10.488 18.4112 10.515C18.9002 11.034 19.122 11.79 18.9329 12.536C18.8388 12.905 18.6547 13.228 18.4112 13.486C18.3983 13.499 18.3518 13.547 18.3399 13.558L8.66389 23.332C8.63815 23.358 8.61241 23.385 8.58469 23.411C8.20553 23.776 7.68975 24 7.12448 24C5.95136 24 5 23.04 5 21.855C5 21.291 5.2168 20.777 5.57022 20.394C5.60289 20.357 5.63754 20.322 5.67318 20.289"></path></svg></div></a><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-inactive__uNEtz"><ul><li class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-content__JmUfL"><h6 class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-title__j9zHz">Medicine information</h6><div class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-section__NpW9N"><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/medicine" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>All medicines A-Z</p></a></div><div class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-section__NpW9N"><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/allergy-medicines" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>Allergy medicines</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/analgesics-and-pain-medication" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>Analgesics and pain medication</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/anti-inflammatory-medicines" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>Anti-inflammatory medicines</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/breathing-treatment-and-respiratory-care" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>Breathing treatment and respiratory care</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/cancer-treatment-and-drugs" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>Cancer treatment and drugs</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/contraceptive-medicines" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>Contraceptive medicines</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/diabetes-medicines" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>Diabetes medicines</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/ent-and-mouth-care" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>ENT and mouth care</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/eye-care-medicine" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>Eye care medicine</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/gastrointestinal-treatment" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>Gastrointestinal treatment</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/genito-urinary-medicine" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>Genitourinary medicine</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/heart-disease-treatment-and-prevention" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>Heart disease treatment and prevention</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/hormonal-imbalance-treatment" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>Hormonal imbalance treatment</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/hormone-deficiency-treatment" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>Hormone deficiency treatment</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/immunosuppressive-drugs" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>Immunosuppressive drugs</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/infection-treatment-medicine" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>Infection treatment medicine</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/treatment-for-kidneys" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>Kidney conditions treatments</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/muscle-bone-and-joint-pain-treatment" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>Muscle, bone and joint pain treatment</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/nausea-medicine-and-vomiting-treatment" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>Nausea medicine and vomiting treatment</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/nervous-system-drugs" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>Nervous system drugs</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/fertility-treatment" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>Reproductive health</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/treatments-for-skin-conditions" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>Skin conditions treatments</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/substance-abuse-treatment" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>Substance abuse treatment</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/vaccines-and-immunisation" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>Vaccines and immunisation</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/vitamin-and-mineral-supplements" data-testid="ter_medicineinformation_tertiarymenu"><p>Vitamin and mineral supplements</p></a></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-content__X6m4s"><a href="https://patient.info" class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list__67206" data-testid="sec_tests_investigations"><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-menu__Chqv2"><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-icon__4jDqd SecondaryNavigationDesktop_navigation-item--health-advice__IBQM_ SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-icon--inactive__FLGa2 "><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="25" width="24" viewBox="0 0 24 25"><path d="M19 22.9932C18.45 22.9932 17.979 22.7975 17.587 22.4062C17.1957 22.0142 17 21.5432 17 20.9932V19.8932C15.85 19.6598 14.8957 19.0892 14.137 18.1812C13.379 17.2725 13 16.2098 13 14.9932V9.99316C13 9.44316 13.1917 8.97216 13.575 8.58016C13.9583 8.18883 14.4333 7.99316 15 7.99316H21C21.55 7.99316 22.021 8.18883 22.413 8.58016C22.8043 8.97216 23 9.44316 23 9.99316V14.9932C23 16.2098 22.621 17.2725 21.863 18.1812C21.1043 19.0892 20.15 19.6598 19 19.8932V20.9932H21C21.2833 20.9932 21.5207 21.0892 21.712 21.2812C21.904 21.4725 22 21.7098 22 21.9932C22 22.2765 21.904 22.5138 21.712 22.7052C21.5207 22.8972 21.2833 22.9932 21 22.9932H19ZM19.75 13.9932H21V9.99316H15V11.9932H15.75C16.3 11.9932 16.8207 12.1182 17.312 12.3682C17.804 12.6182 18.2167 12.9598 18.55 13.3932C18.6833 13.5932 18.8583 13.7432 19.075 13.8432C19.2917 13.9432 19.5167 13.9932 19.75 13.9932ZM6 17.9932H5C4.45 17.9932 3.979 17.7975 3.587 17.4062C3.19567 17.0142 3 16.5432 3 15.9932V8.49316C2.71667 8.49316 2.47933 8.3975 2.288 8.20616C2.096 8.01416 2 7.7765 2 7.49316C2 7.20983 2.096 6.97216 2.288 6.78016C2.47933 6.58883 2.71667 6.49316 3 6.49316H6V4.99316H5.5C5.21667 4.99316 4.979 4.89716 4.787 4.70516C4.59567 4.51383 4.5 4.2765 4.5 3.99316C4.5 3.70983 4.59567 3.47216 4.787 3.28016C4.979 3.08883 5.21667 2.99316 5.5 2.99316H8.5C8.78333 2.99316 9.021 3.08883 9.213 3.28016C9.40433 3.47216 9.5 3.70983 9.5 3.99316C9.5 4.2765 9.40433 4.51383 9.213 4.70516C9.021 4.89716 8.78333 4.99316 8.5 4.99316H8V6.49316H11C11.2833 6.49316 11.521 6.58883 11.713 6.78016C11.9043 6.97216 12 7.20983 12 7.49316C12 7.7765 11.9043 8.01416 11.713 8.20616C11.521 8.3975 11.2833 8.49316 11 8.49316V15.9932C11 16.5432 10.8043 17.0142 10.413 17.4062C10.021 17.7975 9.55 17.9932 9 17.9932H8V22.4932C8 22.6932 7.90833 22.8432 7.725 22.9432C7.54167 23.0432 7.36667 23.0265 7.2 22.8932L6.4 22.2932C6.26667 22.1932 6.16667 22.0765 6.1 21.9432C6.03333 21.8098 6 21.6598 6 21.4932V17.9932ZM5 15.9932H9V14.4932H7.25C7.05 14.4932 6.875 14.4182 6.725 14.2682C6.575 14.1182 6.5 13.9432 6.5 13.7432C6.5 13.5432 6.575 13.3682 6.725 13.2182C6.875 13.0682 7.05 12.9932 7.25 12.9932H9V11.4932H7.25C7.05 11.4932 6.875 11.4182 6.725 11.2682C6.575 11.1182 6.5 10.9432 6.5 10.7432C6.5 10.5432 6.575 10.3682 6.725 10.2182C6.875 10.0682 7.05 9.99316 7.25 9.99316H9V8.49316H5V15.9932Z"></path></svg></div><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-item__YWsVF SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-item--active__ADoJv"><h2>Tests & investigations</h2><p>Information and guidance about tests and an easy, fast and accurate symptom checker.</p></div></div><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-navicon__Phe1K "><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" width="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.67318 20.289L13.8612 12L5.67318 3.711C5.63754 3.678 5.60289 3.643 5.57022 3.605C5.2168 3.223 5 2.709 5 2.144C5 0.959999 5.95136 0 7.12448 0C7.68975 0 8.20553 0.224001 8.58469 0.589001C8.61241 0.615001 8.63815 0.641999 8.66389 0.667999L18.3349 10.436C18.3607 10.462 18.3864 10.488 18.4112 10.515C18.9002 11.034 19.122 11.79 18.9329 12.536C18.8388 12.905 18.6547 13.228 18.4112 13.486C18.3983 13.499 18.3518 13.547 18.3399 13.558L8.66389 23.332C8.63815 23.358 8.61241 23.385 8.58469 23.411C8.20553 23.776 7.68975 24 7.12448 24C5.95136 24 5 23.04 5 21.855C5 21.291 5.2168 20.777 5.57022 20.394C5.60289 20.357 5.63754 20.322 5.67318 20.289"></path></svg></div></a><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-inactive__uNEtz"><ul><li class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-content__JmUfL"><h6 class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-title__j9zHz">Tests & investigations</h6><div class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-section__NpW9N"><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/about-tests-and-investigations" data-testid="ter_testsinvestigations_tertiarymenu"><p>About tests & investigations</p></a></div><div class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-section__NpW9N"><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/symptom-checker" data-testid="ter_testsinvestigations_tertiarymenu"><p>Symptom checker</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/treatment-medication/blood-tests" data-testid="ter_testsinvestigations_tertiarymenu"><p>Blood tests</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/doctor/bmi-calculator" data-testid="ter_testsinvestigations_tertiarymenu"><p>BMI calculator</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/doctor/pregnancy-due-date-calculator" data-testid="ter_testsinvestigations_tertiarymenu"><p>Pregnancy due date calculator</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/signs-symptoms" data-testid="ter_testsinvestigations_tertiarymenu"><p>General signs and symptoms</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/doctor/patient-health-questionnaire-phq-9" data-testid="ter_testsinvestigations_tertiarymenu"><p>Patient health questionnaire</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/doctor/generalised-anxiety-disorder-assessment-gad-7" data-testid="ter_testsinvestigations_tertiarymenu"><p>Generalised anxiety disorder assessment</p></a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div role="navigation" class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-sidebar__svZYs SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-navigation-item--health-research__Y0SVM SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-sidebar-hide__A4W4s"></div><div role="navigation" class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary__cbbXD SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-inactive__dSi2Y"></div></li><li><div role="navigation" class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-sidebar__svZYs SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-navigation-item--professional-hub__nczDM SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-sidebar-hide__A4W4s"></div><div role="navigation" class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary__cbbXD SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-inactive__dSi2Y"><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-content__X6m4s"><a href="https://patient.info" class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list__67206" data-testid="sec_hub"><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-menu__Chqv2"><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-icon__4jDqd SecondaryNavigationDesktop_navigation-item--professional-hub__TLTw0 SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-icon--inactive__FLGa2 "><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" width="24" viewBox="0 96 960 960"><path d="M440 696v80q0 17 11.5 28.5T480 816q17 0 28.5-11.5T520 776v-80h80q17 0 28.5-11.5T640 656q0-17-11.5-28.5T600 616h-80v-80q0-17-11.5-28.5T480 496q-17 0-28.5 11.5T440 536v80h-80q-17 0-28.5 11.5T320 656q0 17 11.5 28.5T360 696h80ZM160 976q-33 0-56.5-23.5T80 896V416q0-33 23.5-56.5T160 336h160v-80q0-33 23.5-56.5T400 176h160q33 0 56.5 23.5T640 256v80h160q33 0 56.5 23.5T880 416v480q0 33-23.5 56.5T800 976H160Zm240-640h160v-80H400v80Z"></path></svg></div><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-item__YWsVF SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-item--active__ADoJv"><h2>Medical professional hub</h2><p>Information and tools written by clinicians for medical professionals, and training resources provided by FourteenFish.</p></div></div><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-navicon__Phe1K "><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" width="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.67318 20.289L13.8612 12L5.67318 3.711C5.63754 3.678 5.60289 3.643 5.57022 3.605C5.2168 3.223 5 2.709 5 2.144C5 0.959999 5.95136 0 7.12448 0C7.68975 0 8.20553 0.224001 8.58469 0.589001C8.61241 0.615001 8.63815 0.641999 8.66389 0.667999L18.3349 10.436C18.3607 10.462 18.3864 10.488 18.4112 10.515C18.9002 11.034 19.122 11.79 18.9329 12.536C18.8388 12.905 18.6547 13.228 18.4112 13.486C18.3983 13.499 18.3518 13.547 18.3399 13.558L8.66389 23.332C8.63815 23.358 8.61241 23.385 8.58469 23.411C8.20553 23.776 7.68975 24 7.12448 24C5.95136 24 5 23.04 5 21.855C5 21.291 5.2168 20.777 5.57022 20.394C5.60289 20.357 5.63754 20.322 5.67318 20.289"></path></svg></div></a><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-inactive__uNEtz"><ul><li class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-content__JmUfL"><h6 class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-title__j9zHz">Medical professional hub</h6><div class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-section__NpW9N"><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/doctor" data-testid="ter_medicalprofessionalhub_tertiarymenu"><p>Content for medical professionals</p></a></div><div class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-section__NpW9N"><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://www.fourteenfish.com/" data-testid="ter_medicalprofessionalhub_tertiarymenu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><p>FourteenFish training</p></a></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-content__X6m4s"><a href="https://patient.info" class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list__67206" data-testid="sec_professional_articles"><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-menu__Chqv2"><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-icon__4jDqd SecondaryNavigationDesktop_navigation-item--professional-hub__TLTw0 SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-icon--inactive__FLGa2 "><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" width="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17,16c-.8,0-1.5-.3-2.1-.9s-.9-1.3-.9-2.1,.3-1.5,.9-2.1,1.3-.9,2.1-.9,1.5,.3,2.1,.9,.9,1.3,.9,2.1-.3,1.5-.9,2.1-1.3,.9-2.1,.9Zm-8,4.1v.9H5c-.6,0-1-.2-1.4-.6-.4-.4-.6-.9-.6-1.4V5c0-.6,.2-1,.6-1.4s.8-.6,1.4-.6h14c.5,0,1,.2,1.4,.6,.4,.4,.6,.8,.6,1.4v5c-.5-.6-1.1-1.1-1.8-1.5s-1.3-.5-2.2-.5c0-.3-.1-.5-.3-.7s-.4-.3-.7-.3H8c-.3,0-.5,.1-.7,.3s-.3,.4-.3,.7,.1,.5,.3,.7c.2,.2,.4,.3,.7,.3h6l-.9,.9c-.3,.3-.5,.7-.7,1.1h-4.4c-.3,0-.5,.1-.7,.3s-.3,.4-.3,.7,.1,.5,.3,.7,.4,.3,.7,.3h4c0,.4,0,.7,.1,1s.2,.7,.3,1h-4.4c-.3,0-.5,.1-.7,.3s-.3,.4-.3,.7,.1,.5,.3,.7,.4,.3,.7,.3h2.4c-.4,.4-.8,.8-1.1,1.4-.2,.5-.3,1.1-.3,1.7Zm3,2.9c-.3,0-.5-.1-.7-.3s-.3-.4-.3-.7v-1.9c0-.4,.1-.7,.2-1s.4-.6,.7-.7c.5-.3,1-.5,1.4-.7s.9-.2,1.5-.3h.6c.2,0,.4,.1,.5,.3l1.1,1.3,1.1-1.3c.1-.2,.3-.3,.5-.3h.6c.6,.1,1.1,.2,1.5,.3,.4,.1,.8,.3,1.4,.7,.3,.2,.5,.4,.7,.7,.2,.3,.3,.6,.3,1v1.9c0,.3-.1,.5-.3,.7s-.5,.3-.8,.3H12Z"></path></svg></div><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-item__YWsVF 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5.63754 20.322 5.67318 20.289"></path></svg></div></a><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-inactive__uNEtz"><ul><li class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-content__JmUfL"><h6 class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-title__j9zHz">Professional articles</h6><div class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-section__NpW9N"><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/doctor/articles" data-testid="ter_professionalarticles_tertiarymenu"><p>View all professional articles A-Z</p></a></div><div class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-section__NpW9N"><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/doctor/actinic-keratosis-pro" data-testid="ter_professionalarticles_tertiarymenu"><p>Actinic keratosis</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/doctor/bronchiolitis-pro" data-testid="ter_professionalarticles_tertiarymenu"><p>Bronchiolitis</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/doctor/depression-pro" data-testid="ter_professionalarticles_tertiarymenu"><p>Depression</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/doctor/molluscum-contagiosum-pro" data-testid="ter_professionalarticles_tertiarymenu"><p>Molluscum contagiosum</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/doctor/obesity-in-adults" data-testid="ter_professionalarticles_tertiarymenu"><p>Obesity in adults</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/doctor/osmolality-osmolarity-and-fluid-homeostasis" data-testid="ter_professionalarticles_tertiarymenu"><p>Osmolality, osmolarity, and fluid homeostasis</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/doctor/recurrent-abdominal-pain-in-children-pro" data-testid="ter_professionalarticles_tertiarymenu"><p>Recurrent abdominal pain in children</p></a></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-content__X6m4s"><a href="https://patient.info" class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list__67206" data-testid="sec_medicaltools_resources"><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-menu__Chqv2"><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-icon__4jDqd SecondaryNavigationDesktop_navigation-item--professional-hub__TLTw0 SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-icon--inactive__FLGa2 "><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" width="24" viewBox="0 96 960 960"><path d="M540 976q-108 0-184-76t-76-184v-23q-86-14-143-80.5T80 456V256q0-17 11.5-28.5T120 216h80q0-17 11.5-28.5T240 176q17 0 28.5 11.5T280 216v80q0 17-11.5 28.5T240 336q-17 0-28.5-11.5T200 296h-40v160q0 66 47 113t113 47q66 0 113-47t47-113V296h-40q0 17-11.5 28.5T400 336q-17 0-28.5-11.5T360 296v-80q0-17 11.5-28.5T400 176q17 0 28.5 11.5T440 216h80q17 0 28.5 11.5T560 256v200q0 90-57 156.5T360 693v23q0 75 52.5 127.5T540 896q75 0 127.5-52.5T720 716v-67q-35-13-57.5-43.5T640 536q0-50 35-85t85-35q50 0 85 35t35 85q0 39-22.5 69.5T800 649v67q0 108-76 184t-184 76Z"></path></svg></div><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-item__YWsVF SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-item--active__ADoJv"><h2>Medical tools and resources</h2><p>Clinical tools for medical professional use.</p></div></div><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_secondary-list-navicon__Phe1K "><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" width="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.67318 20.289L13.8612 12L5.67318 3.711C5.63754 3.678 5.60289 3.643 5.57022 3.605C5.2168 3.223 5 2.709 5 2.144C5 0.959999 5.95136 0 7.12448 0C7.68975 0 8.20553 0.224001 8.58469 0.589001C8.61241 0.615001 8.63815 0.641999 8.66389 0.667999L18.3349 10.436C18.3607 10.462 18.3864 10.488 18.4112 10.515C18.9002 11.034 19.122 11.79 18.9329 12.536C18.8388 12.905 18.6547 13.228 18.4112 13.486C18.3983 13.499 18.3518 13.547 18.3399 13.558L8.66389 23.332C8.63815 23.358 8.61241 23.385 8.58469 23.411C8.20553 23.776 7.68975 24 7.12448 24C5.95136 24 5 23.04 5 21.855C5 21.291 5.2168 20.777 5.57022 20.394C5.60289 20.357 5.63754 20.322 5.67318 20.289"></path></svg></div></a><div class="SecondaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-inactive__uNEtz"><ul><li class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-content__JmUfL"><h6 class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-title__j9zHz">Medical tools and resources</h6><div class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-section__NpW9N"><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/medical-calculators" data-testid="ter_medicaltoolsresources_tertiarymenu"><p>All medical tools and resources</p></a></div><div class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-section__NpW9N"><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://www.isabelhealthcare.com/" data-testid="ter_testsinvestigations_tertiarymenu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><p>Isabel DDx Companion professional symptom checker</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/doctor/bmi-calculator" data-testid="ter_medicaltoolsresources_tertiarymenu"><p>BMI calculator</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/doctor/generalised-anxiety-disorder-assessment-gad-7" data-testid="ter_medicaltoolsresources_tertiarymenu"><p>Generalised anxiety disorder assessment</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/doctor/patient-health-questionnaire-phq-9" data-testid="ter_medicaltoolsresources_tertiarymenu"><p>Patient health questionnaire</p></a><a class="TertiaryNavigationDesktop_tertiary-menu__AI1gf" href="https://patient.info/doctor/pregnancy-due-date-calculator" data-testid="ter_medicaltoolsresources_tertiarymenu"><p>Pregnancy due date calculator</p></a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div><main class="Main_main__R2DH5" id="content" data-testid="main"><noscript><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/abbreviations">Abbreviations</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/abdominal-aortic-aneurysms">Abdominal aortic aneurysms</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/abdominal-distension-and-bloating">Abdominal distension and bloating</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/abdominal-examination">Abdominal examination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/abdominal-wall-hernias">Abdominal hernias</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/abdominal-masses">Abdominal masses</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/abdominal-pain-pro">Abdominal pain</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/abdominal-pain-in-pregnancy">Abdominal pain in pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/abdominal-trauma">Abdominal trauma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ablation-therapy-for-arrhythmias">Ablation therapy for arrhythmias</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/abnormal-gait">Abnormal gait</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/abnormal-involuntary-movements">Abnormal involuntary movements - dyskinesias</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/abnormal-liver-function-tests">Abnormal liver function tests</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/normal-and-abnormal-puberty">Abnormal puberty</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/termination-of-pregnancy">Abortion</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/miscarriage-pro">Abortion (spontaneous)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pelvic-abscesses">Abscess - pelvic</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bullying-pro">Abuse by peers</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pathogenic-free-living-amoeba">Acanthamoeba</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acatalasaemia.htm">Acatalasaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypertensive-emergencies">Accelerated hypertension</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/accidents-and-their-prevention">Accidents and their prevention</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitors">ACE inhibitors</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/achalasia-pro">Achalasia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/achilles-tendinopathy-and-rupture">Achilles tendinopathy and rupture</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/aching-joints-assessment-investigations-and-management-in-primary-care">Aching joints - assessment, investigations and management in primary care</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/achondroplasia">Achondroplasia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pompes-glycogen-storage-disease">Acid maltase deficiency</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acid-base-balance">Acid-base balance</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acne-conglobata-and-rarer-forms-of-acne">Acne conglobata and rarer forms of acne</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neurotic-excoriation-and-acne-excoriee">Acne excoriée</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acne-vulgaris">Acne vulgaris</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acoustic-neuromas">Acoustic neuromas</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acquired-immune-deficiency-syndrome-aids">Acquired immune deficiency syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acromegaly-pro">Acromegaly</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acromioclavicular-joint-problems">Acromioclavicular joint problems</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-coronary-syndrome-pro">ACS - acute coronary syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/actinic-keratosis-pro">Actinic keratosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-adult-respiratory-distress-syndrome">Acute (adult) respiratory distress syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-abdomen">Acute abdomen</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-abdominal-pain-in-children">Acute abdominal pain in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-alcohol-withdrawal-and-delirium-tremens">Acute alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/delirium-pro">Acute confusional state</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/corneal-problems-acute-and-non-acute">Acute corneal problems</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-coronary-syndrome-pro">Acute coronary syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-diarrhoea-in-adults-pro">Acute diarrhoea in adults</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-exacerbations-of-copd">Acute exacerbations of COPD</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/generalised-pustular-psoriasis">Acute generalised pustular psoriasis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/guillain-barre-syndrome-pro">Acute inflammatory polyneuritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-kidney-injury-pro">Acute kidney injury</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-adult-respiratory-distress-syndrome">Acute lung injury</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-lymphoblastic-leukaemia-pro">Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-monoarthritis">Acute monoarthritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-myeloid-leukaemia-pro">Acute myeloid leukaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-myocardial-infarction">Acute myocardial infarction</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-myocardial-infarction-management">Acute myocardial infarction management</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-nephritis">Acute nephritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-on-chronic-kidney-disease">Acute on chronic kidney disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-optic-neuritis">Acute optic neuritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-otitis-media-in-adults">Acute otitis media in adults</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-otitis-media-in-children">Acute otitis media in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-pancreatitis-pro">Acute pancreatitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-pituitary-failure">Acute pituitary failure</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-poisoning-general-measures">Acute poisoning</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-polyarthritis">Acute polyarthritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-pulmonary-oedema">Acute pulmonary oedema</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-kidney-injury-pro">Acute renal failure</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-severe-asthma-and-status-asthmaticus">Acute severe asthma and status asthmaticus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-stress-reaction-pro">Acute stress reaction</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/surgical-emergencies-in-childhood.htm">Acute surgical emergencies in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tonsillitis-pro">Acute tonsillitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-urinary-retention">Acute urinary retention</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-phase-proteins-crp-esr-and-viscosity">Acute-phase proteins, CRP, ESR and viscosity</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/osteogenesis-imperfecta">Adair-Dighton syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/adrenal-insufficiency-and-addisons-disease">Addison's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/adrenal-crisis">Addisonian crisis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/frozen-shoulder-pro">Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/adrenal-crisis">Adrenal crisis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/adrenal-insufficiency-and-addisons-disease">Adrenal insufficiency and Addison's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/adult-cardiopulmonary-arrest">Adult advanced life support (ALS)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/management-of-adult-asthma">Adult asthma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/adult-cardiopulmonary-arrest">Adult cardiopulmonary arrest</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/autosomal-dominant-polycystic-kidney-disease">Adult polycystic kidney disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/advance-care-planning">Advance care planning</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/alpha-fetoprotein">AFP - alpha-fetoprotein</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/age-related-macular-degeneration-pro">Age-related macular degeneration</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/agoraphobia-pro">Agoraphobia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acquired-immune-deficiency-syndrome-aids">AIDS - acquired immune deficiency syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/airways-and-intubation">Airways and intubation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/albinism-pro">Albinism</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/alcoholism-and-alcohol-misuse-management">Alcoholism and alcohol dependence</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/alcoholism-and-alcohol-misuse-recognition-and-assessment">Alcoholism and alcohol misuse - recognition and assessment</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-pro">Algodystrophy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/alkaptonuria.htm">Alkaptonuria</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/allergic-conjunctivitis-pro">Allergic conjunctivitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/allergic-phenomena">Allergic phenomena</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/allergic-rhinitis-pro">Allergic rhinitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/alopecia">Alopecia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/alpha-1-antitrypsin-deficiency-pro">Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/alpha-fetoprotein">Alpha-fetoprotein</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/complementary-and-alternative-medicine">Alternative medicine</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/alzheimers-disease">Alzheimer's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ambiguous-genitalia">Ambiguous genitalia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/amblyopia-pro">Amblyopia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ambulatory-blood-pressure-monitoring">Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ambulatory-ecg-monitoring-and-related-investigations">Ambulatory ECG monitoring and related investigations</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/age-related-macular-degeneration-pro">AMD/ARMD</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/amenorrhoea">Amenorrhoea</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-myeloid-leukaemia-pro">AML - acute myeloid leukaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/amniocentesis-pro">Amniocentesis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/amoebiasis-pro">Amoebiasis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/amfetamine-(amphetamine)-abuse-and-intoxication.htm">Amphetamine abuse and intoxication</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/amyloidosis-pro">Amyloidosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/motor-neurone-disease-pro">Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/iron-deficiency-anaemia-pro">Anaemia - iron deficiency</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anaemia-in-chronic-kidney-disease">Anaemia in chronic kidney disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anaemia-in-pregnancy">Anaemia in pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anaemia-of-chronic-disease">Anaemia of chronic disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anal-carcinoma">Anal carcinoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anal-fissure-pro">Anal fissure</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/analgesic-nephropathy">Analgesic nephropathy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/medication-overuse-headache-and-headache-triggers">Analgesic rebound headache</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pain-and-pain-relief">Analgesics</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anaphylaxis-and-its-treatment">Anaphylaxis and its treatment</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anderson-fabry-disease">Anderson-Fabry disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/aneurysms-and-dissection-of-arteries">Aneurysms and dissection of arteries</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/angelmans-syndrome">Angelman's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/microvascular-angina-cardiac-syndrome-x-pro">Angina - microvascular</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/coronary-artery-vasospasm">Angina - Prinzmetal's</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/stable-angina-2">Angina - stable</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/angio-oedema-pro">Angio-oedema</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/percutaneous-coronary-intervention">Angioplasty - coronary</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitors">Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/angle-closure-glaucoma">Angle-closure glaucoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ankle-fractures">Ankle fractures</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ankle-injuries-pro">Ankle injuries and sprains</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ankle-joint-replacements">Ankle joint replacements</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ankylosing-spondylitis-pro">Ankylosing spondylitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anogenital-warts-pro">Anogenital warts</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anorectal-abscess">Anorectal abscess</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anorexia-nervosa-pro">Anorexia nervosa</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antenatal-care">Antenatal care</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antenatal-examinations">Antenatal examinations and diagnosis of pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antenatal-infections-and-their-consequences">Antenatal infections and their consequences</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antenatal-mental-health-problems">Antenatal mental health problems</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prenatal-screening-for-downs-syndrome">Antenatal screening for Down's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antepartum-haemorrhage">Antepartum haemorrhage</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anterior-knee-pain">Anterior knee pain</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anthrax-pro">Anthrax</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anti-arrhythmic-drugs">Anti-arrhythmic drugs</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anti-d-rho-immunoglobulin">Anti-D (Rho) immunoglobulin</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anti-inflammatory-eye-preparations">Anti-inflammatory eye preparations</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anti-tumour-necrosis-factor-alpha-anti-tnf-alpha">Anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/treating-infections-phe">Antibiotic prescription - PHE</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/oral-anticoagulants">Anticoagulants - oral</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anticonvulsants-used-for-focal-seizures">Anticonvulsants used for focal seizures</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anticonvulsants-used-for-generalised-seizures">Anticonvulsants used for generalised seizures</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antifibrinolytic-drugs-and-haemostatics">Antifibrinolytic drugs and haemostatics</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antifungal-medications">Antifungal medications</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antihistamines-pro">Antihistamines</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antihyperglycaemic-agents-used-for-type-2-diabetes">Antihyperglycaemic agents used for type 2 diabetes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antimicrobial-eye-preparations">Antimicrobial eye preparations</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antiphospholipid-syndrome-pro">Antiphospholipid syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antiplatelet-drugs">Antiplatelet drugs</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antiretroviral-agents">Antiretroviral agents</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dissocial-personality-disorder">Antisocial personality disorder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/generalised-anxiety-disorder-pro">Anxiety - generalised anxiety disorder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/social-anxiety-disorder-pro">Anxiety - social anxiety disorder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/thoracic-aortic-aneurysms">Aortic aneurysms - thoracic</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/aortic-dissection">Aortic dissection</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/aortic-regurgitation-pro">Aortic regurgitation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/aortic-stenosis-pro">Aortic stenosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neonatal-examination">Apgar score and neonatal examination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/aplastic-anaemia">Aplastic anaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/apolipoproteins">Apolipoproteins</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/appendicitis-pro">Appendicitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dyspraxia-and-apraxia">Apraxia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-adult-respiratory-distress-syndrome">ARDS - acute respiratory distress syndrome - adult</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-kidney-injury-pro">ARF - acute renal failure</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/crigler-najjar-syndrome">Arias' syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chiari-malformations">Arnold-Chiari malformation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/arrhythmogenic-right-ventricular-cardiomyopathy">Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/arsenic-poisoning">Arsenic poisoning</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/arterial-blood-gases-indications-and-interpretation">Arterial blood gases - indications and interpretation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/juvenile-idiopathic-arthritis-pro">Arthritis - juvenile</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rheumatoid-arthritis-pro">Arthritis - rheumatoid</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/asbestos-related-diseases-pro">Asbestos-related diseases</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ascites">Ascites</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ascites-tapping">Ascites tapping</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/aspergers-syndrome">Asperger's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/aspergillosis">Aspergillosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/aspiration-pneumonia-pro">Aspiration pneumonia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/centile-charts-and-assessing-growth">Assessing growth</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/assessing-renal-function">Assessing renal function</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/assessment-of-drug-dependence">Assessment of drug dependence</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/assessment-of-the-patient-with-established-diabetes">Assessment of the patient with established diabetes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/asteatotic-eczema-eczema-craquele">Asteatotic eczema</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/asthma-pro">Asthma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-severe-asthma-and-status-asthmaticus">Asthma - acute severe and status asthmaticus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diagnosing-childhood-asthma-in-primary-care">Asthma - diagnosing childhood asthma in primary care</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/management-of-adult-asthma">Asthma - management of adult asthma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/management-of-childhood-asthma">Asthma - management of childhood asthma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/occupational-asthma">Asthma - occupational</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/asthma-action-plans">Asthma action plans</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/atherosclerosis">Atherosclerosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/trauma-assessment">ATLS - trauma assessment</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/trauma-triage-and-scoring">ATLS - triage and scoring</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/atopic-dermatitis-and-eczema">Atopic dermatitis and eczema</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/atrial-fibrillation-pro">Atrial fibrillation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/atrial-flutter">Atrial flutter</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/atrial-septal-defect-pro">Atrial septal defect</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/atrophic-vaginitis">Atrophic vaginitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-pro">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hearing-tests-pro">Audiometry</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/audit-and-audit-cycle">Audit and audit cycle</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/audit-of-diabetes-care">Audit of diabetes care</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/autistic-spectrum-disorders-pro">Autistic spectrum disorders</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/autoimmune-hepatitis-pro">Autoimmune hepatitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/autoimmune-lymphoproliferative-syndrome">Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/autonomic-neuropathy">Autonomic neuropathy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/autosomal-recessive-polycystic-kidney-disease">Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/axillary-vein-thrombosis">Axillary vein thrombosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pernicious-anaemia-and-b12-deficiency">B12 deficiency</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/baby-colic-pro">Baby colic</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/radial-head-subluxation">Babysitter's elbow</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/shigellosis">Bacillary dysentery</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/examination-of-the-spine">Back examination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/back-pain-in-children">Back pain in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bacterial-vaginosis-pro">Bacterial vaginosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/halitosis">Bad breath</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nightmare-disorder">Bad dreams</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bakers-cyst-pro">Baker's cyst</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pathogenic-free-living-amoeba">Balamuthia mandrillaris</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/balanitis-pro">Balanitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/alopecia">Baldness</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bornholm-disease-pro">Bamble disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bariatric-surgery">Bariatric surgery</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/barium-enema-examination">Barium enema examination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/barretts-oesophagus-pro">Barrett's oesophagus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bartholins-cyst-and-abscess-pro">Bartholin's cyst and abscess</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypokalaemic-alkalosis">Bartter's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/basal-cell-carcinoma">Basal cell carcinoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/batten's-sydrome.htm">Batten's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/erythema-induratum">Bazin's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bcg-vaccination">BCG vaccination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/familial-benign-pemphigus">BCPM - benign chronic pemphigus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/beckers-muscular-dystrophy">Becker's muscular dystrophy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/becker's-naevus.htm">Becker's naevus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pressure-ulcers-pro">Bed sores</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bedbugs-pro">Bedbugs</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nocturnal-enuresis-in-children">Bedwetting in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/common-behavioural-problems-in-children">Behavioural problems in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cognitive-and-behavioural-therapies">Behavioural therapies</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/behcets-disease-pro">Behçet's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/facial-nerve-palsy">Bell's palsy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hormone-replacement-therapy-including-benefits-and-risks">Benefits and risks of HRT</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/benign-breast-disease">Benign breast disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/familial-benign-pemphigus">Benign chronic pemphigus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/benign-congenital-hypotonia">Benign congenital hypotonia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-pro">Benign intracranial hypertension</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/benign-liver-tumours">Benign liver tumours</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/benign-ovarian-tumours">Benign ovarian tumours</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/benign-paroxysmal-positional-vertigo-pro">Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia">Benign prostatic hyperplasia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/benign-skin-tumours">Benign skin tumours</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/benign-thyroid-tumours">Benign thyroid tumours</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bennetts-fracture-and-other-thumb-injuries">Bennett's fracture and other thumb injuries</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/benzodiazepine-dependence">Benzodiazepine dependence</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/iga-nephropathy-bergers-disease-pro">Berger's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/horners-syndrome">Bernard-Horner syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bicipital-tendinopathy">Bicipital tendinopathy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bile-acid-malabsorptiondiarrhoea-pro">Bile acid malabsorption and diarrhoea</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/biliary-atresia">Biliary atresia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gallstones-and-cholecystitis">Biliary colic and gallstones</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bilirubinuria">Bilirubinuria</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/renal-biopsy">Biopsy - renal</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bipolar-disorder-pro">Bipolar disorder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/birdshot-retinochoroidopathy">Birdshot retinochoroidopathy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/birt-hogg-dube-syndrome">Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/birth-injuries-to-the-baby">Birth injuries to the baby</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/snake-bites">Bites - snake</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bladder-cancer-pro">Bladder cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/catheterising-bladders">Bladder catheterisation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/blepharitis-pro">Blepharitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/blepharospasm">Blepharospasm</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/blind-loop-syndrome">Blind loop syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/blind-treatment-of-bacterial-infection">Blind treatment of bacterial infection</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bullous-dermatoses-blisters-and-bullae">Blisters</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/blood-cancers">Blood cancers</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/peripheral-blood-film">Blood film peripheral</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/self-monitoring-in-diabetes-mellitus">Blood glucose monitoring in diabetes mellitus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sepsis-septicaemia-pro">Blood poisoning</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ambulatory-blood-pressure-monitoring">Blood pressure monitoring - ambulatory</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/blood-transfusion-reactions">Blood transfusion reactions</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/blount's-disease.htm">Blount's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/blue-naevus">Blue naevus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/blurred-vision">Blurred vision</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/brain-natriuretic-peptide">BNP - brain natriuretic peptide</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/body-cavity-filariasis">Body cavity filariasis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/body-dysmorphic-disorder-pro">Body dysmorphic disorder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pubic-and-body-lice-pro">Body lice</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/boils-and-carbuncles">Boils and carbuncles</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bone-marrow-and-bone-marrow-failure">Bone marrow and bone marrow failure</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bone-tumours">Bone tumours</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/emotionally-unstable-personality-disorder">Borderline personality disorder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/whooping-cough-pro">Bordetella pertussis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/whooping-cough-vaccination">Bordetella pertussis vaccination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bornholm-disease-pro">Bornholm disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bowel-colonic-polyps-pro">Bowel (colonic) polyps</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/colorectal-cancer">Bowel cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/screening-for-the-early-detection-of-colorectal-cancer">Bowel cancer (screening and early detection)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bowel-ischaemia">Bowel ischaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bowens-disease-pro">Bowen's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/brachial-plexus-assessment-and-common-injuries">Brachial plexus assessment and common injuries</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bradycardia">Bradycardia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/brain-natriuretic-peptide">Brain natriuretic peptide</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/brain-tumours-in-children">Brain tumours in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/moraxella-catarrhalis">Branhamella catarrhalis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/breaking-bad-news">Breaking bad news</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/breakthrough-bleeding-with-combined-hormonal-contraception">Breakthrough bleeding with combined hormonal contraception</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/breast-cancer-pro">Breast cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/familial-breast-cancer">Breast cancer - familial</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/male-breast-cancer">Breast cancer - male</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/infant-feeding">Breast Feeding</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/breast-lumps-and-breast-examination">Breast lumps and breast examination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/breast-pain-pro">Breast pain</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/breast-screening-with-mammography">Breast screening with mammography</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/breathlessness">Breathlessness</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/breech-presentations">Breech presentations</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/osteogenesis-imperfecta">Brittle bone syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/broad-complex-tachycardias">Broad complex tachycardias</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/asthma-pro">Bronchial asthma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bronchiectasis-pro">Bronchiectasis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bronchiolitis-pro">Bronchiolitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lower-respiratory-tract-infection-in-children">Bronchitis in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bronchopulmonary-dysplasia">Bronchopulmonary dysplasia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/brown-sequards-syndrome">Brown-Séquard syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cicatricial-pemphigoid">Brunsting-Perry disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/budd-chiari-syndrome-pro">Budd-Chiari syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/buergers-disease-pro">Buerger's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bulbar-and-pseudobulbar-palsy">Bulbar palsy and pseudobulbar palsy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bulimia-nervosa-pro">Bulimia nervosa</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bullous-dermatoses-blisters-and-bullae">Bullous dermatoses</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bullous-pemphigoid-pro">Bullous pemphigoid</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bullying-pro">Bullying</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hallux-valgus">Bunions</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/burkitts-lymphoma">Burkitt's lymphoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/occupational-burnout">Burnout</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/burnout-in-primary-care">Burnout in primary care</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/burnout-questionnaire-work-wellbeing-support">Burnout questionnaire - work wellbeing support</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/burns-assessment-and-management">Burns - assessment and management</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/olecranon-bursitis">Bursitis - olecranon</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/buruli-ulcer.htm">Buruli ulcer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/crush-syndrome">Bywater's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hereditary-angio-oedema">C1 inhibitor deficiency</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/coronary-artery-bypass-grafting">CABG - coronary artery bypass grafting</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cachexia">Cachexia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/caesarean-section">Caesarean section</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/severs-disease-pro">Calcaneal apophysitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/calcium-pyrophosphate-deposition-including-pseudogout-pro">Calcium pyrophosphate deposition</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/calcium-channel-blockers-pro">Calcium-channel blockers</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/perthes-disease-pro">Calvé-Legg-Perthes disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/campbell-de-morgan-spot">Campbell de Morgan spot</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/campylobacter-enteritis">Campylobacteriosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gastric-cancer">Cancer - gastric</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/oesophageal-cancer-pro">Cancer - oesophageal</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pancreatic-endocrine-tumours">Cancer - pancreatic endocrine tumours</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pancreatic-exocrine-tumours">Cancer - pancreatic exocrine tumours</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/renal-cancer">Cancer - renal</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cancer-antigen-125-ca-125">Cancer antigen 125</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/looking-after-people-with-cancer">Cancer care</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/colorectal-cancer">Cancer of the bowel</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/breast-cancer-pro">Cancer of the breast</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/familial-breast-cancer">Cancer of the breast - familial</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/male-breast-cancer">Cancer of the breast - male</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/breast-screening-with-mammography">Cancer of the breast - screening</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/laryngeal-cancer">Cancer of the larynx</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vulval-cancer-and-vulval-intraepithelial-neoplasia">Cancer of the vulva</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/head-and-neck-cancers">Cancers of the head and neck</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cancers-of-the-oral-cavity">Cancers of the oral cavity</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cancrum-oris-noma">Cancrum oris</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/candidiasis">Candidiasis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cannabis-use-and-abuse">Cannabis use and abuse</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cannabis-based-medicinal-products">Cannabis-based medicinal products</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/caplan's-syndrome.htm">Caplan's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/boils-and-carbuncles">Carbuncles and boils</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/carcinoembryonic-antigen-cea">Carcinoembryonic antigen</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/carcinoid-tumours">Carcinoid tumours</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/carcinomatosis">Carcinomatosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/adult-cardiopulmonary-arrest">Cardiac arrest protocols</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cardiac-catheterisation-pro">Cardiac catheterisation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cardiac-disease-in-pregnancy">Cardiac disease in pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cardiac-enzymes-and-markers-for-myocardial-infarction">Cardiac enzymes and markers for myocardial infarction</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nuclear-cardiology-and-other-cardiac-scans">Cardiac investigations</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cardiac-rehabilitation">Cardiac rehabilitation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/microvascular-angina-cardiac-syndrome-x-pro">Cardiac syndrome X</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cardiac-tamponade">Cardiac tamponade</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cardiac-transplant">Cardiac transplant</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cardiac-tumours">Cardiac tumours</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cardiac-type-chest-pain-presenting-in-primary-care">Cardiac-type chest pain presenting in primary care</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cardiogenic-shock">Cardiogenic shock</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cardiomyopathies">Cardiomyopathies</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dilated-cardiomyopathies">Cardiomyopathies - dilated</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/arrhythmogenic-right-ventricular-cardiomyopathy">Cardiomyopathy - arrhythmogenic right ventricular</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy-pro">Cardiomyopathy - hypertrophic</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/restrictive-cardiomyopathy">Cardiomyopathy - restrictive</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cardiovascular-history-and-examination">Cardiovascular history and examination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cardiovascular-risk-assessment">Cardiovascular risk assessment</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/carotid-artery-stenosis">Carotid artery stenosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/carotid-sinus-hypersensitivity">Carotid sinus hypersensitivity</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/carpal-fractures-and-dislocations">Carpal fractures and dislocations</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/carpal-tunnel-syndrome-and-median-nerve-lesions">Carpal tunnel syndrome and median nerve lesions</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/meniscal-tears-and-other-knee-cartilage-injuries-pro">Cartilage injuries - knee</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/narcolepsy-and-cataplexy-pro">Cataplexy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cataracts-and-cataract-surgery">Cataracts and cataract surgery</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/catatonia-and-catalepsy">Catatonia and catalepsy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/catheterising-bladders">Catheterising bladders</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cauda-equina-syndrome-pro">Cauda equina syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tolosa-hunt-syndrome">Cavernous sinus syndrome/granulomatosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/congenital-cystic-adenomatoid-malformation-pro">CCAM - congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/developmental-dysplasia-of-the-hip-pro">CDH - congenital dislocation of the hip</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/carcinoembryonic-antigen-cea">CEA - carcinoembryonic antigen</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/orbital-and-preseptal-cellulitis">Cellulitis - orbital and preseptal</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cellulitis-and-erysipelas-pro">Cellulitis and erysipelas</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/centile-charts-and-assessing-growth">Centile charts and assessing growth</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cerebellar-disorders">Cerebellar disorders</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cerebral-palsy-pro">Cerebral palsy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/intracranial-venous-thrombosis">Cerebral vein thrombosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cerebrovascular-event-rehabilitation">Cerebrovascular event rehabilitation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cerebrovascular-events">Cerebrovascular events</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cervical-cancer-pro">Cervical cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cervical-ribs-and-thoracic-outlet-syndrome">Cervical ribs and thoracic outlet syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cervical-screening-cervical-smear-test-pro">Cervical screening</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cervical-spondylosis-pro">Cervical spondylosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neck-pain-cervicalgia-and-torticollis">Cervicalgia (neck pain)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cestodes-tapeworms">Cestodes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/myalgic-encephalomyelitischronic-fatigue-syndrome-mecfs-pro">CFS - chronic fatigue syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chalazion-pro">Chalazion</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neuropathic-joints-charcot-joints">Charcot joints</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/charcot-marie-tooth-disease">Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/charles-bonnet-syndrome-pro">Charles Bonnet syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/congenital-heart-disease-in-adults">CHD in adults</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/congenital-heart-disease-in-children">CHD in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chediak-higashi-syndrome">Chediak-Higashi syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chest-deformity">Chest deformity</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chest-pain-pro">Chest pain</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chest-x-ray-systematic-approach">Chest X-ray - systematic approach</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cheyne-stokes-and-abnormal-patterns-of-respiration">Cheyne-Stokes and abnormal patterns of respiration</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chiari-malformations">Chiari malformations</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chickenpox-pro">Chickenpox</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ill-and-feverish-child">Child - ill and feverish</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/child-attachment-disorder-pro">Child attachment disorder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/healthy-child-programme">Child health surveillance</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/six-week-baby-check">Child health surveillance - six week review</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/congenital-hiv-and-childhood-aids">Childhood AIDS</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/childhood-anaemia">Childhood anaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/childhood-and-congenital-hypothyroidism">Childhood and congenital hypothyroidism</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/childhood-diarrhoea">Childhood diarrhoea</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/childhood-disintegrative-disorder-hellers-syndrome">Childhood disintegrative disorder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lennox-gastaut-syndrome">Childhood epileptic encephalopathy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/childhood-gastro-oesophageal-reflux-pro">Childhood gastro-oesophageal reflux</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/childhood-ketoacidosis">Childhood ketoacidosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/migraine-in-children">Childhood migraine</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/childhood-nutrition">Childhood nutrition</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/obstructive-sleep-apnoea-syndrome-in-children">Childhood obstructive sleep apnoea</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/children-with-respiratory-difficulties">Children with respiratory difficulties</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chlamydial-genital-infection">Chlamydial genital infection</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/melasma-chloasma-pro">Chloasma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chlorine-gas">Chlorine gas</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/choking-and-foreign-body-airway-obstruction-fbao">Choking and foreign body airway obstruction</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cholangiocarcinoma">Cholangiocarcinoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cholangitis">Cholangitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gallstones-and-cholecystitis">Cholecystitis and gallstones</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/choledochal-cysts">Choledochal cysts</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cholera-and-cholera-vaccination">Cholera and cholera vaccination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cholestasis">Cholestasis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/obstetric-cholestasis-pro">Cholestasis - obstetric</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cholesteatoma-pro">Cholesteatoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cholesterol-emboli">Cholesterol emboli</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cholesterol-lowering-sterols-and-stanols">Cholesterol-lowering sterols and stanols</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chondrodermatitis-nodularis">Chondrodermatitis nodularis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anterior-knee-pain">Chondromalacia patellae</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chorionic-villus-sampling-pro">Chorionic villus sampling</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chorioretinal-inflammation">Chorioretinal inflammation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/choroidal-disorders">Choroidal disorders</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/choroidal-melanoma">Choroidal melanoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diamond-blackfan-syndrome">Chronic congenital erythrogenesis imperfecta</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-persistent-cough-in-adults-pro">Chronic cough in adults</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-cough-in-children">Chronic cough in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-diarrhoea-in-adults">Chronic diarrhoea in adults</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/myalgic-encephalomyelitischronic-fatigue-syndrome-mecfs-pro">Chronic fatigue syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-hepatitis">Chronic hepatitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-kidney-disease-pro">Chronic kidney disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-lymphocytic-leukaemia-pro">Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-myeloid-leukaemia-pro">Chronic myeloid leukaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-pro">Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/primary-open-angle-glaucoma">Chronic open-angle glaucoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-pain">Chronic pain</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-pancreatitis-pro">Chronic pancreatitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prostatitis">Chronic pelvic pain syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-pericarditis">Chronic pericarditis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-plaque-psoriasis">Chronic plaque psoriasis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-kidney-disease-pro">Chronic renal failure</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-suppurative-otitis-media">Chronic suppurative otitis media</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tonsillitis-pro">Chronic tonsilitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-urinary-retention">Chronic urinary retention</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/churg-strauss-syndrome-pro">Churg-Strauss syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cicatricial-pemphigoid">Cicatricial pemphigoid</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/circumcision-pro">Circumcision</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cirrhosis-pro">Cirrhosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease">CJD - Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-kidney-disease-pro">CKD - chronic kidney disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/intradermal-and-compound-naevi">Classic skin-coloured mole</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/classifying-open-fractures">Classifying open fractures</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/clavicle-fracture">Clavicle fracture</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/toe-deformities">Claw toes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-lymphocytic-leukaemia-pro">CLL - chronic lymphocytic leukaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pseudomembranous-colitis">Clostridioides difficile</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/talipes-equinovarus">Club foot</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cluster-headaches-pro">Cluster headaches</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-myeloid-leukaemia-pro">CML - Chronic myeloid leukaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/congenital-nasolacrimal-duct-obstruction">CNLDO - congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/coarctation-of-the-aorta-pro">Coarctation of the aorta</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/combined-oral-contraceptive-pill-first-prescription">COC pill - first prescription</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cocaine-addiction-and-abuse">Cocaine addiction and abuse</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/combined-oral-contraceptive-pill-follow-up-and-common-problems">COCP - follow-up and common problems</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/coeliac-disease-pro">Coeliac disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/coenzyme-q10">Coenzyme Q10</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cognitive-and-behavioural-therapies">Cognitive and behavioural therapies</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/screening-for-cognitive-impairment">Cognitive impairment screening</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cold-injury">Cold injury</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/oral-herpes-simplex">Cold sores</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/coloboma">Coloboma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/colorectal-cancer">Colorectal cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/screening-for-the-early-detection-of-colorectal-cancer">Colorectal cancer (screening and early detection)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/colour-vision-and-its-disorders">Colour vision and its disorders</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/colposcopy-and-cervical-treatments-pro">Colposcopy and cervical treatments</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/combined-hormonal-contraception-pill-patch-vaginal-ring">Combined hormonal contraception - pill, patch and vaginal ring</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/combined-oral-contraceptive-pill-follow-up-and-common-problems">Combined oral contraceptive pill - follow-up and common problems</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/combined-oral-contraceptive-pill-first-prescription">Combined oral contraceptive pill- first prescription</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/common-behavioural-problems-in-children">Common behavioural problems in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/uterine-cervix-and-common-cervical-abnormalities">Common cervical abnormalities</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/common-childhood-rashes">Common childhood rashes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/common-cold-coryza">Common cold</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/common-postoperative-complications-pro">Common postoperative complications</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/common-problems-in-pregnancy-pro">Common problems in pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/community-care">Community care</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/compartment-syndrome-pro">Compartment syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/complementary-and-alternative-medicine">Complementary and alternative medicine</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-pro">Complex regional pain syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/complications-from-fractures">Complications from fractures</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/complications-of-acute-myocardial-infarction">Complications of acute myocardial infarction</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/complications-of-hiv-infection">Complications of HIV infection</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/classifying-open-fractures">Compound fractures</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/compulsory-hospitalisation">Compulsory hospitalisation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/computerised-tomography-ct-scans">Computed tomography</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/conditions-affecting-the-external-eye">Conditions affecting the external eye</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-pro">Congenital adrenal hyperplasia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/congenital-cystic-adenomatoid-malformation-pro">Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia">Congenital diaphragmatic hernia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/developmental-dysplasia-of-the-hip-pro">Congenital dislocation of the hip</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/moebius-syndrome.htm">Congenital facial diplegia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/congenital-gastrointestinal-malformations">Congenital gastrointestinal malformations</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/congenital-heart-disease-in-adults">Congenital heart disease in adults</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/congenital-heart-disease-in-children">Congenital heart disease in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/congenital-hiv-and-childhood-aids">Congenital HIV and childhood AIDS</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/congenital-nasolacrimal-duct-obstruction">Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/congenital-pigmented-naevus">Congenital pigmented naevus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/congenital-primary-glaucoma">Congenital primary glaucoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rubella-and-pregnancy">Congenital rubella syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/congenital-urogenital-malformations">Congenital urogenital malformations</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/congenital-perinatal-and-neonatal-infections">Congenital, perinatal and neonatal infections</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diagnosing-conjunctival-problems">Conjunctival problems - diagnosing</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/conjunctivitis">Conjunctivitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/allergic-conjunctivitis-pro">Conjunctivitis - allergic</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/infective-conjunctivitis-pro">Conjunctivitis - infective</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ophthalmia-neonatorum">Conjunctivitis - newborn</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/connective-tissue-diseases-in-pregnancy">Connective tissue diseases in pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/consent-to-treatment-mental-capacity-and-mental-health-legislation">Consent to treatment</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/consent-to-treatment-in-children-mental-capacity-and-mental-health-legislation">Consent to treatment in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/constipation-in-adults-pro">Constipation in adults</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/constipation-in-children-pro">Constipation in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/consultation-analysis">Consultation analysis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/contact-and-occupational-dermatitis">Contact and occupational dermatitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/contact-lens-problems">Contact lens problems</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/contact-lenses-types-and-care">Contact lenses</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/contraception-general-overview">Contraception</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/breakthrough-bleeding-with-combined-hormonal-contraception">Contraception - breakthrough bleeding</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/combined-oral-contraceptive-pill-first-prescription">Contraception - combined oral pill first prescription</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/combined-oral-contraceptive-pill-follow-up-and-common-problems">Contraception - combined oral pill follow-up and common problems</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/emergency-contraception-pro">Contraception - emergency</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ethnocultural-issues-in-contraception">Contraception - ethnocultural issues</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/female-barrier-methods-of-contraception">Contraception - female barrier methods</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/progestogen-only-injectable-contraceptives">Contraception - injectable</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/intrauterine-contraceptive-device-pro">Contraception - intrauterine contraceptive device IUCD</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/missed-contraceptive-pills">Contraception - missed contraceptive pills</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/postpartum-contraception">Contraception - postpartum</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/progestogen-only-contraceptive-pill-pro">Contraception - progestogen-only contraceptive pill</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/spermicidal-contraception">Contraception - spermicidal</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/contraception-and-special-groups">Contraception and special groups</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/contraception-from-40-to-the-menopause-pro">Contraception from 40 to the menopause</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/female-barrier-methods-of-contraception">Contraceptive caps and diaphragms</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/controlled-drugs">Controlled drugs</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-exacerbations-of-copd">COPD - acute exacerbations</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-pro">COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diagnosing-copd">COPD - diagnosing</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/management-of-stable-copd">COPD - management of stable</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/use-of-oxygen-therapy-in-copd">COPD - use of oxygen therapy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cor-pulmonale">Cor pulmonale</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prolapsed-cord">Cord prolapse</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/corneal-foreign-bodies-injuries-and-abrasions">Corneal abrasions, foreign bodies and injuries</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/corneal-microcysts.htm">Corneal microcysts</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/corneal-problems-acute-and-non-acute">Corneal problems - acute and non-acute</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/keratoplasty">Corneal transplant</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/percutaneous-coronary-intervention">Coronary angioplasty</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/coronary-artery-bypass-grafting">Coronary artery bypass grafting</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/coronary-artery-calcium-score">Coronary artery calcium score</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/coronary-artery-vasospasm">Coronary artery vasospasm</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/epidemiology-of-coronary-heart-disease">Coronary heart disease (epidemiology)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/coronary-revascularisation">Coronary revascularisation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/corticosteroids-and-corticosteroid-replacement-therapy">Corticosteroids and corticosteroid replacement therapy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/common-cold-coryza">Coryza</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/costochondritis-and-tietzes-syndrome">Costochondritis and Tietze's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sudden-infant-death-syndrome">Cot death</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-persistent-cough-in-adults-pro">Cough - chronic</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/haemoptysis">Coughing up blood</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pre-pregnancy-counselling">Counselling - pre-pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/covid">COVID</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cows-milk-protein-allergy-pro">Cow's milk protein allergy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/coxsackievirus-infection">Coxsackievirus infection</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/infant-seborrhoeic-dermatitis">Cradle cap</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/muscle-cramps">Cramps</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/giant-cell-arteritis-pro">Cranial arteritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diabetes-insipidus-pro">Cranial diabetes insipidus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cranial-nerve-lesions">Cranial nerve lesions</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/craniopharyngiomas">Craniopharyngiomas</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease">Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-kidney-disease-pro">CRF - chronic renal failure</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/crigler-najjar-syndrome">Crigler-Najjar syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/crisis-intervention">Crisis intervention</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/different-levels-of-evidence">Critical reading</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/crohns-disease-pro">Crohn's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/croup-pro">Croup</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-phase-proteins-crp-esr-and-viscosity">CRP - C-reactive protein</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-pro">CRPS - complex regional pain syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/crush-syndrome">Crush syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pulmonary-fibrosis">Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cryptosporidiosis">Cryptosporidiosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/crystal-methamfetamine-drug-abuse">Crystal methamphetamine drug abuse</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ct-head-scanning-indications">CT head scanning indications</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/computerised-tomography-ct-scans">CT scans</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cubital-tunnel-syndrome">Cubital tunnel syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cushings-syndrome-pro">Cushing's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cutaneous-filariasis">Cutaneous filariasis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cutaneous-larva-migrans">Cutaneous larva migrans</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mycosis-fungoides-and-cutaneous-t-cell-lymphomas">Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cyanosis">Cyanosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cyclical-vomiting-syndrome-pro">Cyclical vomiting syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chalazion-pro">Cyst - meibomian</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chalazion-pro">Cyst - tarsal</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cystic-fibrosis-pro">Cystic fibrosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/urinary-tract-infection-in-adults">Cystitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/interstitial-cystitispainful-bladder-syndrome-pro">Cystitis - interstitial</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/genitourinary-prolapse-pro">Cystocoele and rectocoele</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/epidermoid-and-pilar-cysts-sebaceous-cysts-pro">Cysts - epidermoid/pilar/sebaceous</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/epididymal-cysts">Cysts - epididymal</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cytotoxic-antibiotics">Cytotoxic antibiotics</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dacryocystitis-and-canaliculitis">Dacryocystitis and canaliculitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/developmental-dysplasia-of-the-hip-pro">DDH - development dysplasia of the hip</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/de-clerambaults-syndrome">De Clérambault's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/septo-optic-dysplasia">De Morsier syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/deafness-in-children">Deafness in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/death-recognition-and-certification">Death certification</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/decision-aids">Decision aids</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/decongestant-treatments-what-are-the-options-and-what-works-best">Decongestant treatments - what are the options and what works best?</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pressure-ulcers-pro">Decubitus ulcers</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/deep-vein-thrombosis-pro">Deep vein thrombosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prevention-of-venous-thromboembolism">Deep vein thrombosis prevention</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/defibrillation-and-cardioversion">Defibrillation and cardioversion</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dehydration-in-children">Dehydration in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/delay-in-talking">Delay in talking</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/delay-in-walking">Delay in walking</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/delayed-puberty">Delayed puberty</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/delirium-pro">Delirium</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/delusions-and-hallucinations">Delusions and hallucinations</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dementia-pro">Dementia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/supporting-the-family-of-people-with-dementia">Dementia - help and advice for relatives of patients with dementia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vascular-dementia">Dementia - vascular</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/screening-for-cognitive-impairment">Dementia screening</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dementia-with-lewy-bodies">Dementia with Lewy bodies</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dengue-2">Dengue</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/some-dental-and-periodontal-diseases">Dental and periodontal diseases</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/depression-pro">Depression</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/depression-in-children-and-adolescents">Depression in children and adolescents</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/depression-in-pregnancy">Depression in pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/atopic-dermatitis-and-eczema">Dermatitis - atopic</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/contact-and-occupational-dermatitis">Dermatitis - contact and occupational</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dermatitis-artefacta">Dermatitis artefacta</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dermatitis-herpetiformis-pro">Dermatitis herpetiformis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dermatofibroma-pro">Dermatofibroma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dermatological-descriptive-terms">Dermatological descriptive terms</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dermatological-history-and-examination">Dermatological history and examination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dermatophytosis-tinea-infections">Dermatophytosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diabetes-education-and-self-management-programmes">DESMOND - diabetes education and self-management for ongoing and newly diagnosed</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/overactive-bladder">Detrusor instability</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dyspraxia-and-apraxia">Developmental co-ordination disorder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/developmental-dysplasia-of-the-hip-pro">Developmental dysplasia of the hip</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/di-guglielmo's-syndrome.htm">Di Guglielmo's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gestational-diabetes">Diabetes - gestational</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/the-patient-with-newly-diagnosed-diabetes">Diabetes - newly diagnosed</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/self-monitoring-in-diabetes-mellitus">Diabetes - self-monitoring in diabetes mellitus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/management-of-type-1-diabetes">Diabetes (type 1) management</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/management-of-type-2-diabetes">Diabetes (type 2) management</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diabetes-with-hypertension">Diabetes and hypertension</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diabetes-and-intercurrent-illness">Diabetes and intercurrent illness</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diabetes-diet-and-exercise">Diabetes diet and exercise</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diabetes-education-and-self-management-programmes">Diabetes education and self-management programmes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diabetes-in-pregnancy">Diabetes in pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diabetes-insipidus-pro">Diabetes insipidus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diabetes-mellitus-pro">Diabetes mellitus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/precautions-for-patients-with-diabetes-undergoing-surgery">Diabetes patients and surgery</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prevention-of-type-2-diabetes">Diabetes prevention (type 2)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diabetic-amyotrophy-pro">Diabetic amyotrophy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diabetic-foot">Diabetic foot</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/childhood-ketoacidosis">Diabetic ketoacidosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diabetic-ketoacidosis">Diabetic ketoacidosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diabetic-nephropathy">Diabetic nephropathy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diabetic-neuropathy-pro">Diabetic neuropathy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diabetic-retinopathy-and-diabetic-eye-problems">Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic eye problems</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diagnosing-childhood-asthma-in-primary-care">Diagnosing childhood asthma in primary care</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diagnosing-conjunctival-problems">Diagnosing conjunctival problems</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diagnosing-copd">Diagnosing COPD</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diagnosing-the-tropical-traveller">Diagnosing the tropical traveller</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diagnostic-imaging-and-scans">Diagnostic imaging and scans</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diamond-blackfan-syndrome">Diamond-Blackfan syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-diarrhoea-in-adults">Diarrhoea in adults - chronic</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/disseminated-intravascular-coagulation">DIC - disseminated intravascular coagulation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dieulafoy-lesion.htm">Dieulafoy lesion</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ethnicity-and-health">Different ethnic groups and health outcomes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/different-levels-of-evidence">Different levels of evidence</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diffuse-idiopathic-skeletal-hyperostosis">Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/digoxin-and-the-cardiac-glycosides">Digoxin and the cardiac glycosides</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dilated-cardiomyopathies">Dilated cardiomyopathies</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diphtheria-and-diphtheria-vaccination">Diphtheria and diphtheria vaccination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diplopia-and-iii-iv-and-vi-cranial-nerve-lesions">Diplopia and III, IV and VI cranial nerve lesions</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/disability-in-childhood">Disability in childhood</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/disability-in-older-people">Disability in older people</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/discoid-nummular-eczema">Discoid (nummular) eczema</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/discoid-lupus-erythematosus">Discoid lupus erythematosus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/promoting-prevention-and-barriers-to-prevention">Disease prevention</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/disease-modifying-antirheumatic-drugs-dmards-pro">Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diseases-and-different-ethnic-groups">Diseases and different ethnic groups</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diffuse-idiopathic-skeletal-hyperostosis">DISH - diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/foot-fractures-and-dislocations">Dislocation - foot</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/magnesium-disorders">Disorders of magnesium</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/aortic-dissection">Dissecting aortic aneurysm</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/disseminated-intravascular-coagulation">Disseminated intravascular coagulation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dissocial-personality-disorder">Dissocial personality disorder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diuretics">Diuretics</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diverticular-disease">Diverticular disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dizziness-giddiness-and-feeling-faint">Dizziness, giddiness and feeling faint</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diabetic-ketoacidosis">DKA - diabetic ketoacidosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dementia-with-lewy-bodies">DLB - dementia with Lewy bodies</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diabetes-education-and-self-management-programmes">Dose adjustment for normal eating (DAFNE)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/downs-syndrome-trisomy-21">Down's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prenatal-screening-for-downs-syndrome">Down's syndrome - prenatal screening</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/guinea-worm-disease-(dracunculiasis).htm">Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dresslers-syndrome">Dressler's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/drug-allergy-pro">Drug allergy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/assessment-of-drug-dependence">Drug dependence assessment</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/drug-abuse-unusual-presentations">Drug misuse - unusual presentations</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/drug-misuse-and-dependence">Drug misuse and dependence</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/drug-prescribing-in-renal-impairment">Drug prescribing in renal impairment</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/drug-induced-hepatitis">Drug-induced hepatitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/drugs-and-sport">Drugs in sport</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dry-eyes-pro">Dry eyes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dry-mouth-xerostomia">Dry mouth</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dual-diagnosis-drug-abuse-with-other-psychiatric-conditions">Dual diagnosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dubin-johnson-syndrome">Dubin-Johnson syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy-pro">Duchenne muscular dystrophy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/x-linked-lymphoproliferative-syndrome-(xlp).htm">Duncan disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dupuytrens-contracture-pro">Dupuytren's contracture</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fitness-to-drive">DVLA guidelines</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dysarthria-and-dysphasia">Dysarthria and dysphasia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/amoebiasis-pro">Dysentery - amoebic</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/shigellosis">Dysentery - bacillary</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pompholyx-pro">Dyshidrotic eczema</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/abnormal-involuntary-movements">Dyskinesia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dyslexia-pro">Dyslexia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dysmenorrhoea">Dysmenorrhoea</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dyspareunia">Dyspareunia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dyspepsia-pro">Dyspepsia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dysphagia">Dysphagia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/breathlessness">Dyspnoea</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dyspnoea-in-palliative-care">Dyspnoea in palliative care</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dyspraxia-and-apraxia">Dyspraxia and apraxia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dystocia">Dystocia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dysuria">Dysuria</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ear-nose-and-throat-examination">Ear, nose and throat examination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/otalgia-earache">Earache</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/earwax-pro">Earwax</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ebsteins-anomaly-pro">Ebstein's anomaly</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ecg-a-methodical-approach">ECG a methodical approach</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/exercise-tolerance-testing-pro">ECG Exercise Test</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ecg-identification-of-arrhythmias">ECG identification of arrhythmias</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ecg-identification-of-conduction-disorders">ECG identification of conduction disorders</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/echocardiography">Echocardiography</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pre-eclampsia-and-eclampsia">Eclampsia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ecstasy">Ecstasy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ecthyma">Ecthyma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ectopic-pregnancy-pro">Ectopic pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/atopic-dermatitis-and-eczema">Eczema - atopic</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/discoid-nummular-eczema">Eczema - discoid</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pompholyx-pro">Eczema - dyshidrotic</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/discoid-nummular-eczema">Eczema - nummular</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/varicose-eczema-pro">Eczema - varicose</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/asteatotic-eczema-eczema-craquele">Eczema craquele</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/eczema-in-children">Eczema in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/eczema-on-hands-and-feet">Eczema on hands and feet</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/edwards-syndrome-trisomy-18-pro">Edwards' syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/endocardial-fibroelastosis">EFE - Endocardial Fibroelastosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/alcohol-related-problems">Effects of alcohol abuse</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/churg-strauss-syndrome-pro">EGPA - eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ehlers-danlos-syndromes">Ehlers-Danlos syndromes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/eisenmengers-syndrome">Eisenmenger's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/restless-legs-syndrome-pro">Ekbom's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/osteogenesis-imperfecta">Ekman-Lobstein syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/elbow-injuries-and-fractures">Elbow injuries and fractures</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/elbow-joint-replacement">Elbow joint replacement</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/electroconvulsive-therapy">Electroconvulsive therapy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/emergency-contraception-pro">Emergency contraceptives</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/emotionally-unstable-personality-disorder">Emotionally unstable personality disorder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/encephalitis-pro">Encephalitis and meningoencephalitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/end-of-life-care-pro">End of life care</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/endocardial-fibroelastosis">Endocardial fibroelastosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/infective-endocarditis-pro">Endocarditis (infective)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prevention-of-infective-endocarditis">Endocarditis (infective) - prevention</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pancreatic-endocrine-tumours">Endocrine tumours - pancreatic cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/endometrial-cancer">Endometrial cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/endometrial-hyperplasia-pro">Endometrial hyperplasia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/endometrial-sampling">Endometrial sampling</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/endometriosis-pro">Endometriosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/endophthalmitis">Endophthalmitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/endoscopic-retrograde-cholangiopancreatography">Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/airways-and-intubation">Endotracheal intubation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/enteral-feeding">Enteral feeding and enteral nutrition</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/typhoid-and-paratyphoid-fever-pro">Enteric fever</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/enteropathic-arthropathies">Enteropathic arthritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nocturnal-enuresis-in-children">Enuresis (nocturnal) in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/eosinophilia">Eosinophilia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lofflers-eosinophilic-endocarditis">Eosinophilic endocarditis - Löffler's</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/churg-strauss-syndrome-pro">Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/eosinophilic-oesophagitis-pro">Eosinophilic oesophagitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ross-river-virus-infection.htm">Epidemic polyarthritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/epidemiology-of-coronary-heart-disease">Epidemiology of coronary heart disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/epidermal-naevus-and-its-syndromes">Epidermal naevus and its syndromes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/epidermoid-and-pilar-cysts-sebaceous-cysts-pro">Epidermoid and sebaceous cysts</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/epidermolysis-bullosa-pro">Epidermolysis bullosa</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/epididymal-cysts">Epididymal cysts</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/epididymo-orchitis-pro">Epididymo-orchitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/epigastric-pain">Epigastric pain</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/epiglottitis-pro">Epiglottitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/epilepsy-and-pregnancy">Epilepsy and pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/epilepsy-in-adults">Epilepsy in adults</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/epilepsy-in-children-and-young-people">Epilepsy in children and young people</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/epiphora">Epiphora</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/episcleritis-and-scleritis-pro">Episcleritis and scleritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nosebleed-epistaxis-pro">Epistaxis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/erbs-palsy-pro">Erb's palsy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/endoscopic-retrograde-cholangiopancreatography">ERCP - endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/erectile-dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/de-clerambaults-syndrome">Erotomania</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cellulitis-and-erysipelas-pro">Erysipelas</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/erythema-annulare-centrifugum">Erythema annulare centrifugum</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/erythema-chronicum-migrans">Erythema chronicum migrans</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/erythema-induratum">Erythema induratum</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/parvovirus-infection">Erythema infectiosum</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/erythema-marginatum-rheumatica">Erythema marginatum rheumatica</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/erythema-multiforme-pro">Erythema multiforme</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/erythema-nodosum-pro">Erythema nodosum</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/erythema-toxicum-neonatorum-pro">Erythema toxicum neonatorum</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/haemolytic-disease-of-the-fetus-and-newborn">Erythroblastosis fetalis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/erythrodermic-psoriasis">Erythroderma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/escherichia-coli-o157">Escherichia coli O157</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-phase-proteins-crp-esr-and-viscosity">ESR - erythrocyte sedimentation rate</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/the-essence-of-surgery.htm">Essence of surgery</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ethnocultural-issues-in-contraception">Ethnocultural issues in contraception</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/examination-of-the-eye">Examination of the eye</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neonatal-examination">Examination of the neonate</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neurological-history-and-examination">Examination of the nervous system</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/examination-of-the-spine">Examination of the spine</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pulse-examination">Examining the pulses</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/exercise-tolerance-testing-pro">Exercise tolerance testing</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pancreatic-exocrine-tumours">Exocrine tumours - pancreatic cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/exomphalos-and-gastroschisis">Exomphalos and gastroschisis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/exophthalmos">Exophthalmos</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/conditions-affecting-the-external-eye">External eye conditions</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/extradural-haematoma-pro">Extradural haematoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/extrasystoles">Extrasystoles</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/extrinsic-allergic-alveolitis-pro">Extrinsic allergic alveolitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/red-eye">Eye - red</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/eye-drugs-prescribing-and-administering">Eye drugs - prescribing and administering</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/examination-of-the-eye">Eye examination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/eye-injuries">Eye injuries (assessment, treatment and management)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/eye-problems-in-babies">Eye problems in babies</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fabricated-or-induced-illness-by-carers-fii">Fabricated or induced illness by carers</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/facial-nerve-palsy">Facial nerve palsy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/facial-pain">Facial pain</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/facioscapulohumeral-muscular-dystrophy">Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/haemophilia-a-factor-viii-deficiency">Factor VIII deficiency</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/faecal-incontinence">Faecal incontinence</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fallots-tetralogy">Fallot's tetralogy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/faltering-growth-in-children">Faltering growth in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/familial-benign-pemphigus">Familial benign pemphigus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/familial-breast-cancer">Familial breast cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bowel-colonic-polyps-pro">Familial polyposis of the colon</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fanconis-anaemia">Fanconi's anaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fat-embolism-syndrome">Fat embolism syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fatigue-and-tatt">Fatigue and TATT</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/steatohepatitis-and-steatosis-fatty-liver">Fatty liver</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/choking-and-foreign-body-airway-obstruction-fbao">FBAO - foreign body airway obstruction</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/febrile-convulsions">Febrile convulsions</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/febrile-neutrophilic-dermatosis">Febrile neutrophilic dermatosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/feltys-syndrome">Felty's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/female-barrier-methods-of-contraception">Female barrier methods of contraception</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/female-genital-abnormalities">Female genital abnormalities</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/female-genital-mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/genitourinary-history-and-examination-female">Female genitourinary history and examination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/infertility-female">Female infertility</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/female-sexual-dysfunction-pro">Female sexual dysfunction</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sterilisation-vasectomy-and-female-sterilisation">Female sterilisation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/femoral-fractures">Femoral fractures</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/femoral-hernias">Femoral hernias</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-pro">Fetal alcohol syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fetal-anticonvulsant-syndrome-pro">Fetal anticonvulsant syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fetal-distress">Fetal distress</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/intrauterine-growth-restriction">Fetal growth restriction</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fever-and-night-sweats-pro">Fever and night sweats</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pyrexia-of-unknown-origin">Fever of unknown origin</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ill-and-feverish-child">Feverish child</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/female-genital-mutilation">FGM - female genital mutilation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fibroids-pro">Fibroids</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fibromyalgia-pro">Fibromyalgia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pulmonary-fibrosis">Fibrosing alveolitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/visual-field-defects">Field defects (visual)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/parvovirus-infection">Fifth disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lymphatic-filariasis">Filariasis (lymphatic)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/first-seizure">First seizure</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anorectal-abscess">Fistula-in-ano</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fitness-to-drive">Fitness to drive</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fitz-hugh-curtis-syndrome">Fitz-Hugh Curtis syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/flashes-floaters-and-haloes-pro">Flashes, floaters and haloes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pes-planus-flat-feet">Flat feet</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/flatulence-and-wind">Flatulence and wind</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/influenza">Flu</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/influenza-vaccination">Flu vaccination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fluid-overload">Fluid overload</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/flying-with-medical-conditions">Flying with medical conditions</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/folate-deficiency">Folate deficiency</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/folliculitis-pro">Folliculitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/food-allergy-and-food-intolerance">Food allergy and food intolerance</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/painful-foot">Foot - painful</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/foot-fractures-and-dislocations">Foot fractures and dislocations</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/forearm-injuries-and-fractures-pro">Forearm injuries and fractures</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/foreign-bodies-in-the-ear">Foreign bodies in the ear</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/corneal-foreign-bodies-injuries-and-abrasions">Foreign bodies in the eye</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/choking-and-foreign-body-airway-obstruction-fbao">Foreign body airway obstruction</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diffuse-idiopathic-skeletal-hyperostosis">Forestier's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/forster-fuchs-retinal-spot">Förster-Fuchs retinal spot</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/left-iliac-fossa-pain">Fossa pain - left iliac</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/right-iliac-fossa-pain">Fossa pain - right iliac</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/foster-kennedy-syndrome.htm">Foster Kennedy's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/clavicle-fracture">Fracture - clavicle</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/elbow-injuries-and-fractures">Fracture - elbow</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/foot-fractures-and-dislocations">Fracture - foot</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/stress-fractures">Fracture - stress</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fractured-humerus">Fractured humerus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tibial-and-fibular-fractures-including-horse-riders-knee">Fractures - fibula</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tibial-and-fibular-fractures-including-horse-riders-knee">Fractures - tibial</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fragile-x-syndrome">Fragile X syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fragility-fractures">Fragility fractures</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/freibergs-disease">Freiberg's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/frontal-bone-osteomyelitis.htm">Frontal bone osteomyelitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/frontotemporal-dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cold-injury">Frostbite</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/frozen-shoulder-pro">Frozen shoulder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fungal-ear-infection-otomycosis">Fungal ear infection</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fungal-lung-infections">Fungal lung infections</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fungal-nail-infections-pro">Fungal nail infections</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/abnormal-gait">Gait Abnormalities</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gait-abnormalities-in-children">Gait abnormalities in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/galactorrhoea">Galactorrhoea</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/galactosaemia-pro">Galactosaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/galactosaemia-pro">Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/krabbe's-disease.htm">Galactosylceramidase (GALC) deficiency</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gallstone-ileus">Gallstone ileus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gallstones-and-cholecystitis">Gallstones and cholecystitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gamma-hydroxybutyrate-and-gamma-butyrolactone-abuse">Gamma-hydroxybutyrate and gamma-butyrolactone abuse</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gangrene">Gangrene</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cancrum-oris-noma">Gangrenous stomatitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gansers-syndrome-pseudodementia">Ganser's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bowel-colonic-polyps-pro">Gardner's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gastric-cancer">Gastric cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gastro-oesophageal-reflux-disease">Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/childhood-gastro-oesophageal-reflux-pro">Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease - childhood</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gastroenteritis-in-adults-and-older-children">Gastroenteritis in adults and older children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gastroenteritis-in-children-pro">Gastroenteritis in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gastrointestinal-history-and-examination">Gastrointestinal history and examination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gastrointestinal-malabsorption">Gastrointestinal malabsorption</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gastrointestinal-stromal-tumours">Gastrointestinal stromal tumours</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gender-dysphoria-pro">Gender dysphoria</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gender-dysphoria-pro">Gender identity disorder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/general-anaesthesia">General anaesthesia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/general-aspects-of-chemotherapy">General aspects of chemotherapy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/general-learning-disability">General learning disability</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/general-prescribing-guidance">General prescribing guidance</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/generalised-anxiety-disorder-pro">Generalised anxiety disorder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/generalised-lymphadenopathy">Generalised lymphadenopathy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/generalised-pustular-psoriasis">Generalised pustular psoriasis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/generic-prescribing">Generic prescribing</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/genetic-counselling-a-guide-for-gps">Genetic counselling - a guide for GPs</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chlamydial-genital-infection">Genital chlamydial infection</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/genital-herpes-in-pregnancy">Genital herpes in pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/genital-herpes-simplex">Genital herpes simplex</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anogenital-warts-pro">Genital warts</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/genitourinary-history-and-examination-female">Genitourinary history and examination - female</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/genitourinary-history-and-examination-male">Genitourinary history and examination - male</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/genitourinary-prolapse-pro">Genitourinary prolapse</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gerstmanns-syndrome">Gerstmann's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gestational-diabetes">Gestational diabetes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gestational-trophoblastic-disease">Gestational trophoblastic disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gamma-hydroxybutyrate-and-gamma-butyrolactone-abuse">GHB and GBL abuse</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/giant-cell-arteritis-pro">Giant cell arteritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/congenital-pigmented-naevus">Giant hairy naevus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/menetriers-disease">Giant hypertrophic gastritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/giardiasis">Giardiasis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gilberts-syndrome-pro">Gilbert's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypokalaemic-alkalosis">Gitelman's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anti-d-rho-immunoglobulin">Giving anti-D immunoglobulin</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/melioidosis-and-glanders.htm">Glanders and melioidosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/infectious-mononucleosis">Glandular fever</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/angle-closure-glaucoma">Glaucoma - angle-closure</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/congenital-primary-glaucoma">Glaucoma - congenital primary</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/primary-open-angle-glaucoma">Glaucoma - primary open-angle</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/glaucoma-and-ocular-hypertension">Glaucoma and ocular hypertension</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gliomas-and-glioblastoma-multiforme">Gliomas and glioblastoma multiforme</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/globulins">Globulins</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/globus-sensation-pro">Globus sensation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/glomerulonephritis-pro">Glomerulonephritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/glomus-jugulare-tumours">Glomus jugulare tumours</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/glucosamine">Glucosamine</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/self-monitoring-in-diabetes-mellitus">Glucose monitoring in diabetes mellitus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/glucose-tolerance-tests">Glucose tolerance tests</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase-deficiency">Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/otitis-media-with-effusion">Glue ear</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/glycated-haemoglobin-hba1c">Glycated haemoglobin</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/von-gierkes-glycogen-storage-disease">Glycogen storage disease type I</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pompes-glycogen-storage-disease">Glycogen storage disease type II</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mcardles-disease-glycogen-storage-disease-type-v">Glycogen storage disease type V</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/phosphofructokinase-deficiency-glycogen-storage-disease">Glycogen storage disease type VII</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/glycogen-storage-disorders-pro">Glycogen storage disorders</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/glycosuria">Glycosuria</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/goldenhars-syndrome">Goldenhar syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tennis-elbow-and-golfers-elbow">Golfer's elbow</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gonorrhoea-pro">Gonorrhoea</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/goodpastures-syndrome">Goodpasture's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gout-pro">Gout</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/foster-kennedy-syndrome.htm">Gowers-Paton-Kennedy syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/granulomatosis-with-polyangiitis-wegeners-granulomatosis-pro">GPA - granulomatosis with polyangiitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gradual-loss-of-vision">Gradual loss of vision</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/usher-syndrome.htm">Graefe-Usher syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pyogenic-granuloma-pro">Granuloma - pyogenic</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/granuloma-annulare-pro">Granuloma annulare</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/granulomatosis-with-polyangiitis-wegeners-granulomatosis-pro">Granulomatosis with polyangiitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gravidity-and-parity-definitions-and-their-implications-in-risk-assessment">Gravidity and parity definitions</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/varicose-eczema-pro">Gravitational eczema</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/group-psychotherapy.htm">Group psychotherapy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gestational-trophoblastic-disease">GTD - gestational trophoblastic disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/guillain-barre-syndrome-pro">Guillain-Barré syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/guinea-worm-disease-(dracunculiasis).htm">Guinea worm disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gunshot-injuries">Gunshot injuries</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/guttate-psoriasis">Guttate psoriasis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gynaecological-history-and-examination">Gynaecological examination and history</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gynaecomastia">Gynaecomastia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/haemangiomata-of-skin">Haemangiomata of skin</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/haematometra.htm">Haematometra</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/haematospermia">Haematospermia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/haematuria-pro">Haematuria</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/haemobilia">Haemobilia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/haemolytic-anaemia">Haemolytic anaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/haemolytic-disease-of-the-fetus-and-newborn">Haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/haemolytic-uraemic-syndrome-pro">Haemolytic uraemic syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/haemophilia-a-factor-viii-deficiency">Haemophilia A</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/haemophilus-influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/haemoptysis">Haemoptysis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vitamin-k-deficiency-bleeding">Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/haemorrhoids-piles-pro">Haemorrhoids</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antifibrinolytic-drugs-and-haemostatics">Haemostatics</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/familial-benign-pemphigus">Hailey-Hailey disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/alopecia">Hair loss</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/halitosis">Halitosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/delusions-and-hallucinations">Hallucinations</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hallucinogen-persisting-perception-disorder.htm">Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hallux-rigidus">Hallux rigidus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hallux-valgus">Hallux valgus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/halo-naevus">Halo naevus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/toe-deformities">Hammer toes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/psoriasis-of-hands-and-feet-including-palmoplantar-pustulosis">Hand and foot psoriasis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hand-injuries-and-their-assessment">Hand injuries and their assessment</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hand-arm-vibration-syndrome-pro">Hand-arm vibration syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease-pro">Hand, foot and mouth disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/leprosy-pro">Hansen's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hantavirus-infection">Hantavirus infection</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/subclavian-steal-phenomenon">Harrison and Smyth's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hashimotos-thyroiditis">Hashimoto’s thyroiditis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/allergic-rhinitis-pro">Hay fever</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/glycated-haemoglobin-hba1c">HbA1c - glycated haemoglobin</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/head-and-neck-cancers">Head and neck cancers</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/head-injury">Head injury</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/head-lice-pro">Head lice</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/headache-pro">Headache</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cluster-headaches-pro">Headache - cluster</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/primary-sexual-headache">Headache - primary sexual</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tension-type-headache-pro">Headache - tension-type</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/medication-overuse-headache-and-headache-triggers">Headache from medication overuse</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/health-and-social-class">Health inequalities and social deprivation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/healthy-child-programme">Healthy child programme</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/healthy-diet-and-enjoyable-eating">Healthy diet advice and enjoyable eating</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hearing-testing-and-screening-in-young-children">Hearing testing and screening in young children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hearing-tests-pro">Hearing tests</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/heart-auscultation">Heart auscultation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/heart-disease-and-physical-activity">Heart disease and physical activity</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/heart-failure-diagnosis-and-investigation">Heart failure diagnosis and investigation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/heart-failure-management">Heart failure management</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/heart-in-systemic-disease">Heart in systemic disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/heart-murmurs-in-children">Heart murmurs in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/palpitations-pro">Heart palpitations</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cardiac-transplant">Heart transplant</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/heat-related-illness">Heat-related illness</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/heel-pain">Heel pain</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/helicobacter-pylori-pro">Helicobacter pylori</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/childhood-disintegrative-disorder-hellers-syndrome">Heller's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/helping-patients-face-death-and-dying">Helping patients face death and dying</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/henoch-schonlein-purpura-pro">Henoch-Schönlein purpura</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hepatic-encephalopathy">Hepatic encephalopathy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/benign-liver-tumours">Hepatic tumours</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/viral-hepatitis-particularly-d-and-e">Hepatitis - viral particularly D and E</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hepatitis-a-pro">Hepatitis A</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hepatitis-a-vaccination">Hepatitis A vaccination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hepatitis-b-pro">Hepatitis B</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hepatitis-b-vaccination-and-prevention">Hepatitis B vaccine and prevention</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hepatitis-c-pro">Hepatitis C</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hepatomegaly">Hepatomegaly</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hepatorenal-syndrome">Hepatorenal syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hereditary-angio-oedema">Hereditary angio-oedema</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hereditary-haemochromatosis">Hereditary haemochromatosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/osler-weber-rendu-syndrome">Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/juvenile-pagets-disease">Hereditary hyperphosphatasia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hereditary-retinal-dystrophies">Hereditary retinal dystrophies</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/inguinal-hernias">Hernia - inguinal</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/herpes-simplex-eye-infections">Herpes simplex eye infections</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/genital-herpes-simplex">Herpes simplex genital</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/oral-herpes-simplex">Herpes simplex oral</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/herpes-viruses">Herpes viruses</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/shingles-and-shingles-vaccination">Herpes zoster</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/herpes-zoster-oticus-ramsay-hunt-syndrome">Herpes zoster oticus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hiatus-hernia-pro">Hiatus hernia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hib-vaccination">Hib vaccination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hidradenitis-suppurativa-pro">Hidradenitis suppurativa</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/high-altitude-illness">High-altitude illness</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hip-dislocations">Hip dislocations</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hip-joint-replacements">Hip joint replacements</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/painful-hips-in-children">Hip pain in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/clubbing">Hippocratic nails</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hirschsprungs-disease-pro">Hirschsprung's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hirsutism">Hirsutism</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/respiratory-system-history-and-examination">History and examination - respiratory system</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/history-and-physical-examination">History and physical examination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/history-taking">History taking</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/congenital-hiv-and-childhood-aids">HIV - congenital</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv">HIV - human immunodeficiency virus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hiv-and-skin-disorders">HIV and skin disorders</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/complications-of-hiv-infection">HIV infection - complications</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/urticaria-pro">Hives</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hoarseness-pro">Hoarseness</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hodgkins-lymphoma-pro">Hodgkin's lymphoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/holistic-medicine">Holistic medicine</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hyperosmolar-hyperglycaemic-state">HONK - hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic nonketotic coma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hookworm-infections">Hookworm infections</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hormone-replacement-therapy-including-benefits-and-risks">Hormone replacement therapy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/horners-syndrome">Horner's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tibial-and-fibular-fractures-including-horse-riders-knee">Horse rider's knee</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hot-flushes">Hot flushes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hot-swollen-joints">Hot swollen joints</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tackling-foundation-years-(housejobs).htm">House jobs (foundation programme)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prepatellar-bursitis">Housemaid's knee</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hrt-follow-up-assessments">HRT - follow-up assessments</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hrt-initial-consultation">HRT - initial consultation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hrt-topical">HRT - topical vaginal</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antiphospholipid-syndrome-pro">Hughes' syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv">Human immunodeficiency virus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccination">Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hunters-syndrome">Hunter's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/huntingtons-disease-pro">Huntington's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hurlers-syndrome">Hurler's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/infant-respiratory-distress-syndrome">Hyaline membrane disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hydrocele-causes-symptoms-and-treatment">Hydrocele</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus">Hydrocephalus - normal pressure</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hydrops-fetalis">Hydrops fetalis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hyperaldosteronism">Hyperaldosteronism</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dubin-johnson-syndrome">Hyperbilirubinaemia II</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypercalcaemia">Hypercalcaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nausea-and-vomiting-in-pregnancy-including-hyperemesis-gravidarum">Hyperemesis gravidarum</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hyperhidrosis">Hyperhidrosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hyperkalaemia-in-adults">Hyperkalaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hyperkalaemia-in-children">Hyperkalaemia in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hyperlipidaemia-pro">Hyperlipidaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypermobility-syndrome-pro">Hypermobility syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypernatraemia">Hypernatraemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hyperosmolar-hyperglycaemic-state">Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hyperparathyroidism-pro">Hyperparathyroidism</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hyperphagic-short-stature-syndrome">Hyperphagic short stature syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hyperprolactinaemia-and-prolactinoma">Hyperprolactinaemia and prolactinoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/extrinsic-allergic-alveolitis-pro">Hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypersensitivity-vasculitis">Hypersensitivity vasculitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypertension">Hypertension</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypertensive-emergencies">Hypertension - accelerated</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypertensive-emergencies">Hypertension - malignant</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-pro">Hypertension (intracranial)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypertension-in-childhood">Hypertension in childhood</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diabetes-with-hypertension">Hypertension in diabetic patients</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypertension-in-pregnancy">Hypertension in pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypertension-treatment">Hypertension treatment</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypertensive-emergencies">Hypertensive emergencies</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hyperthyroid-crisis-thyrotoxic-storm">Hyperthyroid crisis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hyperthyroidism">Hyperthyroidism</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hyperthyroidism-in-pregnancy">Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy-pro">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hyperventilation">Hyperventilation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypnagogic-hallucinations">Hypnagogic hallucinations</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypocalcaemia">Hypocalcaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypogammaglobulinaemia">Hypogammaglobulinaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypoglycaemia">Hypoglycaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/emergency-management-of-hypoglycaemia">Hypoglycaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/emergency-management-of-hypoglycaemia">Hypoglycaemia emergency management</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypokalaemia">Hypokalaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypokalaemic-alkalosis">Hypokalaemic alkalosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hyponatraemia-pro">Hyponatraemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypoparathyroidism-pro">Hypoparathyroidism</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypophosphataemia">Hypophosphataemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypopituitarism-pro">Hypopituitarism</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-pituitary-failure">Hypopituitary coma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hyposensitisation.htm">Hyposensitisation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/splenectomy-and-hyposplenism">Hyposplenism</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypotension">Hypotension</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypothenar-hammer-syndrome.htm">Hypothenar hammer syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypothermia-pro">Hypothermia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypothyroidism">Hypothyroidism</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/childhood-and-congenital-hypothyroidism">Hypothyroidism - childhood and congenital</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/international-prostate-symptom-score-i-pss">I-PSS (international prostate symptom score)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/irritable-bowel-syndrome-pro">IBS - irritable bowel syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ichthyosis-hystrix-(lambert-type).htm">Ichthyosis hystrix</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/iron-deficiency-anaemia-pro">IDA - iron deficiency anaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/idiopathic-intracranial-hypertension-pro">Idiopathic intracranial hypertension</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hunters-syndrome">IDS syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/iga-nephropathy-bergers-disease-pro">IgA nephropathy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/intestinal-obstruction-and-ileus">Ileus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ill-and-feverish-child">Ill and feverish child</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/immune-thrombocytopenia-pro">Immune thrombocytopenia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/immunodeficiency-primary-and-secondary">Immunodeficiency</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/impetigo-pro">Impetigo</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/implantable-cardioverter-defibrillators">Implantable cardioverter defibrillators</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/important-complications-of-anaesthesia">Important complications of anaesthesia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/erectile-dysfunction">Impotence</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/incest">Incest</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/industrial-dust-diseases">Industrial dust diseases</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/indwelling-venous-catheters">Indwelling venous catheters</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/infant-feeding">Infant feeding</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/infant-respiratory-distress-syndrome">Infant respiratory distress syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/infant-seborrhoeic-dermatitis">Infant seborrhoeic dermatitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/infantile-hypertrophic-pyloric-stenosis">Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/infantile-intraventricular-haemorrhage">Infantile intraventricular haemorrhage</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/autosomal-recessive-polycystic-kidney-disease">Infantile polycystic kidney disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/wests-syndrome-infantile-spasms">Infantile spasms</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/infectious-mononucleosis">Infectious mononucleosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/infective-conjunctivitis-pro">Infective conjunctivitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/infective-endocarditis-pro">Infective endocarditis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/infertility-female">Infertility - female</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/infertility-treatments">Infertility treatments</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/inflammatory-retinal-diseases">Inflammatory retinal diseases</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/influenza">Influenza</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/influenza-vaccination">Influenza vaccination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/inguinal-hernias">Inguinal hernias</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/inhalation-injury">Inhalation injury</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/insect-bites-and-stings-pro">Insect bites and stings</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/inserting-temporary-pacemakers">Inserting temporary pacemakers</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/insomnia">Insomnia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/insulin-regimens">Insulin regimens</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/intermenstrual-and-postcoital-bleeding">Intermenstrual and postcoital bleeding</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/intermittent-self-catheterisation">Intermittent self-catheterisation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/international-prostate-symptom-score-i-pss">International prostate symptom score</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/interosseous-nerve-compression">Interosseous nerve compression</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/interstitial-cystitispainful-bladder-syndrome-pro">Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/intestinal-obstruction-and-ileus">Intestinal obstruction and ileus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/intra-abdominal-sepsis-and-abscesses">Intra-abdominal sepsis and abscesses</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/intracranial-venous-thrombosis">Intracranial venous thrombosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/intradermal-and-compound-naevi">Intradermal and compound naevi</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/intraosseous-infusion">Intraosseous infusion</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/intrauterine-contraceptive-device-pro">Intrauterine contraceptive device</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/intrauterine-contraceptives-iucd-and-ius-management">Intrauterine contraceptives (IUD and LNG-IUD) - management</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/intrauterine-growth-restriction">Intrauterine growth restriction</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/airways-and-intubation">Intubation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/intussusception-in-adults">Intussusception in adults</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/intussusception-in-children">Intussusception in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/uveitis-pro">Iritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/non-anaemic-iron-deficiency">Iron depletion</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/iron-deficiency-anaemia-pro">Iron-deficiency anaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/overactive-bladder">Irritable bladder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/irritable-bowel-syndrome-pro">Irritable bowel syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/renovascular-disease">Ischaemic nephropathy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/itching-pro">Itching</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/immune-thrombocytopenia-pro">ITP - immune thrombocytopenic purpura</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/intrauterine-contraceptive-device-pro">IUCD - intrauterine contraceptive device</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/intrauterine-system-pro">IUS - intrauterine system</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/epidermal-naevus-and-its-syndromes">Jadassohn's naevus phakomatosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease">Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/jarisch-herxheimer-reaction">Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/jaundice-pro">Jaundice</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neonatal-jaundice-pro">Jaundice - neonatal</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/jaundice-in-pregnancy">Jaundice in pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mandibular-fractures-and-dislocations">Jaw fractures</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/joint-injection-and-aspiration">Joint injection and aspiration</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/joubert-syndrome.htm">Joubert's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/jugular-venous-pressure">Jugular venous pressure</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/junctional-naevus">Junctional naevus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/juvenile-idiopathic-arthritis-pro">Juvenile idiopathic arthritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/juvenile-pagets-disease">Juvenile Paget's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/juvenile-plantar-dermatosis">Juvenile plantar dermatosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/kartageners-syndrome">Kartagener's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/kawasaki-disease-pro">Kawasaki disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/keloid-pro">Keloid scars</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/keratoacanthoma-pro">Keratoacanthoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dry-eyes-pro">Keratoconjunctivitis sicca</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/keratomalacia">Keratomalacia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/keratoplasty">Keratoplasty</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/keratosis-pilaris-pro">Keratosis pilaris</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/kernicterus">Kernicterus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/renal-biopsy">Kidney biopsy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/renal-cancer">Kidney cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/assessing-renal-function">Kidney function assessment</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pyelonephritis">Kidney infection</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/kienbocks-disease">Kienböck's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/interosseous-nerve-compression">Kiloh-Nevin syndrome I</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cholangiocarcinoma">Klatskin tumour</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/klippel-feil-syndrome">Klippel-Feil syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/klippel-trenaunay-syndrome">Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/kluver-bucy-syndrome">Klüver-Bucy syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/meniscal-tears-and-other-knee-cartilage-injuries-pro">Knee - meniscal tears and other cartilage injuries</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/knee-fractures-and-dislocations">Knee fractures and dislocations</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/knee-joint-replacements">Knee joint replacements</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/knee-ligament-injuries-pro">Knee ligament injuries</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/knee-assessment">Knee pain</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/knees-that-swell">Knees that swell</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/kohlers-bone-disease">Köhler's bone disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hantavirus-infection">Korean haemorrhagic fever</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/wernicke-korsakoff-syndrome">Korsakoff's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/krabbe's-disease.htm">Krabbe's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/scoliosis-and-kyphosis">Kyphosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/labour-active-management-and-induction">Labour - active management and induction</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vestibular-neuritis-and-labyrinthitis-pro">Labyrinthitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lactic-acidosis">Lactic acidosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/galactorrhoea">Lactorrhoea</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lactose-intolerance-pro">Lactose intolerance</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ichthyosis-hystrix-(lambert-type).htm">Lambert type ichthyosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/landau-kleffner-syndrome.htm">Landau-Kleffner syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/langerhans-cell-histiocytosis">Langerhans' cell histiocytosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/laryngeal-cancer">Laryngeal cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/laryngitis-pro">Laryngitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/surgical-correction-of-refractive-errors.htm">Laser photorefractive keratotomy (PRK)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tennis-elbow-and-golfers-elbow">Lateral epicondylitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lead-poisoning-pro">Lead poisoning</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lebers-hereditary-optic-atrophy">Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/left-iliac-fossa-pain">Left iliac fossa pain</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/left-upper-quadrant-pain">Left upper quadrant pain</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/leg-ulcers-pro">Leg ulcers</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/legionnaires-disease-pro">Legionnaires' disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/leishmaniasis">Leishmaniasis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lennox-gastaut-syndrome">Lennox-Gastaut syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lentigo">Lentigo</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/leprosy-pro">Leprosy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mycobacterial-skin-infections">Leprosy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/leptospirosis-weils-disease">Leptospirosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-lymphoblastic-leukaemia-pro">Leukaemia - ALL</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/childhood-leukaemias-pro">Leukaemia in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/leukoplakia-pro">Leukoplakia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/libman-sacks-endocarditis">Libman-Sacks endocarditis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pubic-and-body-lice-pro">Lice- pubic and body</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lichen-planus-pro">Lichen planus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lichen-sclerosus-pro">Lichen sclerosus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lichen-simplex">Lichen simplex</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ptosis-and-lid-lag">Lid lag</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/knee-ligament-injuries-pro">Ligament injuries - knee</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/small-for-gestational-age-babies">Light-for-dates babies</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/limb-embolism-and-ischaemia">Limb embolism and ischaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/limb-girdle-muscular-dystrophy">Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/linear-iga-dermatosis">Linear IgA dermatosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lipid-regulating-drugs-including-statins">Lipid-regulating drugs</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lipodystrophy-syndrome">Lipodystrophy syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lipoma-pro">Lipoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/listeriosis">Listeriosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lithium">Lithium</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/liver-biopsy-pro">Liver biopsy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/liver-cysts-and-abscesses">Liver cysts and abscesses</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/liver-failure">Liver failure</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/liver-transplantation">Liver transplantation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/benign-liver-tumours">Liver tumours</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/advance-care-planning">Living wills</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/living-with-skin-disease">Living with skin disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/intrauterine-system-pro">LNG-IUD - Intrauterine device</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/localised-scleroderma-morphoea-pro">Localised scleroderma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/loffler's-syndrome.htm">Löffler's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lofflers-eosinophilic-endocarditis">Löffler's eosinophilic endocarditis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lofgrens-syndrome">Löfgren's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/loin-pain">Loin pain</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/long-covid">Long COVID</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/long-term-sickness-and-incapacity">Long-term sickness and incapacity</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/looking-after-people-with-cancer">Looking after people with cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/loss-of-libido">Loss of libido</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/low-back-pain-and-sciatica">Low back pain and sciatica</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lowe-(oculo-cerebro-renal)-syndrome.htm">Lowe's (oculo-cerebro-renal) syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lower-respiratory-tract-infection-in-children">Lower respiratory tract infection in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lower-urinary-tract-symptoms-in-men-pro">Lower urinary tract symptoms in men</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lower-urinary-tract-symptoms-in-women-pro">Lower urinary tract symptoms in women</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lown-ganong-levine-syndrome">Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lumbar-puncture-pro">Lumbar puncture</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/spinal-stenosis-pro">Lumbar spinal stenosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lumps">Lumps</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lumps-in-the-groin-and-scrotum">Lumps in the groin and scrotum</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lung-abscess">Lung abscess</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lung-cancer-pro">Lung cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lutembachers-syndrome">Lutembacher's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/toxic-epidermal-necrolysis">Lyell's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lyme-disease-pro">Lyme disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/generalised-lymphadenopathy">Lymphadenopathy - general</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lymphatic-filariasis">Lymphatic filariasis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hodgkins-lymphoma-pro">Lymphoma - Hodgkin's</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/non-hodgkins-lymphoma-pro">Lymphoma - non-Hodgkin's</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/macrocytosis-and-macrocytic-anaemia">Macrocytosis and macrocytic anaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/age-related-macular-degeneration-pro">Macular degeneration</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/macular-disorders">Macular disorders</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/macular-holes">Macular holes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/macular-oedema">Macular oedema</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mycetoma-madura-foot">Madura foot</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/magnesium-disorders">Magnesium disorders</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/malaria-pro">Malaria</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/male-breast-cancer">Male breast cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/genitourinary-history-and-examination-male">Male urological history and examination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/malignant-hyperthermia">Malignant Hyperpyrexia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypertensive-emergencies">Malignant hypertension</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/malignant-hyperthermia">Malignant hyperthermia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/malignant-melanoma">Malignant melanoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/malignant-melanoma-of-skin">Malignant melanoma of skin</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/malignant-mesothelioma">Malignant mesothelioma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/toe-deformities">Mallet toes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mallory-weiss-syndrome-pro">Mallory-Weiss syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/malnutrition">Malnutrition</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/malpresentations-and-malpositions">Malpresentations and malpositions</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mammary-duct-ectasia-and-periductal-mastitis">Mammary duct ectasia and periductal mastitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/breast-screening-with-mammography">Mammography</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anti-arrhythmic-drugs">Management of arrhythmias</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/management-of-childhood-asthma">Management of childhood asthma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dehydration-in-children">Management of dehydration in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/management-of-hiv-in-pregnancy">Management of HIV in pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypertension-treatment">Management of hypertension</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/management-of-rheumatoid-arthritis">Management of rheumatoid arthritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/management-of-stable-copd">Management of stable COPD</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/status-epilepticus-management">Management of status epilepticus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/management-of-type-1-diabetes">Management of type 1 diabetes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/managing-pre-diabetes-non-diabetic-hyperglycaemia-in-primary-care">Managing non-diabetic hyperglycaemia (pre-diabetes) in primary care</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mandibular-fractures-and-dislocations">Mandibular fractures and dislocations</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bipolar-disorder-pro">Manic depression</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/marchiafava-bignami-syndrome">Marchiafava-Bignami syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/paroxysmal-nocturnal-haemoglobinuria">Marchiafava-Micheli anaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/marfans-syndrome-pro">Marfan's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mastocytosis-and-mast-cell-disorders">Mastocytosis and mast cell disorders</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mastoiditis">Mastoiditis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/maxillofacial-injuries">Maxillofacial injuries</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mcardles-disease-glycogen-storage-disease-type-v">McArdle’s disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ecstasy">MDMA - ecstasy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/myelodysplastic-syndromes-pro">MDS - myelodysplastic syndromes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/myalgic-encephalomyelitischronic-fatigue-syndrome-mecfs-pro">ME - myalgic encephalomyelitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/measles-pro">Measles</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/measles-mumps-and-rubella-mmr-vaccination">Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/meckels-diverticulum">Meckel's diverticulum</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/meconium-aspiration">Meconium aspiration syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/meconium-stained-liquor">Meconium-stained liquor</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tennis-elbow-and-golfers-elbow">Medial epicondylitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/shin-splints">Medial tibial syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mediastinitis.htm">Mediastinitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/medical-ethics">Medical ethics</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/medical-reports-dealing-with-requests">Medical reports - dealing with requests</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/medically-unexplained-symptoms-assessment-and-management">Medically unexplained symptoms</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cannabis-based-medicinal-products">Medicinal products - cannabis-based</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chalazion-pro">Meibomian cyst</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/meigs-syndrome">Meigs' syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/choroidal-melanoma">Melanoma - choroidal</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/melasma-chloasma-pro">Melasma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/melioidosis-and-glanders.htm">Melioidosis and glanders</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/multiple-endocrine-neoplasia-type-1-men1">MEN 1 - multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/multiple-endocrine-neoplasia-type-2-men2">MEN 2 - multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mendelsons-syndrome">Mendelson's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/menetriers-disease">Ménétrier's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/menieres-disease-pro">Ménière's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/meningitis-pro">Meningitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/meningococcal-vaccination">Meningococcal vaccination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/encephalitis-pro">Meningoencephalitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/meniscal-tears-and-other-knee-cartilage-injuries-pro">Meniscal tears and other knee cartilage injuries</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/menopause-and-its-management">Menopause and its management</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/menorrhagia">Menorrhagia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/menstruation-and-its-disorders">Menstruation and menstruation disorders</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mental-capacity-act">Mental capacity act</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/general-learning-disability">Mental handicap</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/meralgia-paraesthetica-pro">Meralgia paraesthetica</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome">MERS Virus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/metabolic-acidosis">Metabolic acidosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/metabolic-syndrome">Metabolic syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/meticillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa">Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/meyer-betz-syndrome.htm">Meyer-Betz syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/microalbuminuria">Microalbuminuria</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/microvascular-angina-cardiac-syndrome-x-pro">Microvascular angina</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/micturition-syncope">Micturition syncope</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus">Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/volvulus-and-midgut-malrotations">Midgut malrotations</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/migraine-pro">Migraine</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/migraine-in-children">Migraine in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/migraine-management">Migraine management</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/migraine-prophylaxis-in-adults">Migraine prophylaxis in adults</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/milia-pro">Milia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mini-mental-state-examination-mmse">Mini mental state examination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/minor-surgery-in-primary-care">Minor surgery in primary care</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/miscarriage-pro">Miscarriage</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/recurrent-miscarriage">Miscarriage - recurrent</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/missed-contraceptive-pills">Missed contraceptive pills</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mitral-regurgitation-pro">Mitral regurgitation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mitral-stenosis-pro">Mitral stenosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mitral-valve-prolapse">Mitral valve prolapse</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mixed-connective-tissue-disease">Mixed connective tissue disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/measles-mumps-and-rubella-mmr-vaccination">MMR vaccination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/walking-difficulty-and-off-legs-in-adults">Mobility impairment and off legs in adults</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/moebius-syndrome.htm">Moebius syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/intradermal-and-compound-naevi">Mole - classic skin-coloured</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/molluscum-contagiosum-pro">Molluscum contagiosum</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/moraxella-catarrhalis">Moraxella catarrhalis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/morquios-syndrome">Morquio's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mothers-six-week-postnatal-check">Mother's six-week postnatal check</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/motor-neurone-disease-pro">Motor neurone disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cancers-of-the-oral-cavity">Mouth and tongue cancers</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/oral-ulceration">Mouth ulcers</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/moyamoya-disease.htm">Moyamoya disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/meticillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa">MRSA - meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/multiple-sclerosis-pro">MS</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hurlers-syndrome">Mucopolysaccharidosis type I</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mucormycosis.htm">Mucormycosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mucosa-associated-lymphoid-tissue-malt-lymphoma">Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/multimorbidity">Multimorbidity</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/multiple-endocrine-neoplasia-type-1-men1">Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/multiple-endocrine-neoplasia-type-2-men2">Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/multiple-pregnancy">Multiple pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/multiple-sclerosis-pro">Multiple sclerosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/multiple-system-atrophy">Multiple system atrophy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mumps-pro">Mumps</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fabricated-or-induced-illness-by-carers-fii">Munchausen syndrome by proxy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/munchhausens-syndrome">Münchhausen's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/muscle-cramps">Muscle cramps</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mcardles-disease-glycogen-storage-disease-type-v">Muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/phosphofructokinase-deficiency-glycogen-storage-disease">Muscle phosphofructokinase deficiency</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/musculocutaneous-nerve-lesion-c5-c6">Musculocutaneous nerve lesion</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/myalgic-encephalomyelitischronic-fatigue-syndrome-mecfs-pro">Myalgic encephalomyelitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/myasthenia-gravis-pro">Myasthenia gravis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mycetoma-madura-foot">Mycetoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mycobacterial-skin-infections">Mycobacterial skin infections</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mycosis-fungoides-and-cutaneous-t-cell-lymphomas">Mycosis fungoides and cutaneous T-cell lymphomas</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/myelodysplastic-syndromes-pro">Myelodysplastic syndromes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/myeloma-pro">Myeloma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/myelosclerosis-(primary).htm">Myelosclerosis - primary</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/myocarditis-pro">Myocarditis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rhabdomyolysis-and-other-causes-of-myoglobinuria">Myoglobinuria</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/myopathies">Myopathies</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mcardles-disease-glycogen-storage-disease-type-v">Myophosphorylase deficiency</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/myositis-polymyositis-and-dermatomyositis">Myositis - polymyositis and dermatomyositis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tympanosclerosis">Myringosclerosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/myxoedema-coma">Myxoedema coma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pathogenic-free-living-amoeba">Naegleria fowleri</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nail-disorders-and-abnormalities">Nail disorders and abnormalities</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fungal-nail-infections-pro">Nail infections (fungal)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/narcolepsy-and-cataplexy-pro">Narcolepsy and cataplexy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/narrow-complex-tachycardias">Narrow complex tachycardias</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nasal-discharge">Nasal discharge</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nasal-polyps-pro">Nasal polyps</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nasogastric-ryles-tubes">Nasogastric (Ryles) tubes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nausea-and-vomiting-in-palliative-care">Nausea and vomiting in palliative care</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nausea-and-vomiting-in-pregnancy-including-hyperemesis-gravidarum">Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/non-epileptic-seizures">NEAD - non-epileptic attack disorder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nebulisers-in-general-practice">Nebulisers in general practice</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/head-and-neck-cancers">Neck cancers</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neck-lumps-and-bumps">Neck lumps and bumps</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cervical-disc-protrusion-and-lesions">Neck pain</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neck-pain-cervicalgia-and-torticollis">Neck pain (cervicalgia) and torticollis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/necrobiosis-lipoidica-pro">Necrobiosis lipoidica</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/necrotising-enterocolitis">Necrotising enterocolitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/necrotising-fasciitis-pro">Necrotising fasciitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lung-abscess">Necrotising pneumonia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/needle-pericardiocentesis">Needle pericardiocentesis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/needlestick-injury-pro">Needlestick injury</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nelsons-syndrome">Nelson's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nematodes-roundworms">Nematodes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neonatal-examination">Neonatal examination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/congenital-perinatal-and-neonatal-infections">Neonatal infections</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neonatal-jaundice-pro">Neonatal jaundice</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/wilms-tumour-pro">Nephroblastoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nephrocalcinosis">Nephrocalcinosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diabetes-insipidus-pro">Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/urinary-tract-stones-urolithiasis">Nephrolithiasis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nephrotic-syndrome-pro">Nephrosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nephrotic-syndrome-pro">Nephrotic syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neural-tube-defects">Neural tube defects</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neuroblastomas">Neuroblastomas</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neurofibromatosis-pro">Neurofibromatosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neurogenic-bladder">Neurogenic bladder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neuroleptic-malignant-syndrome">Neuroleptic malignant syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neurological-examination-of-the-lower-limbs">Neurological examination of the lower limbs</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neurological-examination-of-the-upper-limbs">Neurological examination of the upper limbs</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neurological-history-and-examination">Neurological history and examination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neuropathic-joints-charcot-joints">Neuropathic joints</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neuropathic-pain-and-its-management">Neuropathic pain and its management</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neurotic-excoriation-and-acne-excoriee">Neurotic excoriation and acne excoriée</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neutropenic-patients-and-neutropenic-regimes">Neutropenic patients and neutropenic regimes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/newborn-screening">Newborn screening</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/progestogen-only-subdermal-implants">Nexplanon</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/night-terrors-and-parasomnias">Night terrors and parasomnias</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nightmare-disorder">Nightmare disorder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nocardia">Nocardia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nocturia">Nocturia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nocturnal-enuresis-in-children">Nocturnal enuresis in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cancrum-oris-noma">Noma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/corneal-problems-acute-and-non-acute">Non-acute corneal problems</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vascular-dementia">Non-Alzheimer's dementia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/non-anaemic-iron-deficiency">Non-anaemic iron deficiency</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/non-diabetic-retinal-vascular-disease">Non-diabetic retinal vascular disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/non-epileptic-seizures">Non-epileptic seizures</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/non-hodgkins-lymphoma-pro">Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ultrasound-scanning-non-obstetric">Non-obstetric ultrasound scanning</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase-deficiency">Non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/normal-and-abnormal-puberty">Normal and abnormal puberty</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/normal-pressure-hydrocephalus">Normal pressure hydrocephalus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/norovirus-pro">Norovirus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/norovirus-pro">Norwalk virus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nosebleed-epistaxis-pro">Nosebleed</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/notifiable-diseases">Notifiable diseases</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nuclear-cardiology-and-other-cardiac-scans">Nuclear cardiology and cardiac scans</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/numbers-needed-to-treat">Numbers needed to treat</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/discoid-nummular-eczema">Nummular eczema</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/radial-head-subluxation">Nursemaid's elbow</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nutritional-support-in-hospital">Nutritional support in hospital</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nutritional-support-in-primary-care">Nutritional support in primary care</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nystagmus">Nystagmus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/obesity-hypoventilation-syndrome">Obesity hypoventilation syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/obesity-in-adults">Obesity in adults</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/obesity-in-children">Obesity in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-pro">Obsessive-compulsive disorder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/obstetric-cholestasis-pro">Obstetric cholestasis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/obstetric-ultrasound">Obstetric ultrasound</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/obstructive-sleep-apnoea-syndrome-pro">Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/obstructive-sleep-apnoea-syndrome-in-children">Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/occupational-asthma">Occupational asthma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/occupational-burnout">Occupational burnout</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ocular-diagnostic-preparations">Ocular diagnostic preparations</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/glaucoma-and-ocular-hypertension">Ocular hypertension and types of glaucoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ocular-local-anaesthetics">Ocular local anaesthetics</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/oesophageal-atresia">Oesophageal atresia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/oesophageal-cancer-pro">Oesophageal cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/oesophageal-spasm">Oesophageal spasm</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/oesophageal-strictures-webs-and-rings">Oesophageal strictures, webs and rings</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/oesophageal-varices">Oesophageal varices</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ogilvies-syndrome">Ogilvie's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/olecranon-bursitis">Olecranon bursitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/oligohydramnios">Oligohydramnios</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/potters-syndrome">Oligohydramnios sequence</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/olliers-disease-pro">Ollier's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/oncological-emergencies">Oncological emergencies</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fungal-nail-infections-pro">Onychomycosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ophthalmia-neonatorum">Ophthalmia neonatorum</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/opiate-poisoning">Opiate poisoning</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/opioid-analgesics">Opioid analgesics</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/opioid-detoxification">Opioid detoxification</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/opioid-abuse-and-dependence">Opioid misuse and dependence</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/optic-atrophy">Optic atrophy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/optic-disc-swelling-including-papilloedema">Optic disc swelling</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/eye-and-optic-nerve-tumours">Optic nerve and eye tumours</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/oral-anticoagulants">Oral anticoagulants</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/oral-herpes-simplex">Oral herpes simplex</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/oral-ulceration">Oral ulceration</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/orbital-and-preseptal-cellulitis">Orbital and preseptal cellulitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/orbital-swellings">Orbital swellings</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/organ-donation-pro">Organ donation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/primary-sexual-headache">Orgasmic cephalgia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/orthopaedic-problems-in-childhood">Orthopaedic problems in childhood</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/orthostatic-proteinuria">Orthostatic proteinuria</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/osgood-schlatter-disease-pro">Osgood-Schlatter disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/polycythaemia-vera-pro">Osler-Vaquez Disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/osler-weber-rendu-syndrome">Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/osmolality-osmolarity-and-fluid-homeostasis">Osmolality, osmolarity, and fluid homeostasis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pagets-disease-of-bone-pro">Osteitis deformans</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/osteoarthritis-pro">Osteoarthritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/osteochondritis-dissecans">Osteochondritis dissecans</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/osteochondrodystrophy.htm">Osteochondrodysplasias</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/osteochondroses.htm">Osteochondroses</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/osteogenesis-imperfecta">Osteogenesis imperfecta</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vitamin-d-deficiency-including-osteomalacia-and-rickets-pro">Osteomalacia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/osteomyelitis-pro">Osteomyelitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/osteopetrosis-pro">Osteopetrosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/osteoporosis-pro">Osteoporosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/osteoporosis-risk-assessment-and-primary-prevention">Osteoporosis risk assessment and primary prevention</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/otalgia-earache">Otalgia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/otitis-externa-and-painful-discharging-ears">Otitis externa and painful, discharging ears</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-otitis-media-in-adults">Otitis media - acute in adults</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-otitis-media-in-children">Otitis media - acute in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/otitis-media-with-effusion">Otitis media with effusion</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fungal-ear-infection-otomycosis">Otomycosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ovarian-cancer-pro">Ovarian cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ovarian-hyperstimulation-syndrome">Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ovarian-tumours-and-fibroids-in-pregnancy">Ovarian tumours and fibroids in pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/overactive-bladder">Overactive bladder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hyperthyroidism">Overactive thyroid</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/overuse-phenomena-and-rsi">Overuse phenomena and RSI</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pacemaker-syndrome-and-pacemaker-complications">Pacemaker syndrome and pacemaker complications</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pacemakers-and-pacing">Pacemakers and pacing</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/paediatric-examination">Paediatric examination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dehydration-in-children">Paediatric fluid regimes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/paediatric-history">Paediatric history</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/paediatric-supraventricular-tachycardia">Paediatric supraventricular tachycardia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/axillary-vein-thrombosis">Paget-von Schröetter disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/juvenile-pagets-disease">Paget's disease - juvenile</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pagets-disease-of-bone-pro">Paget's disease of bone</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pagets-disease-of-breast">Paget's disease of breast</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pain-and-pain-relief">Pain and pain relief</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pain-control-in-palliative-care">Pain control in palliative care</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pain-relief-in-children">Pain relief in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/interstitial-cystitispainful-bladder-syndrome-pro">Painful bladder syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/painful-foot">Painful foot</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/palliative-care">Palliative care</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/palliative-care-of-heart-failure">Palliative care of heart failure</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/palmar-erythema">Palmar erythema</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/psoriasis-of-hands-and-feet-including-palmoplantar-pustulosis">Palmoplantar pustulosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pancoasts-syndrome">Pancoast's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pancreatic-exocrine-tumours">Pancreatic cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pancreatic-endocrine-tumours">Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-pancreatitis-pro">Pancreatitis - acute</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-pancreatitis-pro">Pancreatitis - chronic</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pandas-paediatric-autoimmune-neuropsychiatric-disorder-associated-with-streptococcal-infection">PANDAS</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/panic-disorder">Panic disorder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/panner's-disease.htm">Panner's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/optic-disc-swelling-including-papilloedema">Papilloedema</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ascites-tapping">Paracentesis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/paracetamol-poisoning">Paracetamol poisoning</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/paragonimiasis.htm">Paragonimiasis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sinusitis-pro">Paranasal sinus disorders</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/paraproteinaemia">Paraproteinaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/typhoid-and-paratyphoid-fever-pro">Paratyphoid fever</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/child-parent-relationship-and-potential-problems">Parent-child relationships and potential problems</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/parenteral-feeding">Parenteral feeding</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/parkes-weber''s-syndrome.htm">Parkes Weber's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/parkinsons-disease-management">Parkinson's disease treatment and management</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/parkinsonism-and-parkinsons-disease">Parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/paroxysmal-nocturnal-haemoglobinuria">Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/parvovirus-infection">Parvovirus infection</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anterior-knee-pain">Patellofemoral pain syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/patent-ductus-arteriosus">Patent ductus arteriosus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/plummer-vinson-syndrome">Paterson-Brown Kelly syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pathogenic-free-living-amoeba">Pathogenic free-living amoeba</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/peak-flow-recording">Peak flow recording</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/peg-feeding-tubes-indications-and-management">PEG feeding tubes - indications and management</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pelizaeus-merzbacher-disease.htm">Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pellagra">Pellagra</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pelvic-abscesses">Pelvic abscesses</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pelvic-fractures">Pelvic fractures</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pro">Pelvic inflammatory disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pelvic-pain">Pelvic pain</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bullous-pemphigoid-pro">Pemphigoid (bullous)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cicatricial-pemphigoid">Pemphigoid (cicatricial )</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pemphigoid-gestationis">Pemphigoid gestationis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pemphigus">Pemphigus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/peptic-ulcer-disease">Peptic ulcer disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/percutaneous-coronary-intervention">Percutaneous coronary intervention</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/allergic-rhinitis-pro">Perennial rhinitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/retroperitoneal-fibrosis-periaortitis">Periaortitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pericardial-effusion">Pericardial effusion</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-pericarditis">Pericarditis - chronic</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mammary-duct-ectasia-and-periductal-mastitis">Periductal mastitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/congenital-perinatal-and-neonatal-infections">Perinatal infections</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/perioral-dermatitis-pro">Perioral dermatitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/peripheral-arterial-disease-pro">Peripheral arterial disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/peripheral-blood-film">Peripheral blood film</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/peripheral-oedema">Peripheral oedema</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/intra-abdominal-sepsis-and-abscesses">Peritonitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/peritonsillar-abscess">Peritonsillar abscess</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pernicious-anaemia-and-b12-deficiency">Pernicious anaemia and B12 deficiency</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/persistent-nausea-or-vomiting">Persistent nausea or vomiting</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dissocial-personality-disorder">Personality disorder - antisocial</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/emotionally-unstable-personality-disorder">Personality disorder - emotionally unstable</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/personality-disorders-and-psychopathy">Personality disorders</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/perthes-disease-pro">Perthes' disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/whooping-cough-pro">Pertussis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/whooping-cough-vaccination">Pertussis vaccination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pes-cavus">Pes cavus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pes-planus-flat-feet">Pes planus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bowel-colonic-polyps-pro">Peutz-Jeghers syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/peyronies-disease-pro">Peyronie's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anterior-knee-pain">PFPS - patellofemoral pain syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/phaeochromocytoma-pro">Phaeochromocytoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pharyngeal-pouch">Pharyngeal pouch</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/phimosis-and-paraphimosis">Phimosis and paraphimosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/postherpetic-neuralgia-pro">PHN - postherpetic neuralgia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/social-anxiety-disorder-pro">Phobia - social</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/phosphofructokinase-deficiency-glycogen-storage-disease">Phosphofructokinase deficiency</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/photodermatoses">Photodermatoses</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/photodynamic-therapy">Photodynamic therapy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/photodermatoses">Photosensitive eruptions</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/physical-training">Physical training</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/physiological-changes-in-pregnancy">Physiological changes in pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/phyto-oestrogens">Phyto-oestrogens</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/frontotemporal-dementia">Pick's Dementia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/obesity-hypoventilation-syndrome">Pickwick syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-pro">PID</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pigmented-purpuric-dermatoses">Pigmented purpuric dermatosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/black-and-brown-skin-lesions">Pigmented skin lesions</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/epidermoid-and-pilar-cysts-sebaceous-cysts-pro">Pilar cysts</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/haemorrhoids-piles-pro">Piles</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pineal-gland-and-circadian-rhythms">Pineal gland and circadian rhythms</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pineal-tumours.htm">Pineal tumours</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/threadworms-pro">Pinworms</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-pituitary-failure">Pituitary apoplexy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pituitary-function-tests">Pituitary function tests</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pituitary-tumours">Pituitary tumours</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pityriasis-lichenoides-pro">Pityriasis lichenoides</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pityriasis-rosea-pro">Pityriasis rosea</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pityriasis-versicolor-pro">Pityriasis versicolor</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/placebo-effect">Placebo effect</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/placenta-praevia">Placenta praevia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/placenta-and-placental-problems">Placenta problems</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/plain-abdominal-x-ray">Plain abdominal X-ray</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/plantar-fasciitis-pro">Plantar fasciitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-plaque-psoriasis">Plaque psoriasis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-phase-proteins-crp-esr-and-viscosity">Plasma viscosity</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/protein-losing-enteropathy">PLE - protein-losing enteropathy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pleural-biopsy.htm">Pleural biopsy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pleural-effusion-pro">Pleural effusion</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pleural-effusion-aspiration">Pleural effusion aspiration</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pleural-effusion-aspiration">Pleural tap</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/plummer-vinson-syndrome">Plummer-Vinson syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/polymorphic-light-eruption-pro">PMLE - polymorphic light eruption</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/polymyalgia-rheumatica-pro">PMR - polymyalgia rheumatica</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pneumococcal-vaccination">Pneumococcal vaccination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pneumocystis-jirovecii-pneumonia">Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pneumocystis-jirovecii-pneumonia">Pneumocystosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pneumonia-pro">Pneumonia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pneumonitis">Pneumonitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pneumothorax-pro">Pneumothorax</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/progestogen-only-injectable-contraceptives">POIC - progestogen-only injectable contraceptives</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/polyarteritis-nodosa-pro">Polyarteritis nodosa</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/relapsing-polychondritis">Polychondritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/autosomal-dominant-polycystic-kidney-disease">Polycystic kidney disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/autosomal-recessive-polycystic-kidney-disease">Polycystic kidney disease (autosomal recessive)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pro">Polycystic ovary syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/polycythaemia-vera-pro">Polycythaemia vera</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/polyhydramnios">Polyhydramnios</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/polymorphic-light-eruption-pro">Polymorphic light eruption</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/polymyalgia-rheumatica-pro">Polymyalgia rheumatica</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/polyneuropathies">Polyneuropathies</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/polyuria">Polyuria</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pompes-glycogen-storage-disease">Pompe's glycogen storage disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pompholyx-pro">Pompholyx</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/legionnaires-disease-pro">Pontiac fever</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/porphyrias">Porphyrias</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/port-wine-stain-pro">Port-wine stain</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/portal-hypertension-pro">Portal hypertension</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/progestogen-only-subdermal-implants">POSDI - progestogen-only subdermal implants</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/post-inflammatory-hypopigmentation-of-skin">Post-inflammatory hypopigmentation of skin</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/post-polio-syndrome">Post-polio syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/post-term-pregnancy-prolonged-pregnancy">Post-term pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-pro">Post-traumatic stress disorder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/myalgic-encephalomyelitischronic-fatigue-syndrome-mecfs-pro">Post-viral fatigue syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/posterior-myocardial-infarct">Posterior myocardial infarct</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/posterior-vitreous-detachment">Posterior vitreous detachment</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/postherpetic-neuralgia-pro">Postherpetic neuralgia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/postmenopausal-bleeding">Postmenopausal bleeding</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/postmenopausal-cystourethritis">Postmenopausal cystourethritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/postnatal-care-puerperium">Postnatal care</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/postnatal-depression-pro">Postnatal depression</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/postpartum-contraception">Postpartum contraception</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/postpartum-endometritis-pro">Postpartum endometritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/postpartum-haemorrhage">Postpartum haemorrhage</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/postpartum-psychosis-pro">Postpartum psychosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/postural-tachycardia-syndrome-pots-pro">Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/orthostatic-proteinuria">Postural proteinuria</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/spinal-tuberculosis">Pott's disease of the spine</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ankle-fractures">Pott's fracture (ankle)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/frontal-bone-osteomyelitis.htm">Pott's puffy tumour (PPT)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/potters-syndrome">Potter's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/poverty-and-mental-health">Poverty and mental health</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/frontal-bone-osteomyelitis.htm">PPT - Pott's puffy tumour</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/practical-local-anaesthesia">Practical local anaesthesia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prader-willi-syndrome-pro">Prader-Willi syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pre-eclampsia-and-eclampsia">Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pre-hospital-analgesia">Pre-hospital analgesia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pre-operative-assessment-examination-and-tests">Pre-operative assessment - examination and tests</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pre-pregnancy-counselling">Pre-pregnancy counselling</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/precautions-for-patients-on-steroids-undergoing-surgery">Precautions for patients on steroids undergoing surgery</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/precautions-for-patients-with-diabetes-undergoing-surgery">Precautions for patients with diabetes undergoing surgery</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/precocious-puberty-pro">Precocious puberty</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/abdominal-pain-in-pregnancy">Pregnancy - abdominal pain</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ectopic-pregnancy-pro">Pregnancy - ectopic</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/multiple-pregnancy">Pregnancy - multiple</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nausea-and-vomiting-in-pregnancy-including-hyperemesis-gravidarum">Pregnancy - nausea and vomiting</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ovarian-tumours-and-fibroids-in-pregnancy">Pregnancy - ovarian tumours and fibroids</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/physiological-changes-in-pregnancy">Pregnancy - physiological changes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/post-term-pregnancy-prolonged-pregnancy">Pregnancy - prolonged</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/termination-of-pregnancy">Pregnancy - termination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anaemia-in-pregnancy">Pregnancy and anaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/connective-tissue-diseases-in-pregnancy">Pregnancy and connective tissue diseases</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/depression-in-pregnancy">Pregnancy and depression</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/epilepsy-and-pregnancy">Pregnancy and epilepsy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/genital-herpes-in-pregnancy">Pregnancy and genital herpes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/management-of-hiv-in-pregnancy">Pregnancy and HIV</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hypertension-in-pregnancy">Pregnancy and hypertension</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hyperthyroidism-in-pregnancy">Pregnancy and hyperthyroidism</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/jaundice-in-pregnancy">Pregnancy and jaundice</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/renal-disease-in-pregnancy">Pregnancy and renal disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rubella-and-pregnancy">Pregnancy and rubella</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/thyroid-disease-in-pregnancy">Pregnancy and thyroid disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/venous-thromboembolism-in-pregnancy">Pregnancy and venous thromboembolism</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/premature-babies-and-their-problems">Premature babies and their problems</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/premature-ejaculation-pro">Premature ejaculation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/premature-labour-pro">Premature labour</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/premature-ovarian-insufficiency-pro">Premature ovarian insufficiency</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/premedication">Premedication</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/premenstrual-syndrome-pro">Premenstrual syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prenatal-screening-for-downs-syndrome">Prenatal screening for Down's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prepatellar-bursitis">Prepatellar bursitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/controlled-drugs">Prescribing - controlled drugs</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/drug-prescribing-in-renal-impairment">Prescribing - drugs in renal impairment</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/general-prescribing-guidance">Prescribing - general guidance</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/generic-prescribing">Prescribing - generic</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/substitute-prescribing-for-opioid-dependence">Prescribing - substitutes for opioid dependence</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prescribing-analysis-and-audit">Prescribing analysis and audit</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prescribing-for-children">Prescribing for children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prescribing-for-the-older-patient">Prescribing for the older patient</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prescribing-in-palliative-care">Prescribing in palliative care</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prescribing-issues-and-concordance">Prescribing issues and concordance</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prescribing-oxygen">Prescribing oxygen</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pressure-ulcers-pro">Pressure ulcers</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/preterm-prelabour-rupture-of-membranes">Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/accidents-and-their-prevention">Prevention of accidents</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prevention-of-cardiovascular-disease">Prevention of cardiovascular disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prevention-of-falls-in-the-elderly-pro">Prevention of falls in elderly people</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prevention-of-infective-endocarditis">Prevention of infective endocarditis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prevention-of-type-2-diabetes">Prevention of type 2 diabetes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prevention-of-venous-thromboembolism">Prevention of venous thromboembolism</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/primary-antibody-deficiency">Primary antibody deficiency</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/primary-biliary-cholangitis-pro">Primary biliary cholangitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/myopathies">Primary disorders of muscle</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/primary-sexual-headache">Primary headache associated with sexual activity</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/immunodeficiency-primary-and-secondary">Primary immunodeficiency</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/primary-liver-cancer-pro">Primary liver cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/myelosclerosis-(primary).htm">Primary myelosclerosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/primary-open-angle-glaucoma">Primary open-angle glaucoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/osteoporosis-risk-assessment-and-primary-prevention">Primary prevention of osteoporosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/primary-sclerosing-cholangitis-pro">Primary sclerosing cholangitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/coronary-artery-vasospasm">Prinzmetal's angina</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/probiotics-and-prebiotics">Probiotics and prebiotics</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/problems-in-small-babies">Problems in small babies</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/problems-in-the-mouth">Problems in the mouth</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/proctalgia-fugax-and-anal-pain">Proctalgia fugax and anal pain</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/progestogen-only-contraceptive-pill-pro">Progestogen-only contraceptive pill</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/progestogen-only-injectable-contraceptives">Progestogen-only injectable contraceptives</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/progestogen-only-subdermal-implants">Progestogen-only subdermal implants</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/progestogens">Progestogens</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prolonged-diarrhoea-or-vomiting">Prolonged diarrhoea or vomiting</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prominent-ears">Prominent ears</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prostate-cancer-pro">Prostate cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia">Prostate gland enlargement</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prostate-specific-antigen-psa">Prostate specific antigen</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prostatitis">Prostatitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/protein-losing-enteropathy">Protein-losing enteropathy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prune-belly-syndrome.htm">Prune belly syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prurigo-nodularis-pro">Prurigo nodularis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/itching-pro">Pruritus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pruritus-ani">Pruritus ani</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prostate-specific-antigen-psa">PSA - prostate specific antigen</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/primary-sclerosing-cholangitis-pro">PSC - primary sclerosing cholangitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gansers-syndrome-pseudodementia">Pseudodementia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/calcium-pyrophosphate-deposition-including-pseudogout-pro">Pseudogout</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pseudomembranous-colitis">Pseudomembranous colitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pseudomonas">Pseudomonas</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/puva">Psoralen and UVA</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/generalised-pustular-psoriasis">Psoriasis - generalised pustular</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/guttate-psoriasis">Psoriasis - guttate</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/erythrodermic-psoriasis">Psoriasis erythrodermic</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/psoriasis-of-hands-and-feet-including-palmoplantar-pustulosis">Psoriasis of hands and feet</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-plaque-psoriasis">Psoriasis vulgaris (chronic stationary type)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/psoriatic-arthritis-pro">Psoriatic arthritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/psoriatic-nail-disease-pro">Psoriatic nail disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/psychiatric-assessment">Psychiatric assessment</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/psychosis-diagnosis-and-management">Psychosis - diagnosis and management</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/psychotherapy-and-its-uses.htm">Psychotherapy and its uses</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/percutaneous-coronary-intervention">PTCA - percutaneous transluminal</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ptosis-and-lid-lag">Ptosis and lid lag</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/delayed-puberty">Puberty - delayed</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/normal-and-abnormal-puberty">Puberty - normal and abnormal</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/precocious-puberty-pro">Puberty - precocious</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pubic-and-body-lice-pro">Pubic and body lice</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/puerperal-mastitis">Puerperal mastitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/postpartum-psychosis-pro">Puerperal psychosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/puerperal-pyrexia">Puerperal pyrexia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/postnatal-care-puerperium">Puerperium</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/radial-head-subluxation">Pulled elbow</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pulmonary-alveolar-proteinosis.htm">Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pulmonary-embolism-pro">Pulmonary embolism</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pulmonary-fibrosis">Pulmonary fibrosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pulmonary-hypertension-pro">Pulmonary hypertension</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pulmonary-hypoplasia">Pulmonary hypoplasia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pulmonary-rehabilitation">Pulmonary rehabilitation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pulmonary-valve-disease">Pulmonary valve disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pulse-examination">Pulse examination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pulse-oximetry">Pulse oximetry</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pyrexia-of-unknown-origin">PUO - pyrexia of unknown origin</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pupillary-abnormalities">Pupillary abnormalities</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/purpuric-rashes">Purpuric rashes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/x-linked-lymphoproliferative-syndrome-(xlp).htm">Purtilo syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/generalised-pustular-psoriasis">Pustular psoriasis (generalised)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/puva">PUVA</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pvl-positive-staphylococcus-aureus">PVL-positive Staphylococcus aureus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pyelonephritis">Pyelonephritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mcardles-disease-glycogen-storage-disease-type-v">PYGM deficiency</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/infantile-hypertrophic-pyloric-stenosis">Pyloric stenosis - infantile hypertrophic</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pyoderma-gangrenosum-pro">Pyoderma gangrenosum</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pyogenic-granuloma-pro">Pyogenic granuloma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pyometra">Pyometra</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pyrexia-of-unknown-origin">Pyrexia of unknown origin</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/peritonsillar-abscess">Quinsy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rabies-vaccination">Rabies vaccination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/radial-head-subluxation">Radial head subluxation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/radial-nerve-lesion-c5-c8">Radial nerve lesion</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/radiotherapy-pro">Radiotherapy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/raised-intracranial-pressure">Raised intracranial pressure</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/herpes-zoster-oticus-ramsay-hunt-syndrome">Ramsay Hunt syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rape-and-sexual-assault">Rape and sexual assault</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rapid-tranquilisation">Rapid tranquilisation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/raynauds-phenomenon-pro">Raynaud's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/reactive-arthritis-pro">Reactive arthritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rectal-bleeding-in-adults">Rectal bleeding in adults</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rectal-bleeding-in-children">Rectal bleeding in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/colorectal-cancer">Rectal cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rectal-examination">Rectal examination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rectal-prolapse">Rectal prolapse</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/genitourinary-prolapse-pro">Rectocoele and cystocoele</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/recurrent-abdominal-pain-in-children-pro">Recurrent abdominal pain in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/recurrent-corneal-erosion-syndrome">Recurrent corneal erosion syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/recurrent-miscarriage">Recurrent miscarriage</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/recurrent-urinary-tract-infection">Recurrent urinary tract infection</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/red-eye">Red eye</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/alcoholism-and-alcohol-misuse-management">Reducing alcohol intake</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-pro">Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/reflexic-anoxic-seizures">Reflexic anoxic seizures</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/refraction-and-refractive-errors">Refraction and refractive errors</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cerebrovascular-event-rehabilitation">Rehabilitation after stroke</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/relapsing-polychondritis">Relapsing polychondritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/child-parent-relationship-and-potential-problems">Relationship - child/parent</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/renal-biopsy">Renal biopsy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/renal-cancer">Renal cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/renal-disease-in-pregnancy">Renal disease in pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-kidney-injury-pro">Renal failure - acute</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-on-chronic-kidney-disease">Renal failure - acute on chronic</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/assessing-renal-function">Renal function assessment</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/renal-replacement-therapy-and-transplantation">Renal replacement therapy and transplantation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/urinary-tract-stones-urolithiasis">Renal stones</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/renal-vein-thrombosis.htm">Renal vein thrombosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/renovascular-disease">Renovascular disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/resources-for-healthcare-professionals-in-managing-burnout">Resources for healthcare professionals in managing burnout</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/children-with-respiratory-difficulties">Respiratory difficulties in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/respiratory-failure">Respiratory failure</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/respiratory-system-history-and-examination">Respiratory system history and examination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/restless-legs-syndrome-pro">Restless leg syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/restrictive-cardiomyopathy">Restrictive cardiomyopathy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/resuscitation-in-hypovolaemic-shock">Resuscitation in hypovolaemic shock</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-urinary-retention">Retention of urine - chronic</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/retinal-artery-occlusions">Retinal artery occlusions</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/retinal-detachment-pro">Retinal detachment</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/retinal-tumours">Retinal tumours</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/non-diabetic-retinal-vascular-disease">Retinal vascular disease - non-diabetic</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/retinal-vein-occlusions">Retinal vein occlusions</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/retinitis-pigmentosa">Retinitis pigmentosa</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/retinoblastoma-pro">Retinoblastoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/retinopathy-of-prematurity">Retinopathy of prematurity</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/retinopathy-of-prematurity">Retrolental fibroplasia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/retroperitoneal-fibrosis-periaortitis">Retroperitoneal fibrosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rett-syndrome">Rett syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rhabdomyolysis-and-other-causes-of-myoglobinuria">Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rhabdomyosarcoma-pro">Rhabdomyosarcoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/haemolytic-disease-of-the-fetus-and-newborn">Rhesus haemolytic disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rheumatic-fever-pro">Rheumatic fever</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rheumatoid-arthritis-pro">Rheumatoid arthritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/management-of-rheumatoid-arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis - management</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rheumatoid-arthritis-and-the-lung">Rheumatoid arthritis and the lung</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rheumatoid-factor">Rheumatoid factor</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/caplan's-syndrome.htm">Rheumatoid lung silicosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/disease-modifying-antirheumatic-drugs-dmards-pro">Rheumatological drugs and their monitoring</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rheumatological-history-examination-and-investigations">Rheumatological history, examination and investigations</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/allergic-rhinitis-pro">Rhinitis - allergic</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/allergic-rhinitis-pro">Rhinitis - perennial</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rosacea-and-rhinophyma">Rhinophyma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nasal-discharge">Rhinorrhoea - nasal discharge</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sinusitis-pro">Rhinosinusitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ricin-poisoning.htm">Ricin poisoning</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vitamin-d-deficiency-including-osteomalacia-and-rickets-pro">Rickets</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/right-iliac-fossa-pain">Right iliac fossa pain</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rigors-pro">Rigors</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tinea-capitis">Ringworm - scalp</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/upper-gastrointestinal-bleeding-includes-rockall-score">Rockall numerical scoring system</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/basal-cell-carcinoma">Rodent ulcer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/romano-ward-syndrome.htm">Romano-Ward syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rosacea-and-rhinophyma">Rosacea and rhinophyma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ross-river-virus-infection.htm">Ross river virus infection</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rotavirus-and-rotavirus-vaccination">Rotavirus and rotavirus vaccination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rotor's-syndrome.htm">Rotor syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nematodes-roundworms">Roundworms</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/overuse-phenomena-and-rsi">RSI - repetitive strain injury</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rubella">Rubella</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ruptured-aortic-aneurysm">Ruptured aortic aneurysm</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/nasogastric-ryles-tubes">Ryles tubes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/safeguarding-adults-pro">Safeguarding adults</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/safeguarding-children-how-to-recognise-abuse-or-a-child-at-risk">Safeguarding children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/safeguarding-children-referral-and-management-of-an-abused-or-at-risk-child">Safeguarding children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/salivary-gland-disorders">Salivary gland disorders</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/salivary-gland-tumours">Salivary gland tumours</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/salmonella-gastroenteritis">Salmonella gastroenteritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pathogenic-free-living-amoeba">Sappinia pedata</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sarcoidosis-pro">Sarcoidosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sarin-poisoning.htm">Sarin poisoning</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/short-bowel-syndrome">SBS - short bowel syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/scabies-pro">Scabies</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tinea-capitis">Scalp ringworm</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/scarlet-fever-pro">Scarlet fever</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/squamous-cell-carcinoma-of-skin">SCC - squamous cell carcinoma of skin</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/schambergs-disease">Schamberg's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/scheuermanns-disease">Scheuermann's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/schistosomiasis-pro">Schistosomiasis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/schizoaffective-disorder">Schizoaffective disorder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/schizophrenia-pro">Schizophrenia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/low-back-pain-and-sciatica">Sciatica and low back pain</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/localised-scleroderma-morphoea-pro">Scleroderma - localised</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/systemic-sclerosis-scleroderma">Scleroderma - systemic sclerosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/scoliosis-and-kyphosis">Scoliosis and kyphosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/breast-screening-with-mammography">Screening - breast cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/screening-for-cognitive-impairment">Screening for cognitive impairment</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/screening-for-depression-in-primary-care">Screening for depression in primary care</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/osteoporosis-risk-assessment-and-primary-prevention">Screening for osteoporosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/screening-for-the-early-detection-of-colorectal-cancer">Screening for the early detection of colorectal cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/screening-programmes-in-the-uk">Screening programmes in the UK</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/seasonal-affective-disorder-pro">Seasonal affective disorder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/epidermoid-and-pilar-cysts-sebaceous-cysts-pro">Sebaceous cysts</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sebaceous-naevus">Sebaceous naevus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/seborrhoeic-dermatitis-pro">Seborrhoeic dermatitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/infant-seborrhoeic-dermatitis">Seborrhoeic dermatitis - infant</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/seborrhoeic-wart">Seborrhoeic wart</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/secondary-headache">Secondary headache</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/immunodeficiency-primary-and-secondary">Secondary immunodeficiency</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/secondary-liver-cancer">Secondary liver cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/non-epileptic-seizures">Seizures - non-epileptic</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors">Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/self-harm">Self-harm</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/self-monitoring-in-diabetes-mellitus">Self-monitoring in diabetes mellitus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/age-related-macular-degeneration-pro">Senile macular degeneration</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sepsis-septicaemia-pro">Sepsis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/septic-arthritis-pro">Septic arthritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/septo-optic-dysplasia">Septo-optic dysplasia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/seronegative-arthropathies">Seronegative arthropathies</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/serotonin-syndrome">Serotonin syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/severs-disease-pro">Sever's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome">Severe acute respiratory syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/severe-and-partial-sight-impairment">Severe and partial sight impairment</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sex-therapy-and-counselling">Sex therapy and counselling</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rape-and-sexual-assault">Sexual assault and rape</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sexual-health">Sexual health</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sexual-history-taking">Sexual history taking</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sexually-transmitted-infections-pro">Sexually transmitted infections</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/small-for-gestational-age-babies">SGA babies</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/shigellosis">Shigellosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/shin-splints">Shin splints</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/shingles-and-shingles-vaccination">Shingles</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/short-bowel-syndrome">Short bowel syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/short-stature">Short stature</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/shoulder-dislocation">Shoulder dislocation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/shoulder-examination">Shoulder examination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/shoulder-joint-replacements">Shoulder joint replacements</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/shoulder-pain-pro">Shoulder pain</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/blind-loop-syndrome">SIBO - small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sick-building-syndrome-pro">Sick building syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sick-sinus-syndrome">Sick sinus syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sickle-cell-disease-and-sickle-cell-anaemia-pro">Sickle cell disease and sickle cell anaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sudden-infant-death-syndrome">SIDS - sudden infant death syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sigmoid-volvulus">Sigmoid volvulus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sinding-larsen-johansson-disease">Sinding-Larsen Johansson disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sinusitis-pro">Sinusitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/six-week-baby-check">Six-week baby check</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sjogrens-syndrome-pro">Sjögren's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/skin-and-subcutaneous-nodules">Skin and subcutaneous nodules</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/skin-biopsy-techniques-in-general-practice">Skin biopsy techniques in general practice</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/black-and-brown-skin-lesions">Skin lesions - black and brown</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/skin-manifestations-of-systemic-disease">Skin manifestations of systemic disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/skin-tags">Skin tags</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/parvovirus-infection">Slapped cheek disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/obstructive-sleep-apnoea-syndrome-pro">Sleep apnoea</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sleep-problems-in-children">Sleep problems in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/slipped-capital-femoral-epiphysis-pro">Slipped capital femoral epiphysis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/small-for-gestational-age-babies">Small for gestational age</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/smallpox.htm">Smallpox</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/smallpox-vaccination.htm">Smallpox vaccination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/self-monitoring-in-diabetes-mellitus">SMBG - self-monitoring blood glucose</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cervical-screening-cervical-smear-test-pro">Smear - cervical</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/inhalation-injury">Smoke Inhalation Injury</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/smoking-cessation-pro">Smoking cessation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/snake-bites">Snake bites</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sneddons-syndrome">Sneddon's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/snoring-pro">Snoring</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/social-anxiety-disorder-pro">Social anxiety disorder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/social-isolation-how-to-help-patients-be-less-lonely">Social isolation - how to help patients be less lonely</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/actinic-keratosis-pro">Solar keratosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/somatic-symptom-disorder">Somatic symptom disorder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sore-throat-pro">Sore throat</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/space-occupying-lesions-of-the-brain">Space-occupying lesions of the brain</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/speech-therapy-an-introduction">Speech therapy - an introduction</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/spermicidal-contraception">Spermicidal contraception</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/spider-naevus">Spider naevus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/spina-bifida-pro">Spina bifida</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/spinal-cord-compression">Spinal cord compression</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/spinal-cord-injury">Spinal cord injury</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/spinal-disc-problems-including-red-flag-signs">Spinal disc problems</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/spinal-muscular-atrophy-pro">Spinal muscular atrophy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/spinal-stenosis-pro">Spinal stenosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/spinal-tuberculosis">Spinal tuberculosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/spinal-tumours">Spinal tumours</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/examination-of-the-spine">Spine examination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/spirometry-pro">Spirometry</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/splenectomy-and-hyposplenism">Splenectomy and hyposplenism</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/splenomegaly-and-hypersplenism">Splenomegaly and hypersplenism</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/axial-spondyloarthritis">Spondyloarthritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/spondylolysis-and-spondylolisthesis">Spondylolisthesis and spondylolysis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/miscarriage-pro">Spontaneous abortion</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sports-injuries-basic-principles">Sports injuries - basic principles</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/squamous-cell-carcinoma-of-skin">Squamous cell carcinoma of skin</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/strabismus-squint">Squint</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors">SSRIs - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/st-johns-wort">St John's wort</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sydenhams-chorea">St Vitus' dance</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/stable-angina-2">Stable angina</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/staphylococcal-scalded-skin-syndrome">Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pvl-positive-staphylococcus-aureus">Staphylococcus aureus - PVL</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/lipid-regulating-drugs-including-statins">Statins</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/status-epilepticus-management">Status epilepticus management</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/steatohepatitis-and-steatosis-fatty-liver">Steatohepatitis and steatosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pro">Stein-Leventhal syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sterile-pyuria">Sterile pyuria</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sterilisation-vasectomy-and-female-sterilisation">Sterilisation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/stevens-johnson-syndrome">Stevens-Johnson syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/juvenile-idiopathic-arthritis-pro">Still's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/stillbirth-and-neonatal-death">Stillbirth and neonatal death</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/stokes-adams-attacks">Stokes-Adams attacks</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/stoma-care">Stoma care</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/gastric-cancer">Stomach cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/strabismus-squint">Strabismus (squint) classification and management</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/strawberry-naevus">Strawberry naevus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-stress-reaction-pro">Stress - acute stress disorder</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/stress-fractures">Stress fractures</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/stridor">Stridor</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cerebrovascular-events">Stroke</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/stroke-prevention">Stroke prevention</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cerebrovascular-event-rehabilitation">Stroke rehabilitation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/zollinger-ellison-syndrome">Strom-Zollinger-Ellison syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/olecranon-bursitis">Student's elbow</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sturge-weber-syndrome-pro">Sturge-Weber syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/subarachnoid-haemorrhage-pro">Subarachnoid haemorrhage</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/subclavian-steal-phenomenon">Subclavian steal phenomenon</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/subclinical-hypothyroidism">Subclinical hypothyroidism</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/subconjunctival-haemorrhage-pro">Subconjunctival haemorrhage</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/skin-and-subcutaneous-nodules">Subcutaneous nodules</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/subdural-haematoma-pro">Subdural haematoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/medication-overuse-headache-and-headache-triggers">Substance overuse/withdrawal headache</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/substitute-prescribing-for-opioid-dependence">Substitute prescribing for opioid dependence</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sudden-cardiac-death-in-young-people">Sudden cardiac death in young people</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sudden-infant-death-syndrome">Sudden infant death syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/suicide-risk-assessment-and-threats-of-suicide">Suicide risk assessment and threats of suicide</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sunburn">Sunburn</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/basal-cell-carcinoma">Superficial basal cell carcinoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/superficial-thrombophlebitis-pro">Superficial thrombophlebitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/superior-vena-cava-obstruction">Superior vena cava obstruction</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/supporting-the-family-of-people-with-dementia">Supporting the family of people with dementia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/paediatric-supraventricular-tachycardia">Supraventricular tachycardia - paediatric</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/supraventricular-tachycardia-in-adults">Supraventricular tachycardia in adults</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/the-essence-of-surgery.htm">Surgery - essence of</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/surgical-correction-of-refractive-errors.htm">Surgical correction of refractive errors</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/surgical-drains-indications-management-and-removal">Surgical drains</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/surgical-emergencies-in-childhood.htm">Surgical emergencies in childhood</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tackling-foundation-years-(housejobs).htm">Surviving house jobs (foundation programme)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/superior-vena-cava-obstruction">SVC obstruction</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/paediatric-supraventricular-tachycardia">SVT - paediatric</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/supraventricular-tachycardia-in-adults">SVT - supraventricular tarchycardia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/swallowed-foreign-bodies">Swallowed foreign bodies</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/febrile-neutrophilic-dermatosis">Sweet's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/swollen-legs">Swollen legs</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sydenhams-chorea">Sydenham's chorea</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bornholm-disease-pro">Sylvest's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sympathetic-ophthalmia">Sympathetic ophthalmia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/syncope">Syncope</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/metabolic-syndrome">Syndrome X</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/syphilis-pro">Syphilis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/syringe-drivers">Syringe drivers</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/syringomyelia-and-syringobulbia">Syringomyelia and syringobulbia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/heart-in-systemic-disease">Systemic disease - heart</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/eye-in-systemic-disease">Systemic disease - the eye</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/systemic-lupus-erythematosus-pro">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/systemic-sclerosis-scleroderma">Systemic sclerosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/broad-complex-tachycardias">Tachycardias - broad complex</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/narrow-complex-tachycardias">Tachycardias - narrow complex</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/supraventricular-tachycardia-in-adults">Tachycardias - paroxysmal supraventricular</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ventricular-tachycardias">Tachycardias - ventricular</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tackling-foundation-years-(housejobs).htm">Tackling foundation years</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acatalasaemia.htm">Takahara's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/takayasus-arteritis">Takayasu's arteritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/talipes-equinovarus">Talipes equinovarus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cestodes-tapeworms">Tapeworms</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chalazion-pro">Tarsal cyst</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tarsal-tunnel-syndrome">Tarsal tunnel syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/phosphofructokinase-deficiency-glycogen-storage-disease">Tarui disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fatigue-and-tatt">TATT - tired all the time syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tay-sachs-disease.htm">Tay-Sachs disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tuberculosis-pro">TB - tuberculosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/giant-cell-arteritis-pro">Temporal arteritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/temporal-lobe-lesions-pro">Temporal lobe lesions</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/temporomandibular-joint-dysfunction-and-pain-syndromes">Temporomandibular disorders</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tendon-rupture">Tendon rupture</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tenesmus">Tenesmus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tennis-elbow-and-golfers-elbow">Tennis elbow and golfer's elbow</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tension-type-headache-pro">Tension-type headache</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/termination-of-pregnancy">Termination of pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/testicular-cancer-pro">Testicular cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tetanus-and-tetanus-vaccination">Tetanus and tetanus vaccination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fallots-tetralogy">Tetralogy of Fallot</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/thyroid-function-tests-pro">TFTs - thyroid function tests</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/thalassaemia-pro">Thalassaemia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/thallium-poisoning">Thallium poisoning</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/eye-in-systemic-disease">The eye and systemic disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ideals-and-the-hippocratic-oath">The Hippocratic oath and good medical practice</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/the-patient-with-newly-diagnosed-diabetes">The patient with newly diagnosed diabetes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/immunoglobulins-normal-and-specific">Therapeutic immunoglobulins</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pleural-effusion-aspiration">Thoracentesis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/thoracic-aortic-aneurysms">Thoracic aortic aneurysms</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/thoracic-back-pain">Thoracic back pain</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cervical-ribs-and-thoracic-outlet-syndrome">Thoracic outlet syndrome and cervical ribs</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/threadworms-pro">Threadworms</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/thrombocytopenia-and-platelet-function-disorders">Thrombocytopenia and platelet function disorders</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/thrombocytosis">Thrombocytosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/thrombolytic-treatment-of-acute-ischaemic-stroke">Thrombolytic treatment of acute ischaemic stroke</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/thrombophilia-pro">Thrombophilia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/thrombotic-thrombocytopenic-purpura-pro">Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vaginal-and-vulval-candidiasis">Thrush - vaginal and vulval</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bennetts-fracture-and-other-thumb-injuries">Thumb injuries</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/thyroglossal-cysts">Thyroglossal cysts</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/thyroid-cancer-pro">Thyroid cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/thyroid-disease-and-surgery">Thyroid disease and surgery</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/thyroid-disease-in-pregnancy">Thyroid disease in pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/myxoedema-coma">Thyroid emergencies - myxoedema coma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/thyroid-eye-disease-pro">Thyroid eye disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/thyroid-function-tests-pro">Thyroid function tests</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/thyroid-lumps-including-goitre">Thyroid lumps</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hyperthyroid-crisis-thyrotoxic-storm">Thyrotoxic storm</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hyperthyroidism">Thyrotoxicosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/transient-ischaemic-attacks">TIA - transient ischaemic attacks</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tibial-and-fibular-fractures-including-horse-riders-knee">Tibial and fibular fractures</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/costochondritis-and-tietzes-syndrome">Tietze's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tinea-capitis">Tinea capitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dermatophytosis-tinea-infections">Tinea infections</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fungal-nail-infections-pro">Tinea unguium</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tinnitus-pro">Tinnitus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tips-on-managing-well-being-in-primary-care">Tips on managing wellbeing in primary care</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fatigue-and-tatt">Tired all the time syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pancoasts-syndrome">Tobias syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/clubbing">Toe and finger clubbing</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/toe-deformities">Toe deformities</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fallots-tetralogy">TOF - tetralogy of Fallot</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tolosa-hunt-syndrome">Tolosa-Hunt syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cancers-of-the-oral-cavity">Tongue and mouth cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tonsillitis-pro">Tonsillitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/termination-of-pregnancy">TOP - termination of pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hrt-topical">Topical HRT</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/topical-steroids-for-the-skin">Topical steroids for the skin</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/torsades-de-pointes">Torsades de pointes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/torsion-of-the-testis-pro">Torsion of the testis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neck-pain-cervicalgia-and-torticollis">Torticollis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tourette-syndrome-and-other-tic-disorders">Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/toxic-epidermal-necrolysis">Toxic epidermal necrolysis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/toxic-shock-syndrome-pro">Toxic shock syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/toxocariasis">Toxocariasis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/toxoplasmosis-pro">Toxoplasmosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tracheostomy-pro">Tracheostomy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/trachoma.htm">Trachoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/transient-ischaemic-attacks">Transient ischaemic attacks</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/renal-replacement-therapy-and-transplantation">Transplantation - renal</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/transposition-of-the-great-arteries">Transposition of the great arteries</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/trauma-assessment">Trauma assessment</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/eye-injuries">Trauma to the eye</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/trauma-triage-and-scoring">Trauma triage and scoring</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/travellers-diarrhoea-pro">Traveller's diarrhoea</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/treacher-collins'-syndrome.htm">Treacher Collins' syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/treating-infections-phe">Treating infections</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tremor-pro">Tremor</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cold-injury">Trench foot</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/trichomonas-vaginalis">Trichomonas vaginalis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tricuspid-valve-disease">Tricuspid valve disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/trigeminal-neuralgia-pro">Trigeminal neuralgia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/edwards-syndrome-trisomy-18-pro">Trisomy 18</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/downs-syndrome-trisomy-21">Trisomy 21</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tropical-sprue">Tropical sprue</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tuberculosis-pro">Tuberculosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tuberculosis-prevention-and-screening">Tuberculosis prevention and screening</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bcg-vaccination">Tuberculosis vaccination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tumour-markers">Tumour markers</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tumours-of-the-choroid">Tumours of the choroid</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tungsten-poisoning">Tungsten poisoning</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/turner-syndrome-pro">Turner syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/two-year-child-development-check">Two-year child development check</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tympanosclerosis">Tympanosclerosis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/management-of-type-2-diabetes">Type 2 diabetes treatment and management</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/von-gierkes-glycogen-storage-disease">Type I glycogen storage disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pompes-glycogen-storage-disease">Type II glycogen storage disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/mcardles-disease-glycogen-storage-disease-type-v">Type V glycogen storage disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/phosphofructokinase-deficiency-glycogen-storage-disease">Type VII glycogen storage disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/typhoid-and-paratyphoid-fever-pro">Typhoid and paratyphoid fever</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/typhoid-vaccination">Typhoid vaccination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/immunisation-schedule-uk">UK immunisation schedule</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ulcer-surgery-and-its-complications">Ulcer surgery and its complications</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ulcerative-colitis-pro">Ulcerative colitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ulnar-nerve-disorders">Ulnar nerve disorders</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/cubital-tunnel-syndrome">Ulnar neuritis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/undescended-and-maldescended-testes">Undescended testes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/upper-gastrointestinal-bleeding-includes-rockall-score">Upper gastrointestinal bleeding</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/urethral-caruncle">Urethral caruncle</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/urethral-syndrome">Urethral syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/urethritis-in-men">Urethritis in men</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/bilirubinuria">Urinary bilirubin</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/urinary-frequency">Urinary frequency</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/urinary-incontinence-pro">Urinary incontinence</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-urinary-retention">Urinary retention - acute</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-urinary-retention">Urinary retention - chronic</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/recurrent-urinary-tract-infection">Urinary tract infection - recurrent</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/urinary-tract-infection-in-adults">Urinary tract infection in adults</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/urinary-tract-infection-in-children">Urinary tract infection in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/urinary-tract-obstruction">Urinary tract obstruction</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/urine-dipstick-analysis">Urine dipstick analysis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/urine-ketones-meanings-and-false-positives-pro">Urine ketones - meanings and false positives</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/urodynamic-studies">Urodynamic studies</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/urinary-tract-stones-urolithiasis">Urolithiasis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/urticaria-pro">Urticaria</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/use-of-oxygen-therapy-in-copd">Use of oxygen therapy in COPD</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/usher-syndrome.htm">Usher's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/endometrial-cancer">Uterine Cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/uterine-cervix-and-common-cervical-abnormalities">Uterine cervix and common cervical abnormalities</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/fibroids-pro">Uterine leiomyoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/uterine-rupture">Uterine rupture</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/recurrent-urinary-tract-infection">UTI - recurrent</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/uveitis-pro">Uveitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/influenza-vaccination">Vaccination - flu</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/whooping-cough-vaccination">Vaccination - whooping cough</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vaccines-and-immunological-products">Vaccines and immunological products</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vaginal-and-vulval-candidiasis">Vaginal and vulval candidiasis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vaginal-cancer">Vaginal cancer</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vaginal-discharge">Vaginal discharge</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vaginismus">Vaginismus</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/osteogenesis-imperfecta">Van der Hoeve syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chickenpox-pro">Varicella-zoster</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/varicocele-pro">Varicocele</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/varicose-eczema-pro">Varicose eczema</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/varicose-veins-pro">Varicose veins</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vascular-dementia">Vascular dementia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vasculitis-pro">Vasculitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/sterilisation-vasectomy-and-female-sterilisation">Vasectomy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/venous-leg-ulcers-pro">Venous leg ulcers</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/deep-vein-thrombosis-pro">Venous thromboembolism - DVT</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pulmonary-embolism-pro">Venous thromboembolism - pulmonary embolism</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/venous-thromboembolism-in-pregnancy">Venous thromboembolism in pregnancy</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prevention-of-venous-thromboembolism">Venous thromboembolism prevention</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/exomphalos-and-gastroschisis">Ventral hernia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ventricular-fibrillation">Ventricular fibrillation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ventricular-septal-defect-pro">Ventricular septal defect</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ventricular-tachycardias">Ventricular tachycardias</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/verrucae">Verrucae</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vertebrobasilar-occlusion-and-vertebral-artery-syndrome">Vertebrobasilar insufficiency</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/verteporfin-and-other-cytotoxics-for-the-eye">Verteporfin and other cytotoxics for the eye</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vertigo">Vertigo</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/benign-paroxysmal-positional-vertigo-pro">Vertigo - benign positional</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vestibular-neuritis-and-labyrinthitis-pro">Vestibular neuritis and labyrinthitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acoustic-neuromas">Vestibular schwannoma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hand-arm-vibration-syndrome-pro">Vibration whitefinger</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vulval-cancer-and-vulval-intraepithelial-neoplasia">VIN - vulval intraepithelial neoplasia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/viral-hepatitis-particularly-d-and-e">Viral hepatitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/viral-skin-infections">Viral skin infections</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/viral-warts-excluding-verrucae">Viral warts</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/hirsutism">Virilism</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vision-testing-and-screening-in-young-children">Vision testing and screening in young children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/visual-field-defects">Visual field defects</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vitamin-d-deficiency-including-osteomalacia-and-rickets-pro">Vitamin D deficiency including osteomalacia and rickets</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vitamin-k-deficiency-bleeding">Vitamin K deficiency bleeding</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vitiligo-pro">Vitiligo</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/posterior-vitreous-detachment">Vitreous detachment</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vitreous-haemorrhage-pro">Vitreous haemorrhage</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/volvulus-and-midgut-malrotations">Volvulus and midgut malrotations</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prolonged-diarrhoea-or-vomiting">Vomiting or diarrhoea - prolonged</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/von-gierkes-glycogen-storage-disease">Von Gierke's glycogen storage disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vulval-cancer-and-vulval-intraepithelial-neoplasia">Vulval cancer and vulval intraepithelial neoplasia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vulval-problems-pro">Vulval problems</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vulvitis-pro">Vulvitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/vulvodynia-pro">Vulvodynia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/seborrhoeic-wart">Wart - seborrhoeic</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anogenital-warts-pro">Warts - genital</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/viral-warts-excluding-verrucae">Warts - viral (excluding verrucae)</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/epiphora">Watering eyes</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/leptospirosis-weils-disease">Weil's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/multiple-endocrine-neoplasia-type-1-men1">Wermer's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/werners-syndrome-pro">Werner's syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/wernicke-korsakoff-syndrome">Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/wests-syndrome-infantile-spasms">West syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/wheezing-in-children">Wheezing in children</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/which-device-in-asthma">Which device in asthma?</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/whiplash-and-cervical-spine-injury">Whiplash and cervical spine injury</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/whipples-disease">Whipple's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/melioidosis-and-glanders.htm">Whitmore's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/whooping-cough-pro">Whooping cough</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/whooping-cough-vaccination">Whooping cough vaccination</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/wilms-tumour-pro">Wilms' tumour</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/wilsons-disease-pro">Wilson's disease</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/flatulence-and-wind">Wind and flatulence</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/wiskott-aldrich-syndrome.htm">Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome-pro">Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/simple-wound-management-and-suturing">Wound management and suturing</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/wrist-fractures">Wrist fractures</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/x-linked-lymphoproliferative-syndrome-(xlp).htm">X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diabetes-education-and-self-management-programmes">X-PERT diabetes programme</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/xanthelasma">Xanthelasma</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/xeroderma-pigmentosum-pro">Xeroderma pigmentosum</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dry-eyes-pro">Xerophthalmia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dry-mouth-xerostomia">Xerostomia</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/keratomalacia">Xerotic keratitis</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/yellow-nail-syndrome">Yellow nail syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pharyngeal-pouch">Zenker's diverticulum</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/zinc-deficiency-excess-and-supplementation-pro">Zinc deficiency, excess and supplementation</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/zollinger-ellison-syndrome">Zollinger-Ellison syndrome</a><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/zygomatic-arch-and-orbital-fractures">Zygomatic arch and orbital fractures</a></noscript><div class="SearchHeader_container___pA9H" data-testid="search-header"><div class="Outer_outer__BTURZ" 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data-testid="article-updates-wrapper"><div class="Outer_outer__BTURZ" data-testid="main-outer"><div class="Inner_inner__R1rvV Inner_block__s6wZg" data-testid="main-inner"><div class="Wrapper_wrapper__mIaOu Wrapper_homepage__xWdGd" data-testid="main-wrapper"><div class="ArticleUpdates_header__Q9ZPh" data-testid="article-updates-header"><h2 data-testid="article-updates-title">Article updates</h2><h5 data-testid="article-updates-subtitle">View the latest article updates on Patient.</h5></div><div class="ArticleUpdates_content__3L_A5" data-testid="article-updates-content"><div class="ArticleUpdates_item__rA4Yi" data-testid="article-updates-item"><a class=" CardLink_card-link___zuey CardLink_elevation-1__BEYog CardLink_radius-regular__2Vkce CardArticleUpdate_card-article-update__3wgY2 ArticleUpdates_card__YUWGq " href="https://patient.info/doctor/sepsis-septicaemia-pro" data-testid="card-article-update" target="_self"><h4 class="CardArticleUpdate_title___0hjM" data-testid="card-article-update-title">Sepsis </h4><p class="CardArticleUpdate_content___36_n" data-testid="card-article-update-content">What is sepsis? Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated host response to infection. Septic shock is associated with particularly profound circulatory, cellular and metabolic abnormalities, with a greater risk of mortality than with sepsis alone. Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated host response to infection. Septic shock describes circulatory, cellular, and metabolic abnormalities which are associated with a greater risk of mortality than sepsis alone. Patients with septic shock can be clinically identified by a vasopressor requirement to maintain a mean arterial pressure of 65 mm Hg or greater and serum lactate level greater than 2 mmol/L in the absence of hypovolaemia. This combination is associated with hospital mortality rates greater than 40%. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) was established to raise awareness of severe sepsis and to improve its management. The SSC is a collaboration between several groups worldwide and its aim is to reduce the mortality from sepsis. Pathophysiology of sepsis The exact pathophysiology of sepsis is unknown, but it is thought to be a multifactorial response to an infecting pathogen that may be amplified by host factors (eg, genetics, age, and co-morbidities), the pathogen (type, virulence, and burden), and the environment. The exact mechanism of cell injury is not fully known, but it is suspected that immune and coagulation systems are switched on by infection and cause dysfunction of one or more organs with variable severity. It is thought this involves the early activation of both pro-inflammatory responses (leading to cellular and tissue damage) and anti-inflammatory responses (leading to immunosuppression). Resulting tissue hypoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction, macrovascular and microvascular dysfunction, and cell death are thought to be mediators of organ dysfunction. The most common sites of infection leading to sepsis are the respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal and genitourinary tracts, as well as blood, skin, soft tissue, bone and joint sources. Studies indicate an equal prevalence of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections in sepsis, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas species, and Escherichia coli. In children, Neisseria meningitides and Haemophilus influenzae may also be involved. Rarely, fungal, viral, or parasitic infections are the cause. No causative pathogen is identified in about one-third of people with sepsis. How common is sepsis? (Epidemiology) Sepsis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for children worldwide. Globally, an estimated 22 cases of childhood sepsis per 100,000 person-years and 2,202 cases of neonatal sepsis per 100,000 live births occur, translating into 1.2 million cases of childhood sepsis per year. The most recent global estimates for sepsis incidence and mortality were based on data for adults admitted to hospital in seven high-income countries and reported 19.4 million sepsis incident cases and 5.3 million sepsis-related deaths annually. As only high-income countries are represented this may be a significant underestimate. However, it has been deduced that more than 1 in 1,000 people in developed countries develop sepsis each year and between a third and a half of them progress to severe sepsis. The figures for developing countries are likely to be far higher. Risk factors There is usually an abscess or nidus of infection, which may be occult. Risk factors for developing sepsis include the following: The very young (under 1 year) and older people (over 75 years), or people who are very frail. People who have impaired immune systems because of illness or drugs, including: People having treatment for cancer with chemotherapy. People who have impaired immune function (eg, people with diabetes, people who have had a splenectomy, or people with sickle cell disease. People taking long-term steroids. People taking immunosuppressant drugs to treat non-malignant disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. People who have had surgery, or other invasive procedures, in the past 6 weeks. People with any breach of skin integrity (eg, cuts, burns, blisters or skin infections. People who misuse drugs intravenously. People with indwelling lines or catheters. People who are pregnant, have given birth or had a termination of pregnancy or miscarriage in the past 6 weeks. Risk factors for early-onset neonatal infection: Suspected or confirmed infection in another baby in the case of a multiple pregnancy. Invasive group B streptococcal infection in a previous baby or maternal group B streptococcal colonisation, bacteriuria or infection in the current pregnancy. Pre-term birth following spontaneous labour before 37 weeks' gestation. Confirmed rupture of membranes for more than 18 hours before a pre-term birth. Confirmed prelabour rupture of membranes at term for more than 24 hours before the onset of labour. Intrapartum fever higher than 38°C if there is suspected or confirmed bacterial infection. Chorioamnionitis. Symptoms of sepsis (presentation) Patients may have presented a few days earlier with a focus of infection. Patients may then deteriorate rapidly despite having the appropriate oral antibiotics. People with sepsis may have non-specific, non-localised presentations, eg, feeling very unwell, and may not have a high temperature. There may be concerns expressed by the person and their family or carers, eg, changes from usual behaviour. Also enquire about symptoms relating to a possible focus of infection - eg, cough, urinary symptoms, recent travel. Ask about frequency of micturition in the past 18 hours. Presenting features for children may include feeling abnormally cold to touch, looking mottled and blue or with very pale skin, a rash that does not fade with pressure, raised respiratory rate and being very lethargic and difficult to wake up. Young children may not feed, may have repeated vomiting or may not pass any urine and so not have wet nappies. Assessment A high degree of vigilance is required for early identification of a patient with sepsis in primary care. Evaluate risk level using the person's history, physical examination results and criteria based on age. The NICE guideline includes stratification of risk from sepsis in under 5s, children aged 5 to 11, children and young people aged 12 to 15, and for those aged 16 years and older. Assess people with any suspected infection to identify: Possible source of infection. Factors that increase risk of sepsis. Any indications of clinical concern, such as new-onset abnormalities of behaviour, circulation or respiration. Use a structured set of observations to assess people in a face-to-face setting to stratify risk if sepsis is suspected. Ask how often the person urinated in the past 18 hours, any recent fever or rigors, and whether they have recently presented with symptoms or signs that could indicate sepsis. Use the national early warning score (NEWS2) - see 'Sepsis screening' below - to assess people with suspected sepsis who are aged 16 or over, are not and have not recently been pregnant, and are in an acute hospital setting, acute mental health setting or ambulance. Consider using an early warning score to assess people with suspected sepsis who are: Aged under 16, in any setting. Pregnant or have recently been pregnant, in any setting. Aged 16 or over, in a community or custodial setting. Suspect neutropenic sepsis in people who become unwell and: Are having or have had systemic anticancer treatment within the last 30 days. Are receiving or have received immunosuppressant treatment for reasons unrelated to cancer. Use clinical judgement to determine whether any past treatment may still be likely to cause neutropenia. Refer patients with suspected neutropenic sepsis immediately for assessment in secondary or tertiary care. Initial examination Assess temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, level of consciousness, oxygen saturation and capillary refill time. In community settings, measure oxygen saturation if equipment is available and taking a measurement does not cause a delay in assessment or treatment. Examine people with suspected sepsis for (see also Meningococcal Disease): Mottled or ashen appearance. Cyanosis of the skin, lips or tongue. Non-blanching petechial or purpuric rash. Any breach of skin integrity (eg, cuts, burns or skin infections). Other rash indicating potential infection. As part of the initial assessment, carry out a thorough clinical examination to look for sources of infection, including sources that might need drainage or other interventions. Sepsis screening The National Early Warning Score (NEWS) is a tool developed by the Royal College of Physicians which improves the detection and response to clinical deterioration in adult patients and is a key element of patient safety and improving patient outcomes. The National Early Warning System (NEWS) was introduced by the Royal College of Physicians in 2012. In December 2017, an updated version of NEWS, NEWS2, was published. See the reference link for further information. The National Early Warning System (NEWS2) is based on a simple scoring system in which a score is allocated to physiological measurements already undertaken when patients present to, or are being monitored in, hospital. NEWS is more accurate in predicting 10- and 30-day mortality than other systems when patients present to A&E with suspected sepsis. Six simple physiological parameters form the basis of the scoring system: 1. Respiratory rate 2. Oxygen saturations 3. Temperature 4. Systolic blood pressure 5. Pulse rate 6. Level of consciousness A score is allocated to each as they are measured, the magnitude of the score reflecting how extremely the parameter varies from the norm. The score is then aggregated. Evidence suggests using the system is associated with improved patient outcomes. Management of sepsis The following is a brief summary of the NICE guidance. See the reference link to the NICE guideline for further information. Managing suspected sepsis outside acute hospital settings Refer people with suspected sepsis for emergency medical care if: They meet any high risk criteria, or Their immunity is impaired by drugs or illness and they meet any moderate to high risk criteria. Use the most appropriate means of transport (usually 999 ambulance). Pre-alert secondary care (through GP or ambulance service) when any high risk criteria are met in a person under 16 with suspected sepsis outside of an acute hospital, and transfer them immediately. Managing the condition while awaiting transfer In remote and rural locations where transfer time to emergency department is routinely more than 1 hour, ensure GPs have mechanisms in place to give antibiotics to people with high risk criteria in pre-hospital settings. If immediate transfer to hospital is not required Assess people who are outside acute hospital settings with suspected sepsis and any moderate to high risk criteria to: Make a definitive diagnosis of their condition. Decide whether their condition can be treated safely outside hospital. If a definitive diagnosis is not reached or the person's condition cannot be treated safely outside an acute hospital setting, refer them urgently for emergency care. Managing suspected sepsis in acute hospital settings Initial investigations to find the source of infection Start looking for the source of infection and take microbiological and blood samples before giving an antimicrobial. Initial blood tests should include blood gas, including glucose and lactate measurement, blood culture, full blood count, C-reactive protein, renal function and electrolytes, liver function tests and clotting screen. Give a broad-spectrum antimicrobial at the maximum recommended dose, without delay (within 1 hour of identifying that they meet any high risk criteria), if antibiotics have not already been given for this episode of sepsis. When the source of infection is confirmed or microbiological results are available: review the choice of antibiotic(s) and change the antibiotic(s) according to results, using a narrower-spectrum antibiotic, if appropriate. Give intravenous fluid bolus without delay (within 1 hour of identifying that they meet any high risk criteria). Refer to a critical care specialist or team for them to review, including their need for central venous access and initiation of inotropes or vasopressors. See the NICE guideline reference link for further information. Prognosis Organ dysfunction is an important predictor of prognosis, with multiple organ involvement being associated with a higher risk of mortality. Extremes of age and the presence of co-morbidities are also associated with a worse prognosis. A UK Sepsis Trust report cites an overall mortality rate in England of 28.9%. A UK observational cohort study of 91 intensive care units (n = 56,673) found that the hospital mortality rate of adults admitted with sepsis ranged from 17% in people aged 16–19 years, to 64% in people aged over 85 years. A diagnosis of septic shock is associated with hospital mortality rates greater than 40%. An international study of the association between following Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) performance criteria and mortality rate found the overall hospital mortality for people with sepsis and septic shock was 32.8%. The case fatality rate of sepsis may be falling over time, presumably due to increased awareness and reporting of suspected sepsis, faster diagnosis, and improved management protocols. Survivors of sepsis have higher rates of mortality following hospital discharge compared with control populations. Compared to non-sepsis admissions, sepsis survivors have a greater risk of re-admission, with 30-day re-admission rates averaging between 19–32%. People who survive sepsis may have long-term physical, psychological, and cognitive impairments. Complications of sepsis Death (see 'Prognosis' section above). Organ failure: this may be multi-system and includes acute kidney injury, cholestasis, heart failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or acute lung injury, and bone marrow suppression. Recurrent and secondary infection. Malnutrition. Coagulopathy: this may cause thromboembolism or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) characterised by microthrombosis and haemorrhage. Physical impairments: a reduced quality of life may result from chronic pain and fatigue. Encephalopathy and delirium may lead to reduced mobility and neuromuscular weakness, as well as longer lasting neurocognitive deficits such as memory problems and reduced concentration. Psychological sequelae may include anxiety about recurrent infection and sepsis, post-traumatic stress disorder, loss of confidence and self-esteem. Post-sepsis syndrome Post-sepsis syndrome (PSS) is associated with several pathophysiologic mechanisms that negatively affect quality of life, long-term health and lifespan. These pathophysiologic mechanisms include immune dysregulation, persistent inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. PSS can manifest in various ways including: Physical difficulties include fatigue, weakness, breathlessness, chest pains, oedema, arthralgia, poor appetite, visual disturbance, sensory disturbance and recurrent infections. Psychological difficulties may include anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, nightmares, insomnia, poor concentration and memory disturbance. Original document (2016) produced in collaboration with Dr Ron Daniels of The UK Sepsis Trust.</p><p class="CardArticleUpdate_date__kTPL1" data-testid="card-article-update-date">21 Feb 2024</p></a></div><div class="ArticleUpdates_item__rA4Yi" data-testid="article-updates-item"><a class=" CardLink_card-link___zuey CardLink_elevation-1__BEYog CardLink_radius-regular__2Vkce CardArticleUpdate_card-article-update__3wgY2 ArticleUpdates_card__YUWGq " href="https://patient.info/doctor/common-cold-coryza" data-testid="card-article-update" target="_self"><h4 class="CardArticleUpdate_title___0hjM" data-testid="card-article-update-title">Common cold</h4><p class="CardArticleUpdate_content___36_n" data-testid="card-article-update-content">Synonym: coryza What is the common cold? The common cold is an acute, self-limiting, viral inflammation of the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract. It causes nasal discharge and congestion, sneezing, a sore throat and a cough. The common cold actually describes an array of similar conditions caused by a vast number of different viruses. It is most often caused by infection with rhinoviruses (50-80%) and coronaviruses - a COVID-19 diagnosis might be considered where there is fever, loss of taste or smell, and a cough. It may also be due to infection by influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, enteroviruses and adenovirus. Transmission of the common cold infection Routes of transmission vary between viruses but include: Inhalation of airborne respiratory droplets from people infected with the virus. Direct contact with infectious secretions. Some viruses may be spread by hand or skin contact. Common cold transmission most commonly occurs in the home, in schools and in daycare centres. The main reservoir of viruses is in young children. This is because they are more vulnerable to infection, as they have not yet developed the relevant antibodies, they shed the virus for longer following infection and they are in close contact with others. Common cold epidemiology Adults have an average of two to three colds a year. Children have an average of five to six colds a year. Young children in nursery schools may average up to twelve colds per year. It should be noted that the introduction of non-pharmacological interventions for control of COVID-19 spread has been associated with a lower rate of other respiratory viruses across Europe. Adults who are in contact with young children have more colds than those who are not. Annual epidemics occur within the colder months in temperate climates and during the rainy season in the tropics. There are over 200 viruses which cause colds; many people with cold symptoms are found to be infected with several viruses at the same time. Common cold symptoms The most frequent symptoms of the common cold are nasal discharge, nasal obstruction, sneezing, sore throat, general malaise and cough. Hoarseness, loss of taste and smell, mild burning of the eyes and a feeling of pressure in the ears or sinuses, due to obstruction and/or mucosal swelling, may also occur. Headache and fever tend to be less common symptoms. Cough is associated with 30% of colds and tends to start on about the fourth or fifth day when nasal symptoms decrease. There may be a mild increase in body temperature. Infants and young children are more likely to develop higher temperatures. In infants there may be irritability, snuffles resulting in difficulty feeding, and diarrhoea. Diagnosis may be difficult and fever can be the main symptom during the early part of the illness. Differential diagnosis Adults Allergic rhinitis: nasal itching, sneezing, watery rhinorrhoea, and nasal obstruction. It is also often accompanied by itchy, watery eyes. It can be perennial, seasonal, or due to occupational exposure. Non-allergic rhinitis: presents with chronic nasal symptoms. Pharyngitis: acute pharyngitis is caused by a variety of organisms, including the adenoviruses and Streptococcus pyogenes. This pharyngitis is often more severe than the mild-to-moderate pharyngeal discomfort in the common cold. Influenza: initially presents with systemic symptoms, including fever, rigors, headaches, myalgia, malaise and anorexia. Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever): presents with persistent severe sore throat, fever, cervical lymphadenopathy and malaise; it is particularly common in teenagers and young adults. Whooping cough: the cough may develop later but is characteristic and is much more severe than that associated with the common cold. Children In addition to the above list, consider a foreign body in the nose. The discharge is unilateral, purulent, foul-smelling and blood-stained. Infants Consider the possibility of a more serious condition - eg, meningitis, septicaemia, pneumonia. Common cold treatment and management See also the separate Ill and Feverish Child article. General advice Explain that there are no drugs of proven benefit for the prophylaxis or treatment of the common cold, although many things have been suggested. Medical management is centred around providing symptomatic relief. Provide advice about the usual natural history of the illness and average total length of illness. (Guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) state the average total length of illness is 7-10 days for sore throat and 3-4 weeks for associated cough. One systematic review showed 90% of children are better within 15 days.) Explain that antibiotic treatment of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) does not alter the clinical outcome of the illness or prevent further complications. Explain that antibiotics may also have side-effects - eg, diarrhoea, vomiting and rash. Ensure adequate fluid intake. (There are no systematic reviews to recommend or not recommend the traditional advice of increasing fluid intake.) Address any underlying concerns. Taking the time to educate people that colds are self-limiting and have no specific curative treatment may reduce anxiety and prevent unnecessary visits to the doctor in the future. Advise adequate rest but that there is usually no need to take time off school and work. Advise hygiene measures to reduce spread: frequent hand-washing, avoiding sharing towels and toys, etc. Advise about self-care and over-the-counter measures which may help with symptoms (see below). Self-care and over-the-counter options for symptom control Some people may get relief from one or more of the following: Steam inhalation - eg, by sitting in the bathroom while running a hot shower. (Beware of the risk of scalding, particularly in young children; also, evidence of effectiveness is limited.) Vapour rubs applied to the back or chest. Gargling with salt water. Sucking boiled sweets or sore-throat lozenges. Nasal drops (sodium chloride 0.9%) for nasal congestion. These may be useful for infants who are having difficulty feeding. Over-the-counter analgesia. Paracetamol and/or ibuprofen may be helpful for sore throats, headaches or temperatures. Advise these are only used in children under the age of 5 years who have a fever or are distressed. Intranasal decongestants (short-term use only) Systemic decongestants, often combined with analgesics in over-the-counter preparations for the common cold. These have a very small and very short-term benefit. Cough medicines. (Currently there is no good evidence for or against their effectiveness.) Editor's note Dr Krishna Vakharia, 21st February 2024 MHRA safety review of medicines containing pseudoephedrine There have been very rare reports of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) associated with pseudoephedrine. Following a review by MHRA - the safety information of all pseudoephedrine-containing medicines will be updated to provide clearer descriptions of these risks and potential risk factors for these conditions for both patients and healthcare professionals. PRES - also known as reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS). This is a rare condition in which parts of the brain are affected by swelling - usually as a result of an underlying cause. Symptoms include headache, changes in vision, and seizures, with some developing other neurological symptoms such as confusion or weakness of one or more limbs. Most patients fully recover. RCVS - is a neurological disorder. There is a sudden onset of severe headache associated with narrowing of the intracranial blood vessels. On brain imaging the narrowing of the blood vessels can look similar to a “string of beads”. Very rarely, RCVS can present as a medical emergency with strokes (ischaemic strokes or bleed), seizure or as brain oedema. Usually, the narrowing resolves by itself - reversible - within three months, and most patients fully recover. MHRA is reminding health professionals that: - Pseudoephedrine is for short term use only and should only be used to relieve symptoms of nasal and sinus congestion in colds, flu, and allergies. - No one should take pseudoephedrine if they have hypertension or hypertension not controlled by their medicines, or if they have severe acute or chronic kidney disease or kidney failure. - Patients who develop symptoms of PRES and RCVS should stop taking pseudoephedrine immediately and seek urgent medical attention. These include severe headache that develops very quickly or suddenly feeling sick or vomiting, confusion or experiencing seizures or changes in vison. For context- there have been 4 Yellow card reports on this to date- out of 4 million packets sold in 2022. Cough classification advice The 'wet' or 'dry' classification of cough should be discontinued. Cough counting is now recognised as the gold standard for assessing antitussive activity by the US Food and Drug Administration, but because it is a recent innovation, very few of the currently available cough medicines have been assessed using this methodology. This new model and way of working holds the promise to make assessment of cough easier than previously and, importantly, is evidence-based. Evidence does NOT currently support the use of the following: Intranasal steroids. Antihistamines, but may be beneficial when combined with decongestants. Echinacea. Vitamin C. Zinc. Chinese herbal medicines (data are lacking). Garlic. Over-the-counter treatments for children under the age of 6 years Over-the-counter cough and cold measures should not be used in children under the age of 6 years. A warm drink containing honey and lemon may be used, or simple cough medicines containing honey, lemon or glycerine. There is no strong evidence for the effectiveness of honey for cough but it seems to be more effective than no treatment. However, honey is not recommended for babies aged under 1 year because of a theoretical risk of infant botulism. In 2009, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) advised that cough and cold remedies containing the following ingredients should NOT be used in children under the age of 6 years, as the risk-benefit balance is unfavourable: Antitussives (dextromethorphan and pholcodine). Expectorants (guaifenesin and ipecacuanha). Nasal decongestants (ephedrine, oxymetazoline, phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine, and xylometazoline). Antihistamines (brompheniramine, chlorphenamine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, promethazine, and triprolidine). Over the age of 6 years, these medications may be used if other self-care measures have not eased symptoms, and for a maximum of five days, and providing only one cold remedy is used at a time. Follow-up Advise people to return if their symptoms are worsening, or if they have not improved after two weeks. For young children and babies, advise early review if they are not feeding, if there are any symptoms of dehydration, if they have a persistent fever or if they have any difficulty breathing. Consider arranging a review for people at high risk of complication (eg, significant comorbidity, immunosuppression) and advise them to attend urgently if their condition worsens. Complications Complications with the common cold are usually due to viral spread, or secondary bacterial infection. They are more likely in: Smokers. Those with immunosuppression through disease or treatment. Young children born prematurely. Elderly people. Those with significant comorbidity, particularly asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes mellitus, and cystic fibrosis, as well as those with any significant cardiac, renal, liver or neuromuscular disease. Common complications include: Sinusitis (0.5-2% of cases). Otitis media (as many as 20% of young children with the common cold). Croup in very young children and babies. Chest infections: bronchiolitis in the very young, acute bronchitis, pneumonia, and exacerbations of COPD or asthma. Prognosis In the majority, the common cold is a mild, self-limiting illness. The common cold usually lasts around a week in adults and 10-14 days in children. In 90% of children, symptoms have resolved by 15 days. Cigarette smokers are likely to have a more severe and more prolonged illness than non-smokers and are significantly more likely to develop a chest infection as a complication. People with COPD who have a rhinovirus infection are more likely to have a longer duration of illness, a more severe illness and to cough for longer afterwards than those without lung disease. Common cold prevention Preventing the spread of the common cold is very difficult but simple measures to prevent the spread of acute respiratory infections, such as hand washing (especially around younger children), are thought to be moderately effective. The role of mask wearing is less clear. The effectiveness of adding virucidals or antiseptics to normal handwashing to decrease transmission remains uncertain and hasn't been recently updated. People with colds should also avoid close contact (eg, hugging, kissing) and avoid sharing towels and flannels. Children should be discouraged from sharing toys belonging to a child with a cold. Some work has been done on looking for a vaccine for the common cold but this is difficult because of the antigenic variability of the cold viruses and the numerous other indistinguishable infective agents. </p><p class="CardArticleUpdate_date__kTPL1" data-testid="card-article-update-date">30 May 2022</p></a></div><div class="ArticleUpdates_item__rA4Yi" data-testid="article-updates-item"><a class=" CardLink_card-link___zuey CardLink_elevation-1__BEYog CardLink_radius-regular__2Vkce CardArticleUpdate_card-article-update__3wgY2 ArticleUpdates_card__YUWGq " href="https://patient.info/doctor/important-complications-of-anaesthesia" data-testid="card-article-update" target="_self"><h4 class="CardArticleUpdate_title___0hjM" data-testid="card-article-update-title">Important complications of anaesthesia</h4><p class="CardArticleUpdate_content___36_n" data-testid="card-article-update-content">Anaesthesia Anaesthesia is from the Greek and means 'loss of sensation'. Anaesthesia allows invasive and painful procedures to be performed with little distress to the patient. There are three main types of anaesthesia. General anaesthesia The patient is sedated, using either intravenous medications or gaseous substances, and occasionally muscles paralysed, requiring control of breathing by mechanical ventilation. Regional anaesthesia This can be described as central where anaesthetic drugs are administered directly in or around the spinal cord, blocking the nerves of the spinal cord (eg, epidural or spinal anaesthesia). The main benefit of this method is that ventilation is not needed (provided the block is not too high). Regional anaesthesia can also be peripheral - for example: Plexus blocks - eg, brachial plexus. Nerve blocks - eg, femoral. Intravenous blocks whilst preventing venous flow out of the region - eg, Bier's block. Local anaesthesia In this method the anaesthetic is applied to one site, usually topically or subcutaneously. Important complications of general anaesthesia The practice of anaesthesia is fundamental to the practice of medicine. However, anaesthesia is not without its problems. It is difficult to determine exactly the incidence of deaths directly attributable to general anaesthetics, as the cause of death is often multifactorial and study methodology varies making comparisons difficult. In 1987 a confidential enquiry into perioperative deaths revealed that very few deaths were actually as a direct result of general anaesthesia - there was an incidence of 1 in 185,086 (first Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Deaths (CEPOD)). More recently in a Swiss single tertiary centre data analysis between 2003 and 2019, 1.5 deaths occurred for every 100,000 patients. Figures of anaesthetic-related morbidity are more difficult to determine. Although general anaesthesia is not without risk, it should be remembered that it allows necessary procedures to be performed in a humane way - without which the patient might otherwise die. Along these lines, if a patient is high-risk for a general anaesthetic (eg, pre-existing comorbidities) then they should still be referred for surgery like any other patient. The decision to operate and which form of anaesthesia to use should then be decisions made by the surgeon and anaesthetist. Important complications of general anaesthesia Important information Pain. Nausea and vomiting - up to 30% of patients. Damage to teeth. Sore throat and laryngeal damage. Anaphylaxis to anaesthetic agents - approximately 1 in 3,000. Cardiovascular collapse. Respiratory depression. Aspiration pneumonitis - non-obstetric emergency rate between 1 in 373 to 1 in 895. Hypothermia. Hypoxic brain damage. Nerve injury. Awareness during anaesthesia. Embolism - air, thrombus, venous or arterial. Backache. Headache. Idiosyncratic reactions related to specific agents - eg, malignant hyperpyrexia with suxamethonium, succinylcholine-related apnoea. Iatrogenic - eg, pneumothorax related to central line insertion. Death. Some specific complications of general anaesthesia Anaphylaxis Anaphylaxis can occur to any anaesthetic agent and in all types of anaesthesia. The severity of the reaction may vary but features may include rash, urticaria, bronchospasm, hypotension, angio-oedema, and vomiting. It needs to be carefully looked for in the pre-operative assessment and previous general anaesthetic charts may help. Patients who are suspected of an allergic reaction should be referred for further investigation to try to determine the exact cause. If necessary, this may involve provocation testing or skin prick testing and patients should be referred to local immunologists. Anaphylaxis needs to be promptly recognised and managed and patients should be advised to wear a medical emergency identification bracelet or similar once they recover. Aspiration pneumonitis A reduced level of consciousness can lead to an unprotected airway. If the patient vomits they can aspirate the vomitus contents into their lungs. This can set up lung inflammation with infection. The risk of aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia is reduced by fasting for several hours prior to the procedure and cricoid cartilage pressure during induction of anaesthesia. However, the evidence for the use of cricoid pressure is not clearly documented and further investigation is required. Other methods of reducing aspiration pneumonitis associated with anaesthesia are the use of metoclopramide to enhance gastric emptying or proton pump inhibitors to increase the pH of gastric contents. Aspiration pneumonitis may also occur in spinal anaesthesia if the level of spinal block is too high, leading to paralysis or impairment of the vocal cords and respiratory impairment. Peripheral nerve damage This can occur with all the types of anaesthesia and results from nerve compression. The most common cause is exaggerated positioning for prolonged periods of time. Both the anaesthetist and the surgeons should be aware of this potential complication and patients should be moved on a regular basis if possible. The severity varies and recovery may be prolonged. The most common nerves affected are the ulnar nerve and the common peroneal nerve. More rarely, the brachial plexus may be affected. Injury to nerves can be avoided by prevention of extreme postures for lengthy periods during surgery. If nerve damage occurs then patients should be followed up and further investigations such as electromyography may be required. Damage to teeth It is now common practice to check the teeth in the anaesthetist's pre-operative assessment. Damage to teeth is actually the most common cause of claims made against anaesthetists. In a 2023 systematic review and meta-analysis, during the peri-operative period, the majority of dental injuries (50–75%) occur during tracheal intubation. The overall incidence of dental injury is estimated to be between 0.06% and 12%, but these values may be underestimated. The tooth most commonly affected is the upper left incisor. Embolism Embolism is rare during an anaesthetic but is potentially fatal. Air embolism occurs more commonly during neurosurgical procedures or pelvic operations. Prophylaxis of thromboembolism is common and begins pre-operatively with thromboembolic deterrents (TEDS) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). Important complications of regional anaesthesia Central regional anaesthesia was first used at the end of the 18th century. It provided a method of blocking afferent and efferent nerves by injecting anaesthetic agents in either the epidural space around the spinal cord (epidural anaesthesia) or directly in the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the spinal cord (ie in the subarachnoid space called spinal anaesthesia). All nerves are blocked including motor nerves, sensory nerves and nerves of the autonomic system. Epidural anaesthesia takes slightly longer than spinal anaesthesia to take effect and provides predominantly analgesic properties. With both, the need for muscle paralysis and ventilation is not usually required but there is a risk that a high block will impair respiration, meaning that ventilation will be necessary. A 2017 Cochrane systematic review showed that regional anaesthesia is associated with reduced mortality and reduction in serious complications in comparison with general anaesthesia. However, a 2022 systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs comparing outcomes in those having general anaesthetic or spinal anaesthetic showed that spinal anaesthesia reduced the risk of acute kidney injury compared with GA: RR=0.59 (95% CI, 0.39-0.89), but there were no significant differences in the risk of other outcomes. Important complications of regional anaesthesia Important information Pain - patients may still experience pain despite spinal anaesthesia. Post-dural headache from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. Hypotension and bradycardia through blockade of the sympathetic nervous system. Limb damage from sensory and motor block. Epidural or intrathecal bleed. Respiratory failure if block is 'too high'. Direct nerve damage. Hypothermia. Damage to the spinal cord - may be transient or permanent. Spinal infection. Aseptic meningitis. Haematoma of the spinal cord - enhanced by use of LMWH pre-operatively. Anaphylaxis. Urinary retention. Spinal cord infarction. Anaesthetic intoxication. Some specific complications of regional anaesthesia Post-dural puncture headache Post-dural puncture headache is very common after spinal anaesthesia and especially in young adults and obstetrics. Unintentional dural puncture occurs in 0.15-1.5% of labour epidural analgesia and 50-80% of these women develop post-dural puncture headache. The headache results from CSF leak from the puncture site. It is increased by use of larger-gauge needles and reduced by atraumatic needles. Presenting symptoms may include headache, photophobia, vomiting and dizziness. Post-dural puncture headache is usually treated with analgesia, bed rest and adequate hydration. Occasionally epidural blood patch is used where 15 ml of the patient's blood are injected at the site of the meningeal tear. Caffeine is also used and acts as a stimulant of the CNS and has shown benefit. Other medications with benefit include gabapentin, theophylline and hydrocortisone. Total spinal block Total spinal block can occur with the injection of large amounts of anaesthetic agents into the spinal cord. It is detected by a high sensory level and rapid muscle paralysis. The block moves up the spinal cord so that respiratory embarrassment may occur, as can unconsciousness. In these situations the patient needs prompt assessment and may need to be intubated and ventilated until the spinal block wears off. The quoted incidences vary between 1 in 2,971 and 1 in 16,200 anaesthetics. Hypotension Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery occurs in as many as 70% to 80% of women receiving pharmacological prophylaxis. They develop transient hypotension as sympathetic nerves are blocked. This usually responds to prompt fluid replacement, usually starting with crystalloids followed by colloids. Occasionally hypotension can be severe and may require vasopressors along with fluids. Care must be taken in patients with a cardiac history, as they may develop myocardial ischaemia with minor drops in blood pressure. It is suggested that heart rate variability prior to spinal anaesthesia represents autonomic dysfunction and may help determine patients who are more likely to develop hypotension. Cases of bradycardia with asystole leading to cardiac arrest have also occurred and it appears the underlying aetiology is complicated and not just related to autonomic dysfunction. Neurological deficits Cauda equina syndrome may occur and can be transient or permanent. This is a common reason for patients to refuse spinal anaesthesia. There may also be traumatic injury to the spinal cord. Adhesive arachnoiditis is a longer-term sequela of spinal anaesthesia, occurring weeks and even months later. It is characterised by proliferation of the meninges and vasoconstriction of spinal cord blood vessels. This results in gradual sensory and motor deficits from ischaemia and infarction of the spinal cord. Important complications of local anaesthesia All forms of anaesthetics are invasive to a patient and therefore consent should be obtained as for other procedures. Ideally patients should be given a leaflet regarding anaesthesia and then counselled regarding the intended benefits and the risks of anaesthesia. In a general practice setting it will be the responsibility of the clinician who administers the local anaesthesia to ensure fully informed, non-coercive consent is obtained.</p><p class="CardArticleUpdate_date__kTPL1" data-testid="card-article-update-date">14 Feb 2024</p></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ProfessionalArticles_wrapper__bcqCc" data-testid="professional-articles-wrapper"><div class="Outer_outer__BTURZ" data-testid="main-outer"><div class="Inner_inner__R1rvV Inner_block__s6wZg" data-testid="main-inner"><div class="Wrapper_wrapper__mIaOu Wrapper_homepage__xWdGd" data-testid="main-wrapper"><div class="ProfessionalArticles_header__zxmc4" data-testid="professional-articles-header"><h2 data-testid="professional-articles-title">Professional articles</h2><h5 data-testid="professional-articles-subtitle">Read the most popular articles amongst professional users on Patient.</h5></div><div class="ProfessionalArticles_content__YeICu" 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Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acid maltase deficiency</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acid-base-balance" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acid-base balance</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acne-conglobata-and-rarer-forms-of-acne" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acne conglobata and rarer forms of acne</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neurotic-excoriation-and-acne-excoriee" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acne excoriée</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acne-vulgaris" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acne vulgaris</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acoustic-neuromas" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acoustic neuromas</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acquired-immune-deficiency-syndrome-aids" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acquired immune deficiency syndrome</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acromegaly-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acromegaly</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acromioclavicular-joint-problems" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acromioclavicular joint problems</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-coronary-syndrome-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">ACS - acute coronary syndrome</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/actinic-keratosis-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Actinic keratosis</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-adult-respiratory-distress-syndrome" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute (adult) respiratory distress syndrome</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-abdomen" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute abdomen</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-abdominal-pain-in-children" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute abdominal pain in children</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-alcohol-withdrawal-and-delirium-tremens" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/delirium-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute confusional state</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/corneal-problems-acute-and-non-acute" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute corneal problems</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-coronary-syndrome-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute coronary syndrome</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-diarrhoea-in-adults-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute diarrhoea in adults</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-exacerbations-of-copd" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute exacerbations of COPD</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/generalised-pustular-psoriasis" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute generalised pustular psoriasis</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/guillain-barre-syndrome-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute inflammatory polyneuritis</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-kidney-injury-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute kidney injury</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-adult-respiratory-distress-syndrome" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute lung injury</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-lymphoblastic-leukaemia-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-monoarthritis" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute monoarthritis</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-myeloid-leukaemia-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute myeloid leukaemia</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-myocardial-infarction" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute myocardial infarction</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-myocardial-infarction-management" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute myocardial infarction management</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-nephritis" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute nephritis</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-on-chronic-kidney-disease" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute on chronic kidney disease</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-optic-neuritis" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute optic neuritis</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-otitis-media-in-adults" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute otitis media in adults</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-otitis-media-in-children" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute otitis media in children</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-pancreatitis-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute pancreatitis</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-pituitary-failure" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute pituitary failure</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-poisoning-general-measures" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute poisoning</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-polyarthritis" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute polyarthritis</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-pulmonary-oedema" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute pulmonary oedema</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-kidney-injury-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute renal failure</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-severe-asthma-and-status-asthmaticus" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute severe asthma and status asthmaticus</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-stress-reaction-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute stress reaction</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/surgical-emergencies-in-childhood.htm" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute surgical emergencies in children</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/tonsillitis-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute tonsillitis</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-urinary-retention" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute urinary retention</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-phase-proteins-crp-esr-and-viscosity" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Acute-phase proteins, CRP, ESR and viscosity</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/osteogenesis-imperfecta" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Adair-Dighton syndrome</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/adrenal-insufficiency-and-addisons-disease" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Addison's disease</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/adrenal-crisis" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Addisonian crisis</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/frozen-shoulder-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/adrenal-crisis" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Adrenal crisis</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/adrenal-insufficiency-and-addisons-disease" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Adrenal insufficiency and Addison's disease</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/adult-cardiopulmonary-arrest" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Adult advanced life support (ALS)</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/management-of-adult-asthma" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Adult asthma</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/adult-cardiopulmonary-arrest" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Adult cardiopulmonary arrest</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/autosomal-dominant-polycystic-kidney-disease" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Adult polycystic kidney disease</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/advance-care-planning" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Advance care planning</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/alpha-fetoprotein" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">AFP - alpha-fetoprotein</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/age-related-macular-degeneration-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Age-related macular degeneration</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/agoraphobia-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Agoraphobia</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acquired-immune-deficiency-syndrome-aids" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">AIDS - acquired immune deficiency syndrome</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/airways-and-intubation" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Airways and intubation</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/albinism-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Albinism</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/alcoholism-and-alcohol-misuse-management" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Alcoholism and alcohol dependence</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/alcoholism-and-alcohol-misuse-recognition-and-assessment" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Alcoholism and alcohol misuse - recognition and assessment</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Algodystrophy</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/alkaptonuria.htm" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Alkaptonuria</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/allergic-conjunctivitis-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Allergic conjunctivitis</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/allergic-phenomena" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Allergic phenomena</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/allergic-rhinitis-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Allergic rhinitis</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/alopecia" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Alopecia</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/alpha-1-antitrypsin-deficiency-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/alpha-fetoprotein" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Alpha-fetoprotein</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/complementary-and-alternative-medicine" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Alternative medicine</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/alzheimers-disease" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Alzheimer's disease</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ambiguous-genitalia" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Ambiguous genitalia</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/amblyopia-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Amblyopia</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ambulatory-blood-pressure-monitoring" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ambulatory-ecg-monitoring-and-related-investigations" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Ambulatory ECG monitoring and related investigations</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/age-related-macular-degeneration-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">AMD/ARMD</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/amenorrhoea" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Amenorrhoea</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-myeloid-leukaemia-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">AML - acute myeloid leukaemia</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/amniocentesis-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Amniocentesis</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/amoebiasis-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Amoebiasis</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/amfetamine-(amphetamine)-abuse-and-intoxication.htm" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Amphetamine abuse and intoxication</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/amyloidosis-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Amyloidosis</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/motor-neurone-disease-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/iron-deficiency-anaemia-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Anaemia - iron deficiency</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anaemia-in-chronic-kidney-disease" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Anaemia in chronic kidney disease</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anaemia-in-pregnancy" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Anaemia in pregnancy</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anaemia-of-chronic-disease" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Anaemia of chronic disease</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anal-carcinoma" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Anal carcinoma</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anal-fissure-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Anal fissure</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/analgesic-nephropathy" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Analgesic nephropathy</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/medication-overuse-headache-and-headache-triggers" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Analgesic rebound headache</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/pain-and-pain-relief" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Analgesics</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anaphylaxis-and-its-treatment" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Anaphylaxis and its treatment</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anderson-fabry-disease" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Anderson-Fabry disease</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/aneurysms-and-dissection-of-arteries" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Aneurysms and dissection of arteries</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/angelmans-syndrome" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Angelman's syndrome</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/microvascular-angina-cardiac-syndrome-x-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Angina - microvascular</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/coronary-artery-vasospasm" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Angina - Prinzmetal's</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/stable-angina-2" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Angina - stable</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/angio-oedema-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Angio-oedema</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/percutaneous-coronary-intervention" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Angioplasty - coronary</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitors" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/angle-closure-glaucoma" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Angle-closure glaucoma</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ankle-fractures" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Ankle fractures</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ankle-injuries-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Ankle injuries and sprains</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ankle-joint-replacements" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Ankle joint replacements</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ankylosing-spondylitis-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Ankylosing spondylitis</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anogenital-warts-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Anogenital warts</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anorectal-abscess" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Anorectal abscess</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anorexia-nervosa-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Anorexia nervosa</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antenatal-care" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Antenatal care</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antenatal-examinations" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Antenatal examinations and diagnosis of pregnancy</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antenatal-infections-and-their-consequences" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Antenatal infections and their consequences</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antenatal-mental-health-problems" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Antenatal mental health problems</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/prenatal-screening-for-downs-syndrome" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Antenatal screening for Down's syndrome</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antepartum-haemorrhage" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Antepartum haemorrhage</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anterior-knee-pain" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Anterior knee pain</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anthrax-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Anthrax</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anti-arrhythmic-drugs" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Anti-arrhythmic drugs</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anti-d-rho-immunoglobulin" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Anti-D (Rho) immunoglobulin</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anti-inflammatory-eye-preparations" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Anti-inflammatory eye preparations</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anti-tumour-necrosis-factor-alpha-anti-tnf-alpha" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/treating-infections-phe" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Antibiotic prescription - PHE</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/oral-anticoagulants" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Anticoagulants - oral</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anticonvulsants-used-for-focal-seizures" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Anticonvulsants used for focal seizures</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/anticonvulsants-used-for-generalised-seizures" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Anticonvulsants used for generalised seizures</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antifibrinolytic-drugs-and-haemostatics" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Antifibrinolytic drugs and haemostatics</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antifungal-medications" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Antifungal medications</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antihistamines-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Antihistamines</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antihyperglycaemic-agents-used-for-type-2-diabetes" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Antihyperglycaemic agents used for type 2 diabetes</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antimicrobial-eye-preparations" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Antimicrobial eye preparations</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antiphospholipid-syndrome-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Antiphospholipid syndrome</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antiplatelet-drugs" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Antiplatelet drugs</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/antiretroviral-agents" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Antiretroviral agents</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dissocial-personality-disorder" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Antisocial personality disorder</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/generalised-anxiety-disorder-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Anxiety - generalised anxiety disorder</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/social-anxiety-disorder-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Anxiety - social anxiety disorder</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/thoracic-aortic-aneurysms" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Aortic aneurysms - thoracic</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/aortic-dissection" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Aortic dissection</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/aortic-regurgitation-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Aortic regurgitation</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/aortic-stenosis-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Aortic stenosis</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/neonatal-examination" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Apgar score and neonatal examination</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/aplastic-anaemia" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Aplastic anaemia</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/apolipoproteins" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Apolipoproteins</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/appendicitis-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Appendicitis</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/dyspraxia-and-apraxia" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Apraxia</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-adult-respiratory-distress-syndrome" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">ARDS - acute respiratory distress syndrome - adult</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-kidney-injury-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">ARF - acute renal failure</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/crigler-najjar-syndrome" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Arias' syndrome</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/chiari-malformations" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Arnold-Chiari malformation</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/arrhythmogenic-right-ventricular-cardiomyopathy" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/arsenic-poisoning" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Arsenic poisoning</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/arterial-blood-gases-indications-and-interpretation" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Arterial blood gases - indications and interpretation</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/juvenile-idiopathic-arthritis-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Arthritis - juvenile</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/rheumatoid-arthritis-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Arthritis - rheumatoid</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/asbestos-related-diseases-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Asbestos-related diseases</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ascites" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Ascites</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/ascites-tapping" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Ascites tapping</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/aspergers-syndrome" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Asperger's syndrome</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/aspergillosis" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Aspergillosis</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/aspiration-pneumonia-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Aspiration pneumonia</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/centile-charts-and-assessing-growth" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Assessing growth</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/assessing-renal-function" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Assessing renal function</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/assessment-of-drug-dependence" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Assessment of drug dependence</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/assessment-of-the-patient-with-established-diabetes" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Assessment of the patient with established diabetes</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/asteatotic-eczema-eczema-craquele" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Asteatotic eczema</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/asthma-pro" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Asthma</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/acute-severe-asthma-and-status-asthmaticus" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Asthma - acute severe and status asthmaticus</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/diagnosing-childhood-asthma-in-primary-care" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Asthma - diagnosing childhood asthma in primary care</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/management-of-adult-asthma" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Asthma - management of adult asthma</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/management-of-childhood-asthma" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Asthma - management of childhood asthma</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/occupational-asthma" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Asthma - occupational</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/asthma-action-plans" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Asthma action plans</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/atherosclerosis" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">Atherosclerosis</a></li><li data-testid="linklist_item" class="LinkList_linkitem__dact9"><a href="https://patient.info/doctor/trauma-assessment" class="Link_linkcontainer__NFFuY Link_link-azlink__IG66p Link_link-patient__KOvww ">ATLS - trauma assessment</a></li><li 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This combination is associated with hospital mortality rates greater than 40%.","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_53610","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[],"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":" ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"The Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) was established to raise awareness of severe sepsis and to improve its management. The SSC is a collaboration between several groups worldwide and its aim is to reduce the mortality from sepsis.","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_68836","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[],"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":" ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Pathophysiology of sepsis","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_68835","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[],"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":" ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"The exact pathophysiology of sepsis is unknown, but it is thought to be a multifactorial response to an infecting pathogen that may be amplified by host factors (eg, genetics, age, and co-morbidities), the pathogen (type, virulence, and burden), and the environment.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"The exact mechanism of cell injury is not fully known, but it is suspected that immune and coagulation systems are switched on by infection and cause dysfunction of one or more organs with variable severity. It is thought this involves the early activation of both pro-inflammatory responses (leading to cellular and tissue damage) and anti-inflammatory responses (leading to immunosuppression). Resulting tissue hypoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction, macrovascular and microvascular dysfunction, and cell death are thought to be mediators of organ dysfunction.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"The most common sites of infection leading to sepsis are the respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal and genitourinary tracts, as well as blood, skin, soft tissue, bone and joint sources.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Studies indicate an equal prevalence of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections in sepsis, particularly ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"value":"Staphylococcus aureus","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":", ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"value":"Pseudomonas species","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":", and ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"value":"Escherichia coli","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":". In children, Neisseria meningitides and Haemophilus influenzae may also be involved. Rarely, fungal, viral, or parasitic infections are the cause. No causative pathogen is identified in about one-third of people with sepsis.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"How common is sepsis? (Epidemiology)","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Sepsis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for children worldwide. Globally, an estimated 22 cases of childhood sepsis per 100,000 person-years and 2,202 cases of neonatal sepsis per 100,000 live births occur, translating into 1.2 million cases of childhood sepsis per year.","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_59720","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[],"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":" ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"The most recent global estimates for sepsis incidence and mortality were based on data for adults admitted to hospital in seven high-income countries and reported 19.4 million sepsis incident cases and 5.3 million sepsis-related deaths annually.","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_59721","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[],"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":" As only high-income countries are represented this may be a significant underestimate. However, it has been deduced that more than 1 in 1,000 people in developed countries develop sepsis each year and between a third and a half of them progress to severe sepsis. The figures for developing countries are likely to be far higher.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Risk factors","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_68835","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[],"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":" ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"There is usually an abscess or nidus of infection, which may be occult. 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","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"THL_1_2765_hig","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[],"nodeType":"embedded-entry-block"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Patients may have presented a few days earlier with a focus of infection.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Patients may then deteriorate rapidly despite having the appropriate oral antibiotics.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"People with sepsis may have non-specific, non-localised presentations, eg, feeling very unwell, and may not have a high 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skin, a rash that does not fade with pressure, raised respiratory rate and being very lethargic and difficult to wake up.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Young children may not feed, may have repeated vomiting or may not pass any urine and so not have wet nappies.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"}],"nodeType":"unordered-list"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Assessment","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_54489","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[],"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":" ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"A high degree of vigilance is required for early identification of a patient with sepsis in primary care. Evaluate risk level using the person's history, physical examination results and criteria based on age. The NICE guideline includes stratification of risk from sepsis in under 5s, children aged 5 to 11, children and young people aged 12 to 15, and for those aged 16 years and older.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Assess people with any suspected infection to identify:","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Possible source of infection.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Factors that increase risk of sepsis.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Any indications of clinical concern, such as new-onset abnormalities of behaviour, circulation or respiration.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"}],"nodeType":"unordered-list"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Use a structured set of observations to assess people in a face-to-face setting to stratify risk if sepsis is suspected.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Ask how often the person urinated in the past 18 hours, any recent fever or rigors, and whether they have recently presented with symptoms or signs that could indicate sepsis.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Use the national early warning score (NEWS2) - see 'Sepsis screening' below - to assess people with suspected sepsis who are aged 16 or over, are not and have not recently been pregnant, and are in an acute hospital setting, acute mental health setting or ambulance.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Consider using an early warning score to assess people with suspected sepsis who are:","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Aged under 16, in any setting.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Pregnant or have recently been pregnant, in any setting.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Aged 16 or over, in a community or custodial setting.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"}],"nodeType":"unordered-list"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Suspect ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"doc_372","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"neutropenic sepsis","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":" in people who become unwell and:","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Are having or have had systemic anticancer treatment within the last 30 days.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Are receiving or have received immunosuppressant treatment for reasons unrelated to cancer.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"}],"nodeType":"unordered-list"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Use clinical judgement to determine whether any past treatment may still be likely to cause neutropenia. 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In December 2017, an updated version of NEWS, NEWS2, was published. See the reference link for further information.","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"\n","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"\n","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"The National Early Warning System (NEWS2) is based on a simple scoring system in which a score is allocated to physiological measurements already undertaken when patients present to, or are being monitored in, hospital. NEWS is more accurate in predicting 10- and 30-day mortality than other systems when patients present to A\u0026E with suspected sepsis.","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_59719","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[],"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":" ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Six simple physiological parameters form the basis of the scoring system:","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"1. Respiratory rate","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"\n","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"2. Oxygen saturations","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"\n","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"3. Temperature","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"\n","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"4. Systolic blood pressure","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"\n","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"5. Pulse rate","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"\n","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"6. Level of consciousness","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"A score is allocated to each as they are measured, the magnitude of the score reflecting how extremely the parameter varies from the norm. 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Pre-alert secondary care (through GP or ambulance service) when any high risk criteria are met in a person under 16 with suspected sepsis outside of an acute hospital, and transfer them immediately.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Managing the condition while awaiting transfer","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-3"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"In remote and rural locations where transfer time to emergency department is routinely more than 1 hour, ensure GPs have mechanisms in place to give antibiotics to people with high risk criteria in pre-hospital settings.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"If immediate transfer to hospital is not required","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-3"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Assess people who are outside acute hospital settings with suspected sepsis and any moderate to high risk criteria to:","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Make a definitive diagnosis of their condition.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Decide whether their condition can be treated safely outside hospital.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"}],"nodeType":"unordered-list"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"If a definitive diagnosis is not reached or the person's condition cannot be treated safely outside an acute hospital setting, refer them urgently for emergency care.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Managing suspected sepsis in acute hospital settings","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-3"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"value":"Initial investigations to find the source of infection","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"\n","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Start looking for the source of infection and take microbiological and blood samples before giving an antimicrobial.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Initial blood tests should include blood gas, including glucose and lactate measurement, blood culture, full blood count, C-reactive protein, renal function and electrolytes, liver function tests and clotting screen.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Give a broad-spectrum antimicrobial at the maximum recommended dose, without delay (within 1 hour of identifying that they meet any high risk criteria), if antibiotics have not already been given for this episode of sepsis.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"When the source of infection is confirmed or microbiological results are available: review the choice of antibiotic(s) and change the antibiotic(s) according to results, using a narrower-spectrum antibiotic, if appropriate.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Give intravenous fluid bolus without delay (within 1 hour of identifying that they meet any high risk criteria).","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Refer to a critical care specialist or team for them to review, including their need for central venous access and initiation of inotropes or vasopressors.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"value":"See the NICE guideline reference link for further information.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Prognosis","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_68835","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[],"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":" ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-2"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Organ dysfunction is an important predictor of prognosis, with multiple organ involvement being associated with a higher risk of mortality.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Extremes of age and the presence of co-morbidities are also associated with a worse prognosis.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"A UK Sepsis Trust report cites an overall mortality rate in England of 28.9%. 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(DIC)","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":" characterised by microthrombosis and haemorrhage.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Physical impairments: a reduced quality of life may result from chronic pain and fatigue.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Encephalopathy and delirium may lead to reduced mobility and neuromuscular weakness, as well as longer lasting neurocognitive deficits such as memory problems and reduced concentration.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Psychological sequelae may include anxiety about recurrent infection and sepsis, ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"doc_2806","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"post-traumatic stress disorder","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":", loss of confidence and self-esteem.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"}],"nodeType":"unordered-list"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Post-sepsis syndrome","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_68838","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[],"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":" ","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"heading-3"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Post-sepsis syndrome (PSS) is associated with several pathophysiologic mechanisms that negatively affect quality of life, long-term health and lifespan. These pathophysiologic mechanisms include immune dysregulation, persistent inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"PSS can manifest in various ways including:","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Physical difficulties include fatigue, weakness, breathlessness, chest pains, oedema, arthralgia, poor appetite, visual disturbance, sensory disturbance and recurrent infections.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":"Psychological difficulties may include anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, nightmares, insomnia, poor concentration and memory disturbance.","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"list-item"}],"nodeType":"unordered-list"},{"data":{},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"value":"Original document (2016) produced in collaboration with ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"http://sepsistrust.org/meet-the-team/"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"value":"Dr Ron Daniels","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"value":" of ","nodeType":"text"},{"data":{"uri":"http://sepsistrust.org/"},"content":[{"data":{},"marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"value":"The UK Sepsis Trust","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"hyperlink"},{"data":{},"marks":[],"value":".","nodeType":"text"}],"nodeType":"paragraph"}],"nodeType":"document"},"__typename":"PagePatientProfessionalArticleBody"},"title":"Sepsis ","subTitle":"Septicaemia","lastUpdatedDate":"2024-02-21T00:00:00.000Z","documentCreatedDate":null,"slug":"/doctor/sepsis-septicaemia-pro"},{"sys":{"id":"doc_2900","__typename":"Sys"},"__typename":"PagePatientProfessionalArticle","body":{"json":{"nodeType":"document","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Synonym: coryza","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"What is the common cold?","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The common cold is an acute, self-limiting, viral inflammation of the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract. It causes nasal discharge and congestion, sneezing, a sore throat and a cough. The common cold actually describes an array of similar conditions caused by a vast number of different viruses. It is most often caused by infection with rhinoviruses (50-80%) and coronaviruses","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_63083","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" - a COVID-19 diagnosis might be considered where there is fever, loss of taste or smell, and a cough. It may also be due to infection by influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, enteroviruses and adenovirus.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Transmission of the common cold infection","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_63083","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Routes of transmission vary between viruses but include:","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Inhalation of airborne respiratory droplets from people infected with the virus.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Direct contact with infectious secretions. Some viruses may be spread by hand or skin contact.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Common cold transmission most commonly occurs in the home, in schools and in daycare centres. The main reservoir of viruses is in young children. This is because they are more vulnerable to infection, as they have not yet developed the relevant antibodies, they shed the virus for longer following infection and they are in close contact with others.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Common cold epidemiology","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_63083","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Adults have an average of two to three ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"colds","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":" a year. Children have an average of five to six colds a year. Young children in nursery schools may average up to twelve colds per year.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"It should be noted that the introduction of non-pharmacological interventions for control of COVID-19 spread has been associated with a lower rate of other respiratory viruses across Europe.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_63252","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Adults who are in contact with young children have more colds than those who are not.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Annual epidemics occur within the colder months in temperate climates and during the rainy season in the tropics.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"There are over 200 viruses which cause colds; many people with cold symptoms are found to be infected with several viruses at the same time.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Common cold symptoms","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The most frequent symptoms of the common cold are nasal discharge, nasal obstruction, sneezing, sore throat, general malaise and cough. Hoarseness, loss of taste and smell, mild burning of the eyes and a feeling of pressure in the ears or sinuses, due to obstruction and/or mucosal swelling, may also occur. Headache and fever tend to be less common symptoms.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Cough is associated with 30% of colds and tends to start on about the fourth or fifth day when nasal symptoms decrease.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"There may be a mild increase in body temperature. Infants and young children are more likely to develop higher temperatures.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"In infants there may be irritability, snuffles resulting in difficulty feeding, and diarrhoea. Diagnosis may be difficult and fever can be the main symptom during the early part of the illness.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Differential diagnosis","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-3","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Adults","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"doc_369","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Allergic rhinitis","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":": nasal itching, sneezing, watery rhinorrhoea, and nasal obstruction. It is also often accompanied by itchy, watery eyes. It can be perennial, seasonal, or due to occupational exposure.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"doc_2491","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Non-allergic rhinitis","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":": presents with chronic nasal symptoms.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"doc_2793","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Pharyngitis","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":": acute pharyngitis is caused by a variety of organisms, including the adenoviruses and ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"Streptococcus pyogenes","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":". This pharyngitis is often more severe than the mild-to-moderate pharyngeal discomfort in the common cold.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"doc_2323","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Influenza","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":": initially presents with systemic symptoms, including fever, rigors, headaches, myalgia, malaise and anorexia.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"doc_2321","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":": presents with persistent severe sore throat, fever, cervical lymphadenopathy and malaise; it is particularly common in teenagers and young adults.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"doc_638","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Whooping cough:","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" the cough may develop later but is characteristic and is much more severe than that associated with the common cold. ","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"hr","data":{},"content":[]}]}]},{"nodeType":"heading-3","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Children","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"In addition to the above list, consider a ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"6OW6zlillFFF2lSFME77d6","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"foreign body in the nose","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":". The discharge is unilateral, purulent, foul-smelling and blood-stained.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"heading-3","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Infants","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Consider the possibility of a more serious condition - eg, ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"doc_2450","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"meningitis","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":", ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"doc_2765","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"septicaemia","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":", ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"doc_2624","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"pneumonia","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":".","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Common cold treatment and management","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_63083","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"See also the separate ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"doc_2853","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Ill and Feverish Child","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" article.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-3","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"General advice","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Explain that there are no drugs of proven benefit for the prophylaxis or treatment of the common cold, although many things have been suggested. Medical management is centred around providing symptomatic relief.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Provide advice about the usual natural history of the illness and average total length of illness. (Guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) state the average total length of illness is 7-10 days for sore throat","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_57319","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" and 3-4 weeks for associated cough.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_58676","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" One systematic review showed 90% of children are better within 15 days.)","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_32421","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Explain that antibiotic treatment of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) does not alter the clinical outcome of the illness or prevent further complications.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_56288","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" Explain that antibiotics may also have side-effects - eg, diarrhoea, vomiting and rash.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Ensure adequate fluid intake. (There are no systematic reviews to recommend or not recommend the traditional advice of increasing fluid intake.)","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_55287","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Address any underlying concerns. Taking the time to educate people that colds are self-limiting and have no specific curative treatment may reduce anxiety and prevent unnecessary visits to the doctor in the future.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Advise adequate rest but that there is usually no need to take time off school and work.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Advise hygiene measures to reduce spread: frequent hand-washing, avoiding sharing towels and toys, etc.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Advise about self-care and over-the-counter measures which may help with symptoms (see below).","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"heading-3","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Self-care and over-the-counter options for symptom control","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Some people may get relief from one or more of the following:","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Steam inhalation - eg, by sitting in the bathroom while running a hot shower. (Beware of the risk of scalding, particularly in young children; also, evidence of effectiveness is limited.)","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_63256","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Vapour rubs applied to the back or chest.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Gargling with salt water.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Sucking boiled sweets or sore-throat lozenges.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Nasal drops (sodium chloride 0.9%) for nasal congestion. These may be useful for infants who are having difficulty feeding.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Over-the-counter analgesia. Paracetamol and/or ibuprofen may be helpful for sore throats, headaches or temperatures. Advise these are only used in children under the age of 5 years who have a fever or are distressed.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Intranasal decongestants (short-term use only)","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Systemic decongestants, often combined with analgesics in over-the-counter preparations for the common cold. These have a very small and very short-term benefit.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Cough medicines. (Currently there is no good evidence for or against their effectiveness.)","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_41609","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"table","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"table-row","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"table-header-cell","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Editor's note","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"table-row","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"table-cell","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"hyperlink","data":{"uri":"https://patient.info/authors/dr-krishna-vakharia"},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Dr Krishna Vakharia","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":", 21st February 2024","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"MHRA safety review of medicines containing pseudoephedrine","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_68839","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"There have been very rare reports of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) associated with pseudoephedrine.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Following a review by MHRA - the safety information of all pseudoephedrine-containing medicines will be updated to provide clearer descriptions of these risks and potential risk factors for these conditions for both patients and healthcare professionals.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"PRES - also known as reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS). This is a rare condition in which parts of the brain are affected by swelling - usually as a result of an underlying cause. Symptoms include headache, changes in vision, and seizures, with some developing other neurological symptoms such as confusion or weakness of one or more limbs. Most patients fully recover.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"RCVS - is a neurological disorder. There is a sudden onset of severe headache associated with narrowing of the intracranial blood vessels. On brain imaging the narrowing of the blood vessels can look similar to a “string of beads”. Very rarely, RCVS can present as a medical emergency with strokes (ischaemic strokes or bleed), seizure or as brain oedema. Usually, the narrowing resolves by itself - reversible - within three months, and most patients fully recover.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"MHRA is reminding health professionals that:","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"- Pseudoephedrine is for short term use only and should only be used to relieve symptoms of nasal and sinus congestion in colds, flu, and allergies.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"- No one should take pseudoephedrine if they have hypertension or hypertension not controlled by their medicines, or if they have severe acute or chronic kidney disease or kidney failure.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"- Patients who develop symptoms of PRES and RCVS should stop taking pseudoephedrine immediately and seek urgent medical attention. These include severe headache that develops very quickly or suddenly feeling sick or vomiting, confusion or experiencing seizures or changes in vison.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"For context- there have been 4 Yellow card reports on this to date- out of 4 million packets sold in 2022.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Cough classification advice","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The 'wet' or 'dry' classification of cough should be discontinued.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_56735","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" Cough counting is now recognised as the gold standard for assessing antitussive activity by the US Food and Drug Administration, but because it is a recent innovation, very few of the currently available cough medicines have been assessed using this methodology. This new model and way of working holds the promise to make assessment of cough easier than previously and, importantly, is evidence-based.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Evidence does NOT currently support the use of the following:","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Intranasal steroids.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_55289","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Antihistamines, but may be beneficial when combined with decongestants.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_63257","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Echinacea.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_38308","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Vitamin C.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_32357","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Zinc.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_63258","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Chinese herbal medicines (data are lacking).","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_32360","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Garlic.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_55292","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"heading-3","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Over-the-counter treatments for children under the age of 6 years","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Over-the-counter cough and cold measures should not be used in children under the age of 6 years. A warm drink containing honey and lemon may be used, or simple cough medicines containing honey, lemon or glycerine. There is no strong evidence for the effectiveness of honey for cough but it seems to be more effective than no treatment.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_63259","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" However, honey is not recommended for babies aged under 1 year because of a theoretical risk of infant botulism.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"In 2009, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) advised that cough and cold remedies containing the following ingredients should NOT be used in children under the age of 6 years, as the risk-benefit balance is unfavourable:","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_4217","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Antitussives (dextromethorphan and pholcodine).","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Expectorants (guaifenesin and ipecacuanha).","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Nasal decongestants (ephedrine, oxymetazoline, phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine, and xylometazoline).","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Antihistamines (brompheniramine, chlorphenamine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, promethazine, and triprolidine).","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Over the age of 6 years, these medications may be used if other self-care measures have not eased symptoms, and for a maximum of five days, and providing only one cold remedy is used at a time.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-3","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Follow-up","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Advise people to return if their symptoms are worsening, or if they have not improved after two weeks. For young children and babies, advise early review if they are not feeding, if there are any symptoms of dehydration, if they have a persistent fever or if they have any difficulty breathing. Consider arranging a review for people at high risk of complication (eg, significant comorbidity, immunosuppression) and advise them to attend urgently if their condition worsens.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Complications","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_63083","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Complications with the common cold are usually due to viral spread, or secondary bacterial infection. 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illness.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The common cold usually lasts around a week in adults and 10-14 days in children.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"In 90% of children, symptoms have resolved by 15 days.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_32421","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Cigarette smokers are likely to have a more severe and more prolonged illness than non-smokers and are significantly more likely to develop a chest infection as a 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washing (especially around younger children), are thought to be moderately effective.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_63254","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" The role of mask wearing is less clear.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The effectiveness of adding virucidals or antiseptics to normal handwashing to decrease transmission remains uncertain and hasn't been recently updated.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_23785","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"People with colds should also avoid close contact (eg, hugging, 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Children should be discouraged from sharing toys belonging to a child with a cold.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Some work has been done on looking for a vaccine for the common cold but this is difficult because of the antigenic variability of the cold viruses and the numerous other indistinguishable infective agents.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_63253","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},"__typename":"PagePatientProfessionalArticleBody"},"title":"Common cold","subTitle":null,"lastUpdatedDate":"2022-05-30T00:00:00.000Z","documentCreatedDate":null,"slug":"/doctor/common-cold-coryza"},{"sys":{"id":"doc_1302","__typename":"Sys"},"__typename":"PagePatientProfessionalArticle","body":{"json":{"nodeType":"document","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Anaesthesia","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Anaesthesia is from the Greek and means 'loss of sensation'. Anaesthesia allows invasive and painful procedures to be performed with little distress to the patient.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"There are three main types of anaesthesia.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-3","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"General anaesthesia","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The patient is sedated, using either intravenous medications or gaseous substances, and occasionally muscles paralysed, requiring control of breathing by mechanical ventilation.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-3","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Regional anaesthesia","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"This can be described as ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":"central","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"text","value":" where anaesthetic drugs are administered directly in or around the spinal cord, blocking the nerves of the spinal cord (eg, epidural or spinal anaesthesia). 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However, anaesthesia is not without its problems. It is difficult to determine exactly the incidence of deaths directly attributable to general anaesthetics, as the cause of death is often multifactorial and study methodology varies making comparisons difficult.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"In 1987 a confidential enquiry into perioperative deaths revealed that very few deaths were actually as a direct result of general anaesthesia - there was an incidence of 1 in 185,086 (first Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Deaths (CEPOD)).","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_9485","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" More recently in a Swiss single tertiary centre data analysis between 2003 and 2019, 1.5 deaths occurred for every 100,000 patients.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_68802","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Figures of anaesthetic-related morbidity are more difficult to determine. Although general anaesthesia is not without risk, it should be remembered that it allows necessary procedures to be performed in a humane way - without which the patient might otherwise die.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Along these lines, if a patient is high-risk for a general anaesthetic (eg, pre-existing comorbidities) then they should still be referred for surgery like any other patient. 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It needs to be carefully looked for in the pre-operative assessment and previous general anaesthetic charts may help.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Patients who are suspected of an allergic reaction should be referred for further investigation to try to determine the exact cause. If necessary, this may involve provocation testing or skin prick testing and patients should be referred to local immunologists. Anaphylaxis needs to be promptly recognised and managed and patients should be advised to wear a medical emergency identification bracelet or similar once they recover.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"heading-3","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Aspiration pneumonitis","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"A reduced level of consciousness can lead to an unprotected airway. If the patient vomits they can aspirate the vomitus contents into their lungs. This can set up lung inflammation with infection. The risk of ","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"doc_2625","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"aspiration pneumonitis","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" and aspiration pneumonia is reduced by fasting for several hours prior to the procedure and cricoid cartilage pressure during induction of anaesthesia.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_59065","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" However, the evidence for the use of cricoid pressure is not clearly documented and further investigation is required.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Other methods of reducing aspiration pneumonitis associated with anaesthesia are the use of metoclopramide to enhance gastric emptying or proton pump inhibitors to increase the pH of gastric contents.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Aspiration pneumonitis may also occur in spinal anaesthesia if the level of spinal block is too high, leading to paralysis or impairment of the vocal cords and respiratory impairment.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"heading-3","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Peripheral nerve damage","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"This can occur with all the types of anaesthesia and results from nerve compression. The most common cause is exaggerated positioning for prolonged periods of time. Both the anaesthetist and the surgeons should be aware of this potential complication and patients should be moved on a regular basis if possible. The severity varies and recovery may be prolonged. The most common nerves affected are the ulnar nerve and the common peroneal nerve. More rarely, the brachial plexus may be affected.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Injury to nerves can be avoided by prevention of extreme postures for lengthy periods during surgery. If nerve damage occurs then patients should be followed up and further investigations such as electromyography may be required.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"heading-3","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Damage to teeth","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_68803","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"It is now common practice to check the teeth in the anaesthetist's pre-operative assessment. Damage to teeth is actually the most common cause of claims made against anaesthetists. In a 2023 systematic review and meta-analysis, during the peri-operative period, the majority of dental injuries (50–75%) occur during tracheal intubation.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_68803","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" The overall incidence of dental injury is estimated to be between 0.06% and 12%, but these values may be underestimated. The tooth most commonly affected is the upper left incisor.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-3","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Embolism","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Embolism is rare during an anaesthetic but is potentially fatal. Air embolism occurs more commonly during neurosurgical procedures or pelvic operations. Prophylaxis of thromboembolism is common and begins pre-operatively with thromboembolic deterrents (TEDS) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH).","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"hr","data":{},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Important complications of regional anaesthesia","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Central regional anaesthesia was first used at the end of the 18th century. It provided a method of blocking afferent and efferent nerves by injecting anaesthetic agents in either the epidural space around the spinal cord (epidural anaesthesia) or directly in the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the spinal cord (ie in the subarachnoid space called spinal anaesthesia).","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"All nerves are blocked including motor nerves, sensory nerves and nerves of the autonomic system. Epidural anaesthesia takes slightly longer than spinal anaesthesia to take effect and provides predominantly analgesic properties. With both, the need for muscle paralysis and ventilation is not usually required but there is a risk that a high block will impair respiration, meaning that ventilation will be necessary.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"A 2017 Cochrane systematic review showed that regional anaesthesia is associated with reduced mortality and reduction in serious complications in comparison with general anaesthesia.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_59070","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" However, a 2022 systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs comparing outcomes in those having general anaesthetic or spinal anaesthetic showed that spinal anaesthesia reduced the risk of acute kidney injury compared with GA: RR=0.59 (95% CI, 0.39-0.89), but there were no significant differences in the risk of other outcomes.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_68807","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-3","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Important complications of regional anaesthesia","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"table","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"table-row","content":[{"nodeType":"table-header-cell","content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Important information","marks":[],"data":{}}],"data":{}}],"data":{}}],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"table-row","content":[{"nodeType":"table-cell","content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Pain - patients may still experience pain despite spinal anaesthesia.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Post-dural headache from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_64033","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Hypotension and bradycardia through blockade of the sympathetic nervous system.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Limb damage from sensory and motor block.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Epidural or intrathecal bleed.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Respiratory failure if block is 'too high'.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_59066","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Direct nerve damage.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Hypothermia.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Damage to the spinal cord - may be transient or permanent.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Spinal infection.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Aseptic meningitis.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Haematoma of the spinal cord - enhanced by use of LMWH pre-operatively.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Anaphylaxis.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Urinary retention.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Spinal cord infarction.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Anaesthetic intoxication.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}}]}],"data":{}}],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Some specific complications of regional anaesthesia","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-3","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Post-dural puncture headache","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Post-dural puncture headache is very common after spinal anaesthesia and especially in young adults and obstetrics. Unintentional dural puncture occurs in 0.15-1.5% of labour epidural analgesia and 50-80% of these women develop post-dural puncture headache.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_64033","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"The headache results from CSF leak from the puncture site. It is increased by use of larger-gauge needles and reduced by atraumatic needles.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_59068","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" Presenting symptoms may include headache, photophobia, vomiting and dizziness.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Post-dural puncture headache is usually treated with analgesia, bed rest and adequate hydration. Occasionally epidural blood patch is used where 15 ml of the patient's blood are injected at the site of the meningeal tear. Caffeine is also used and acts as a stimulant of the CNS and has shown benefit.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_59067","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" Other medications with benefit include gabapentin, theophylline and hydrocortisone.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"heading-3","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Total spinal block","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Total spinal block can occur with the injection of large amounts of anaesthetic agents into the spinal cord. It is detected by a high sensory level and rapid muscle paralysis. The block moves up the spinal cord so that respiratory embarrassment may occur, as can unconsciousness. In these situations the patient needs prompt assessment and may need to be intubated and ventilated until the spinal block wears off. The quoted incidences vary between 1 in 2,971 and 1 in 16,200 anaesthetics.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_68808","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" ","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"heading-3","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Hypotension","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean delivery occurs in as many as 70% to 80% of women receiving pharmacological prophylaxis.","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-inline","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"ref_68809","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"text","value":" They develop transient hypotension as sympathetic nerves are blocked. This usually responds to prompt fluid replacement, usually starting with crystalloids followed by colloids. Occasionally hypotension can be severe and may require vasopressors along with fluids.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Care must be taken in patients with a cardiac history, as they may develop myocardial ischaemia with minor drops in blood pressure. It is suggested that heart rate variability prior to spinal anaesthesia represents autonomic dysfunction and may help determine patients who are more likely to develop hypotension.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Cases of bradycardia with asystole leading to cardiac arrest have also occurred and it appears the underlying aetiology is complicated and not just related to autonomic dysfunction.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"hr","data":{},"content":[]}]}]},{"nodeType":"heading-3","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Neurological deficits","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"unordered-list","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"","marks":[],"data":{}},{"nodeType":"entry-hyperlink","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"doc_1920","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Cauda equina syndrome ","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"text","value":"may occur and can be transient or permanent. This is a common reason for patients to refuse spinal anaesthesia. There may also be traumatic injury to the spinal cord.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},{"nodeType":"list-item","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Adhesive arachnoiditis is a longer-term sequela of spinal anaesthesia, occurring weeks and even months later. It is characterised by proliferation of the meninges and vasoconstriction of spinal cord blood vessels. This results in gradual sensory and motor deficits from ischaemia and infarction of the spinal cord.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]}]},{"nodeType":"heading-2","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"Important complications of local anaesthesia","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"embedded-entry-block","data":{"target":{"sys":{"id":"THL_2_1302_hig","type":"Link","linkType":"Entry"}}},"content":[]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"All forms of anaesthetics are invasive to a patient and therefore consent should be obtained as for other procedures. Ideally patients should be given a leaflet regarding anaesthesia and then counselled regarding the intended benefits and the risks of anaesthesia.","marks":[],"data":{}}]},{"nodeType":"paragraph","data":{},"content":[{"nodeType":"text","value":"In a general practice setting it will be the responsibility of the clinician who administers the local anaesthesia to ensure fully informed, non-coercive consent is obtained.","marks":[],"data":{}}]}]},"__typename":"PagePatientProfessionalArticleBody"},"title":"Important complications of 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