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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origin of the legend</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origin_of_the_legend-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origin of the legend subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rumours_of_gold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rumours_of_gold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rumours of gold</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rumours_of_gold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_the_Muisca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_the_Muisca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Conquest of the Muisca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_the_Muisca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Journeys_of_Hohermuth_and_Quesada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journeys_of_Hohermuth_and_Quesada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Journeys of Hohermuth and Quesada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journeys_of_Hohermuth_and_Quesada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quesada's_conquest_of_the_Muisca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quesada's_conquest_of_the_Muisca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Quesada's conquest of the Muisca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quesada's_conquest_of_the_Muisca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_Belalcázar_and_Federmann" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_Belalcázar_and_Federmann"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Arrival of Belalcázar and Federmann</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_Belalcázar_and_Federmann-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_the_legend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_the_legend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Development of the legend</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_the_legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Contemporary accounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern-day_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern-day_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Modern-day assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-day_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_search_for_El_Dorado" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_search_for_El_Dorado"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The search for El Dorado</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_search_for_El_Dorado-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The search for El Dorado subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_search_for_El_Dorado-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pizarro_and_Orellana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pizarro_and_Orellana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pizarro and Orellana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pizarro_and_Orellana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hernán_de_Quesada_and_Philip_von_Hutten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hernán_de_Quesada_and_Philip_von_Hutten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hernán de Quesada and Philip von Hutten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hernán_de_Quesada_and_Philip_von_Hutten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pedro_de_Ursúa_and_Aguirre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedro_de_Ursúa_and_Aguirre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Pedro de Ursúa and Aguirre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedro_de_Ursúa_and_Aguirre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martín_de_Poveda_and_Jimenez_de_Quesada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martín_de_Poveda_and_Jimenez_de_Quesada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Martín de Poveda and Jimenez de Quesada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martín_de_Poveda_and_Jimenez_de_Quesada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antonio_de_Berrio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antonio_de_Berrio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Antonio de Berrio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antonio_de_Berrio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walter_Raleigh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walter_Raleigh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Walter Raleigh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walter_Raleigh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lake_Parime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lake_Parime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lake Parime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lake_Parime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultural influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">El Dorado</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="إل دورادو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إل دورادو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="El Dorado" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldorado" title="Eldorado – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eldorado" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="ائل دورادو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ائل دورادو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="El Dorado" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Ел Дорадо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ел Дорадо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="El Dorado" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldorado" title="Eldorado – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eldorado" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="El Dorado" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldorado" title="Eldorado – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eldorado" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Ελ Ντοράντο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελ Ντοράντο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="El Dorado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldorado" title="Eldorado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eldorado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="El Dorado" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="ال‌دورادو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ال‌دورادو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="El Dorado" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldorado" title="Eldorado – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eldorado" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="El Dorado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%98%EB%8F%84%EB%9D%BC%EB%8F%84" title="엘도라도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엘도라도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B8" title="Էլդորադո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլդորադո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B" title="एल डोराडो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एल डोराडो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="El Dorado" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="El Dorado" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="El Dorado" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95" title="אל דוראדו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אל דוראדו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8B" title="ಎಲ್ ಡೊರಾಡೋ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಲ್ ಡೊರಾಡೋ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldorado" title="Eldorado – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eldorado" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldoradas" title="Eldoradas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eldoradas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldor%C3%A1d%C3%B3" title="Eldorádó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eldorádó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Ел Дорадо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ел Дорадо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="El Dorado" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado_(mythe)" title="El Dorado (mythe) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="El Dorado (mythe)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="エル・ドラード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エル・ドラード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldorado" title="Eldorado – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eldorado" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldorado" title="Eldorado – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eldorado" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="El Dorado" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88" title="ال دوریدو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ال دوریدو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="El Dorado" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldorado" title="Eldorado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eldorado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldorado" title="Eldorado – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eldorado" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Эльдорадо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эльдорадо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="El Dorado" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="El Dorado" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="El Dorado" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%86%DA%95%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%86" title="ئەلدۆڕادۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلدۆڕادۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Елдорадо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Елдорадо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="El Dorado" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldorado" title="Eldorado – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eldorado" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldorado" title="Eldorado – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eldorado" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="El Dorado" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Ельдорадо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ельдорадо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="ایل دورادو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایل دورادو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="El Dorado" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="El Dorado" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Legendary city in Colombia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the lost city of gold. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="El Dorado (disambiguation)">El Dorado (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodor_de_Bry%27s_Golden_Man_(crop).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Theodor_de_Bry%27s_Golden_Man_%28crop%29.png/220px-Theodor_de_Bry%27s_Golden_Man_%28crop%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Theodor_de_Bry%27s_Golden_Man_%28crop%29.png/330px-Theodor_de_Bry%27s_Golden_Man_%28crop%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Theodor_de_Bry%27s_Golden_Man_%28crop%29.png/440px-Theodor_de_Bry%27s_Golden_Man_%28crop%29.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>The legendary king of El Dorado being anointed with gold dust by his attendants</figcaption></figure> <p><b>El Dorado</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[el<span class="wrap"> </span>doˈɾaðo]</a></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a mythical city of gold supposedly located somewhere in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. The king of this city was said to be so rich that he would cover himself from head to foot in gold dust – either daily or on certain ceremonial occasions – before diving into a sacred lake to wash it off. The legend was first recorded in the 16th century by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonists in America</a>; they referred to the king as El Dorado, 'the golden one', a name which eventually came to be applied to the city itself. </p><p>It is unknown whether this story had any basis in fact, but it may have been inspired by the culture of the <a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca">Muisca</a>, an Indigenous people inhabiting a plateau in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean mountains</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. The Muisca were skilled goldsmiths; they made frequent use of golden objects in their religious ceremonies, and also manufactured ornaments and jewellery for trade with the neighbouring tribes. Early European settlers, searching for the source of the gold they found among the lowland peoples, made several attempts to reach the plateau. The first to succeed was <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a> in 1537. Quesada and his men conquered the territory of the Muisca in the name of Spain, and looted large quantities of gold from their palaces and temples. </p><p>It was shortly after this that the legend of El Dorado began to spread among the European colonists. In the decades that followed, the city was sought for in various places across the continent. <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Berrio" title="Antonio de Berrio">Antonio de Berrio</a>, Quesada's heir, believed that El Dorado lay within the <a href="/wiki/Guianas" class="mw-redirect" title="Guianas">Guianas</a>, and tried on three occasions to forge a path into the uncharted highlands. Before he could make a third attempt, he was taken captive by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a>, who then launched his own expedition into the Guianas. </p><p>Raleigh likewise failed to reach his goal, but a later survey by his lieutenant, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kemys" title="Lawrence Kemys">Lawrence Kemys</a>, brought back some local information regarding a great lake called <a href="/wiki/Lake_Parime" title="Lake Parime">Lake Parime</a> that supposedly lay somewhere further inland. This lake, considered a prime candidate for the location of the golden city, became the object of further searches, and was included in maps throughout the 17th century. Over time, as the area became better charted, the existence of the lake was thrown into doubt. In the early 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> conclusively declared Lake Parime to be a myth, bringing an end to the popular belief in El Dorado. </p><p>Nevertheless, the subject has had a lasting cultural impact. The mystery surrounding the lost city, and the supposed wealth of its inhabitants, have influenced creative media since the time of <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, who included a trip to El Dorado in his 18th-century satire <i><a href="/wiki/Candide" title="Candide">Candide</a></i>. More recently, the search for El Dorado has furnished plotlines for films and video games such as <a href="/wiki/Outer_Banks_(TV_series)" title="Outer Banks (TV series)"><i>Outer Banks</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_El_Dorado" title="The Road to El Dorado">The Road to El Dorado</a>,</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Uncharted:_Drake%27s_Fortune" title="Uncharted: Drake's Fortune">Uncharted: Drake's Fortune</a></i>, and has provided a motif for numerous musical artists, including <a href="/wiki/Aterciopelados" title="Aterciopelados">Aterciopelados</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shakira" title="Shakira">Shakira</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Dorado&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, the first known European to reach America, made landfall in the Caribbean islands in 1492. On seeing the golden ornaments worn by some of the native inhabitants, he assumed that he had discovered a prosperous country,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauer196634_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauer196634-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and spent several months travelling from island to island, searching for the source of the gold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauer196623–29_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauer196623–29-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he found no mines, he was unshaken in his conviction that these new lands held great wealth. He promised the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a> of Spain, who were sponsoring the expedition, that with a little assistance he could "give them as much gold as they have need of".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauer196634_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauer196634-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Columbus would have been aware of a number of European legends that told of wealthy utopias located in the western hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez1994202_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez1994202-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient Greeks believed that somewhere in the Atlantic lay the <a href="/wiki/Isles_of_the_Blessed" class="mw-redirect" title="Isles of the Blessed">Isles of the Blessed</a>, an earthly paradise with a permanently temperate climate. According to the 2nd-century author <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a>, the inhabitants of these Isles dwelt in cities made of gold, ivory and emeralds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez1994193–194_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez1994193–194-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Atlantic also gave its name to the mythical continent of <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>, which was said to be home to an advanced civilization rich in gold, silver and <a href="/wiki/Orichalcum" title="Orichalcum">orichalcum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez1994194–195_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez1994194–195-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Middle Ages, stories were told of the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Seven_Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle of Seven Cities">Isle of Seven Cities</a>, a supposed Christian haven which frequently appeared on 15th-century maps, and which may have inspired the later legend of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Cities_of_Gold" title="Seven Cities of Gold">Seven Cities of Gold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez1994201–202,_224_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez1994201–202,_224-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columbus also had an interest in finding the location of two regions mentioned in the Bible, <a href="/wiki/Ophir" title="Ophir">Ophir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarshish" title="Tarshish">Tarshish</a>, from whence <a href="/wiki/King_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="King Solomon">King Solomon</a> was said to have imported vast quantities of treasure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez1994196–197_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez1994196–197-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columbus believed that not only these two countries but also the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a> were to be found somewhere on the newly discovered continent, and many of those who followed him shared the same beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez1994196–197,_206–207_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez1994196–197,_206–207-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early settlers in the Caribbean islands, however, found their expectations disappointed. The natives possessed a small amount of gold but did not mine it systematically,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauer196661–62_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauer196661–62-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Spaniards' own mining activities quickly exhausted the local supply.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauer1966197–198_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauer1966197–198-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The settlers' attention therefore turned towards the mainland, and colonies began to be established along the American coast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhartSchwartz198364_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhartSchwartz198364-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this unpromising beginning, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">conquest of the Aztecs</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">conquest of the Incas</a> by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a> soon rekindled European hopes that vast gold deposits still remained to be uncovered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez1994220–221_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez1994220–221-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_legend">Origin of the legend</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Dorado&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin of the legend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rumours_of_gold">Rumours of gold</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Dorado&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rumours of gold"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="El Dorado is located in Colombia"><img alt="El Dorado is located in Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg/300px-Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg/450px-Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg/600px-Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="2294" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:24.544%;left:82.477%;font-size:80%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Coro"><img alt="Coro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Coro</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.948%;left:72.56%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lake Maracaibo"><img alt="Lake Maracaibo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Lake Maracaibo</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.476%;left:60.284%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tamalameque"><img alt="Tamalameque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Tamalameque</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.069%;left:94.377%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Orinoco-Meta confluence"><img alt="Orinoco-Meta confluence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Orinoco-Meta confluence</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.3%;left:35.09%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Quito"><img alt="Quito" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Quito</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.755%;left:45.275%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Popayán"><img alt="Popayán" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Popayán</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Colombia_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:Colombia relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>A map of north-western South America, with modern-day Colombia highlighted in green</div></div></div> <p>The first European incursion into <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> was made by <a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Dalfinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrosius Dalfinger">Ambrosius Dalfinger</a>, governor of the Spanish settlement of <a href="/wiki/Coro,_Venezuela" title="Coro, Venezuela">Coro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess20214_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess20214-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalfinger was an employee of the <a href="/wiki/Welser" class="mw-redirect" title="Welser">Welser</a> banking family, a German firm to whom <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> of Spain had granted, as security for a loan, the governorship of Venezuela and a licence to explore the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontenegro2022_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontenegro2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197818_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197818-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the Welsers' principal concerns was to find a passage through the continent to the Pacific Ocean (then known as the South Sea); such a passage, if found, would open up a new route to India and give Spain an edge in the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontenegro2022_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontenegro2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was to this end that in August 1529, Dalfinger set out with an expeditionary force to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maracaibo" title="Lake Maracaibo">Lake Maracaibo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontenegro2022_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontenegro2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Europeans drastically underestimated the breadth of the South American landmass, and it seemed possible that this lake would prove to connect with the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriede1959148–149_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriede1959148–149-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197818–20_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197818–20-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the course of their nine-month journey, they looted numerous golden trinkets from the local population, and were told that these had been acquired through trade with a certain tribe high up in the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen197431–32_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen197431–32-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his return to Coro, Dalfinger found that in his absence he had been presumed dead; the Welser had sent along a replacement governor, Hans Seissenhofer, who had named <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Federmann" title="Nikolaus Federmann">Nikolaus Federmann</a> as deputy. Dalfinger now resumed the governorship, but temporarily left Federmann in charge while he recovered from an illness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontenegro2022_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontenegro2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Federmann, taking advantage of his new authority, soon launched his own expedition into the interior. Placating the indigenous tribes with gifts of beads and iron tools, and searching for information about the South Sea, he was told that the countries bordering this sea were rich in gold, pearls, and gemstones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197821,_26_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197821,_26-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess202159–60_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess202159–60-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enquiring further, Federmann's party were directed to a hilltop from which they could see what appeared to be a large body of water. This was in fact the <i><a href="/wiki/Llanos" title="Llanos">llanos</a></i>, a grassland plain which is subject to periodic floods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197827–28_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197827–28-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess202175–76,_80–82_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess202175–76,_80–82-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having failed to find a route to the Pacific, and faced with difficult terrain, mass illness, and increasingly hostile natives, Federmann was forced to return to Coro empty-handed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess20218_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess20218-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalfinger banished Federmann from Venezuela for four years as punishment for abandoning his post.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontenegro2022_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontenegro2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalfinger then ventured inland once again in June 1531, travelling south-west to the banks of the river <a href="/wiki/Cesar_River" title="Cesar River">Cesar</a>. Here, he heard of a mountain province called "Xerira", which was said to be the source of all the golden artefacts found amongst the lowland peoples. This was probably a reference to Jerira, located at the northernmost extreme of the <a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca">Muisca</a> plateau.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen197459–60_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen197459–60-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriede1959151–152_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriede1959151–152-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalfinger also heard that the tribe which made the golden objects also exported large quantities of salt. Armed with this clue, he led his party south to the trading centre of <a href="/wiki/Tamalameque" title="Tamalameque">Tamalameque</a>, then followed the salt trail into the highlands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen197460–63_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen197460–63-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a height of 8,000 feet, waging war against the natives in freezing temperatures, they realised they could go no further south and turned back towards Coro.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen197464–65_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen197464–65-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalfinger died on the return journey after being shot with a poisoned arrow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197840_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197840-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, another group of <i>conquistadors</i>, led by <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Ordaz" title="Diego de Ordaz">Diego de Ordaz</a>, were searching for the source of the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Orinoco River">Orinoco River</a>. Sailing inland from the east, rowing hard against the current, they eventually reached the confluence of the Orinoco and the <a href="/wiki/Meta_River" title="Meta River">Meta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197811–13_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197811–13-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They attempted to continue south along the Orinoco, but soon ran into impassible rapids. Returning downriver, they were attacked by <a href="/wiki/Kalina_people" title="Kalina people">Caribs</a>; Ordaz's men routed their attackers and captured two. One of the prisoners, being asked if he knew of any gold in the vicinity, told the Spaniards that if they followed the westward course of the Meta River they would find a kingdom ruled by "a very valiant one-eyed Indian", and that if they found him "they could fill their boats with that metal".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197813–15_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197813–15-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ordaz attempted to follow this advice immediately, but it was now the dry season and the river level was dropping rapidly. Finally admitting defeat, Ordaz sailed for Spain to make preparations for a second expedition, but died of an illness at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197816_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197816-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before long, "Meta" would become the general name for the legendary golden kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197866–67_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197866–67-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1534, <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Belalc%C3%A1zar" title="Sebastián de Belalcázar">Sebastián de Belalcázar</a>, one of Pizarro's lieutenants, conquered the Incan city of <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>, where he expected to find great quantities of treasure. Not finding as much as he had hoped, he assumed that the real treasure had been hidden and set about capturing the local chiefs, whom he tortured for information.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197853_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197853-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the chiefs captured during these campaigns was not an Incan; he said that he came from a land twelve days' march to the north. The Spaniards called him <i>el indio dorado</i>, "the golden Indian".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197853_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197853-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for this is not clear, but it may have been because he wore golden armour or other body ornaments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197885_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197885-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClados2020159_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClados2020159-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interested in finding the homeland of this "golden Indian", Belalcázar sent an expedition party north, where they discovered the province of <a href="/wiki/Popay%C3%A1n" title="Popayán">Popayán</a>. However, Belalcázar himself made no further move at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197853_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197853-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_the_Muisca">Conquest of the Muisca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Dorado&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conquest of the Muisca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish conquest of the Muisca</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journeys_of_Hohermuth_and_Quesada">Journeys of Hohermuth and Quesada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Dorado&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Journeys of Hohermuth and Quesada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Don_Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Don_Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada.JPG/220px-Don_Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Don_Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada.JPG/330px-Don_Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Don_Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada.JPG/440px-Don_Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada.JPG 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption>Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the death of Dalfinger, <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Speyer" title="Georg von Speyer">Georg Hohermuth von Speyer</a> became the new governor of Coro, arriving at the colony in 1535. Federmann returned to Coro in the same year and resumed his former post as deputy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess20219_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess20219-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hohermuth sent Federmann on an expedition to the Upar valley in the west, while he led an expedition of his own to the south, hoping to find gold in one direction or the other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197855,_63_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197855,_63-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hohermuth's party followed the course of the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> south-southwest along the edge of the <i>llanos</i>; a two-year trek brought them to the region of the <a href="/wiki/Ariari_River" title="Ariari River">Ariari River</a>, where they heard rumours of a rich land to the west. By this time, however, morale was low – over two hundred men had died along the way, and many of the remainder were too ill to fight – and Hohermuth was forced to turn back.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197856–62_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197856–62-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other side of the mountain range, a party led by the lawyer-turned-general <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a> was also searching for the land of Meta. This expedition had set out from the Spanish colony of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Marta" title="Santa Marta">Santa Marta</a> in April 1536, with the dual goal of finding an overland route to Peru and a strait to the Pacific. It was thought that both these goals could be accomplished by following the Magdalena River to its source.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis2007xiv,_8–9_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis2007xiv,_8–9-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party travelled south as far as La Tora (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Barrancabermeja" title="Barrancabermeja">Barrancabermeja</a>), where they found the river became too narrow and fast-flowing for any further progress to be made.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197872_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197872-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although they had suffered heavy losses, Quesada convinced his men not to turn straight back for home, declaring that "it would be ignoble to return with nothing done".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen1974131_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen1974131-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had noticed cakes of rock salt in use among the tribes of La Tora and surrounding areas, which he suspected had been acquired by trade with a more advanced society to the east. His thoughts turned to the rumours he had heard of the "powerful and rich province called Meta", and he decided, like Dalfinger before him, to follow the salt trail into the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197872–74_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197872–74-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1537, after a lengthy climb, Quesada's party arrived at the edge of a high plateau, at a place which they named Grita Valley (near modern-day <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lez,_Santander" title="Vélez, Santander">Vélez</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis200758_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis200758-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197875–76_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197875–76-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This plateau was home to a prosperous civilization; the villages they passed through now yielded impressive quantities of gold and emeralds. They were entering into the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca">Muisca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197875–76_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197875–76-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quesada's_conquest_of_the_Muisca"><span id="Quesada.27s_conquest_of_the_Muisca"></span>Quesada's conquest of the Muisca</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Dorado&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Quesada's conquest of the Muisca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muisca_tunjo_-_MET_-_Art._DT6752.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Muisca_tunjo_-_MET_-_Art._DT6752.jpg/220px-Muisca_tunjo_-_MET_-_Art._DT6752.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Muisca_tunjo_-_MET_-_Art._DT6752.jpg/330px-Muisca_tunjo_-_MET_-_Art._DT6752.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Muisca_tunjo_-_MET_-_Art._DT6752.jpg/440px-Muisca_tunjo_-_MET_-_Art._DT6752.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1861" /></a><figcaption>A Muisca <i><a href="/wiki/Tunjo" title="Tunjo">tunjo</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The Musica were an agricultural people who built in wood rather than stone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurella1998194,_198_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurella1998194,_198-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were not a unified tribe, but a loose organization of independent chiefdoms. The two most important rulers, to whom most of the other chieftains paid fealty, were the <i>zipa</i>, who ruled the lands to the south, and the <i>zacque</i>, who ruled the lands to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurella1998192–194_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurella1998192–194-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvellaneda1995110_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvellaneda1995110-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Musica were skilled at goldsmithing and cotton-weaving, but they produced little cotton of their own and there were no gold mines within their territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurella1998200–201_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurella1998200–201-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They acquired these raw materials through trade, their own principal exports being salt, which was extracted from naturally-occurring deposits, and manufactured objects such as golden jewellery and cotton blankets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurella1998202–204_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurella1998202–204-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the golden objects crafted by the Muisca were actually made of a gold-copper alloy called <i><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">tumbaga</a></i>. Gold played an important role in Musica religion; it decorated the principal temples and was used for votive offerings and funerary goods, often in the form of an anthropomorphic <i><a href="/wiki/Tunjo" title="Tunjo">tunjo</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurella1998200–201_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurella1998200–201-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quesada's first move upon arriving at the Muisca plateau was to march on the <i>zipa'</i>s palace at Bacatá (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Funza" title="Funza">Funza</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The native armies sent to halt the advance of the Spaniards were easily defeated, and by the end of April Quesada had entered Bacatá. The <i>zipa</i>, however, had fled, taking all his treasure with him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197880–81_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197880–81-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis200761_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis200761-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a few failed attempts to track him down, Quesada removed to the northern territory, where he had heard there were emerald mines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197881_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197881-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis200761–62_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis200761–62-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He found the mines at <a href="/wiki/Somondoco" title="Somondoco">Somondoco</a>, but they were difficult to work and his men were unable to recover more than a few emeralds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen1974145_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen1974145-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He therefore continued north to <a href="/wiki/Tunja" title="Tunja">Tunja</a>, home of the <i>zacque</i>, and here the <i>conquistadors</i> uncovered "the single greatest haul of treasure in the entire conquest of Muisca territory".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis200784_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis200784-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They captured the <i>zacque</i> and looted the palace, then turned their attention to nearby <a href="/wiki/Sogamoso" title="Sogamoso">Sogamoso</a>. This was a major religious centre and the location of the Muisca's most sacred temple. The Spaniards accidentally burnt this temple to the ground, but not before acquiring another substantial haul of gold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197886_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197886-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not satisfied with these twin gains, Quesada led his men back to Bacatá to resume the search for the treasure of the <i>zipa</i>. Finally discovering the ruler's stronghold in the mountains, he launched a night-time attack, during which the <i>zipa</i> was accidentally killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197887_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197887-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>zipa'</i>s successor, <a href="/wiki/Sagipa" title="Sagipa">Sagipa</a>, negotiated an alliance with the Spaniards, but was unable to tell them the location of the hidden treasure. In an effort to make him talk, they eventually tortured him to death, though Quesada himself disclaimed any responsibility for this action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197888–89_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197888–89-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arrival_of_Belalcázar_and_Federmann"><span id="Arrival_of_Belalc.C3.A1zar_and_Federmann"></span>Arrival of Belalcázar and Federmann</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Dorado&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arrival of Belalcázar and Federmann"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conquest_of_Colombia_route_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Conquest_of_Colombia_route_map.png/300px-Conquest_of_Colombia_route_map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Conquest_of_Colombia_route_map.png/450px-Conquest_of_Colombia_route_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Conquest_of_Colombia_route_map.png/600px-Conquest_of_Colombia_route_map.png 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>Approximate routes taken by Quesada, Federmann and Balalcazar</figcaption></figure> <p>In early 1539, after nearly two years on the plateau, Quesada received reports that a group of Europeans were camped in the Magdalena valley near <a href="/wiki/Neiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Neiva">Neiva</a>, southwest of Bacatá. This was an army led by Sebastián de Belalcázar. Belalcázar had left Quito hurriedly in March 1538, after learning that his former general, Francisco Pizarro, had issued a warrant for his arrest. Arriving at Popayán, he had decided to venture east into the highlands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197891–92_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197891–92-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Belalcázar's treasurer, Gonzalo de la Peña, the expedition left Popayán "in search of a land called <i>el dorado</i>". This is the first appearance of this phrase in the historical record.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978106_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978106-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quesada sent a scouting party to investigate the newcomers; the rival expeditions met amicably, and shortly afterwards Quesada was informed that Belalcázar's forces were approaching Bacatá. At the same time, he was told by his Indigenous allies that a third army was making its way up the slopes from the direction of the <i>llanos</i>. This force would prove to be headed by Nikolaus Federmann.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197893–94_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197893–94-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis200795–96_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis200795–96-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Federmann, following his mission to the Upar valley, had returned to Coro in September 1536. Finding Hohermuth still absent, he embarked on an unauthorized journey to the south-southwest, following Hohermuth's trail. He was joined by survivors of another venture led by <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Ortal" title="Jerónimo de Ortal">Jerónimo de Ortal</a>, who had attempted to follow in Ordaz's footsteps and locate the headwaters of the Meta. His men had mutinied against Ortal and struck out on their own; meeting up with Federmann, they brought with them the idea that the legendary land of gold was situated on higher ground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197866_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197866-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Federmann, like Hohermuth, skirted the edge of the Andes, but at one point took a detour into the plains, which happened to prevent his party from meeting Hohermuth's returning expedition. Contemporary accounts suggest that Federmann deliberately avoided Hohermuth so as not to have to abandon his own quest and give assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197867_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197867-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reaching the Ariari River towards the end of 1538, Federmann heard from the natives that there was much gold to be found to the west, and consequently began an assault on the Andean slopes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197867,_94_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197867,_94-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1539, Federmann's bedraggled troops emerged onto the plateau near <a href="/wiki/Pasca" title="Pasca">Pasca</a>. Within two months,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the armies of Federmann, Quesada and Belalcázar were encamped within sight of each other at Bacatá, "all within a six-league triangle".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis200784,_96_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis200784,_96-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the new arrivals believed that they had a claim to the plateau and its spoils. The geography of South America was still uncertain, and Belalcázar insisted that the Muisca territory lay within his jurisdiction, while Federmann argued that it was part of Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197893,_95_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197893,_95-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quesada, a lawyer by training, resolved the tension by drawing up a contract. He granted each of his rival <i>conquistadors</i> a portion of the wealth he had looted from the Muisca, and all three agreed to return to Spain together and lay their territorial claims before the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a>. Then, on 29 April 1539, the three men jointly founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a> in the name of Charles V.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen1974187_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen1974187-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_the_legend">Development of the legend</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Dorado&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Development of the legend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_accounts">Contemporary accounts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Dorado&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Contemporary accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aside from the aforementioned statement by Gonzalo de la Peña (from a testimony given in July 1539), there are no written references to a place or a person called "El Dorado" prior to 1541.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978106_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978106-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in this year that the historian <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Oviedo_y_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés">Oviedo</a> recorded a story that was current among the Spanish inhabitants of Quito, relating to a native ruler called the "Golden Chief or King":<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197897–99_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197897–99-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They tell me that what they have learned from the Indians is that that great lord or prince goes about continually covered in gold dust as fine as ground salt. He feels that it would be less beautiful to wear any other ornament<span class="nowrap"> </span>... He washes away at night what he puts on each morning, so that it is discarded and lost, and he does this every day of the year<span class="nowrap"> </span>... The Indians say that this chief or king is a very rich and great ruler. He anoints himself every morning with a certain gum or resin that sticks very well. The powdered gold adheres to that unction<span class="nowrap"> </span>... until his entire body is covered from the soles of his feet to his head. He looks as resplendent as a gold object worked by the hand of a great artist.</p></blockquote> <p>The timing suggests that this story was brought back to Quito by the men who had assisted in the conquest of the Muisca. Oviedo did not specify where the golden prince was to be found, but by the 1580s the legend had become definitely associated with the Muisca, as evidenced by the following account written by <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Castellanos" title="Juan de Castellanos">Juan de Castellanos</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978101_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978101-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Belalcázar] interrogated a foreign, itinerant Indian resident in the city of Quito, who said he was a citizen of Bogotá and had come there by I know not what means. He stated that [Bogotá] was a land rich in emeralds and gold. Among the things that attracted them, he told of a certain king, unclothed, who went on rafts on a pool to make oblations, which he had observed, anointing all [his body] with resin and on top of it a quantity of ground gold, from the bottom of his feet to his forehead, gleaming like a ray of the sun<span class="nowrap"> </span>... The soldiers, delighted and content, then gave [that king] the name El Dorado.</p></blockquote> <p>A later author, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Herrera" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Herrera">Antonio Herrera</a>, connected this "itinerant Indian" with the <i>indio dorado</i> captured by Belalcázar in 1534. However, modern scholars have argued that there would be no reason for a citizen of Bacatá to travel as far south as Quito, either for purposes of trade or, as suggested by Herrera, as a diplomatic envoy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978101–104_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978101–104-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely that Castellanos's account is unreliable, and that Belalcázar had not heard the El Dorado legend prior to his arrival in Muisca territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBray197817_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBray197817-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvellaneda199520_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvellaneda199520-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new element in Castellanos's version of the story is the king's habit of making oblations on a raft. In the early 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Sim%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Simón">Pedro Simón</a> elaborated on this ceremony, claiming that it took place at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Guatavita" title="Lake Guatavita">Lake Guatavita</a> near Bogotá, and that the gold dust was offered as a sacrifice to a supernatural entity living in the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978102_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978102-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Freyle" title="Juan Rodríguez Freyle">Juan Rodríguez Freyle</a>, in 1636, was the first to describe the ceremony as an <a href="/wiki/Investiture" title="Investiture">investiture</a> ritual undergone by each new <i>zipa</i>. Freyle claimed to have received his information from the nephew of the last Indigenous ruler of Guatavita.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBray197818_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBray197818-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuintero-Guzmán20235_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuintero-Guzmán20235-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern-day_assessment">Modern-day assessment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Dorado&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern-day assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Museum,_Bogota_(36145671394).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gold_Museum%2C_Bogota_%2836145671394%29.jpg/220px-Gold_Museum%2C_Bogota_%2836145671394%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gold_Museum%2C_Bogota_%2836145671394%29.jpg/330px-Gold_Museum%2C_Bogota_%2836145671394%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gold_Museum%2C_Bogota_%2836145671394%29.jpg/440px-Gold_Museum%2C_Bogota_%2836145671394%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>The Muisca raft</figcaption></figure> <p>Historians disagree on the veracity of these reports. Warwick Bray states that the Spanish conquerors heard the legend from Muisca natives who had witnessed the ceremony first-hand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBray197818_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBray197818-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demetrio Ramos Pérez, followed by <a href="/wiki/John_Hemming_(explorer)" title="John Hemming (explorer)">John Hemming</a> among others, argues that the story was invented by the Spaniards themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197897,_107_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197897,_107-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> José Ignacio Avellaneda regards it as "rather certain" that the legend had a factual basis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvellaneda199520_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvellaneda199520-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> J. P. Quintero-Guzmán suggests that the Guatavita ceremony may have been a one-time event which lived on in the oral history of the Muisca until the arrival of the Spaniards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuintero-Guzmán202315_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuintero-Guzmán202315-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lakes did feature heavily in <a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">Muisca religion</a>. It was said that the mother goddess <a href="/wiki/Bachu%C3%A9" title="Bachué">Bachué</a> emerged from a lake before peopling the earth, and then returned to the water in the form of a serpent. Guatavita was one of several sacred lakes found within Muisca territory, and it was not uncommon for gold, emeralds and other objects to be deposited at the lakeside as sacrificial offerings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetitpierre19755–6_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetitpierre19755–6-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An archaeological find known as the <a href="/wiki/Muisca_raft" title="Muisca raft">Muisca raft</a> has often been cited as evidence for the historicity of the El Dorado legend. Discovered in 1969 in a cave in the region of <a href="/wiki/Pasca" title="Pasca">Pasca</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUribe_VillegasMartinón-TorresQuintero-Guzmán20214_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUribe_VillegasMartinón-TorresQuintero-Guzmán20214-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this golden artefact depicts a man of high status, probably a chief, seated on a raft and surrounded by attendants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUribe_VillegasMartinón-TorresQuintero-Guzmán202128–33_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUribe_VillegasMartinón-TorresQuintero-Guzmán202128–33-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quintero-Guzmán calls the relationship between this object and the legend of the golden man "almost undeniable".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuintero-Guzmán202315_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuintero-Guzmán202315-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar object, discovered at <a href="/wiki/Siecha_Lakes" title="Siecha Lakes">Lake Siecha</a> in 1856 but later destroyed in a fire, was also described as a representation of the same ceremony, though others argued that it depicted an ordinary leisure cruise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUribe_VillegasMartinón-TorresQuintero-Guzmán202137–38_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUribe_VillegasMartinón-TorresQuintero-Guzmán202137–38-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_search_for_El_Dorado">The search for El Dorado</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Dorado&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The search for El Dorado"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pizarro_and_Orellana">Pizarro and Orellana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Dorado&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pizarro and Orellana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pizarroshipbuilding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pizarroshipbuilding.jpg/220px-Pizarroshipbuilding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pizarroshipbuilding.jpg/330px-Pizarroshipbuilding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pizarroshipbuilding.jpg/440px-Pizarroshipbuilding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1625" /></a><figcaption>Pizarro's men building a boat to sail the Coca River</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Pizarro" title="Gonzalo Pizarro">Gonzalo Pizarro</a>, brother of Francisco, was governor of Quito at the time when the legend of El Dorado was developing. In February 1541, he led an expedition out of Quito to the east, hoping to find the country of this golden king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201117,_25_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201117,_25-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was guided in his choice of direction by the report of a Spaniard who claimed to have been in a place called <a href="/wiki/La_Canela" title="La Canela">Cinnamon Valley</a>, and had heard that beyond the valley was a flat, open country whose inhabitants wore golden jewellery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201117–18_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201117–18-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accompanying the expedition as second-in-command was <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Orellana" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Orellana">Francisco Orellana</a>, a kinsman of the Pizarros.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201123_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201123-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On finding a few cinnamon trees, Pizarro enquired among the locals about the way to El Dorado; when they were unable to give him any information, he had them tortured and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201131–32_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201131–32-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After some aimless searching, the expedition arrived at the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Coca_River" title="Coca River">Coca River</a>, where they met an Indigenous chief named Delicola. Pizarro's reputation preceded him, and Delicola quickly told him what he wanted to hear: that further downstream he would find a wealthy and powerful civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201134–35_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201134–35-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pizarro built a boat, and the expedition sailed down the Coca to the <a href="/wiki/Napo_River" title="Napo River">Napo River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201141–43_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201141–43-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 December, Pizarro was forced to call a halt, as his starving men were threatening to mutiny. Delicola, whom they had brought with them as a prisoner, assured them the land they sought was just a few days' journey down the river. It was decided that Orellana should take the healthiest men aboard the boat and go in search of food, while Pizarro and the others followed on foot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201144–46_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201144–46-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Orellana was unable to find sufficient quantities of food to satisfy Pizarro's army, and soon realized that in any case returning upstream would be impossible. He made the decision to abandon Pizarro and sail on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201157–59_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201157–59-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reaching the confluence of the Napo River with the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon</a>, he and his men became the first Europeans to sail upon the latter river.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201177–78_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201177–78-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They successfully navigated its entire length, eventually emerging into the Atlantic Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2011190_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2011190-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During their voyage, Orellana's party passed through a long stretch of land inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Omagua_people" title="Omagua people">Omagua</a>. Impressed by their religious idols, their skilfully crafted pottery, and their well-maintained trading routes, Orellana took captives and questioned them about their culture. They told him that very wealthy people lived a little way inland, but Orellana decided that he lacked the manpower to investigate further.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2011132–136_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2011132–136-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, his account of the great wealth of the Omagua would prove influential to future expeditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hernán_de_Quesada_and_Philip_von_Hutten"><span id="Hern.C3.A1n_de_Quesada_and_Philip_von_Hutten"></span>Hernán de Quesada and Philip von Hutten</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Dorado&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hernán de Quesada and Philip von Hutten"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philipp-von-Hutten.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Philipp-von-Hutten.png/170px-Philipp-von-Hutten.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Philipp-von-Hutten.png/255px-Philipp-von-Hutten.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Philipp-von-Hutten.png/340px-Philipp-von-Hutten.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Philipp von Hutten</figcaption></figure> <p>When Jiménez de Quesada departed for Spain, he left his brother <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán</a> in temporary command of the Muisca province, now known as New Granada. When Hernán de Quesada heard the story of El Dorado, he was eager to be the first to find it, and believed that his position in the heart of Colombia, together with the local knowledge of his men, would give him an advantage in the search. He consequently organized an expedition to the south, leaving Bogotá in September 1541.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978128_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978128-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a time, suffering greatly from illness and starvation, but urged on by persistent rumours of golden lands ahead, his party turned westward and found themselves in the region of <a href="/wiki/Pasto,_Colombia" title="Pasto, Colombia">Pasto</a>, an area already colonized by Belalcázar. The expedition was here given up as a failure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978129–130_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978129–130-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1542, <a href="/wiki/Philipp_von_Hutten" title="Philipp von Hutten">Philipp von Hutten</a>, a German nobleman who had travelled with Hohermuth, set out to find the rich country that he was sure Hohermuth had almost discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978132_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978132-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was joined by <a href="/wiki/Bartholomeus_VI._Welser" title="Bartholomeus VI. Welser">Bartholomeus Welser</a>, a member of the merchant banking family which governed Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978125_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978125-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leading their men along the edge of the <i>llanos</i>, they came upon the tracks of Hernán de Quesada's south-bound expedition. Judging that Quesada would not have deserted his province except in expectation of finding even greater wealth, they decided to follow the same route. A native chief informed them that there were no rich settlements in that direction, and added that he had received word from neighbouring tribes that the Spaniards who had passed that way earlier were now all dead or dying, but von Hutten believed this to be merely an attempt to distract him from his mission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978132_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978132-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towards the end of 1543, on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Guaviare_River" title="Guaviare River">Guaviare River</a>, von Hutten heard from the locals that nearby were "enormous towns of very rich people who possessed innumerable wealth".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978134_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978134-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was guided to a village of the Omagua people, and was told that the village chief owned several life-sized effigies of solid gold, and that still richer chieftains lived in the regions beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978134_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978134-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacas1953286_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacas1953286-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Europeans launched an attack, during which von Hutten and his captain were badly wounded by native lancers. The expedition retreated to Coro, with the intention of returning with a larger force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978135_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978135-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacas1953287_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacas1953287-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon their return, however, a Spanish revolt against the Germans resulted in the execution by beheading of Bartholomeus Welser and von Hutten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978136_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978136-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pedro_de_Ursúa_and_Aguirre"><span id="Pedro_de_Urs.C3.BAa_and_Aguirre"></span>Pedro de Ursúa and Aguirre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Dorado&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pedro de Ursúa and Aguirre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1550, Charles V ordered the suspension of all expeditions while <a href="/wiki/Valladolid_debate" title="Valladolid debate">a debate</a> was held in Spain on their legitimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978139_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978139-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This official suspension lasted nearly a decade, until in 1559 <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Pedro de Ursúa">Pedro de Ursúa</a> received permission from the Viceroy of Peru to equip an expedition to the Amazon. It was, by now, widely believed among the Peruvian settlers that the fabled El Dorado lay in the lands of the Omagua. The stories of the European explorers had been corroborated by a band of Indigenous Brazilians who had lately arrived in the Peruvian town of <a href="/wiki/Chachapoyas,_Peru" title="Chachapoyas, Peru">Chachapoyas</a>, having traveled upstream along the Amazon. They said that they had been among the Omagua, and spoke of "the inestimable value of their riches, and the vastness of their trading". Fired by these reports, Ursúa assembled a force of 370 Spaniards, embarking with a flotilla of small boats on 26 September 1560.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978141–144_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978141–144-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A secondary purpose of the expedition was to find employment for the idle veterans of recent civil wars; among them <a href="/wiki/Lope_de_Aguirre" title="Lope de Aguirre">Lope de Aguirre</a>, a disgraced former soldier who had no interest in El Dorado and little motive for loyalty to his superiors. On 1 January 1561, Aguirre led a mutiny against the leaders of the expedition. The mutineers killed Pedro de Ursúa and elected Fernando de Guzman, a Spanish nobleman, as their "lord and prince". A few months later, Aguirre had Guzman assassinated and assumed command. The quest for El Dorado was abandoned, and the mutineers sailed down the Amazon with the intention of conquering Peru. They reached the ocean and sailed north, before landing at <a href="/wiki/Borburata" title="Borburata">Borburata</a> and marching overland towards the Andes. At Barquisimeto, the journey came to an end when Aguirre was killed by his own men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978141–144_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978141–144-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen1974236–239_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen1974236–239-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martín_de_Poveda_and_Jimenez_de_Quesada"><span id="Mart.C3.ADn_de_Poveda_and_Jimenez_de_Quesada"></span>Martín de Poveda and Jimenez de Quesada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Dorado&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Martín de Poveda and Jimenez de Quesada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1566, a new expedition was launched from Peru, led by Martín de Poveda and accompanied by Pedro Maraver de Silva and Diego Soleto. They travelled north along the Andes from Chachapoyas to Bogotá, finally determining that El Dorado was not to be found anywhere within this region. However, information received from the natives along the route now pointed towards the eastern <i>llanos</i> as the site of the legendary city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978145–147_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978145–147-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Jiménez de Quesada had taken up residence in New Granada, and had been appointed <a href="/wiki/Adelantado" title="Adelantado">Adelantado</a> of the colony. Enthused by the arrival of Martín de Poveda's troops, and their news that El Dorado lay to the east, Quesada obtained permission from the king to conquer and explore the eastern plains. He departed in December 1569, with an army of three hundred Spaniards and fifteen hundred slaves. Nothing was heard of him for two and a half years; after which time it was reported that he was returning to Bogotá with only fifty surviving soldiers and thirty slaves, having "made no settlement and ... achieved nothing".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978145–147_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978145–147-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antonio_de_Berrio">Antonio de Berrio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Dorado&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Antonio de Berrio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irio_orinoco_frente_a_las_orillas_de_pto_ayacucho-pto.ayacucho_027.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Irio_orinoco_frente_a_las_orillas_de_pto_ayacucho-pto.ayacucho_027.jpg/220px-Irio_orinoco_frente_a_las_orillas_de_pto_ayacucho-pto.ayacucho_027.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Irio_orinoco_frente_a_las_orillas_de_pto_ayacucho-pto.ayacucho_027.jpg/330px-Irio_orinoco_frente_a_las_orillas_de_pto_ayacucho-pto.ayacucho_027.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Irio_orinoco_frente_a_las_orillas_de_pto_ayacucho-pto.ayacucho_027.jpg/440px-Irio_orinoco_frente_a_las_orillas_de_pto_ayacucho-pto.ayacucho_027.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3472" data-file-height="2604" /></a><figcaption>The Orinoco River</figcaption></figure> <p>Quesada died in 1579, and his estates and title were inherited by his son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Berrio" title="Antonio de Berrio">Antonio de Berrio</a>. As Quesada's will stipulated that his successor must continue to search "most insistently" for El Dorado,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaipaul200112_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaipaul200112-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berrio obediently gathered together an expeditionary force and set out across the <i>llanos</i>. By April 1584, he was encamped four leagues from the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Orinoco River">Orinoco River</a>, which runs along the western edge of the plain. Berrio believed that El Dorado was located somewhere in the highlands of the <a href="/wiki/Guianas" class="mw-redirect" title="Guianas">Guianas</a>, on the far side of the river. Captured natives confirmed under questioning that these highlands were home to "great settlements and a very great number of people, and great riches of gold and precious stones". They also spoke of a great lake within the Guianas which they called Manoa. Berrio led his men across the Orinoco but soon found that they were not fit to continue any further, and he was forced to turn for home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978151–153_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978151–153-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1587, Berrio launched a second expedition. He crossed the river once more and spent several months exploring the forests on the other side, searching for a route into the mountains. Eventually his men rebelled against him and deserted, leaving him no choice but to return again to Bogotá.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978154–156_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978154–156-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the third attempt, which began in March 1590, Berrio decided to row downstream along the Orinoco, north and east, in order to reach the <a href="/wiki/Caron%C3%AD_River" title="Caroní River">Caroní River</a>, which discharges into the Orinoco from the Guianas. The Caroní was known to be unnavigable, but Berrio hoped that a pass to the Guianas could be found by following its banks. Upon reaching the point of convergence, he found he had not enough men to make the ascent. He continued down the Orinoco, emerging into the Atlantic Ocean not far from the island of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>. He and his followers founded a new town on the island, <a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_de_Oru%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="San José de Oruña">San José de Oruña</a>, and began preparations for a final assault on the Guianas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978154–156_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978154–156-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaipaul200113–14_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaipaul200113–14-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Walter_Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Dorado&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Walter Raleigh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_expedition" title="Raleigh's El Dorado expedition">Raleigh's El Dorado expedition</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raleigh_at_Trinidad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Raleigh_at_Trinidad.jpg/250px-Raleigh_at_Trinidad.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Raleigh_at_Trinidad.jpg/375px-Raleigh_at_Trinidad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Raleigh_at_Trinidad.jpg/500px-Raleigh_at_Trinidad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Walter Raleigh at Trinidad</figcaption></figure> <p>On 22 March 1595, an English fleet headed by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a> arrived off the coast of Trinidad. Raleigh made peaceful overtures to the Spanish inhabitants of the island, trading with them and entertaining them on board his ships. Under the influence of wine, the Spaniards spoke freely of Berrio's activities in Guiana, the geography of the land, and of the riches they believed were to be found in the interior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl199593–95_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl199593–95-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 April, Raleigh launched a surprise attack against the town of San José and captured Berrio.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl199597_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl199597-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having gleaned what information he could from the experienced <i>conquistador</i>, Raleigh announced his own intention to strike out into Guiana and find the golden city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl1995103–105_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl1995103–105-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unable to bring his ships into the narrow channels of the Orinoco delta, he had his carpenters adapt one of them (possibly a <a href="/wiki/Galleass" title="Galleass">galleass</a>) so that it drew only five feet of water; this vessel was able to carry sixty men, while another forty were distributed among the smaller boats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl1995112–113_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl1995112–113-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESellin201145–47_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESellin201145–47-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They made slow progress through the delta, soon becoming lost in what Raleigh described as a "labyrinth of rivers".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl1995123_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl1995123-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaleigh188664_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaleigh188664-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, however, they emerged into the <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1o_Manamo" title="Caño Manamo">Caño Manamo</a>, and from there into the Orinoco proper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl1995126_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl1995126-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A little further upriver, near the confluence of the Orinoco and the Caroní, Raleigh met a native chief called Topiawari, with whom he entered into friendly relations. Topiawari told him that his people had recently been driven out of inland Guiana by a warlike tribe from the west; this seemed to bolster the theory, current among the Spanish and strongly held by Raleigh,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl199536_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl199536-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that El Dorado was populated by fugitive Incans from Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl1995177,_183–184_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl1995177,_183–184-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESellin2011179–181_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESellin2011179–181-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Topiawari would later inform Raleigh that the invading tribe was rich in gold, and that their nearest town, just four day's journey to the south, was the source of "all those plates of gold which were scattered among the borderers, and carried to other nations far and near ... but that those of the land within were far finer".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaleigh1886114_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaleigh1886114-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raleigh continued on to the mouth of the Caroní, and here found that the strength of the current prevented any further progress. He sent out two reconnaissance parties overland, himself accompanying a third. A few precious-looking stones were found, which the men eagerly tore out of the hard ground with their fingers and daggers, but most of these proved to be worthless. They received information that at the head of the Caroní stood a great lake some forty miles wide, in which large quantities of alluvial gold could be found; but having no means of advancing, and threatened by the rising waters of the Orinoco, Raleigh gave up the expedition, hoping to return at a more opportune time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESellin2011183–185_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESellin2011183–185-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaleigh1886101–106,_111–112_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaleigh1886101–106,_111–112-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was not until 1616, over twenty years later, that Raleigh received permission from <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> to attempt a second expedition in Guiana. He promised the king that he could recover an abundance of gold from a certain mine near the Caroní that he had heard of on his former voyage. James gave Raleigh strict instructions not to engage in any hostilities against the Spanish, who still controlled the area around the Orinoco. On reaching South America, Raleigh remained aboard the ship and sent a force headed by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kemys" title="Lawrence Kemys">Lawrence Kemys</a> to seek out the mine. For unclear reasons, Kemys attacked and captured the Spanish town of <a href="/wiki/Santo_Tom%C3%A9_de_Guayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Santo Tomé de Guayana">Santo Tomé</a>; Raleigh's son Wat was killed in the battle. Unable to find the mine, the men returned to the ship, where Kemys, facing Raleigh's displeasure, committed suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978184–190_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978184–190-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raleigh was put on trial in England – charged with lying about the mine and with attempting to stir up conflict between England and Spain – and was executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESellin2011223–224_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESellin2011223–224-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lake_Parime">Lake Parime</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Dorado&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Lake Parime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lake_Parime" title="Lake Parime">Lake Parime</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1599_Guyana_Hondius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1599_Guyana_Hondius.jpg/220px-1599_Guyana_Hondius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1599_Guyana_Hondius.jpg/330px-1599_Guyana_Hondius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1599_Guyana_Hondius.jpg/440px-1599_Guyana_Hondius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4241" /></a><figcaption>A map of Guiana from 1598, showing Lake Parime</figcaption></figure> <p>During Berrio's first expedition, he had heard of a vast lake called Manoa supposedly located in the highlands of the Guianas. El Dorado had long been associated with a lake, so this report added fuel to the theory that the fabled golden city lay somewhere east of the Orinoco. In 1596, Lawrence Kemys heard reports of a lake called Parime or Parima, which he assumed to be identical with Manoa; it was said to be so large that the natives "know no difference between it and the main sea". This lake was included in maps of the Guianas throughout the 17th century, though no European had seen it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1990298_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1990298-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1674, two Jesuits, Jean Grillet and François Bechamel, traversed the area and found no trace of a lake.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman197526_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman197526-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1740, Nicholas Horstmann discovered Lake Amucu, a little way south of the supposed location of Lake Parime; Amucu was a reedy lake only a mile wide, with no golden city on its banks. Doubts began to emerge as to Lake Parime's existence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman197527_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman197527-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1990305_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1990305-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1800, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> conducted a survey of the area around the Orinoco; he discovered that "Parime" was the word used by local tribes for any large body of water, and suggested that the seasonal flooding of the plains around Lake Amucu might be the source of the legend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman197529_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman197529-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnett200029–33_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnett200029–33-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory was corroborated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schomburgk" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Schomburgk">Robert Schomburgk</a>, who visited Lake Amucu in 1836. Humboldt's influence eventually resulted in the final disappearance of Lake Parime from maps and gazetteers – the effacement, as Schomburgk wrote, "of those last vestiges of that delusive bubble, El Dorado".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnett200036_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnett200036-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_influence">Cultural influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Dorado&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cultural influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite its dismissal as a myth, the subject of El Dorado has retained its hold on the popular imagination into the present day. One early work of fiction to feature the golden city is <i><a href="/wiki/Candide" title="Candide">Candide</a></i>, a 1759 satire by the French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>. The novel aims to contrast the idealism of its principal characters with the harsh realities of life, but in El Dorado the situation is reversed. The city is represented as a "pure Utopia", a fulfilment of all ideals, but the protagonists leave because they find its moral perfection unsatisfying.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldridge1975254_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldridge1975254-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another literary use of the motif is in <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s 1849 poem "<a href="/wiki/Eldorado_(poem)" title="Eldorado (poem)">Eldorado</a>". The story of the "gallant knight" related in the poem is generally taken as a metaphor for the search for truth, with the final stanza hinting that it cannot be found in this world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChuradze2022_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChuradze2022-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city has been depicted on-screen in such films as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_El_Dorado" title="The Road to El Dorado">The Road to El Dorado</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Obhijaan" title="Amazon Obhijaan">Amazon Obhijaan</a></i>. Some filmmakers have taken inspiration from the struggles of the <i>conquistadors</i>: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Herzog" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Aguirre,_the_Wrath_of_God" title="Aguirre, the Wrath of God">Aguirre, the Wrath of God</a></i> presents a fictionalized retelling of Lope de Aguirre's rebellion, and the Spanish film <i><a href="/wiki/Gold_(2017_film)" title="Gold (2017 film)">Gold</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_D%C3%ADaz_Yanes" title="Agustín Díaz Yanes">Agustín Díaz Yanes</a>, depicts the trials of a 16th-century Spaniard in America, also partly based on Aguirre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlanco2021199_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlanco2021199-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Video games have likewise sought to simulate the experience of the early explorers. A campaign in the strategy game <i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Empires_II" title="Age of Empires II">Age of Empires II</a></i> allows the player to take control of Francisco de Orellana, while <i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Universalis_IV" title="Europa Universalis IV">Europa Universalis IV</a>: El Dorado</i> provides the option of sending out expeditionary forces to uncover the mysteries of the Americas. The adventure game <i><a href="/wiki/Uncharted:_Drake%27s_Fortune" title="Uncharted: Drake's Fortune">Uncharted: Drake's Fortune</a></i>, set in the modern day, involves a search for El Dorado, which turns out to be the name of a cursed golden idol.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobssonOjeda-Ramirez20243_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobssonOjeda-Ramirez20243-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El Dorado features in several album and song titles by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Neil_Young" title="Neil Young">Neil Young</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Eldorado_(EP)" title="Eldorado (EP)">Eldorado</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Electric_Light_Orchestra" title="Electric Light Orchestra">Electric Light Orchestra</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Eldorado_(Electric_Light_Orchestra_album)" title="Eldorado (Electric Light Orchestra album)">Eldorado</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/24kGoldn" title="24kGoldn">24kGoldn</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_(24kGoldn_album)" title="El Dorado (24kGoldn album)">El Dorado</a></i>). The Colombian artist <a href="/wiki/Shakira" title="Shakira">Shakira</a> supported her <i><a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_(Shakira_album)" title="El Dorado (Shakira album)">El Dorado</a></i> album with a <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_World_Tour" title="El Dorado World Tour">world tour</a> which concluded in Bogotá. <a href="/wiki/Aterciopelados" title="Aterciopelados">Aterciopelados</a>, a Colombian rock group, also have an album titled <i><a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_(Aterciopelados_album)" title="El Dorado (Aterciopelados album)">El Dorado</a></i> which explores the country's cultural history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Dorado&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">List of mythological places</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Dorado&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The town's name was transliterated to <i>Bogothá</i> or <i>Bogotá</i> by the Spanish, but it is a little to the west of the modern-day city of <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>. The name <i>Bacatá</i> or <i>Bogotá</i> can also refer to the general region.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is not known when Belalcázar arrived at Bacatá, but the earliest documented date of his presence there is 14 April 1539.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvellaneda199539_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvellaneda199539-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The original account was in the form of a poem, a portion of <i><a href="/wiki/Eleg%C3%ADas_de_varones_ilustres_de_Indias" title="Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias">Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias</a></i>. An English verse translation can be found in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZahm1917" class="citation book cs2">Zahm, J. A. (1917), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/questofeldorado00zahmrich/page/10"><i>The Quest of El Dorado</i></a>, D. Appleton and Company, p. 10</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+of+El+Dorado&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Zahm&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquestofeldorado00zahmrich%2Fpage%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Nicholl doubts whether Raleigh's account of this conversation can be trusted, given how closely it conforms to Raleigh's own ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl1995184_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl1995184-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Dorado&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESauer196634-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauer196634_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauer196634_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSauer1966">Sauer 1966</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESauer196623–29-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauer196623–29_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSauer1966">Sauer 1966</a>, pp. 23–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Literature_and_Literacy/Becoming_America_-_An_Exploration_of_American_Literature_from_Precolonial_to_Post-Revolution/01%3A_Pre-_and_Early_Colonial_Literature/1.03%3A_Christopher_Columbus_(14511506)/1.3.01%3A_Letter_of_Discovery_(1493)">"Letter of Discovery (1493)"</a>. LibreTexts Humanities. 17 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+of+Discovery+%281493%29&rft.pub=LibreTexts+Humanities&rft.date=2019-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhuman.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FLiterature_and_Literacy%2FBecoming_America_-_An_Exploration_of_American_Literature_from_Precolonial_to_Post-Revolution%2F01%253A_Pre-_and_Early_Colonial_Literature%2F1.03%253A_Christopher_Columbus_%2814511506%29%2F1.3.01%253A_Letter_of_Discovery_%281493%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez1994202-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez1994202_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSánchez1994">Sánchez 1994</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez1994193–194-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez1994193–194_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSánchez1994">Sánchez 1994</a>, pp. 193–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez1994194–195-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez1994194–195_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSánchez1994">Sánchez 1994</a>, pp. 194–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez1994201–202,_224-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez1994201–202,_224_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSánchez1994">Sánchez 1994</a>, pp. 201–202, 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez1994196–197-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez1994196–197_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSánchez1994">Sánchez 1994</a>, pp. 196–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez1994196–197,_206–207-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez1994196–197,_206–207_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSánchez1994">Sánchez 1994</a>, pp. 196–197, 206–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESauer196661–62-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauer196661–62_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSauer1966">Sauer 1966</a>, p. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESauer1966197–198-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauer1966197–198_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSauer1966">Sauer 1966</a>, p. 197–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockhartSchwartz198364-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockhartSchwartz198364_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockhartSchwartz1983">Lockhart & Schwartz 1983</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez1994220–221-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchez1994220–221_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSánchez1994">Sánchez 1994</a>, pp. 220–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess20214-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess20214_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHess2021">Hess 2021</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontenegro2022-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontenegro2022_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontenegro2022_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontenegro2022_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontenegro2022_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontenegro2022_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontenegro2022">Montenegro 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197818-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197818_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriede1959148–149-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriede1959148–149_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriede1959">Friede 1959</a>, pp. 148–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197818–20-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197818–20_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, pp. 18–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen197431–32-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen197431–32_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Hagen1974">von Hagen 1974</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197821,_26-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197821,_26_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, pp. 21, 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess202159–60-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess202159–60_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHess2021">Hess 2021</a>, pp. 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197827–28-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197827–28_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess202175–76,_80–82-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess202175–76,_80–82_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHess2021">Hess 2021</a>, pp. 75–76, 80–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess20218-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess20218_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHess2021">Hess 2021</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen197459–60-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen197459–60_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Hagen1974">von Hagen 1974</a>, pp. 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriede1959151–152-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriede1959151–152_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriede1959">Friede 1959</a>, pp. 151–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen197460–63-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen197460–63_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Hagen1974">von Hagen 1974</a>, pp. 60–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen197464–65-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen197464–65_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Hagen1974">von Hagen 1974</a>, pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197840-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197840_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197811–13-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197811–13_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, pp. 11–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197813–15-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197813–15_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, pp. 13–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197816-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197816_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197866–67-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197866–67_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197853-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197853_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197853_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197853_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197885-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197885_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClados2020159-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClados2020159_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClados2020">Clados 2020</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess20219-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess20219_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHess2021">Hess 2021</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197855,_63-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197855,_63_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, pp. 55, 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197856–62-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197856–62_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, pp. 56–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis2007xiv,_8–9-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis2007xiv,_8–9_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrancis2007">Francis 2007</a>, pp. xiv, 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197872-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197872_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen1974131-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen1974131_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Hagen1974">von Hagen 1974</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197872–74-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197872–74_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, pp. 72–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis200758-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis200758_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrancis2007">Francis 2007</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197875–76-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197875–76_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197875–76_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, pp. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurella1998194,_198-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurella1998194,_198_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurella1998">Kurella 1998</a>, pp. 194, 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurella1998192–194-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurella1998192–194_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurella1998">Kurella 1998</a>, pp. 192–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvellaneda1995110-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvellaneda1995110_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvellaneda1995">Avellaneda 1995</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurella1998200–201-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurella1998200–201_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurella1998200–201_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurella1998">Kurella 1998</a>, pp. 200–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurella1998202–204-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurella1998202–204_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurella1998">Kurella 1998</a>, pp. 202–204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197880–81-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197880–81_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis200761-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis200761_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrancis2007">Francis 2007</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197881-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197881_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis200761–62-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis200761–62_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrancis2007">Francis 2007</a>, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen1974145-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen1974145_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Hagen1974">von Hagen 1974</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis200784-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis200784_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrancis2007">Francis 2007</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197886-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197886_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197887-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197887_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197888–89-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197888–89_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, pp. 88–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197891–92-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197891–92_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978106-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978106_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978106_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197893–94-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197893–94_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, pp. 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis200795–96-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis200795–96_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrancis2007">Francis 2007</a>, pp. 95–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197866-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197866_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197867-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197867_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197867,_94-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197867,_94_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, pp. 67, 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvellaneda199539-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvellaneda199539_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvellaneda1995">Avellaneda 1995</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis200784,_96-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis200784,_96_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrancis2007">Francis 2007</a>, pp. 84, 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197893,_95-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197893,_95_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, pp. 93, 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen1974187-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen1974187_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Hagen1974">von Hagen 1974</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197897–99-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197897–99_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, pp. 97–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978101-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978101_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978101–104-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978101–104_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, pp. 101–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBray197817-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBray197817_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBray1978">Bray 1978</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvellaneda199520-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvellaneda199520_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvellaneda199520_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvellaneda1995">Avellaneda 1995</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978102-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978102_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBray197818-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBray197818_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBray197818_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBray1978">Bray 1978</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuintero-Guzmán20235-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuintero-Guzmán20235_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuintero-Guzmán2023">Quintero-Guzmán 2023</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming197897,_107-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming197897,_107_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, pp. 97, 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuintero-Guzmán202315-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuintero-Guzmán202315_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuintero-Guzmán202315_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuintero-Guzmán2023">Quintero-Guzmán 2023</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetitpierre19755–6-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetitpierre19755–6_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetitpierre1975">Petitpierre 1975</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUribe_VillegasMartinón-TorresQuintero-Guzmán20214-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUribe_VillegasMartinón-TorresQuintero-Guzmán20214_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUribe_VillegasMartinón-TorresQuintero-Guzmán2021">Uribe Villegas, Martinón-Torres & Quintero-Guzmán 2021</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUribe_VillegasMartinón-TorresQuintero-Guzmán202128–33-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUribe_VillegasMartinón-TorresQuintero-Guzmán202128–33_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUribe_VillegasMartinón-TorresQuintero-Guzmán2021">Uribe Villegas, Martinón-Torres & Quintero-Guzmán 2021</a>, pp. 28–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUribe_VillegasMartinón-TorresQuintero-Guzmán202137–38-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUribe_VillegasMartinón-TorresQuintero-Guzmán202137–38_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUribe_VillegasMartinón-TorresQuintero-Guzmán2021">Uribe Villegas, Martinón-Torres & Quintero-Guzmán 2021</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201117,_25-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201117,_25_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2011">Levy 2011</a>, pp. 17, 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201117–18-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201117–18_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2011">Levy 2011</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201123-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201123_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2011">Levy 2011</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201131–32-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201131–32_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2011">Levy 2011</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201134–35-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201134–35_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2011">Levy 2011</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201141–43-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201141–43_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2011">Levy 2011</a>, pp. 41–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201144–46-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201144–46_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2011">Levy 2011</a>, pp. 44–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201157–59-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201157–59_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2011">Levy 2011</a>, pp. 57–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy201177–78-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy201177–78_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2011">Levy 2011</a>, pp. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2011190-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2011190_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2011">Levy 2011</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2011132–136-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2011132–136_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevy2011">Levy 2011</a>, pp. 132–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978128-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978128_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978129–130-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978129–130_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, p. 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978132-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978132_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978132_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978125-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978125_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978134-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978134_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978134_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELacas1953286-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacas1953286_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLacas1953">Lacas 1953</a>, p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978135-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978135_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELacas1953287-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacas1953287_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLacas1953">Lacas 1953</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978136-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978136_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978139-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978139_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978141–144-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978141–144_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978141–144_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, pp. 141–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen1974236–239-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Hagen1974236–239_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Hagen1974">von Hagen 1974</a>, pp. 236–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978145–147-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978145–147_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978145–147_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, pp. 145–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaipaul200112-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaipaul200112_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaipaul2001">Naipaul 2001</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978151–153-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978151–153_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, pp. 151–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978154–156-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978154–156_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978154–156_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, pp. 154–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaipaul200113–14-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaipaul200113–14_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaipaul2001">Naipaul 2001</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl199593–95-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl199593–95_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholl1995">Nicholl 1995</a>, pp. 93–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl199597-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl199597_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholl1995">Nicholl 1995</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl1995103–105-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl1995103–105_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholl1995">Nicholl 1995</a>, pp. 103–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl1995112–113-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl1995112–113_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholl1995">Nicholl 1995</a>, pp. 112–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESellin201145–47-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESellin201145–47_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSellin2011">Sellin 2011</a>, pp. 45–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl1995123-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl1995123_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholl1995">Nicholl 1995</a>, pp. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaleigh188664-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaleigh188664_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaleigh1886">Raleigh 1886</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl1995126-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl1995126_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholl1995">Nicholl 1995</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl199536-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl199536_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholl1995">Nicholl 1995</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl1995177,_183–184-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl1995177,_183–184_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholl1995">Nicholl 1995</a>, pp. 177, 183–184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESellin2011179–181-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESellin2011179–181_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSellin2011">Sellin 2011</a>, pp. 179–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaleigh1886114-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaleigh1886114_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaleigh1886">Raleigh 1886</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholl1995184-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholl1995184_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholl1995">Nicholl 1995</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESellin2011183–185-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESellin2011183–185_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSellin2011">Sellin 2011</a>, pp. 183–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaleigh1886101–106,_111–112-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaleigh1886101–106,_111–112_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaleigh1886">Raleigh 1886</a>, pp. 101–106, 111–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1978184–190-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1978184–190_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1978">Hemming 1978</a>, pp. 184–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESellin2011223–224-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESellin2011223–224_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSellin2011">Sellin 2011</a>, pp. 223–224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1990298-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1990298_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1990">Hemming 1990</a>, p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman197526-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman197526_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodman1975">Goodman 1975</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman197527-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman197527_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodman1975">Goodman 1975</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemming1990305-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemming1990305_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemming1990">Hemming 1990</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodman197529-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodman197529_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodman1975">Goodman 1975</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnett200029–33-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnett200029–33_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurnett2000">Burnett 2000</a>, pp. 29–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnett200036-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnett200036_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurnett2000">Burnett 2000</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldridge1975254-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAldridge1975254_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAldridge1975">Aldridge 1975</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChuradze2022-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChuradze2022_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChuradze2022">Churadze 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlanco2021199-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlanco2021199_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlanco2021">Blanco 2021</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobssonOjeda-Ramirez20243-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJakobssonOjeda-Ramirez20243_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJakobssonOjeda-Ramirez2024">Jakobsson & Ojeda-Ramirez 2024</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Dorado&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldridge1975" class="citation book cs1">Aldridge, A. Owen (1975). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/267/monograph/chapter/1453760/pdf">"Candide: 'A Mixture of Ridicule and Horror'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>Voltaire and the Century of Light</i>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Candide%3A+%27A+Mixture+of+Ridicule+and+Horror%27&rft.btitle=Voltaire+and+the+Century+of+Light&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Aldridge&rft.aufirst=A.+Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F267%2Fmonograph%2Fchapter%2F1453760%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvellaneda1995" class="citation book cs1">Avellaneda, José Ignacio (1995). <i>The Conquerors of the New Kingdom of Granada</i>. University of New Mexico Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-1612-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-1612-3"><bdi>0-8263-1612-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conquerors+of+the+New+Kingdom+of+Granada&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8263-1612-3&rft.aulast=Avellaneda&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Ignacio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanco2021" class="citation book cs1">Blanco, John D. (2021). "Presumptions of empire". In Martínez-San Miguel, Y.; Arias, S. (eds.). <i>The Routledge Hispanic Studies Companion to Colonial Latin America and the Caribbean (1492-1898)</i>. 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Times Newspapers Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7230-0226-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7230-0226-6"><bdi>0-7230-0226-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gold+of+El+Dorado&rft.pub=Times+Newspapers+Limited&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-7230-0226-6&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Warwick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoldofeldorado0000unse%2Fpage%2Fn3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnett2000" class="citation book cs1">Burnett, D. Graham (2000). <i>Masters of All They Surveyed: Exploration, Geography, and a British El Dorado</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-08120-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-08120-6"><bdi>0-226-08120-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+of+All+They+Surveyed%3A+Exploration%2C+Geography%2C+and+a+British+El+Dorado&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-226-08120-6&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=D.+Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuradze2022" class="citation journal cs1">Churadze, Eter (March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cjojms.com/index.php/research/article/view/4/16">"On Edgar Allan Poe's 'Eldorado'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Caucasus Journal of Milton Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caucasus+Journal+of+Milton+Studies&rft.atitle=On+Edgar+Allan+Poe%27s+%27Eldorado%27&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2022-03&rft.aulast=Churadze&rft.aufirst=Eter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cjojms.com%2Findex.php%2Fresearch%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClados2020" class="citation book cs1">Clados, Christiane (2020). 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Michael (2007). <i>Invading Colombia: Spanish Accounts of the Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada Expedition of Conquest</i>. Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02936-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02936-8"><bdi>978-0-271-02936-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invading+Colombia%3A+Spanish+Accounts+of+the+Gonzalo+Jim%C3%A9nez+de+Quesada+Expedition+of+Conquest&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-271-02936-8&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=J.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriede1959" class="citation journal cs1">Friede, Juan (1959). "Geographical Ideas and the Conquest of Venezuela". <i>The Americas</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 145–159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F978838">10.2307/978838</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/978838">978838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Americas&rft.atitle=Geographical+Ideas+and+the+Conquest+of+Venezuela&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145-159&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F978838&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F978838%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Friede&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman1975" class="citation journal cs1">Goodman, Edward J. 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"The Search for the Mythical Lake Parima". <i>Terrae Incognitae</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 23–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Ftin.1975.7.1.23">10.1179/tin.1975.7.1.23</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terrae+Incognitae&rft.atitle=The+Search+for+the+Mythical+Lake+Parima&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-30&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Ftin.1975.7.1.23&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemming1978" class="citation book cs1">Hemming, John (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/searchforeldorad00hemm"><i>The Search for El Dorado</i></a></span>. E. P. Dutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87690-323-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87690-323-5"><bdi>0-87690-323-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+El+Dorado&rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-87690-323-5&rft.aulast=Hemming&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsearchforeldorad00hemm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemming1990" class="citation journal cs1">Hemming, John (1 May 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/70/2/295/146517/How-Brazil-Acquired-Roraima">"How Brazil Acquired Roraima"</a>. <i>Hispanic American Historical Review</i>. <b>70</b> (2): 295–325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-70.2.295">10.1215/00182168-70.2.295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=How+Brazil+Acquired+Roraima&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=295-325&rft.date=1990-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182168-70.2.295&rft.aulast=Hemming&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fread.dukeupress.edu%2Fhahr%2Farticle%2F70%2F2%2F295%2F146517%2FHow-Brazil-Acquired-Roraima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess2021" class="citation book cs1">Hess, Peter, ed. (2021). <i>Violent First Contact in Venezuela: Nikolaus Federmann's 'Indian History'<span></span></i>. Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-09179-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-09179-2"><bdi>978-0-271-09179-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violent+First+Contact+in+Venezuela%3A+Nikolaus+Federmann%27s+%27Indian+History%27&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-271-09179-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakobssonOjeda-Ramirez2024" class="citation journal cs1">Jakobsson, M.; Ojeda-Ramirez, S. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.digra.org/index.php/dl/article/download/2338/2335">"Cursed: A Ludic Genealogy of the Myth of El Dorado"</a>. <i>Abstract Proceedings of DiGRA 2024 Conference: Playgrounds</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Abstract+Proceedings+of+DiGRA+2024+Conference%3A+Playgrounds&rft.atitle=Cursed%3A+A+Ludic+Genealogy+of+the+Myth+of+El+Dorado&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Jakobsson&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Ojeda-Ramirez%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.digra.org%2Findex.php%2Fdl%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F2338%2F2335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurella1998" class="citation book cs1">Kurella, Doris (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chiefdomschiefta0000unse/page/189">"The Muisca: Chiefdoms in Transition"</a></span>. In Redmond, Elsa M. (ed.). <i>Chiefdoms and Chieftaincy in the Americas</i>. University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-1620-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-1620-7"><bdi>0-8130-1620-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Muisca%3A+Chiefdoms+in+Transition&rft.btitle=Chiefdoms+and+Chieftaincy+in+the+Americas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8130-1620-7&rft.aulast=Kurella&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchiefdomschiefta0000unse%2Fpage%2F189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacas1953" class="citation journal cs1">Lacas, M. M. (1953). "A Sixteenth-Century German Colonizing Venture in Venezuela". <i>The Americas</i>. <b>9</b> (3): 275–290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F977995">10.2307/977995</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/977995">977995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Americas&rft.atitle=A+Sixteenth-Century+German+Colonizing+Venture+in+Venezuela&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=275-290&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F977995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F977995%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lacas&rft.aufirst=M.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2011" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Buddy (2011). <i>River of Darkness: Francisco Orellana's Legendary Voyage of Death and Discovery Down the Amazon</i>. 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(1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlylatinameric00lock/page/n6"><i>Early Latin America: A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil</i></a></span>. Cambridge Latin American studies. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23344-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23344-6"><bdi>978-0-521-23344-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Latin+America%3A+A+History+of+Colonial+Spanish+America+and+Brazil&rft.series=Cambridge+Latin+American+studies&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23344-6&rft.aulast=Lockhart&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Stuart+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlylatinameric00lock%2Fpage%2Fn6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontenegro2022" class="citation book cs1">Montenegro, Giovanna (2022). 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199366439.013.1039">10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.1039</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936643-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936643-9"><bdi>978-0-19-936643-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germans+in+the+Habsburg+Empire+in+South+America+%28Colonial+Venezuela%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Latin+American+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199366439.013.1039&rft.isbn=978-0-19-936643-9&rft.aulast=Montenegro&rft.aufirst=Giovanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaipaul2001" class="citation book cs1">Naipaul, V. S. (2001) [1969]. <i>The Loss of El Dorado: A Colonial History</i>. Picador. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-48707-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-48707-8"><bdi>0-330-48707-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Loss+of+El+Dorado%3A+A+Colonial+History&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-330-48707-8&rft.aulast=Naipaul&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholl1995" class="citation book cs1">Nicholl, Charles (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creatureinmapjou0000nich"><i>The Creature in the Map: A Journey to El Dorado</i></a></span>. William Morrow and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-14600-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-14600-7"><bdi>0-688-14600-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creature+in+the+Map%3A+A+Journey+to+El+Dorado&rft.pub=William+Morrow+and+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-688-14600-7&rft.aulast=Nicholl&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcreatureinmapjou0000nich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetitpierre1975" class="citation journal cs1">Petitpierre, Francois (Winter 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studiesincomparativereligion.com/uploads/ArticlePDFs/267.pdf">"The Symbolic Landscape of the Muiscas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Studies in Comparative Religion</i>. <b>9</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Comparative+Religion&rft.atitle=The+Symbolic+Landscape+of+the+Muiscas&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Petitpierre&rft.aufirst=Francois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studiesincomparativereligion.com%2Fuploads%2FArticlePDFs%2F267.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuintero-Guzmán2023" class="citation journal cs1">Quintero-Guzmán, Juan Pablo (2023). "El Dorado Offerings in Lake Guatavita: A Muisca Ritual Archaeological Site". <i>Latin American Antiquity</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 483–499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Flaq.2023.26">10.1017/laq.2023.26</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Antiquity&rft.atitle=El+Dorado+Offerings+in+Lake+Guatavita%3A+A+Muisca+Ritual+Archaeological+Site&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=483-499&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Flaq.2023.26&rft.aulast=Quintero-Guzm%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Juan+Pablo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaleigh1886" class="citation book cs1">Raleigh, Walter (1886) [1596]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xwDqBB1h3YsC"><i>The Discovery of Guiana</i></a>. Cassell & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+Guiana&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Company&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Raleigh&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxwDqBB1h3YsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSánchez1994" class="citation book cs1">Sánchez, Jean-Pierre (1994). "Myths and Legends in the Old World and European Expansionism on the American Continent". In Haase, W.; Reinhold, M. (eds.). <i>The Classical Tradition and the Americas</i>. Vol. 1. De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110870244.189">10.1515/9783110870244.189</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-087024-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-087024-4"><bdi>978-3-11-087024-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Myths+and+Legends+in+the+Old+World+and+European+Expansionism+on+the+American+Continent&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Tradition+and+the+Americas&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110870244.189&rft.isbn=978-3-11-087024-4&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauer1966" class="citation book cs1">Sauer, Carl O. (1966). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyspanishmain00saue_0/page/n8"><i>The Early Spanish Main</i></a></span>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Spanish+Main&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Sauer&rft.aufirst=Carl+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlyspanishmain00saue_0%2Fpage%2Fn8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellin2011" class="citation book cs1">Sellin, Paul R. (2011). <i>Treasure, Treason and the Tower: El Dorado and the Murder of Sir Walter Raleigh</i>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-2025-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-2025-5"><bdi>978-1-4094-2025-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasure%2C+Treason+and+the+Tower%3A+El+Dorado+and+the+Murder+of+Sir+Walter+Raleigh&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-2025-5&rft.aulast=Sellin&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUribe_VillegasMartinón-TorresQuintero-Guzmán2021" class="citation book cs1">Uribe Villegas, M. A.; Martinón-Torres, M.; Quintero-Guzmán, J. P. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.82268"><i>The Muisca Raft: Context, Materiality and Technology</i></a> (post-print). University of Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17863%2FCAM.82268">10.17863/CAM.82268</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-470-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-470-5"><bdi>978-0-88402-470-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muisca+Raft%3A+Context%2C+Materiality+and+Technology&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17863%2FCAM.82268&rft.isbn=978-0-88402-470-5&rft.aulast=Uribe+Villegas&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft.au=Martin%C3%B3n-Torres%2C+M.&rft.au=Quintero-Guzm%C3%A1n%2C+J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17863%2FCAM.82268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Hagen1974" class="citation book cs1">von Hagen, Victor W. (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenmanquestfo00vonhrich/page/n5"><i>The Golden Man: A Quest for El Dorado</i></a></span>. Book Club Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-347-00006-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-347-00006-2"><bdi>978-0-347-00006-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Man%3A+A+Quest+for+El+Dorado&rft.pub=Book+Club+Associates&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-347-00006-2&rft.aulast=von+Hagen&rft.aufirst=Victor+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoldenmanquestfo00vonhrich%2Fpage%2Fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Dorado" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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color:black;"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_agriculture" title="Muisca agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_architecture" title="Muisca architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_art" title="Muisca art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_astronomy" title="Muisca astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy" title="Muisca economy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mummification" title="Muisca mummification">Mummification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_music" title="Muisca music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibcha_language" title="Chibcha language">Muysccubun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muisca_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muisca society (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Society</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_toponyms" title="List of Muisca toponyms">Toponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_warfare" title="Muisca warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Muisca_society" title="Women in Muisca society">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pasca" title="Battle of Pasca">Battle of Pasca (~1470)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chocont%C3%A1" title="Battle of Chocontá">Battle of Chocontá (~1490)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">Chicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duit_language" title="Duit language">Duit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_emeralds" title="Colombian emeralds">Emeralds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_raft" title="Muisca raft">Muisca raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruana" title="Ruana">Ruana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejo_(sport)" title="Tejo (sport)">Tejo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tunjo" title="Tunjo">Tunjo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoratama" title="Zoratama">Zoratama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy#Mining" title="Muisca economy">The Salt People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zipaquir%C3%A1" title="Zipaquirá">Zipaquirá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemoc%C3%B3n" title="Nemocón">Nemocón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausa" title="Tausa">Tausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquil%C3%A9" title="Sesquilé">Sesquilé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Geography_and_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geography and history</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense" title="Altiplano Cundiboyacense">Altiplano<br />Cundiboyacense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_River" title="Bogotá River">Bogotá River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Fr%C3%ADo,_Bogot%C3%A1_savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Frío, Bogotá savanna">Frío</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fucha_River" title="Fucha River">Fucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Amarillo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Amarillo River">Juan Amarillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soacha_River" title="Soacha River">Soacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teusac%C3%A1_River" title="Teusacá River">Teusacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torca_River" title="Torca River">Torca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunjuelo_River" title="Tunjuelo River">Tunjuelo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_savanna" title="Bogotá savanna">Bogotá savanna</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suba_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suba Hills (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Suba Hills</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_of_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Wetlands of Bogotá">Wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hills,_Bogot%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hills, Bogotá">Eastern Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flora_and_fauna_named_after_the_Muisca" title="List of flora and fauna named after the Muisca">Flora & fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A1rez_River" title="Suárez River">Suárez River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ubat%C3%A9-Chiquinquir%C3%A1_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%">Neighbouring areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocet%C3%A1_P%C3%A1ramo" title="Ocetá Páramo">Ocetá Páramo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenza_Valley" title="Tenza Valley">Tenza Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Timeline_of_inhabitation_of_the_Altiplano_Cundiboyacense" title="Template:Timeline of inhabitation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation#Prehistory" title="Muisca Confederation">Prehistory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b><10,000 BP</b>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Humboldt,_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Humboldt, Colombia (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Lake Humboldt</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Abra" title="El Abra">El Abra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibit%C3%B3" title="Tibitó">Tibitó</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sueva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sueva (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Sueva</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequendama" title="Tequendama">Tequendama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Andean_preceramic" title="Andean preceramic">Lithic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>10,000 - 2800 BP</b>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piedras_del_Tunjo_Archaeological_Park" title="Piedras del Tunjo Archaeological Park">Piedras del Tunjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checua" title="Checua">Checua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galindo,_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galindo, Colombia (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Galindo</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemoc%C3%B3n_rock_shelter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemocón rock shelter (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Nemocón</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A1chica_rock_shelter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sáchica rock shelter (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Sáchica</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aguazuque" title="Aguazuque">Aguazuque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Herrera" title="Lake Herrera">Lake Herrera</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Infiernito" title="El Infiernito">El Infiernito</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;">Ceramic <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>>800 BC</b>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrera_Period" title="Herrera Period">Herrera</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>800 BC - 800</b>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca">Early Muisca</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>800 - 1200</b>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca Confederation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>~1450 - 1540</b>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_Mayor_del_Pueblo_Muisca" title="Cabildo Mayor del Pueblo Muisca">Cabildo Mayor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>>2002</b>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Religion_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and mythology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Muisca_deities" title="Category:Muisca deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiminigagua" title="Chiminigagua">Chiminigagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachu%C3%A9" title="Bachué">Bachué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%ADa_(goddess)" title="Chía (goddess)">Chía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A9" title="Sué">Sué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochica" title="Bochica">Bochica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huitaca_(goddess)" title="Huitaca (goddess)">Huitaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchacum" title="Chibchacum">Chibchacum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuchavira" title="Cuchavira">Cuchavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nencatacoa" title="Nencatacoa">Nencatacoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaqu%C3%A9n" title="Chaquén">Chaquén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibafruime" title="Chibafruime">Chibafruime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guahaioque" title="Guahaioque">Guahaioque</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Muisca_raft_-_detail_-_Museo_del_Oro%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg/230px-Muisca_raft_-_detail_-_Museo_del_Oro%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Muisca_raft_-_detail_-_Museo_del_Oro%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg/345px-Muisca_raft_-_detail_-_Museo_del_Oro%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Muisca_raft_-_detail_-_Museo_del_Oro%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg/460px-Muisca_raft_-_detail_-_Museo_del_Oro%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_and_pre-Muisca_sites" title="List of Muisca and pre-Muisca sites">Sacred sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_architecture#Temples" title="Muisca architecture">Built</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Temple_(Sogamoso)" title="Sun Temple (Sogamoso)">Sun Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Temple_(Ch%C3%ADa)" title="Moon Temple (Chía)">Moon Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cojines_del_Zaque" title="Cojines del Zaque">Cojines del Zaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goranchacha_Temple" title="Goranchacha Temple">Goranchacha Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunzah%C3%BAa_Well" title="Hunzahúa Well">Hunzahúa Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion#Sacred_sites" title="Muisca religion">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_F%C3%BAquene" title="Lake Fúquene">Fúquene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Guasca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Guasca (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Guasca</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Guatavita" title="Lake Guatavita">Guatavita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Iguaque" title="Lake Iguaque">Iguaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siecha_Lakes" title="Siecha Lakes">Siecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Suesca" title="Lake Suesca">Suesca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tota" title="Lake Tota">Tota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Ubaque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Ubaque (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Ubaque</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequendama_Falls" title="Tequendama Falls">Tequendama Falls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;">Myths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">El Dorado</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_of_Lake_Tota" title="Monster of Lake Tota">Monster of Lake Tota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;">Mythological figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goranchacha" title="Goranchacha">Goranchacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idacans%C3%A1s" title="Idacansás">Idacansás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacanchique" title="Pacanchique">Pacanchique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomagata" title="Thomagata">Thomagata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Caciques_and_neighbours" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Caciques and neighbours</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation#Hunza" title="Muisca Confederation">Northern <i>caciques</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><i><a href="/wiki/Zaque" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaque">zaque</a></i> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunza,_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunza, Colombia (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Hunza</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunzah%C3%BAa" title="Hunzahúa">Hunzahúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michu%C3%A1" title="Michuá">Michuá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quemuenchatocha" title="Quemuenchatocha">Quemuenchatocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquiminzaque" title="Aquiminzaque">Aquiminzaque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><i><a href="/wiki/Iraca" title="Iraca">iraca</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Sogamoso" title="Sogamoso">Suamox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nompanim" title="Nompanim">Nompanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugamuxi" title="Sugamuxi">Sugamuxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><i>cacique</i> of <a href="/wiki/Duitama" title="Duitama">Tundama </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tundama" title="Tundama">Tundama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation#Bacatá" title="Muisca Confederation">Southern <i>caciques</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><i><a href="/wiki/Zipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Zipa">zipa</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Bacat%C3%A1" title="Bacatá">Bacatá</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meicuchuca" title="Meicuchuca">Meicuchuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguamanchica" title="Saguamanchica">Saguamanchica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemequene" title="Nemequene">Nemequene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisquesusa" title="Tisquesusa">Tisquesusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagipa" title="Sagipa">Sagipa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><i>cacique</i> of <a href="/wiki/Turmequ%C3%A9" title="Turmequé">Turmequé</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_y_Moyachoque" title="Diego de Torres y Moyachoque">Diego de Torres y Moyachoque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation#Neighbouring_indigenous_groups" title="Muisca Confederation">Neighbours</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Chibcha_language" title="Chibcha language">Chibcha-speaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U%27wa_people" title="U'wa people">U'wa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutagao_people" title="Sutagao people">Sutagao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guane_people" title="Guane people">Guane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lache_people" title="Lache people">Lache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawakan language">Arawak-speaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achagua_people" title="Achagua people">Achagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegua_people" title="Tegua people">Tegua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guayupe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Guayupe people">Guayupe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban-speaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panche_people" title="Panche people">Panche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzo_people" title="Muzo people">Muzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarigui_people" title="Yarigui people">Yarigui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Spanish_conquest" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish conquest</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Conquistadors" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia" title="List of conquistadors in Colombia">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;">Major</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Maldonado" title="Baltasar Maldonado">Baltasar Maldonado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Su%C3%A1rez_Rend%C3%B3n" title="Gonzalo Suárez Rendón">Gonzalo Suárez Rendón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_C%C3%A9spedes_Ruiz" title="Juan de Céspedes Ruiz">Juan de Céspedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Sanct_Mart%C3%ADn" title="Juan de Sanct Martín">Juan de San Martín</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;">Minor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_D%C3%ADaz_de_Cardoso" title="Antonio Díaz de Cardoso">Antonio Díaz de Cardoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Lebrija_(conquistador)" title="Antonio de Lebrija (conquistador)">Antonio de Lebrija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Camacho_Zambrano" title="Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano">Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Garc%C3%ADa_Zorro" title="Gonzalo García Zorro">Gonzalo García Zorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Mac%C3%ADas" title="Gonzalo Macías">Gonzalo Macías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Venegas_Carrillo" title="Hernán Venegas Carrillo">Hernán Venegas Carrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Albarrac%C3%ADn" title="Juan de Albarracín">Juan de Albarracín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_del_Junco" title="Juan del Junco">Juan del Junco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Tafur" title="Juan Tafur">Juan Tafur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A1zaro_Fonte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lázaro Fonte (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Lázaro Fonte</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Lanchero" title="Luis Lanchero">Luis Lanchero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Galeano" title="Martín Galeano">Martín Galeano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Ya%C3%B1%C3%A9z_Tafur" title="Martín Yañéz Tafur">Martín Yañéz Tafur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Holgu%C3%ADn_y_Figueroa" title="Miguel Holguín y Figueroa">Miguel Holguín y Figueroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ort%C3%BAn_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Velasco" title="Ortún Velázquez de Velasco">Ortún Velázquez de Velasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Valenzuela_(conquistador)" title="Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela (conquistador)">Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Ru%C3%ADz_Corredor" title="Pedro Ruíz Corredor">Pedro Ruíz Corredor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%">Neighbouring conquests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Conquest of the Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzo_people" title="Muzo people">Conquest of the Muzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panche_people" title="Panche people">Conquest of the Panche</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tocarema" title="Battle of Tocarema">Battle of Tocarema (1538)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Research_and_collections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and collections</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_and_pre-Muisca_scholars" title="List of Muisca and pre-Muisca scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Acosta" title="Joaquín Acosta">Acosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soledad_Acosta" title="Soledad Acosta">Acosta Samper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Aguado" title="Pedro de Aguado">De Aguado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Arango_Cano" title="Jesús Arango Cano">Arango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_M._Broadbent" title="Sylvia M. Broadbent">Broadbent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Castellanos" title="Juan de Castellanos">De Castellanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli%C3%A9cer_Silva_Celis" title="Eliécer Silva Celis">Celis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Correal_Urrego" title="Gonzalo Correal Urrego">Correal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Domingo_Duquesne" title="José Domingo Duquesne">Duquesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Freyle" title="Juan Rodríguez Freyle">Freyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Friede" title="Juan Friede">Friede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Gamboa_Mendoza" title="Jorge Gamboa Mendoza">Gamboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Mar%C3%ADa_Groot" title="Ana María Groot">Groot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_van_der_Hammen" title="Thomas van der Hammen">Hammen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Arturo_Izquierdo_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Arturo Izquierdo Peña">Izquierdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Henrik_Langebaek" title="Carl Henrik Langebaek">Langebaek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_Lugo" title="Bernardo de Lugo">De Lugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Ocampo_L%C3%B3pez" title="Javier Ocampo López">Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Piedrahita" title="Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita">De Piedrahita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">De Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Reichel-Dolmatoff" title="Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff">Reichel-Dolmatoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cardale_de_Schrimpff" title="Marianne Cardale de Schrimpff">Schrimpff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Sim%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Simón">Simón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Triana" title="Miguel Triana">Triana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezequiel_Uricoechea" title="Ezequiel Uricoechea">Uricoechea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liborio_Zerda" title="Liborio Zerda">Zerda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eleg%C3%ADas_de_varones_ilustres_de_Indias" title="Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias">Elegías</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1589)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Carnero" title="El Carnero">El Carnero</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1638)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada" title="Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada">Epítome</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1889)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_research_institutes" title="List of Muisca research institutes">Research institutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Institute_of_Anthropology_and_History" title="Colombian Institute of Anthropology and History">ICANH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Colombia" title="National University of Colombia">Universidad Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Los_Andes_(Colombia)" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Los Andes (Colombia)">Universidad de los Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Xavierian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Xavierian University">Universidad La Javeriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedagogical_and_Technological_University_of_Colombia" title="Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia">UPTC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_museum_collections" title="List of Muisca museum collections">Collections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Museum,_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Gold Museum, Bogotá">Museo del Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_Museum,_Sogamoso" title="Archaeology Museum, Sogamoso">Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_Museum,_Pasca" title="Archaeology Museum, Pasca">Archaeology Museum of Pasca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Muisca" title="Category:Muisca">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/313029272">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4092479-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="El Dorado"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85041452">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12653743f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12653743f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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