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electron in nLab
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class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/field+%28physics%29">fields</a> and <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/fundamental+particle">particles</a> in <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/particle+physics">particle physics</a></strong></p> <p><strong>and in the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/standard+model+of+particle+physics">standard model of particle physics</a></strong>:</p> <p><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/force">force</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/field+%28physics%29">field</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gauge+field">gauge</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/bosons">bosons</a></strong></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/photon">photon</a> - <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electromagnetic+field">electromagnetic field</a> (<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/abelian+group">abelian</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Yang-Mills+field">Yang-Mills field</a>)</p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/W-boson">W</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Z-boson">Z</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/B-boson">B-boson</a> - <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electroweak+field">electroweak field</a> (<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Yang-Mills+field">Yang-Mills field</a>)</p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gluon">gluon</a> - <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/strong+nuclear+force">strong nuclear force</a> (<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Yang-Mills+field">Yang-Mills field</a>)</p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/graviton">graviton</a> - <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/field+%28physics%29">field</a> of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gravity">gravity</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/infraparticle">infraparticle</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/scalar+field">scalar</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/bosons">bosons</a></strong></p> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Higgs+boson">Higgs boson</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/inflaton">inflaton</a> (<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/scalar+field">scalar field</a>)</li> </ul> <p><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/matter">matter</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/field+%28physics%29">field</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/fermions">fermions</a></strong> (<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spinors">spinors</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Dirac+fields">Dirac fields</a>)</p> <div> <table><thead><tr><th><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/flavor+%28particle+physics%29">flavors</a> of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/fundamental+particle">fundamental</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/fermions">fermions</a> in the</strong> <br /> <strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/standard+model+of+particle+physics">standard model of particle physics</a>:</strong></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/generation+of+fermions">generation of fermions</a></td><td style="text-align: left;">1st generation</td><td style="text-align: left;">2nd generation</td><td style="text-align: left;">3d generation</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quarks">quarks</a></strong> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>q</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">q</annotation></semantics></math>)</td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;">up-type</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/up+quark">up quark</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u</annotation></semantics></math>)</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/charm+quark">charm quark</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">c</annotation></semantics></math>)</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/top+quark">top quark</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">t</annotation></semantics></math>)</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;">down-type</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/down+quark">down quark</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d</annotation></semantics></math>)</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/strange+quark">strange quark</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">s</annotation></semantics></math>)</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/bottom+quark">bottom quark</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>b</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">b</annotation></semantics></math>)</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/leptons">leptons</a></strong></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;">charged</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electron">electron</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/muon">muon</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/tauon">tauon</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;">neutral</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electron+neutrino">electron neutrino</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/muon+neutrino">muon neutrino</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/tau+neutrino">tau neutrino</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/bound+states">bound states</a>:</strong></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/mesons">mesons</a></strong></td><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/light+mesons">light mesons</a></strong>: <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/pion">pion</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u d</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%CF%81-meson">ρ-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u d</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%CF%89-meson">ω-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u d</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/f1-meson">f1-meson</a> <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/a1-meson">a1-meson</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/strange+quark">strange</a>-mesons</strong>: <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%CF%95-meson">ϕ-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>s</mi><mover><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">s \bar s</annotation></semantics></math>), <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/kaon">kaon</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/K%2A-meson">K*-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u s</annotation></semantics></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d s</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/eta-meson">eta-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>u</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>d</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u u + d d + s s</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <br /> <strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/charm+quark">charmed</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/heavy+mesons">heavy mesons</a></strong>: <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/D-meson">D-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> u c</annotation></semantics></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d c</annotation></semantics></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>s</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">s c</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/J%2F%CF%88-meson">J/ψ-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>c</mi><mover><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">c \bar c</annotation></semantics></math>)</td><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/bottom+quark">bottom</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/heavy+mesons">heavy mesons</a></strong>: <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/B-meson">B-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>q</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">q b</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%CF%92-meson">ϒ-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>b</mi><mover><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">b \bar b</annotation></semantics></math>)</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/baryons">baryons</a></strong></td><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/nucleons">nucleons</a></strong>: <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/proton">proton</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>u</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>d</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(u u d)</annotation></semantics></math> <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/neutron">neutron</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>u</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>d</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(u d d)</annotation></semantics></math></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p>(also: <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/antiparticles">antiparticles</a>)</p> <p><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/effective+field+theory">effective particles</a></strong></p> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Goldstone+bosons">Goldstone bosons</a></li> </ul> <p><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/hadrons">hadrons</a></strong> (<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/bound+states">bound states</a> of the above <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quarks">quarks</a>)</p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/meson">meson</a></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/scalar+meson">scalar meson</a></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%CF%83-meson">σ-meson</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/pion">pion</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/kaon">kaon</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/D-meson">D-meson</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/B-meson">B-meson</a></p> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/vector+meson">vector meson</a></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%CF%89-meson">ω-meson</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%CF%81-meson">ρ-meson</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/f1-meson">f1-meson</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/a1-meson">a1-meson</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/b1-meson">b1-meson</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/h1-meson">h1-meson</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/K%2A-meson">K*-meson</a></p> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/tensor+meson">tensor meson</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quarkonium">quarkonium</a></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/charmonium">charmonium</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%CF%92-meson">ϒ-meson</a></p> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/exotic+meson">exotic meson</a></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/XYZ+meson">XYZ meson</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/tetraquark">tetraquark</a></p> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/baryon">baryon</a></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/nucleon">nucleon</a></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/proton">proton</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/neutron">neutron</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/chemical+element">chemical element</a></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/carbon">carbon</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/nitrogen">nitrogen</a></p> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Lambda+baryon">Lambda baryon</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/pentaquark">pentaquark</a></p> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/solitons">solitons</a></strong></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Skyrmion">Skyrmion</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/caloron">caloron</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/instanton">instanton</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><strong>in <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/grand+unified+theory">grand unified theory</a></strong></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/leptoquark">leptoquark</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Z%27-boson">Z'-boson</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/MSSM">minimally extended supersymmetric standard model</a></strong></p> <p><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/superpartners">superpartners</a></strong></p> <p>bosinos:</p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gravitino">gravitino</a> - <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/field+%28physics%29">field</a> of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/supergravity">supergravity</a> (<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Rarita-Schwinger+field">Rarita-Schwinger field</a>)</p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gaugino">gaugino</a> - <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/super+Yang-Mills+theory">super Yang-Mills field</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/gluino">gluino</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/sfermions">sfermions</a>:</p> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/squark">squark</a></li> </ul> <p><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/dark+matter">dark matter</a> candidates</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/WIMP">WIMP</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/axion">axion</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><strong>Exotica</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/preon">preon</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/graviphoton">graviphoton</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/dilaton">dilaton</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/monopole">monopole</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/dual+graviton">dual graviton</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/giant+graviton">giant graviton</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/auxiliary+fields">auxiliary fields</a></strong></p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/ghost+field">ghost field</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/antifield">antifield</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/antighost+field">antighost field</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Nakanishi-Lautrup+field">Nakanishi-Lautrup field</a></p> </li> </ul> </div></div> </div> </div> <h1 id="contents">Contents</h1> <div class='maruku_toc'> <ul> <li><a href='#idea'>Idea</a></li> <li><a href='#properties'>Properties</a></li> <li><a href='#related_concepts'>Related concepts</a></li> <li><a href='#references'>References</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2 id="idea">Idea</h2> <p>The <em>electron</em> is one of the fundamental <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/particles">particles</a>/<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/matter">matter</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/field+%28physics%29">fields</a> in the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/standard+model+of+particle+physics">standard model of particle physics</a>, one of the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/leptons">leptons</a>.</p> <p>Mathematically, the electron is a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum">quantum</a> of a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Dirac+field">Dirac field</a>.</p> <p>In <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+electrodynamics">quantum electrodynamics</a> the electron <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/interaction">interacts</a> with the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/photon">photon</a> via the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electron-photon+interaction">electron-photon interaction</a>.</p> <h2 id="properties">Properties</h2> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/anomalous+magnetic+moment">anomalous magnetic moment</a></li> </ul> <h2 id="related_concepts">Related concepts</h2> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Dirac+field">Dirac field</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electron+propagator">electron propagator</a></p> </li> <li> <p>the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/bound+state">bound state</a> of an electron…</p> <p>… with a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/proton">proton</a> is a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/hydrogen+atom">hydrogen atom</a></p> <p>… with a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/positron">positron</a> is a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/positronium">positronium</a></p> </li> <li> <p>the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/bound+state">bound state</a> of several electrons with a <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/nucleus">nucleus</a> is an <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/atom">atom</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Lamb+shift">Lamb shift</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quantum+electrodynamics">quantum electrodynamics</a></p> </li> <li> <p>the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/antiparticle">antiparticle</a> of the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electron">electron</a> is the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/positron">positron</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><br /></p> <div> <table><thead><tr><th><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/flavor+%28particle+physics%29">flavors</a> of <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/fundamental+particle">fundamental</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/fermions">fermions</a> in the</strong> <br /> <strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/standard+model+of+particle+physics">standard model of particle physics</a>:</strong></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/generation+of+fermions">generation of fermions</a></td><td style="text-align: left;">1st generation</td><td style="text-align: left;">2nd generation</td><td style="text-align: left;">3d generation</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/quarks">quarks</a></strong> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>q</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">q</annotation></semantics></math>)</td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;">up-type</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/up+quark">up quark</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u</annotation></semantics></math>)</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/charm+quark">charm quark</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">c</annotation></semantics></math>)</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/top+quark">top quark</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">t</annotation></semantics></math>)</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;">down-type</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/down+quark">down quark</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d</annotation></semantics></math>)</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/strange+quark">strange quark</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">s</annotation></semantics></math>)</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/bottom+quark">bottom quark</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>b</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">b</annotation></semantics></math>)</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/leptons">leptons</a></strong></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;">charged</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electron">electron</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/muon">muon</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/tauon">tauon</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;">neutral</td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electron+neutrino">electron neutrino</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/muon+neutrino">muon neutrino</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/tau+neutrino">tau neutrino</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/bound+states">bound states</a>:</strong></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/mesons">mesons</a></strong></td><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/light+mesons">light mesons</a></strong>: <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/pion">pion</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u d</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%CF%81-meson">ρ-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u d</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%CF%89-meson">ω-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u d</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/f1-meson">f1-meson</a> <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/a1-meson">a1-meson</a></td><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/strange+quark">strange</a>-mesons</strong>: <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%CF%95-meson">ϕ-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>s</mi><mover><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">s \bar s</annotation></semantics></math>), <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/kaon">kaon</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/K%2A-meson">K*-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u s</annotation></semantics></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d s</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/eta-meson">eta-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>u</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>d</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u u + d d + s s</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <br /> <strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/charm+quark">charmed</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/heavy+mesons">heavy mesons</a></strong>: <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/D-meson">D-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>u</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> u c</annotation></semantics></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d c</annotation></semantics></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>s</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">s c</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/J%2F%CF%88-meson">J/ψ-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>c</mi><mover><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">c \bar c</annotation></semantics></math>)</td><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/bottom+quark">bottom</a> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/heavy+mesons">heavy mesons</a></strong>: <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/B-meson">B-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>q</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">q b</annotation></semantics></math>) <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/%CF%92-meson">ϒ-meson</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mi>b</mi><mover><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">b \bar b</annotation></semantics></math>)</td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/baryons">baryons</a></strong></td><td style="text-align: left;"><strong><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/nucleons">nucleons</a></strong>: <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/proton">proton</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>u</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>d</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(u u d)</annotation></semantics></math> <br /> <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/neutron">neutron</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" class="maruku-mathml"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>u</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>d</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(u d d)</annotation></semantics></math></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td><td style="text-align: left;"></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <p>The concept of intrinsic <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spin">spin</a> of the <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/electron">electron</a> (making it a “<a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/spinor">spinor</a>”) originates with:</p> <ul> <li><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Samuel+A.+Goudsmit">Samuel A. Goudsmit</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/George+E.+Uhlenbeck">George E. Uhlenbeck</a>: <em>Ersetzung der Hypothese vom unmechanischen Zwang durch eine Forderung bezüglich des inneren Verhaltens jedes einzelnen Elektrons</em>, Naturwissenschaften <strong>13</strong> 47 (1925) 953 [<a href="http://jupiter.chem.uoa.gr/thanost/papers/papers4/Naturwissenschaften_13(1925)953.pdf">pdf</a>, <a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/files/GoudsmitUhlenbeck-ElektronSpin.pdf" title="pdf">pdf</a>]</li> </ul> <p>Historical recollection:</p> <ul> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Samuel+A.+Goudsmit">Samuel A. Goudsmit</a>, <em>The discovery of the electron spin</em>, in: <em>Foundations of Modern EPR</em>, World Scientific (1998) [<a href="https://www.ifsc.usp.br/~laf/quantica1/goudsmit_discovery_of_spin.pdf">pdf</a>, <a href="https://lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/history/spin/goudsmit.html">webpage</a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1142/3624">doi:10.1142/3624</a>]</p> </li> <li> <p><a class="existingWikiWord" href="/nlab/show/Richard+G.+Milner">Richard G. Milner</a>, <em>A Short History of Spin</em>, <a href="https://pos.sissa.it/182/PSTP2013">Proceedings of PSTP2013</a>, POS <strong>182</strong> (2014) [<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1311.5016">arXiv:1311.5016</a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.22323/1.182.0003">doi:10.22323/1.182.0003</a>]</p> </li> </ul> </body></html> </div> <div class="revisedby"> <p> Last revised on October 22, 2023 at 13:06:15. See the <a href="/nlab/history/electron" style="color: #005c19">history</a> of this page for a list of all contributions to it. </p> </div> <div class="navigation navfoot"> <a href="/nlab/edit/electron" accesskey="E" class="navlink" id="edit" rel="nofollow">Edit</a><a href="https://nforum.ncatlab.org/discussions/?CategoryID=0">Discuss</a><span class="backintime"><a href="/nlab/revision/electron/10" accesskey="B" class="navlinkbackintime" id="to_previous_revision" rel="nofollow">Previous revision</a></span><a href="/nlab/show/diff/electron" accesskey="C" class="navlink" id="see_changes" rel="nofollow">Changes from previous revision</a><a href="/nlab/history/electron" accesskey="S" class="navlink" id="history" rel="nofollow">History (10 revisions)</a> <a href="/nlab/show/electron/cite" style="color: black">Cite</a> <a href="/nlab/print/electron" accesskey="p" id="view_print" rel="nofollow">Print</a> <a href="/nlab/source/electron" id="view_source" rel="nofollow">Source</a> </div> </div> <!-- Content --> </div> <!-- Container --> </body> </html>