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hreflang="bn" data-title="পাকিস্তানের সাধারণ নির্বাচন, ১৯৮৮" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentswahlen_in_Pakistan_1988" title="Parlamentswahlen in Pakistan 1988 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Parlamentswahlen in Pakistan 1988" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lections_l%C3%A9gislatives_pakistanaises_de_1988" title="Élections législatives pakistanaises de 1988 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élections législatives pakistanaises de 1988" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-election .mw-file-description img{background-color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-election .mw-file-description img{background-color:#f8f9fa}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><table class="infobox ib-election infobox-table vevent" style="width:300px"><caption class="infobox-title summary">1988 Pakistani general election</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/50px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/75px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/100px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;width:20%;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/1985_Pakistani_general_election" title="1985 Pakistani general election">1985</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;width:60%;" class=""><b>16 November 1988</b></td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;width:20%;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/1990_Pakistani_general_election" title="1990 Pakistani general election">1990</a> →</td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><hr />217 of the 237 seats in <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly</a><br />109 seats needed for a majority</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Turnout</th><td class="infobox-data">42.75%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="background:transparent; color: inherit; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr class="sr-only"> <th style="text-align:left;">  </th> <th style="text-align:center">First party </th> <th style="text-align:center">Second party </th></tr> <tr> <td>  </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #000;"><span class="notpageimage noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benazir_bhutto_1989_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Benazir_bhutto_1989_cropped.jpg/117px-Benazir_bhutto_1989_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Benazir_bhutto_1989_cropped.jpg/175px-Benazir_bhutto_1989_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Benazir_bhutto_1989_cropped.jpg/234px-Benazir_bhutto_1989_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="1116" /></a></span> </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #138808"><span class="notpageimage noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nawaz_Sharif_detail,_981203-D-9880W-117.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Nawaz_Sharif_detail%2C_981203-D-9880W-117.jpg/117px-Nawaz_Sharif_detail%2C_981203-D-9880W-117.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Nawaz_Sharif_detail%2C_981203-D-9880W-117.jpg/176px-Nawaz_Sharif_detail%2C_981203-D-9880W-117.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Nawaz_Sharif_detail%2C_981203-D-9880W-117.jpg/235px-Nawaz_Sharif_detail%2C_981203-D-9880W-117.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="587" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Leader </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a></b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Party </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">PPP</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Islami_Jamhoori_Ittehad" title="Islami Jamhoori Ittehad">IJI</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Seats won </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b>94</b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">56 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Popular vote </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b>7,546,561</b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">5,908,742 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Percentage </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b>37.66%</b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">29.48% </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1988_Pakistani_general_election_-_Results_by_constituency.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1988_Pakistani_general_election_-_Results_by_constituency.svg/300px-1988_Pakistani_general_election_-_Results_by_constituency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1988_Pakistani_general_election_-_Results_by_constituency.svg/450px-1988_Pakistani_general_election_-_Results_by_constituency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1988_Pakistani_general_election_-_Results_by_constituency.svg/600px-1988_Pakistani_general_election_-_Results_by_constituency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4385" data-file-height="3075" /></a></span><div>Map of Pakistan showing National Assembly Constituencies and winning parties</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:transparent; color: inherit; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%; text-align:left;"><b>Prime minister before election</b><br /> <p>None (presidential rule)<br /> </p> </td> <td style="width:50%; text-align:right;"><b>Elected Prime minister</b> <br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">PPP</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Politics of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/125px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/188px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/250px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Pakistan" title="Federalism in Pakistan">Federalism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Federal government</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_provincial_governments_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of provincial governments of Pakistan">Provincial governments</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Government of Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sindh" title="Government of Sindh">Sindh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">KPK</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Government of Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Pakistani_governors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current Pakistani governors">Governors</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Saleem_Haider_Khan" title="Sardar Saleem Haider Khan"> Sardar Saleem Haider</a><sup>(<a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Governor of Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>)</sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kamran_Tessori" title="Kamran Tessori">Kamran Tessori</a><sup>(<a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Sindh" title="Governor of Sindh">Sindh</a>)</sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_Karim_Kundi" title="Faisal Karim Kundi">Faisal Karim Kundi</a><sup>(<a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">KPK</a>)</sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Jaffar_Khan_Mandokhail" title="Sheikh Jaffar Khan Mandokhail"> Sheikh Jaffar Khan</a><sup>(<a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Governor of Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a>)</sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Mehdi_Shah" title="Syed Mehdi Shah">Syed Mehdi Shah</a><sup>(<a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Governor of Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>)</sup></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister (Pakistan)">Chief Ministers</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Maryam_Nawaz" title="Maryam Nawaz">Maryam Nawaz</a><sup>(<a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Punjab_(Pakistan)" title="Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistan)">Punjab</a>)</sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Murad_Ali_Shah" title="Murad Ali Shah">Murad Ali Shah</a><sup>(<a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Sindh" title="Chief Minister of Sindh">Sindh</a>)</sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Amin_Gandapur" title="Ali Amin Gandapur">Ali Amin Gandapur</a><sup>(<a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">KPK</a>)</sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sarfraz_Bugti" title="Sarfraz Bugti">Sarfraz Bugti</a><sup>(<a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Balochistan" title="Chief Minister of Balochistan">Balochistan</a>)</sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gulbar_Khan" title="Gulbar Khan">Gulbar Khan</a><sup>(<a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Chief Minister of Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>)</sup></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_Pakistan" title="List of constituencies of Pakistan">Provincial assemblies of Pakistan</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_the_Punjab" title="Provincial Assembly of the Punjab">Punjab</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_Sindh" title="Provincial Assembly of Sindh">Sindh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">KPK</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_Balochistan" title="Provincial Assembly of Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan_Assembly" title="Gilgit-Baltistan Assembly">Gilgi-Baltistan</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Azad_Kashmir" title="Government of Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir government</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Azad_Kashmir" title="President of Azad Kashmir">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mehmood_Chaudhry" title="Sultan Mehmood Chaudhry">Sultan Mehmood Chaudhry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Azad_Kashmir" title="Prime Minister of Azad Kashmir">Prime Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Anwarul_Haq" title="Chaudhry Anwarul Haq">Chaudhry Anwarul Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Government of Gilgit-Baltistan">Government of Gilgit-Baltistan</a></b> </p> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Pakistan" title="Local government in Pakistan">Local government</a></b> </p> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Pakistan" title="Divisions of Pakistan">Divisions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan" title="Districts of Pakistan">Districts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tehsils_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tehsils in Pakistan">Tehsil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Union_councils_of_Pakistan" title="Union councils of Pakistan">UCs</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Senate (Upper House)</a></b></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Senate_of_Pakistan,_2024.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Senate_of_Pakistan%2C_2024.png/130px-Senate_of_Pakistan%2C_2024.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Senate_of_Pakistan%2C_2024.png/195px-Senate_of_Pakistan%2C_2024.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Senate_of_Pakistan%2C_2024.png/260px-Senate_of_Pakistan%2C_2024.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1316" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani" class="mw-redirect" title="Yousaf Raza Gillani">Yousaf Raza Gillani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chairman_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Deputy Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan">Deputy Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Syedaal_Khan_Nasar" title="Syedaal Khan Nasar">Syedaal Khan Nasar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Federation_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the House of Federation (Pakistan)">Leader of the House</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ishaq_Dar" title="Ishaq Dar">Ishaq Dar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition" title="Leader of the Opposition">Opposition leader</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shibli_Faraz" title="Shibli Faraz">Shibli Faraz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Tehreek-e-Insaf" title="Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf">PTI</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Pakistan)">National Assembly (Lower House)</a></b></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Assembly_of_Pakistan,_after_SIC_reserve_seats_case_(2024).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan%2C_after_SIC_reserve_seats_case_%282024%29.svg/130px-National_Assembly_of_Pakistan%2C_after_SIC_reserve_seats_case_%282024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan%2C_after_SIC_reserve_seats_case_%282024%29.svg/195px-National_Assembly_of_Pakistan%2C_after_SIC_reserve_seats_case_%282024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan%2C_after_SIC_reserve_seats_case_%282024%29.svg/260px-National_Assembly_of_Pakistan%2C_after_SIC_reserve_seats_case_%282024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1316" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Leader of the House</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shehbaz_Sharif" title="Shehbaz Sharif">Shehbaz Sharif</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ayaz_Sadiq" title="Ayaz Sadiq">Ayaz Sadiq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML(N)</a>)</li> <li>Deputy speaker: <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ghulam_Mustafa_Shah_(Pakistani_politician)" title="Syed Ghulam Mustafa Shah (Pakistani politician)">Syed Ghulam Mustafa Shah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_People%27s_Party" title="Pakistan People's Party">PPP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Pakistan)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)">Leader of the Opposition</a>: <a href="/wiki/Omar_Ayub_Khan" title="Omar Ayub Khan">Omar Ayub Khan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution of Pakistan</a></b> </p> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Previous constitutions:<a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1956" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1956">1956</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1962" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1962">1962</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">1973</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annex_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Annex to the Constitution of Pakistan">Annex</a> (written 1949, incorporated 1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Amendments to the Constitution of Pakistan">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Pakistan" title="Law of Pakistan">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Penal_Code" title="Pakistan Penal Code">Pakistan Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Human rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Asif Ali Zardari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_People%27s_Party" title="Pakistan People's Party">PPP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Pakistan" title="List of presidents of Pakistan">List of presidents of Pakistan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Shahbaz_Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahbaz Sharif">Shahbaz Sharif</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">PML-N</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Pakistan" title="List of prime ministers of Pakistan">List of prime ministers of Pakistan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Pakistan" title="Cabinet of Pakistan">Cabinet of Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(Pakistan)" title="Cabinet Secretary (Pakistan)">Cabinet Secretary</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Pakistan" title="Judiciary of Pakistan">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court of Pakistan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Justice of Pakistan">Chief Justice</a>: <a href="/wiki/Qazi_Faez_Isa" title="Qazi Faez Isa">Qazi Faez Isa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan">List of justices</a></li> <li>Judges appointment body: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Judicial_Council_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Judicial Council of Pakistan">Supreme Judicial Council</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_Pakistan" title="High courts of Pakistan">High courts</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Islamabad_High_Court" title="Islamabad High Court">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore_High_Court" title="Lahore High Court">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindh_High_Court" title="Sindh High Court">Sindh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peshawar_High_Court" title="Peshawar High Court">KPK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_High_Court" title="Balochistan High Court">Balochistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Shariat_Court" title="Federal Shariat Court">Shariat Court</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Territorial courts</b>: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Azad_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Supreme Court of Azad Jammu and Kashmir">AJK supreme court</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Azad_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="High Court of Azad Jammu and Kashmir">AJK High court</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Appellate_Court_Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Supreme Appellate Court Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan supreme court</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan_Chief_Court" title="Gilgit-Baltistan Chief Court">Gilgit-Baltistan High Court</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Special courts</b>: <a href="/wiki/Anti_Terrorism_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Anti Terrorism Court of Pakistan">Anti Terrorism Courts</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Accountability_Bureau" title="National Accountability Bureau">Accountability Courts</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_Pakistan" title="District courts of Pakistan">District Courts</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Pakistan" title="Election Commission of Pakistan">Election Commission of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Election_Commissioner_of_Pakistan" title="Chief Election Commissioner of Pakistan">Chief Election Commissioner</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Sultan_Raja" title="Sikandar Sultan Raja">Sikandar Sultan Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College of Pakistan">Electoral College</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Territorial election commission</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Jammu_%26_Kashmir_Election_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Azad Jammu & Kashmir Election Commission">AJK Election Commission</a></li> <li>Chief Election Commissioner of AJK: Abdul Rashid Sulehria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Election Commission Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan Election Commission</a></li> <li>Chief Election Commissioner of Gilgit-Baltistan: Raja Shah Baz Khan</li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Elections</b> </p> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Presidential: <a href="/wiki/2008_Pakistani_presidential_election" title="2008 Pakistani presidential election">2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Pakistani_presidential_election" title="2013 Pakistani presidential election">2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Pakistani_presidential_election" title="2018 Pakistani presidential election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Pakistani_presidential_election" title="2024 Pakistani presidential election">2024</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>General: <a href="/wiki/1970_Pakistani_general_election" title="1970 Pakistani general election">1970</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1977_Pakistani_general_election" title="1977 Pakistani general election">1977</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1985_Pakistani_general_election" title="1985 Pakistani general election">1985</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1988</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Pakistani_general_election" title="1990 Pakistani general election">1990</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1993_Pakistani_general_election" title="1993 Pakistani general election">1993</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1997_Pakistani_general_election" title="1997 Pakistani general election">1997</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Pakistani_general_election" title="2002 Pakistani general election">2002</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Pakistani_general_election" title="2008 Pakistani general election">2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Pakistani_general_election" title="2013 Pakistani general election">2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Pakistani_general_election" title="2018 Pakistani general election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Pakistani_general_election" title="2024 Pakistani general election">2024</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Provincial elections</b> </p> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Punjab: <a href="/wiki/2002_Punjab_provincial_election" title="2002 Punjab provincial election">2002</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Punjab_provincial_election" title="2008 Punjab provincial election">2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Punjab_provincial_election" title="2013 Punjab provincial election">2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Punjab_provincial_election" title="2018 Punjab provincial election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Punjab_provincial_election" title="2024 Punjab provincial election">2024</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Sindh: <a href="/wiki/2002_Sindh_provincial_election" title="2002 Sindh provincial election">2002</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Sindh_provincial_election" title="2008 Sindh provincial election">2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sindh_provincial_election" title="2013 Sindh provincial election">2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Sindh_provincial_election" title="2018 Sindh provincial election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Sindh_provincial_election" title="2024 Sindh provincial election">2024</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>KPK: <a href="/wiki/2002_North-West_Frontier_Province_provincial_election" title="2002 North-West Frontier Province provincial election">2002</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2008_North-West_Frontier_Province_provincial_election" title="2008 North-West Frontier Province provincial election">2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_provincial_election" title="2013 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provincial election">2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_provincial_election" title="2018 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provincial election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_provincial_election" title="2024 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provincial election">2024</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Balochistan: <a href="/wiki/2013_Balochistan_provincial_election" title="2013 Balochistan provincial election">2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Balochistan_provincial_election" title="2018 Balochistan provincial election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Balochistan_provincial_election" title="2024 Balochistan provincial election">2024</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Territorial elections</b> </p> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Azad Kashmir: <a href="/wiki/1970_Azad_Kashmiri_general_election" title="1970 Azad Kashmiri general election">1970</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1975_Azad_Kashmiri_general_election" title="1975 Azad Kashmiri general election">1975</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1985_Azad_Kashmiri_general_election" title="1985 Azad Kashmiri general election">1985</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Azad_Kashmiri_general_election" title="1990 Azad Kashmiri general election">1990</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Azad_Kashmiri_general_election" title="1991 Azad Kashmiri general election">1991</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Azad_Kashmiri_general_election" title="1996 Azad Kashmiri general election">1996</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Azad_Kashmiri_general_election" title="2001 Azad Kashmiri general election">2001</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Azad_Kashmiri_general_election" title="2006 Azad Kashmiri general election">2006</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Azad_Kashmiri_general_election" title="2011 Azad Kashmiri general election">2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Azad_Kashmiri_general_election" title="2016 Azad Kashmiri general election">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Azad_Kashmiri_general_election" title="2021 Azad Kashmiri general election">2021</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Gilgit-Baltistan: <a href="/wiki/2009_Gilgit-Baltistan_Assembly_election" title="2009 Gilgit-Baltistan Assembly election">2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Gilgit-Baltistan_Assembly_election" title="2015 Gilgit-Baltistan Assembly election">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Gilgit-Baltistan_Assembly_election" title="2020 Gilgit-Baltistan Assembly election">2020</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Pakistan" title="List of political parties in Pakistan">Political parties</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">Pakistan Muslim League (N)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Tehreek-e-Insaf" title="Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf">Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Pakistan" title="List of political parties in Pakistan">Complete list</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Administrative units</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"><b>Capital territory</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory">Islamabad</a></li></ul> <p><b>Provinces</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Government of Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Government of Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sindh" title="Government of Sindh">Sindh</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Autonomous region</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Pakistan" title="Foreign relations of Pakistan">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"><b>Diplomacy</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Pakistan" title="List of diplomatic missions of Pakistan">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Pakistan" title="List of diplomatic missions in Pakistan">in Pakistan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Customs</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_passport" title="Pakistani passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Pakistani_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Pakistani citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Pakistan" title="Visa policy of Pakistan">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Regional topics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="India–Pakistan relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_-_Pakistan_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China - Pakistan relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_United_States_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan United States relations">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Pakistan portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Politics of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Politics of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>General elections were held in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> on 16 November 1988 to elect the members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Senate</a>. </p><p>The elections saw the resurgence of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> (PPP) under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>'s daughter, <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir</a>. Supporters of President <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a>, who had died in August 1988, reorganised themselves into a nine-party alliance, the <a href="/wiki/Islami_Jamhoori_Ittehad" title="Islami Jamhoori Ittehad">Islami Jamhoori Ittehad</a> (IJI) with support from the intelligence agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marked the beginning of a decade-long <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party system</a> between the left-wing PPP and right-wing IJI and its successor the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">Pakistan Muslim League (N)</a>. </p><p>The PPP emerged as the biggest party, winning 94 of the 207 seats in the National Assembly. The IJI came second with 56 seats amidst a voter turnout of just 43%. The PPP was able to form a government with other left-wing parties, including the <a href="/wiki/Muttahida_Qaumi_Movement_%E2%80%93_London" title="Muttahida Qaumi Movement – London">Muttahida Qaumi Movement</a> (MQM), with Bhutto becoming the <a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Muslim_heads_of_Government_and_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of female Muslim heads of Government and State">first female Prime Minister in a Muslim country</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Pakistani_general_election&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/1977_Pakistani_general_election" title="1977 Pakistani general election">Parliamentary elections</a> had been held on 7 March 1977, with the PPP gaining a <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">two-thirds majority</a>. However, amid violence and civil disorder, <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a> General <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a> ousted the prime minister <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> in a military coup on 5 June, code-named <i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fair_Play" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Fair Play">Operation Fair Play</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan" title="Military coups in Pakistan">Martial law</a> was lifted in 1985 when non-partisan and technocratic <a href="/wiki/1985_Pakistani_general_election" title="1985 Pakistani general election">elections were held</a>, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khan_Junejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Khan Junejo">Mohammad Junejo</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi people">Sindhi</a> lord, being appointed prime minister. </p><p>On 29 May 1988, the National Assembly which was elected in 1985 was dissolved prematurely by Zia, who also dismissed Junejo and the rest of his cabinet asserting that the 'administration was corrupt and inefficient'. The new polling date (exceeding the limit of 90 days following dissolution laid down by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution of Pakistan</a>) was set by the President on 20 July 1988. Moreover it was also announced that the elections would be held on a non-party basis.<sup id="cite_ref-ipu_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on 2 October, following the accidental <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and state funeral of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">death of Zia</a> on 17 August, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court</a> reversed the ban on parties and allowed the elections to be held on a party basis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign">Campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Pakistani_general_election&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A total of 1,370 candidates contested the National Assembly elections.<sup id="cite_ref-seats_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seats-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign lasted for a month and remained generally peaceful.<sup id="cite_ref-ipu_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Zia's death, the democratic socialists and secular parties re-united and campaigned under the PPP's platform led by Benazir Bhutto; previously Zia had crushed the socialists' <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Restoration_of_Democracy" title="Movement for the Restoration of Democracy">Movement for the Restoration of Democracy</a>, which had attempted to overthrow his military regime, and took extremely tough actions to further disintegrate the movement. The PPP campaign pledged to control and tackle the <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Pakistan" title="Terrorism in Pakistan">extremism in Pakistan</a>, and as well as curb the power of the trade unions. The conservatives under Sharif on other hand campaigned upon expanding the industrialisation and privatisation program; </p><p>The liberal <a href="/wiki/Muttahida_Qaumi_Movement_%E2%80%93_London" title="Muttahida Qaumi Movement – London">Muttahida Qaumi Movement</a> (MQM) did not formally contest the elections, but several of its members ran as independents.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Pakistani_general_election&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite allegations of vote rigging against the PPP, and the use of the ID card rule to keep its less well-organized and relatively less well-off supporters from voting, Bhutto won the election by a margin of over 8%, thus managing to defeat the nine-party alliance of IJI. </p><p>MQM members running as independents received 5.4% of the vote, winning 13 seats in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The results in three Muslim constituencies were declared invalid; in the subsequent by-elections, the IJI won two seats and the PPP one. There were no candidates for the Ahmadi constituency.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"><caption></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th><th scope="col">Seats</th></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#000"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">7,546,561</td><td style="text-align:right">37.66</td><td style="text-align:right">93</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#284d00"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Islami_Jamhoori_Ittehad" title="Islami Jamhoori Ittehad">Islami Jamhoori Ittehad</a></td><td style="text-align:right">5,908,742</td><td style="text-align:right">29.48</td><td style="text-align:right">54</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakistan_Awami_Ittehad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pakistan Awami Ittehad (page does not exist)">Pakistan Awami Ittehad</a></td><td style="text-align:right">857,684</td><td style="text-align:right">4.28</td><td style="text-align:right">3</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#c83737"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Awami_National_Party" title="Awami National Party">Awami National Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">409,555</td><td style="text-align:right">2.04</td><td style="text-align:right">2</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#003800"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Islam_(F)" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)">Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)</a></td><td style="text-align:right">360,526</td><td style="text-align:right">1.80</td><td style="text-align:right">7</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Punjabi Pakhtun Ittehad</td><td style="text-align:right">105,061</td><td style="text-align:right">0.52</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_National_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan National Party">Pakistan National Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">104,442</td><td style="text-align:right">0.52</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#B22222"></td><td><a href="/wiki/National_Peoples_Party_(Pakistan)" title="National Peoples Party (Pakistan)">National Peoples Party</a> (Khar)</td><td style="text-align:right">97,990</td><td style="text-align:right">0.49</td><td style="text-align:right">1</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#3cb371"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Democratic_Party" title="Pakistan Democratic Party">Pakistan Democratic Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">80,473</td><td style="text-align:right">0.40</td><td style="text-align:right">1</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balochistan_National_Alliance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balochistan National Alliance (page does not exist)">Balochistan National Alliance</a></td><td style="text-align:right">71,058</td><td style="text-align:right">0.35</td><td style="text-align:right">2</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Pakistan Muslim League (MQ)</td><td style="text-align:right">55,052</td><td style="text-align:right">0.27</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Pakistan Milli Awai Ittehad</td><td style="text-align:right">46,562</td><td style="text-align:right">0.23</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:black"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Islam" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam">Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam</a> (Darkhasti)</td><td style="text-align:right">44,964</td><td style="text-align:right">0.22</td><td style="text-align:right">1</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#008000"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Tehreek-e-Jafaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehreek-e-Jafaria">Tehreek-e-Jafaria</a> (Arif Hussaini)</td><td style="text-align:right">42,216</td><td style="text-align:right">0.21</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Christians_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Christians Front (page does not exist)">United Christians Front</a></td><td style="text-align:right">15,918</td><td style="text-align:right">0.08</td><td style="text-align:right">1</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>All Pakistan Christians Movement</td><td style="text-align:right">15,449</td><td style="text-align:right">0.08</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#ff0000"></td><td><a href="/wiki/National_Awami_Party_(Wali)" title="National Awami Party (Wali)">National Democratic Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">14,960</td><td style="text-align:right">0.07</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:red"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Mazdoor_Kissan_Party" title="Pakistan Mazdoor Kissan Party">Pakistan Mazdoor Kissan Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">6,652</td><td style="text-align:right">0.03</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Jamaat-e-Ahl-e-Hadees Pakistan</td><td style="text-align:right">5,225</td><td style="text-align:right">0.03</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Pakistan Masihi League</td><td style="text-align:right">4,324</td><td style="text-align:right">0.02</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Pakistan Christians National Party</td><td style="text-align:right">3,386</td><td style="text-align:right">0.02</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Tehreek-e-Inqalab-Islam Pakistan</td><td style="text-align:right">2,807</td><td style="text-align:right">0.01</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#228b22"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(Qayyum)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (Qayyum)">Pakistan Muslim League (Qayyum)</a></td><td style="text-align:right">2,196</td><td style="text-align:right">0.01</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Hazara Front (Mahaz-e-Hazara)</td><td style="text-align:right">1,814</td><td style="text-align:right">0.01</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Pakistan Muslim League (Forward Block)</td><td style="text-align:right">1,713</td><td style="text-align:right">0.01</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Awami National Party (Ainee Group)</td><td style="text-align:right">1,018</td><td style="text-align:right">0.01</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Pakistan Qaumi Mahaz-e-Azadi</td><td style="text-align:right">999</td><td style="text-align:right">0.00</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Pakistan National Democratic Alliance</td><td style="text-align:right">388</td><td style="text-align:right">0.00</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Jamaat-e-Ahl-e-Sunnat Pakistan</td><td style="text-align:right">351</td><td style="text-align:right">0.00</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>National Muslim League (Muhasba Group)</td><td style="text-align:right">282</td><td style="text-align:right">0.00</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Wattan Party</td><td style="text-align:right">184</td><td style="text-align:right">0.00</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#DCDCDC"></td><td>Independents</td><td style="text-align:right">4,232,679</td><td style="text-align:right">21.12</td><td style="text-align:right">48</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Seats reserved for women</td><td colspan="2"></td><td style="text-align:right">20</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Vacant</td><td colspan="2"></td><td style="text-align:right">4</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold"><td colspan="2">Total</td><td style="text-align:right">20,041,231</td><td style="text-align:right">100.00</td><td style="text-align:right">237</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom"><td colspan="5" style="color:black;background:#eaecf0"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Valid votes</th><td>20,041,231</td><td>98.43</td><td></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Invalid/blank votes</th><td>319,826</td><td>1.57</td><td></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;background:inherit;color:inherit">Total votes</th><td>20,361,057</td><td>100.00</td><td></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Registered voters/turnout</th><td>47,629,892</td><td>42.75</td><td></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><td colspan="5" style="text-align:left">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electiondataarchive.org/">CLEA</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Pakistani_general_election&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_Benazir_Bhutto_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="First Benazir Bhutto Government">First Benazir Bhutto Government</a></div> <p>In light of the election results, acting president <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a> invited the PPP <a href="/wiki/First_Benazir_Bhutto_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="First Benazir Bhutto Government">to form a government</a>. The PPP formed the government, making alliances with small parties and independent groups. On 4 December 1988, Bhutto was elected as the first female prime minister of a Muslim country. <a href="/wiki/First_Benazir_Bhutto_Government#Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="First Benazir Bhutto Government">The new Cabinet</a>, headed by Bhutto was subsequently announced.<sup id="cite_ref-ipu_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The MQM was pivotal in the formation of central government, as the PPP had failed to win a majority of seats. However, the MQM left the coalition in October 1989 when differences developed after dozens were killed at an MQM congregation by Sindhi nationalists, and the alliance fell apart in the wake of ensuing violence. The MQM lent its support to Nawaz Sharif’s Islami Jamhoori Ittehad instead.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Pakistani_general_election&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/760219/hamid-gul-accepts-responsibilty-for-creating-igi">Hamid Gul accepts responsibility for creating IJI</a> Dawn, 30 October 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ipu-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ipu_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ipu_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ipu_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2241_88.htm">Pakistan: Elections held in 1988</a> Inter-Parliamentary Union</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seats-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seats_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elections.com.pk/contents.php?i=7#Provincial">Pakistan Elections 2008 | Pakistan Elections 2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001001635/http://www.elections.com.pk/contents.php?i=7">Archived</a> 1 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Elections.com.pk. Retrieved on 3 August 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170328212535/http://www.pildat.org/publications/publication/elections/First10GeneralElectionsofPakistan.pdf#">"The first 10 general elections of Pakistan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>pildat.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pildat.org&rft.atitle=The+First+10+General+Elections+of+Pakistan&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pildat.org%2Fpublications%2Fpublication%2Felections%2FFirst10GeneralElectionsofPakistan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1988+Pakistani+general+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/52859">"KARACHI: Parties gear up for general elections"</a>. <i>DAWN.COM</i>. 17 August 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=KARACHI%3A+Parties+gear+up+for+general+elections&rft.date=2002-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F52859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1988+Pakistani+general+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/812334">"Hyderabad: no one's land when it comes to election"</a>. <i>DAWN.COM</i>. 7 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=Hyderabad%3A+no+one%27s+land+when+it+comes+to+election&rft.date=2013-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F812334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1988+Pakistani+general+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Nohlen" title="Dieter Nohlen">Dieter Nohlen</a>, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) <i>Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I</i>, p679–686 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-924958-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-924958-X">0-19-924958-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1027569">"Timeline: A history of MQM"</a>. <i>DAWN.COM</i>. 25 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">Elections and referendums in Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">General elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Indian_general_election" title="1920 Indian general election">1920</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Indian_general_election" title="1923 Indian general election">1923</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Indian_general_election" title="1926 Indian general election">1926</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Indian_general_election" title="1930 Indian general election">1930</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Indian_general_election" title="1934 Indian general election">1934</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Indian_general_election" title="1945 Indian general election">1945</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Pakistani_general_election" title="1962 Pakistani general election">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Pakistani_general_election" title="1965 Pakistani general election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Pakistani_general_election" title="1970 Pakistani general election">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Pakistani_general_election" title="1977 Pakistani general election">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Pakistani_general_election" title="1985 Pakistani general election">1985</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Pakistani_general_election" title="1990 Pakistani general election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Pakistani_general_election" title="1993 Pakistani general election">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Pakistani_general_election" title="1997 Pakistani general election">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Pakistani_general_election" title="2002 Pakistani general election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Pakistani_general_election" title="2008 Pakistani general election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Pakistani_general_election" title="2013 Pakistani general election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Pakistani_general_election" title="2018 Pakistani general election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Pakistani_general_election" title="2024 Pakistani general election">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Pakistani_general_election" title="Next Pakistani general election"><i>Next</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1937_Indian_provincial_elections" title="1937 Indian provincial elections">1937</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Indian_provincial_elections" title="1946 Indian provincial elections">1946</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1951_Pakistani_provincial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1951 Pakistani provincial elections (page does not exist)">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Sindh_provincial_election" title="1953 Sindh provincial election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_East_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1962_Pakistani_provincial_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1962 Pakistani provincial election (page does not exist)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1965_Pakistani_provincial_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1965 Pakistani provincial election (page does not exist)">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Pakistani_provincial_elections" title="1970 Pakistani provincial elections">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Azad_Kashmiri_general_election" title="1975 Azad Kashmiri general election">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1977_Pakistani_provincial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1977 Pakistani provincial elections (page does not exist)">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Azad_Kashmiri_general_election" title="1985 Azad Kashmiri general election">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Pakistani_provincial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1988 Pakistani provincial elections (page does not exist)">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_Pakistani_provincial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 Pakistani provincial elections (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Azad_Kashmiri_general_election" title="1991 Azad Kashmiri general election">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_Pakistani_provincial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1993 Pakistani provincial elections (page does not exist)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Azad_Kashmiri_general_election" title="1996 Azad Kashmiri general election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1997_Pakistani_provincial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 Pakistani provincial elections (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Azad_Kashmiri_general_election" title="2001 Azad Kashmiri general election">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Pakistani_provincial_elections" title="2002 Pakistani provincial elections">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Azad_Kashmiri_general_election" title="2006 Azad Kashmiri general election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Pakistani_provincial_elections" title="2008 Pakistani provincial elections">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Gilgit_Baltistan_Assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 Gilgit Baltistan Assembly election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Azad_Kashmiri_general_election" title="2011 Azad Kashmiri general election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Pakistani_provincial_elections" title="2013 Pakistani provincial elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Gilgit_Baltistan_Assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Gilgit Baltistan Assembly election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Azad_Kashmiri_general_election" title="2016 Azad Kashmiri general election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Pakistani_provincial_elections" title="2018 Pakistani provincial elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_provincial_election" title="2019 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provincial election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Gilgit_Baltistan_Assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Gilgit Baltistan Assembly election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Pakistani_provincial_elections" title="2024 Pakistani provincial elections">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Pakistani_presidential_confidence_referendum" title="1960 Pakistani presidential confidence referendum">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Pakistani_Islamisation_programme_referendum" title="1984 Pakistani Islamisation programme referendum">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Pakistani_referendum" title="2002 Pakistani referendum">2002</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By-elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Pakistani_by-elections" title="2013 Pakistani by-elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2018_Pakistani_by-elections" title="October 2018 Pakistani by-elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Pakistani_by-elections" title="2022 Pakistani by-elections">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Pakistani_by-elections" title="2024 Pakistani by-elections">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>¹ As part of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a></li> <li>See also: Elections in <a href="/wiki/Template:Azad_Kashmiri_elections" title="Template:Azad Kashmiri elections">Azad Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Balochistan_elections" title="Template:Balochistan elections">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Gilgit-Baltistan_elections" title="Template:Gilgit-Baltistan elections">Gilgit-Baltistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Punjab,_Pakistan_elections" title="Template:Punjab, Pakistan elections">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sindh_elections" title="Template:Sindh elections">Sindh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1988_Pakistani_general_election&oldid=1244090088">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1988_Pakistani_general_election&oldid=1244090088</a>"</div></div> 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