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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN"> <html> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://www.friends-partners.org/pipermail/fpspace/2000-September/000237.html","20120925003425","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1348533265"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <title> [FPSPACE] OSCAR-CLASS subs and Soviet RORSATs</title> <link rel="Index" href="index.html"> <link rel="made" href="mailto:JamesOberg%40aol.com"> <link rel="Previous" href="000236.html"> <link rel="Next" href="000239.html"> </head> <body bgcolor="#ffffff"> <h1>[FPSPACE] OSCAR-CLASS subs and Soviet RORSATs</h1> <b>JamesOberg@aol.com</b> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120925003425/mailto:JamesOberg%40aol.com" title="[FPSPACE] OSCAR-CLASS subs and Soviet RORSATs">JamesOberg@aol.com</a><br> <i>Fri, 1 Sep 2000 17:23:11 EDT</i> <p><ul> <li> Previous message: <a href="000236.html">[FPSPACE] Russia resources for ISS</a></li> <li> Next message: <a href="000239.html">[FPSPACE] Re: "The Face" on Space Illustrated</a></li> <li> <b>Messages sorted by:</b> <a href="date.html#237">[ date ]</a> <a href="thread.html#237">[ thread ]</a> <a href="subject.html#237">[ subject ]</a> <a href="author.html#237">[ author ]</a> </li> </ul> <hr>  <pre>JimO: This is a long LONG historical piece tying the recent Kursk tragedy with the nuclear-powered radar ocean reconnaissance satellites of the 1970s and 1980s. Fascinating details filling in a lot of blank spots! HISTORY AND TECHNICAL INFO FOR OSCAR I&II CLASS SUBMARINES MOSCOW TEKHNIKA I VOORUZHENIYE - TEXT IN RUSSIAN NO. 5-6, MAY-JUNE 2000 PP 47-51 [EXCERPT ON OSCAR I&II CLASS SUBMARINES: "PROJECT 949 (949A)] ON 23 JUNE 1968, WORK WAS BEGUN ON THE FIRST NEW GENERATION AMERICAN NUCLEAR STRIKE AIRCRAFT CARRIER AT THE WHARVES OF NEWPORT NEWS SHIPBUILDING - THE CVN 68 NIMITZ - THE PROGENITOR OF A LARGE SERIES OF SHIPS OF THIS CLASS, THE BUILDING OF WHICH CONTINUES TO THIS DAY. IN COMPARISON TO ITS PREDECESSORS, THE "NIMITZ" POSSESSED GREATER COMBAT SURVIVABILITY AND INCREASED STRIKE POWER. IN ITS AVIATION WING WERE INCLUDED THE FIRST 4TH GENERATION FIGHTERS IN THE WORLD - THE GRUMMAN F-14A "TOMCAT" DECK INTERCEPTORS, CAPABLE OF DESTROYING AIR TARGETS IN A RANGE OF ALTITUDES FROM 10 TO 22000 M, WHILE SIMULTANEOUSLY SHOOTING AT UP TO FOUR ENEMY AIRCRAFT WITH FOUR AGM-54 "PHOENIX" LONG-RANGE MISSILES. THE NEW INTERCEPTORS INTERACTED WITH THE DECK AIRCRAFT DRLO GRUMMAN E-2C "HAWKEYE", WHICH POSSESSED THE ABILITY TO TRACK SEVERAL TENS OF AIRCRAFT OR CRUISE MISSILES FLYING AT VARIOUS ALTITUDES (INCLUDING EXTREMELY LOW ONES) SIMULTANEOUSLY AT RANGES UP TO 300 KM, AND TO GUIDE FIGHTER-INTERCEPTORS TO THEM. AS A RESULT, THE LIMITS OF THE US NAVY'S ANTI-AIR AND ANTI-MISSILE DEFENSE WERE INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY, REACHING 450-500 KM. EQUIPPING THE NEW AIRCRAFT CARRIERS WITH GRUMMAN S-3A "VIKING" ASW AIRCRAFT WITH AUTOMATED ON-BOARD SEARCH-TARGETING SYSTEMS, AS WELL AS THE WIDE DEPLOYMENT ON ESCORT SHIPS OF ALL CLASSES (ALL THE WAY TO FRIGATES) OF ASW HELICOPTERS, AS WELL AS ASROC GUIDED MISSILE SYSTEMS AND NEW HYDROACOUSTIC COMPLEXES POSSESSING EXPANDED SEARCH CAPABILITIES, SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE ASW POTENTIAL OF THE AIRCRAFT CARRIER STRIKE FORMATIONS. AS A RESULT OF THE IMPROVEMENTS TO THE NAVAL ARMAMENTS OF THE POTENTIAL ENEMY, THE "ANTI-AIRCRAFT CARRIER" CAPABILITIES OF THE SOVIET PROJECT 675 PLARK (EVEN AFTER THEIR MODERNIZATION) LOOKED ALREADY INADEQUATE FOR THE GUARANTEED DESTRUCTION OF THE ENEMY'S GROUPINGS. THE CREATION OF A NEW, SIGNIFICANTLY MORE POWERFUL AND LONG-RANGE, SUBMERGED LAUNCH MISSILE SYSTEM WAS REQUIRED, WHICH WOULD SUPPORT CONDUCTING MASKED STRIKES FROM UNDERWATER AGAINST SHIPS FROM GREAT DISTANCES WITH THE CAPABILITY FOR SELECTIVE TARGET DESTRUCTION. A NEW CARRIER WAS ALSO REQUIRED FOR THE NEW COMPLEX, CAPABLE OF CONDUCTING SALVO FIRE FROM A SUBMERGED POSITION OF 20-24 MISSILES (ACCORDING TO CALCULATIONS, IT WAS JUST SUCH A CONCENTRATION OF DESTRUCTION RESOURCES THAT WOULD ALLOW FOR THE "PENETRATION" OF THE PRO [ANTI-MISSILE DEFENSE] OF THE PROSPECTIVE AMERICAN AIRCRAFT CARRIER FORMATION). IN ADDITION, THE NEW MISSILE CARRIER HAD TO POSSESS INCREASED CONCEALABILITY, SPEED AND SUBMERSION DEPTH, WHICH WOULD PROVIDE IT THE ABILITY TO OVERCOME THE ASW DEFENSE OF THE ENEMY AND TO BREAK AWAY FROM TRACKING. EXPLORATORY WORK FOR THE CREATION OF THE 3RD GENERATION UNDERWATER MISSILE CARRIER BEGAN ON THE "GRANIT" IN 1967, AND IN 1969, THE VMF WAS GIVEN THE OFFICIAL TACTICAL-TECHNICAL MISSION FOR THE CREATION OF A "HEAVY UNDERWATER MISSILE CRUISER", EQUIPPED WITH THE OPERATIONAL-PURPOSE MISSILE SYSTEM. THE PROJECT, WHICH RECEIVED THE INDEX "949" AND THE CODENAME "GRANIT" WAS DEVELOPED AT THE LMPB "RUBIN" UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF THE DESIGNER P.P. PUSTYNTSEV. AFTER HIS DEATH IN 1977, I.L. BARANOV WAS NAMED THE CHIEF DESIGNER AND V.N. IVANOV - THE CHIEF OBSERVER FROM THE VMF. WHEN DEVELOPING THE NEW MISSILE CARRIER, IT WAS PROPOSED TO EMPLOY WIDELY THE SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL WORK ALREADY COMPLETED AND INDIVIDUAL DESIGN SOLUTIONS ACHIEVED WHEN CREATING THE PROJECT 661 SUBMARINE, THE FASTEST IN THE WORLD. THE "GRANIT" MISSILE SYSTEM, CREATED BY OKB-52 (NOW THE NPO MASHINOSTROYENIYA [MACHINE-BUILDING SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTION ASSOCIATION], HAD TO MEET EXTREMELY HIGH REQUIREMENTS: A MAXIMUM RANGE OF NO LESS THAN 500 KM, AND A MAXIMUM SPEED OF NO LESS THAN 2500 KM/HR. THE "GRANIT" DIFFERED FROM PREVIOUS COMPLEXES FOR THIS PURPOSE IN ITS FLEXIBLE ADAPTABLE TRAJECTORIES, LAUNCH UNIVERSALITY (UNDERWATER AND SURFACE), AS WELL AS THE CARRIERS (SUBMARINES AND SURFACE SHIPS), SALVO FIRE WITH A LOGICAL SPATIAL MISSILE ARRANGEMENT, AND AN INTERFERENCE RESISTANT SELECTIVE CONTROL SYSTEM. IT PERMITTED FIRING AGAINST TARGETS, THE COORDINATES OF WHICH WERE KNOWN WITH GREAT ERRORS, AS WELL AS WITH VERY OUTDATED DATA. ALL THE OPERATIONS FOR DAILY AND LAUNCH SERVICING OF THE MISSILES WERE AUTOMATED. AS A RESULT, THE "GRANIT" POSSESSED THE REAL ABILITY TO ACCOMPLISH ANY MISSION OF NAVAL COMBAT AT ONE TIME WITH ONE CARRIER. HOWEVER, THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LONG-RANGE ANTI-SHIP MISSILE COMPLEX TO A SIGNIFICANT DEGREE WAS DETERMINED BY THE CAPABILITIES OF THE RECONNAISSANCE AND TARGETING RESOURCES. THE "USPEKH" SYSTEM, THE FOUNDATION OF WHICH WAS LAID BY THE TU-95 AIRCRAFT, DID NOT POSSESS THE NECESSARY COMBAT STABILITY. IN THE BEGINNING OF THE 60'S, THE TASK OF CREATING THE FIRST SYSTEM IN THE WORLD FOR SPACE, ALL-WEATHER SURFACE TARGET OBSERVATION IN ALL THE AQUATIC SPACES OF THE WORLD OCEAN, AND FOR PROVIDING TARGETING THROUGH THE TRANSMISSION OF DATA DIRECTLY TO THE WEAPONS CARRIERS OR GROUND (SHIP) COMMAND POSTS, WAS GIVEN TO THE BRANCH SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY. THE FIRST GOVERNMENT RESOLUTION ON THE LAUNCHING OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN WORK FOR THE CREATION OF A NAVAL SPACE RECONNAISSANCE AND TARGETING SYSTEM (MKRTS) WAS ISSUED IN MARCH OF 1961. THE GREATEST SCIENTIFIC CENTERS AND DESIGN COLLECTIVES OF THE COUNTRY WERE BROUGHT INTO THIS LARGE-SCALE WORK, IN PARTICULAR THE PHYSICAL ENERGY INSTITUTE AND THE I.V. KURCHATOV INSTITUTE OF ATOMIC ENERGY. THE THEORETICAL BASES FOR BUILDING THE SYSTEM, THE ORBIT PARAMETERS AND MUTUAL POSITION OF THE SPACE APPARATUS WERE DEVELOPED WITH THE DIRECT PARTICIPATION OF THE ACADEMICIAN M.V. KELDYSH. THE LEAD ORGANIZATION RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CREATION OF THE MKRTS, WAS INITIALLY DETERMINED TO BE THE OKB-52 (LATER - NPO "MASHINOSTROYENIYA"), HEADED BY GENERAL DESIGNER V.N. CHELOMEY. RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNIQUE (TO THIS DAY THERE IS NOTHING LIKE IT IN THE WORLD) NUCLEAR ON-BOARD POWER UNIT FOR ISZ [ARTIFICIAL EARTH SATELLITES], INCLUDED IN THE SYSTEM, WAS THE OKB-670 COLLECTIVE (NPO "KRASNAYA ZVEZDA") OF MINSREDMASH [MINISTRY OF MEDIUM MACHINE-BUILDING]. HOWEVER, NPO "MASHINOSTROYENIYA" DID NOT POSSESS THE NECESSARY PRODUCTION POWERS THAT WOULD SUPPORT LAUNCHING THE SERIES OF SPACE APPARATUS FOR THE VMF. AS A RESULT, IN MAY 1969, IT WAS DECIDED TO INCLUDE THE LENINGRAD M.V. FRUNZE KB [DESIGN BUREAU] AND FACTORY "ARSENAL", BECOMING THE LEADERS IN REALIZING THE "NAVAL" SATELLITE PROGRAM. THE MKRTS SYSTEM "LEGENDA" INCLUDED TWO TYPES OF SPACE APPARATUS: A SATELLITE WITH AN ON-BOARD RADAR STATION AND NUCLEAR POWER PLANT, AS WELL AS A SATELLITE WITH A SPACE RADIO-TECHNICAL RECONNAISSANCE STATION, EQUIPPED WITH A SOLAR POWER UNIT. BY THE BEGINNING OF 1970, THE FACTORY "ARSENAL" EMBARKED ON THE PRODUCTION OF EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF THE SPACE APPARATUS. DESIGN FLIGHT TESTING OF THE RADAR RECONNAISSANCE SPACE APPARATUS BEGAN IN 1973, AND OF THE RADIO-TECHNICAL RECONNAISSANCE SATELLITE - A YEAR LATER. THE RADAR RECONNAISSANCE SPACE APPARATUS WAS BROUGHT INTO SERVICE IN 1975, AND THE FULLY EQUIPPED COMPLEX (WITH THE RADIO-TECHNICAL RECONNAISSANCE SPACE APPARATUS) IN 1978. IN 1979-1988, SEVERAL PHASES OF MODERNIZATION OF THE NAVAL RECONNAISSANCE SPACE APPARATUS WERE CONDUCTED, WHICH FACILITATED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN ALL THE PARAMETERS OF THE SPACE COMPLEXES (AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE OBSERVATION AND IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS, AN INCREASE IN THE BAND OF SIMULTANEOUS OBSERVATION, ETC.). THE SERVICE LIFE OF THE SPACE APPARATUS' FLIGHT OPERATIONS WAS INCREASED BY 5-10 TIMES, WHICH IN TURN ALLOWED FOR A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE ANNUAL SERVICE OF THE SPACE APPARATUS TO A LEVEL BALANCED WITH THE PRODUCTION CAPABILITIES OF THE MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES. THE MKRTS SYSTEM'S HIGH EFFECTIVENESS WAS CONFIRMED IN PRACTICE IN 1982, DURING THE ENGLISH-ARGENTINE CONFLICT AROUND THE MALVINAS (FALKLAND) ISLANDS. THE SYSTEM ALLOWED FOR THE COMPLETE TRACKING AND PROGNOSIS OF THE TACTICAL SITUATION. SPECIFICALLY, WITH ITS HELP, THE VMF MAIN STAFF PREDICTED PRECISELY THE MOMENT OF THE ASSAULT LANDING ON THE ISLANDS BY THE ENGLISH ASSAULT TROOPS. THE SPACE RADIO-TECHNICAL RECONNAISSANCE COMPLEX SUPPORTS THE DETECTION AND POSITION FINDING OF OBJECTS EMITTING ELECTROMAGNETIC SIGNALS. THE SPACE APPARATUS HAS A PRECISION THREE-AXIS SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND STABILIZATION SYSTEM. A SOLAR ENERGY POWER UNIT IS USED AS A POWER SOURCE, IN COMBINATION WITH CHEMICAL BUFFER BATTERIES. THE MULTIFUNCTIONAL LIQUID ROCKET UNIT SUPPORTS STABILIZATION OF THE SPACE APPARATUS, ALTITUDE CORRECTION OF ITS ORBIT, AND PRE-BOOST IMPULSE WHEN MOVING THE SPACE APPARATUS INTO ORBIT. FOR DELIVERY OF THE SPACE APPARATUS, THE "TSIKLON-2" CARRIER MISSILE IS USED (CREATED AT THE DNEPROPETROVSK KB "YUZHNOYE" UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF M.K. YANGEL). THE SPACE APPARATUS' WEIGHT IS 3300 KG, IT'S WORKING ORBIT ALTITUDE IS 420 KM, AND THE ORBITAL INCLINATION IS 65O. THE 17K114 SPACE COMPLEX IS DESIGNED FOR CONDUCTING NAVAL SPACE RECONNAISSANCE AND TARGETING. ITS COMPOSITION INCLUDES THE 17F16 SPACE APPARATUS, EQUIPPED WITH A TWO-SIDED SIDE-SCAN RADAR, WHICH PROVIDES ALL-WEATHER AND 24-HOUR OBSERVATION OF SURFACE TARGETS. IN THE CAPACITY OF AN ON-BOARD ENERGY SOURCE, IT USES A NUCLEAR POWER UNIT, WHICH AFTER THE APPARATUS COMPLETES ITS ACTIVE OPERATION IS SEPARATED AND MOVED TO A HIGHER "ACTIVE ILLUMINATION" ORBIT. A MULTIFUNCTIONAL LIQUID ROCKET UNIT SERVES FOR THE SPACE APPARATUS' STABILIZATION AND THE CORRECTION OF ITS ORBITAL ALTITUDE, AS WELL AS FOR PUTTING OUT A PRE-BOOST IMPULSE FOR DELIVERING THE SPACE APPARATUS INTO ORBIT. THE RADAR RECONNAISSANCE SATELLITE'S WEIGHT IS 4300 KG, ITS WORKING ORBIT ALTITUDE IS 280 KM, AND ITS ORBITAL INCLINATION IS 65O. THE "TSIKLON-2" CARRIER MISSILE IS USED FOR DELIVERING THE 17F16 SPACE APPARATUS ALSO. BESIDES THE SPACE COMPONENT, INCLUDED IN THE MKRTS WERE SHIP POSTS FOR RECEIVING INFORMATION DIRECTLY FROM THE SPACE APPARATUS, SUPPORTING ITS PROCESSING AND TRANSMISSION OF TARGETING FOR THE USE OF THE MISSILE WEAPONRY (DEVELOPER - KIEV NPO "KVANT", CHIEF DESIGNER T.E. STAFANOVICH). IN NOVEMBER OF 1975, TESTING BEGAN ON THE "GRANIT" MISSILE SYSTEM, COMPLETED IN AUGUST OF 1983. HOWEVER, EVEN PRIOR TO THEIR COMPLETION, IN 1980, THE HEAD SUBMARINE CRUISER K-525 ENTERED THE SERVICE OF THE NORTHERN FLEET (THE FIRST COMMANDER, CAPTAIN 1ST RANK A. PAUK, SUBSEQUENTLY REAR ADMIRAL; CONDUCTED MOORING AND PERFORMANCE TESTING AND CAPTAIN 1ST RANK A. ILYUSHKIN BROUGHT IT OUT OF THE FACTORY). OVERALL, IT WAS PROPOSED THAT 20 PLRKS OF THIS TYPE BE BUILT. AFTER THE FIRST TWO SHIPS BUILT ACCORDING TO PROJECT 949, CONSTRUCTION BEGAN ON SUBMARINE CRUISERS ACCORDING TO THE IMPROVED PROGRAM 949A (CODE "ANTEY"). AS A RESULT OF THE MODERNIZATION, THE BOAT RECEIVED AN ADDITIONAL COMPARTMENT ALLOWING FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE INTERNAL COMPONENT OF ARMAMENTS RESOURCES AND ON-BOARD INSTRUMENTATION. AS A RESULT, THE SHIP'S WATER DISPLACEMENT INCREASED A LITTLE, WHILE AT THE SAME TIME MANAGING TO DECREASE THE LEVEL OF REVEALING POLES AND INSTALLING IMPROVED INSTRUMENTS. ACCORDING TO THE ASSESSMENTS OF SEVERAL DOMESTIC SPECIALISTS, ACCORDING TO THE "COST EFFECTIVENESS" CRITERIA, THE PLARK OF PROJECT 949 IS THE MOST PREFERABLE MEANS FOR COMBATING THE ENEMY'S AIRCRAFT CARRIERS. ACCORDING TO THE STATUS IN THE MID 80'S, THE COST OF ONE BOAT OF PROJECT 949A AMOUNTED TO 226 MILLION RUBLES, WHICH ON THE AVERAGE AMOUNTED TO ONLY 10% OF THE COST OF THE MULTIPURPOSE AIRCRAFT CARRIER "ROOSEVELT" (2.3 BILLION DOLLARS WITHOUT INCLUDING THE COST OF ITS AVIATION WING). MEANWHILE, ACCORDING TO THE CALCULATIONS OF VMF EXPERTS AND INDUSTRY, ONE NUCLEAR SUBMARINE COULD TAKE AN AIRCRAFT CARRIER AND SEVERAL OF ITS GUARD VESSELS OUT OF COMMISSION WITH A HIGH DEGREE OF PROBABILITY. HOWEVER, OTHER SUFFICIENTLY AUTHORITATIVE SPECIALISTS RAISED DOUBTS ABOUT THESE ASSESSMENTS, FEELING THAT THE RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PLARK IS TOO HIGH. THE FACT SHOULD HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED THAT AN AIRCRAFT CARRIER IS A UNIVERSAL COMBAT RESOURCE, CAPABLE OF ACCOMPLISHING A RATHER WIDE RANGE OF MISSIONS, WHILE THE SUBMARINES ARE SHIPS WITH A CONSIDERABLY NARROWER SPECIALIZATION. [SEE TABLE 1] K-119, K-141, K-148, K-206, K-266, K-410 AND K-525 ENTERED THE SERVICE OF THE NORTHERN FLEET. THE REST OF THE SHIPS ARE IN SERVICE IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN. CURRENTLY, THE BOATS OF PROJECT 949 HAVE BEEN PLACED ON RESERVE. MEANWHILE, THE GROUP OF PROJECT 949A SUBMARINES, ALONG WITH THE AIRCRAFT OF THE NAVAL MISSILE-CARRYING AND LONG-RANGE AVIATION TU-22M-3, ARE ACTUALLY THE ONLY RESOURCE CAPABLE OF EFFECTIVELY COUNTERING THE US STRIKE AIRCRAFT CARRIER FORMATIONS. ALONG WITH THIS, THE GROUP'S COMBAT UNITS CAN OPERATE SUCCESSFULLY AGAINST SHIPS OF ALL CLASSES DURING CONFLICTS OF ANY INTENSITY. THE DURABLE HULL OF THE DUAL HULL BOAT, MADE FROM STEEL, IS SEPARATED INTO 10 COMPARTMENTS. ALONG THE SIDES OF THE CONNING TOWER, HAVING A RELATIVELY GREAT LENGTH, OUTSIDE THE DURABLE HULL ARE SITUATED 24 PAIRED ON-BOARD MISSILE CONTAINERS, INCLINED AT A 40O ANGLE. THE SHIP'S POWER PLANT HAS A BLOCK DESIGN AND INCLUDES TWO OK-650B UNDERWATER TYPE REACTORS AND TWO SGTZA OK-9 STEAM TURBINES (98000 HP), WORKING ON TWO PROPELLER SHAFTS THROUGH REDUCERS, DECREASING THE PROPELLER SHAFTS' REVOLUTION FREQUENCY. THE STEAM PIPE UNIT IS SITUATED IN TWO SEPARATE COMPARTMENTS. THERE ARE TWO DG-190 (2X3200 KWT) TURBO-GENERATORS. THERE ARE TWO 3200 KWT TURBO-GENERATORS, TWO DG-190S AND TWO STEERING DEVICES. THE BOAT IS EQUIPPED WITH THE MGK-540 "SKAT-3" HYDROACOUSTIC SET, AS WELL AS A SYSTEM FOR RADIO COMMUNICATIONS, COMBAT CONTROL, SPACE RECONNAISSANCE AND TARGETING. THE RECEIPT OF RECONNAISSANCE DATA FROM THE SPACE APPARATUS OR AIRCRAFT IS PERFORMED IN A SUBMERGED POSITION VIA SPECIAL ANTENNAS. AFTER PROCESSING THE RECEIVED INFORMATION, IT IS ENTERED INTO THE SHIP'S BIUS [COMBAT INFORMATION CONTROL SYSTEM]. THE SHIP IS EQUIPPED WITH THE AUTOMATED "SIMFONIYA-U" NAVIGATION SYSTEM WHICH HAS INCREASED ACCURACY, AN INCREASED RADIUS OF OPERATION, AND A LARGE PROCESSED INFORMATION CAPACITY. THE MAIN WEAPONRY OF THE MISSILE CRUISER - 24 P-700 "GRANIT" SUPERSONIC CRUISE MISSILE SYSTEMS, A 3M-45 MISSILE, EQUIPPED WITH BOTH NUCLEAR (500 KT) AS WELL AS FRAGMENTATION WARHEADS WITH A MASS OF 750 KG, EQUIPPED WITH A KR-93 TURBOJET SUSTAINER ENGINE WITH A RINGED SOLID-FUEL ROCKET BOOSTER. THE MAXIMUM RANGE OF FIRE IS 550 KM, MAXIMUM SPEED CORRESPONDS TO M=2.5 AT HIGH ALTITUDES AND M=1.5 AT LOW ALTITUDES. THE MISSILE'S LAUNCH WEIGHT IS 7000KG, LENGTH - 19.5 M, CASING DIAMETER - 0.88M, AND WING SPAN - 2.6M. THE MISSILES CAN BE FIRED EITHER INDIVIDUALLY OR IN A SALVO (UP TO 24 PKRS LAUNCHED AT A HIGH RATE). IN THE LATTER CASE, TARGET DISTRIBUTION IS CARRIED OUT IN A SALVO. IT SUPPORTS THE CREATION OF A DENSE GROUP OF MISSILES WHICH MAKES OVERCOMING THE ENEMY'S PRO EASIER. ORGANIZING THE FLIGHT OF ALL THE MISSILES OF THE SALVO, FINDING THE ORDER AND "COVERING" IT WITH AN ENGAGED RADAR SIGHT ALLOWS THE PKR TO CARRY OUT THE SUSTAINED PORTION OF FLIGHT IN RADIO SILENCE. IN THE PROCESS OF THE MISSILES' FLIGHT, THE OPTIMAL TARGET DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN THEM WITHIN THE ORDER IS CONDUCTED (THE ALGORITHM FOR ACCOMPLISHING THIS MISSION WAS DEVELOPED BY THE VMF ARMAMENTS INSTITUTE AND THE NPO "GRANIT"). THE SUPERSONIC SPEED AND THE COMPLEX FLIGHT TRAJECTORY, THE HIGH LEVEL OF INTERFERENCE PROTECTION FOR THE RADIOELECTRONIC RESOURCES AND THE PRESENCE OF A SPECIAL SYSTEM FOR DIVERTING ENEMY SURFACE-TO-AIR AND AVIATION MISSILES ENSURES THE "GRANIT", WHEN FIRED IN A SALVO, A RELATIVELY HIGH PROBABILITY OF OVERCOMING THE PVO AND PRO SYSTEMS OF THE AVIATION FORMATION. THE AUTOMATED TORPEDO COMPLEX OF THE SUBMARINE ALLOWS FOR THE USE OF TORPEDOES, AS WELL AS "VODOPAD" AND "VETER" ROCKET-TORPEDOES AT ALL DIVE DEPTHS. IT INCLUDES FOUR 533-MM AND FOUR 650-MM TORPEDO APPARATUS, SITUATED IN THE FORWARD PORTION OF THE HULL. [SEE TABLE 2] THE "GRANIT" COMPLEX, CREATED IN THE 80'S, BY THE YEAR 2000 HAS ALREADY BECOME OUTDATED. PRIMARILY THIS RELATES TO THE MAXIMUM RANGE OF FIRE AND INTERFERENCE PROTECTION OF THE MISSILE. THE COMPONENT BASE USED AS THE FOUNDATION OF THE SYSTEM HAS ALSO BECOME OUTDATED. MEANWHILE, DEVELOPMENT OF A FUNDAMENTALLY NEW OPERATIONAL ANTI-SHIP MISSILE COMPLEX CURRENTLY IS NOT POSSIBLE FOR ECONOMIC REASONS. THE ONLY REALISTIC WAY FOR SUPPORTING THE COMBAT POTENTIAL OF THE DOMESTIC "ANTI-AIRCRAFT CARRIER" FORCES IS, OBVIOUSLY, THE CREATION OF A MODERNIZED VARIANT OF THE "GRANIT" COMPLEX FOR PLACEMENT ON THE PLARK 949A DURING THEIR PERIODIC REPAIR AND MODERNIZATION. ACCORDING TO ASSESSMENTS, THE COMBAT EFFECTIVENESS OF THE MODERNIZED MISSILE COMPLEX, IN DEVELOPMENT RIGHT NOW, SHOULD INCREASE BY APPROXIMATELY THREE TIMES IN COMPARISON TO THE "GRANIT" MISSILE SYSTEM CURRENTLY IN SERVICE. THE REARMING OF THE SUBMARINES IS SUPPOSED TO BE CONDUCTED DIRECTLY AT THE BASING LOCATIONS, AND WITH THAT, THE TIMEFRAMES AND EXPENDITURES FOR REALIZING THE PROGRAM SHOULD BE MINIMALIZED. AS A RESULT, THE EXISTING GROUPING OF SUBMARINES OF PROJECT 949A COULD EFFECTIVELY FUNCTION UNTIL THE 2020'S. ITS POTENTIAL WILL BE EXPANDED EVEN MORE AS A RESULT OF EQUIPPING THE SHIPS WITH A VARIANT OF THE "GRANIT" MISSILE SYSTEM CAPABLE OF PRECISION DESTRUCTION OF GROUND TARGETS WITH A NON-NUCLEAR CHARGE. ATTACHMENTS: OSCAR TABLE 1.XLS (ATTACHMENT NOT INCLUDED) OSCAR TABLE 2.XLS (ATTACHMENT NOT INCLUDED) OSCAR.BMP (ATTACHMENT NOT INCLUDED) </pre>  <hr> <p><ul>  <li> Previous message: <a href="000236.html">[FPSPACE] Russia resources for ISS</a></li> <li> Next message: <a href="000239.html">[FPSPACE] Re: "The Face" on Space Illustrated</a></li> <li> <b>Messages sorted by:</b> <a href="date.html#237">[ date ]</a> <a href="thread.html#237">[ thread ]</a> <a href="subject.html#237">[ subject ]</a> <a href="author.html#237">[ author ]</a> </li> </ul> </body></html>