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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-The_word_pogrom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_word_pogrom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>The word <i>pogrom</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_word_pogrom-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The word <i>pogrom</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_word_pogrom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_of_the_word" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_of_the_word"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Usage of the word</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_of_the_word-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_anti-Jewish_pogroms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_anti-Jewish_pogroms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of anti-Jewish pogroms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_anti-Jewish_pogroms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of anti-Jewish pogroms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_anti-Jewish_pogroms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pogroms in the Russian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Europe_after_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Europe_after_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Eastern Europe after World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Europe_after_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pogroms_in_Europe_and_the_Americas_before_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pogroms_in_Europe_and_the_Americas_before_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Pogroms in Europe and the Americas before World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pogroms_in_Europe_and_the_Americas_before_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina_1919" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina_1919"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Argentina 1919</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina_1919-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain_and_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain_and_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Britain and Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain_and_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany_and_Nazi-occupied_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany_and_Nazi-occupied_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Germany and Nazi-occupied Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany_and_Nazi-occupied_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_after_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_after_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Europe after World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_after_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pogroms_in_Asia_and_North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pogroms_in_Asia_and_North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pogroms in Asia and North Africa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pogroms_in_Asia_and_North_Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pogroms in Asia and North Africa subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pogroms_in_Asia_and_North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1834_pogroms_in_Ottoman_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1834_pogroms_in_Ottoman_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1834 pogroms in Ottoman Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1834_pogroms_in_Ottoman_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1929_in_Mandatory_Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1929_in_Mandatory_Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1929 in Mandatory Palestine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1929_in_Mandatory_Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thrace_pogroms_in_Turkey_in_1934" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thrace_pogroms_in_Turkey_in_1934"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Thrace pogroms in Turkey in 1934</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thrace_pogroms_in_Turkey_in_1934-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constantine_Pogrom_in_French_Algeria_in_1934" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constantine_Pogrom_in_French_Algeria_in_1934"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Constantine Pogrom in French Algeria in 1934</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constantine_Pogrom_in_French_Algeria_in_1934-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_North_Africa_in_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_North_Africa_in_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>British North Africa in 1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_North_Africa_in_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Syria_in_1947_and_Morocco_1948" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Syria_in_1947_and_Morocco_1948"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>In Syria in 1947 and Morocco 1948</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Syria_in_1947_and_Morocco_1948-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pogroms_against_Alevis_in_Turkey_(1978_and_1980)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pogroms_against_Alevis_in_Turkey_(1978_and_1980)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Pogroms against Alevis in Turkey (1978 and 1980)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pogroms_against_Alevis_in_Turkey_(1978_and_1980)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre_in_1982" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre_in_1982"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Sabra and Shatila massacre in 1982</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre_in_1982-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1984_anti-Sikh_riots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1984_anti-Sikh_riots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>1984 anti-Sikh riots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1984_anti-Sikh_riots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pogroms_and_race_riots_in_the_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pogroms_and_race_riots_in_the_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pogroms and race riots in the 21st century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pogroms_and_race_riots_in_the_21st_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pogroms and race riots in the 21st century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pogroms_and_race_riots_in_the_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2002_Gujarat_pogrom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2002_Gujarat_pogrom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>2002 Gujarat pogrom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2002_Gujarat_pogrom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005_Cronulla_riots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005_Cronulla_riots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>2005 Cronulla riots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005_Cronulla_riots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks_in_the_occupied_West_Bank_in_2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_in_the_occupied_West_Bank_in_2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Attacks in the occupied West Bank in 2008</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_in_the_occupied_West_Bank_in_2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017_anti-Rohingya_pogroms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017_anti-Rohingya_pogroms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>2017 anti-Rohingya pogroms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017_anti-Rohingya_pogroms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Bank_settler_pogroms_in_the_early_2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Bank_settler_pogroms_in_the_early_2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>West Bank settler pogroms in the early 2020s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Bank_settler_pogroms_in_the_early_2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Huwara_rampage_in_February_2023" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Huwara_rampage_in_February_2023"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>The Huwara rampage in February 2023</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Huwara_rampage_in_February_2023-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hamas-initiated_attacks_on_7_October_2023" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hamas-initiated_attacks_on_7_October_2023"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Hamas-initiated attacks on 7 October 2023</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hamas-initiated_attacks_on_7_October_2023-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Bank_pogroms_in_2023" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Bank_pogroms_in_2023"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>West Bank pogroms in 2023</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Bank_pogroms_in_2023-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024_riots_against_Syrian_refugees_in_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_riots_against_Syrian_refugees_in_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>2024 riots against Syrian refugees in Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_riots_against_Syrian_refugees_in_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-November_2024_Amsterdam_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#November_2024_Amsterdam_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>November 2024 Amsterdam attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-November_2024_Amsterdam_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_events_named_pogroms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_events_named_pogroms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of events named pogroms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_events_named_pogroms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References and notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References_and_notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References and notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References_and_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Table_Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Table Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descriptions_of_the_events_in_the_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descriptions_of_the_events_in_the_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Descriptions of the events in the table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descriptions_of_the_events_in_the_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_from_the_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_from_the_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Notes from the text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_from_the_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pogrom</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="بوغروم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوغروم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talan" title="Talan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Talan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Пагром – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пагром" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Погром – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Погром" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogromm" title="Pogromm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pogromm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BC" title="Πογκρόμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πογκρόμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogromo" title="Pogromo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pogromo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogromo" title="Pogromo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pogromo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="پوگروم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پوگروم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EA%B7%B8%EB%A1%AC" title="포그롬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포그롬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B4" title="Պոգրոմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պոգրոմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogromo" title="Pogromo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pogromo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D" title="פוגרום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוגרום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="პოგრომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოგრომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ойран – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ойран" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogromu" title="Pogromu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pogromu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogromas" title="Pogromas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pogromas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Погром – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Погром" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="പോഗ്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോഗ്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A0" title="ポグロム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポグロム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogr%C3%B2m" title="Pogròm – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pogròm" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Погром – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Погром" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogromi" title="Pogromi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pogromi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Погром – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Погром" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogromi" title="Pogromi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pogromi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="โพกรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โพกรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Погром – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Погром" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="پوگروم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پوگروم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pogrom" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9D" title="פאגראם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאגראם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%8C%B6%E9%A8%B7%E4%BA%82" title="反猶騷亂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="反猶騷亂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%8C%B6%E9%A8%B7%E4%BA%82" title="反猶騷亂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="反猶騷亂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q177716#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Pogrom" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Pogrom_(horse)" title="Pogrom (horse)">Pogrom (horse)</a>. For the volcano in the Aleutian Islands, see <a href="/wiki/Pogromni_Volcano" title="Pogromni Volcano">Pogromni Volcano</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Pogrom</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pluenderung_der_Judengasse_1614.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Pluenderung_der_Judengasse_1614.png/250px-Pluenderung_der_Judengasse_1614.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Pluenderung_der_Judengasse_1614.png/375px-Pluenderung_der_Judengasse_1614.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Pluenderung_der_Judengasse_1614.png/500px-Pluenderung_der_Judengasse_1614.png 2x" data-file-width="1768" data-file-height="2364" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Plundering the <i><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Judengasse" title="Frankfurter Judengasse">Judengasse</a></i> in a Jewish ghetto during the <a href="/wiki/Fettmilch_uprising" title="Fettmilch uprising">Fettmilch uprising</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, 22 August 1614</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a><br />Additionally other ethnic groups</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/100px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/150px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/200px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="503" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_antisemitism" title="List of writers on antisemitism">Reference</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Definitions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">IHRA definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Declaration_on_Antisemitism" title="Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism">Jerusalem Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexus Task Force">Nexus Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Africa & Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in Algeria">Algeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1898_Algerian_riots" title="1898 Algerian riots">1898 riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Constantine_riots" title="1934 Constantine riots">1934 riot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Japan" title="Antisemitism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antisemitism in Libya (page does not exist)">Libya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1945_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Tripolitania" title="1945 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania">1945 riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Tripolitania" title="1948 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania">1948 riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Tripoli_pogrom" title="1967 Tripoli pogrom">1967 pogrom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Pakistan" title="Antisemitism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_textbook_controversy" title="Saudi Arabian textbook controversy">textbook controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_South_Africa" title="Antisemitism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aleppo" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo">1947 riot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1941_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Gab%C3%A8s" title="1941 anti-Jewish riots in Gabès">1941 riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Djerba_synagogue_shooting" title="2023 Djerba synagogue shooting">2023 attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1934_Thrace_pogroms" title="1934 Thrace pogroms">1934 pogrom</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Americas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Argentina" title="Antisemitism in Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMIA_bombing" title="AMIA bombing">AMIA bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Canada" title="Antisemitism in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christie_Pits_riot" title="Christie Pits riot">1933 riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Days_of_Shame" title="Days of Shame">1934 strike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Chile" title="Antisemitism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Antisemitism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">USA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950s_synagogue_bombings" title="1950s synagogue bombings">1950s bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Washington,_D.C.,_attack_and_hostage_taking" title="1977 Washington, D.C., attack and hostage taking">1977 hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights_riot" title="Crown Heights riot">1991 riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Brooklyn_Bridge_shooting" title="1994 Brooklyn Bridge shooting">1994 attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Jewish_Federation_shooting" title="Seattle Jewish Federation shooting">2006 attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_shooting" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum shooting">2009 attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Overland_Park_Shootings" title="2014 Overland Park Shootings">2014 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">2018 attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Jersey_City_shooting" title="2019 Jersey City shooting">2019 attack (NJ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poway_synagogue_shooting" title="Poway synagogue shooting">2019 attack (CA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleyville_synagogue_hostage_crisis" title="Colleyville synagogue hostage crisis">2022 hostage crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela" title="Antisemitism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tif%C3%A9ret_Israel_Synagogue_attack" title="Tiféret Israel Synagogue attack">2009 attack</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Austria" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Belgium" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_massacre" title="Strasbourg massacre">Strasbourg massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Paris_synagogue_bombing" title="1980 Paris synagogue bombing">Paris bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_%C3%8Ele-de-France_attacks" title="January 2015 Île-de-France attacks">Île-de-France attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercacher_kosher_supermarket_siege" title="Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege">Hypercacher siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_France" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century France">21st-century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Germany" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Greece" title="Antisemitism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Hungary" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Italy" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Poland" title="Antisemitism in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom_(1918)" title="Kielce pogrom (1918)">Kielce (1918)</a> <a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">(1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_pogrom" title="Kraków pogrom">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Poland,_1944%E2%80%931946" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946">1944–1946 events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeopolonia" title="Judeopolonia">Judeopolonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in Portugal">Portugal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_massacre" title="Lisbon massacre">Lisbon massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_and_Muslims_by_Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal">Expulsion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Romania" title="Antisemitism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Stalinist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Spain" title="Antisemitism in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1066_Granada_massacre" title="1066 Granada massacre">1066 massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_1391" title="Massacre of 1391">1391 massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Sweden" title="Antisemitism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Ukraine" title="Antisemitism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party">Labour Party</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Oceania</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Australia" title="Antisemitism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_New_Zealand" title="Antisemitism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_antisemitism" title="Economic antisemitism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_incidents_during_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Antisemitic incidents during the Gaza War (2008–2009)">during Gaza War ('08-09)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Antisemitism during the Israel–Hamas war">during Israel-Hamas war ('23-24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-directed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Olympic_Games" title="Antisemitism in the Olympic Games">Olympic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism" title="Secondary antisemitism">Secondary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_antisemitism" title="Socialist antisemitism">Socialist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Antisemitic tropes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_Plan" title="Cohen Plan">Cohen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope#Controlling_the_global_financial_system" title="Antisemitic trope">Finance control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Prophecy" title="Franklin Prophecy">Franklin Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration#Medieval_accusations_against_Jews" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International conspiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">War conspiracy </a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_lobby#Viewed_as_antisemitic_and/or_pejorative" title="Jewish lobby">Jewish lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tax_conspiracy_theory" title="Kosher tax conspiracy theory">Kosher tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope#Controlling_the_media" title="Antisemitic trope">Media control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon#Antisemitism" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_poisoning#History_of_well_poisoning_as_libel" title="Well poisoning">Well poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory#Neo-Nazis'_accusations_against_Jews" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">ZOG conspiracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Black Death persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_boycotts" title="Anti-Jewish boycotts">Boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Ghettos in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">Mellah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Martyrdom in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pogroms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refuseniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitic_publications" title="Category:Antisemitic publications">Antisemitic publications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21_Paths_to_the_Kingdom_of_Darkness" title="21 Paths to the Kingdom of Darkness">21 Paths to the Kingdom of Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adversus_Judaeos" title="Adversus Judaeos">Adversus Judaeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barnes_Review" title="The Barnes Review">The Barnes Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Notebooks#Controversy" title="Black Notebooks">Black Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Wars" title="Currency Wars">Currency Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dearborn_Independent" title="The Dearborn Independent">The Dearborn Independent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_Without_Embellishment" title="Judaism Without Embellishment">Judaism Without Embellishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_juive" title="La France juive">La France juive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Hamas_charter" title="1988 Hamas charter">Hamas Charter ('88)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Libre_Parole" title="La Libre Parole">La Libre Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Blacks_and_Jews" title="The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews">The Secret Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_Character" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and Character">Sex and Character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Antisemitism on the Internet</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki//pol/" title="/pol/">4chan (/pol/)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8chan" title="8chan">8chan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disclose.tv" title="Disclose.tv">Disclose.tv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goebbels_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Goebbels Gap">Goebbels Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GoyimTV" class="mw-redirect" title="GoyimTV">GoyimTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groypers" title="Groypers">Groypers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_Watch" title="Jew Watch">Jew Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Observer" title="Occidental Observer">The Occidental Observer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ice" title="Red Ice">Red Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renegade_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Renegade Tribune">Renegade Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)"><i>The Right Stuff</i> (blog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorgram" title="Terrorgram">Terrorgram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_parentheses" title="Triple parentheses">Triple parentheses</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TruNews" title="TruNews">TruNews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ron_Unz" title="Ron Unz">The Unz Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Today" title="Veterans Today">Veterans Today</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia and antisemitism">Wikipedia and antisemitism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska_(activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baked Alaska (activist)">Baked Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anglin" title="Andrew Anglin">Andrew Anglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Beam" title="Louis Beam">Louis Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bilzerian" title="Dan Bilzerian">Dan Bilzerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Black_(white_supremacist)" title="Don Black (white supremacist)">Don Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_von_Brunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James von Brunn">James von Brunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Butler_(white_supremacist)" title="Richard Butler (white supremacist)">Richard Girnt Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Édouard Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fritsch" title="Theodor Fritsch">Theodor Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Nick Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Jones" title="Arthur J. Jones">Arthur Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(white_supremacist)" title="David Lane (white supremacist)">David Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_G._Liebold" title="Ernest G. Liebold">Ernest G. Liebold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_and_antisemitism" title="Martin Luther and antisemitism">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)" title="Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)">Kevin MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marr" title="Wilhelm Marr">Wilhelm Marr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Mullins" title="Eustace Mullins">Eustace Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">William Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Richard Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stapel" title="Wilhelm Stapel">Wilhelm Stapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Alfred_Strom" title="Kevin Alfred Strom">Kevin Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Wiles" title="Rick Wiles">Rick Wiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Z%C3%BCndel" title="Ernst Zündel">Ernst Zündel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Horia Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">A. C. Cuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Octavian Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Buzatu" title="Gheorghe Buzatu">Gheorghe Buzatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nae_Ionescu" title="Nae Ionescu">Nae Ionescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Nichifor Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Slavici" title="Ioan Slavici">Ioan Slavici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Ferenczy" title="László Ferenczy">László Ferenczy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petliura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Stepan Bandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Weininger" title="Otto Weininger">Otto Weininger</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anti-antisemitism" title="Anti-antisemitism">Opposition</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-antisemitism_in_Germany" title="Anti-antisemitism in Germany">Anti-antisemitism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_Commission" title="Anti-Defamation Commission">Anti-Defamation Commission</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Antisemitism" title="Campaign Against Antisemitism">Campaign Against Antisemitism</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Trust" title="Community Security Trust">Community Security Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_Agency" title="Fundamental Rights Agency">Fundamental Rights Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">SPLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute" title="Stephen Roth Institute">Stephen Roth Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Committee_Against_Antisemitism" title="Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism">Swedish Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Councils_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Union of Councils for Soviet Jews">Union of Councils for Soviet Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Watch" title="UN Watch">UN Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Strategy_to_Counter_Antisemitism" title="U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism">U.S. National Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiener_Holocaust_Library" title="Wiener Holocaust Library">Wiener Holocaust Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Philosemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaponization_of_antisemitism" title="Weaponization of antisemitism">Weaponization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>pogrom</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a violent <a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">riot</a> incited with the aim of <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacring</a> or expelling an ethnic or religious group, particularly <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term entered the English language from Russian to describe 19th- and 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire">attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire</a> (mostly within the <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a>). Retrospectively, similar attacks against Jews which occurred in other times and places also became known as pogroms.<sup id="cite_ref-Brass_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brass-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes the word is used to describe publicly sanctioned purgative attacks against non-Jewish groups. The characteristics of a pogrom vary widely, depending on the specific incident, at times leading to, or culminating in, <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WileyBlackwell_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WileyBlackwell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klier58_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klier58-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-international_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-international-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Engel_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YIVO_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YIVO-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Significant pogroms in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> included the <a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms" title="Odessa pogroms">Odessa pogroms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_pogrom_(1881)" title="Warsaw pogrom (1881)">Warsaw pogrom (1881)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kishinev_pogrom" title="Kishinev pogrom">Kishinev pogrom</a> (1903), <a href="/wiki/Kiev_pogrom_(1905)" title="Kiev pogrom (1905)">Kiev pogrom (1905)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_pogrom" title="Białystok pogrom">Białystok pogrom</a> (1906). After the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, several pogroms occurred amidst the power struggles in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_pogrom_(1918)" title="Lwów pogrom (1918)">Lwów pogrom (1918)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiev_pogroms_(1919)" title="Kiev pogroms (1919)">Kiev pogroms (1919)</a>. The most significant pogrom which occurred in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> was the 1938 <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a>. At least 91 Jews were killed, a further thirty thousand arrested and subsequently incarcerated in <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camps">concentration camps</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a thousand synagogues burned, and over seven thousand Jewish businesses destroyed or damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-Berenbaum2005p49_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berenbaum2005p49-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert30_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert30-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notorious pogroms of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> included the 1941 <a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a> in Iraq, the July 1941 <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași pogrom</a> in Romania – in which over 13,200 Jews were killed – as well as the <a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne pogrom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">German-occupied Poland</a>. Post-World War II pogroms included the <a href="/wiki/1945_Tripoli_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="1945 Tripoli pogrom">1945 Tripoli pogrom</a>, the 1946 <a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce pogrom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1947_Aleppo_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Aleppo pogrom">1947 Aleppo pogrom</a>, and the 1955 <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a>. </p><p>This type of violence has also occurred to other ethnic and religious minorities. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/1984_Sikh_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="1984 Sikh massacre">1984 Sikh massacre</a> in which 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> were killed<sup id="cite_ref-3000_Sikhs_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3000_Sikhs-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat</a> pogrom against Indian Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Wire_-_Gujarat_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wire_-_Gujarat-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, two attacks in the <a href="/wiki/Occupied_West_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied West Bank">Occupied West Bank</a> by <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli settlers">Israeli Jewish settlers</a> on <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Arabs">Palestinian Arabs</a> were labeled as pogroms by then-Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Olmert" title="Ehud Olmert">Ehud Olmert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smh_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smh-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Huwara_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Huwara pogrom">Huwara pogrom</a> was a common name<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> for the 2023 <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settler" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli settler">Israeli settler</a> attack on the Palestinian town of <a href="/wiki/Huwara" title="Huwara">Huwara</a> in February 2023.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="The material near this tag may be giving undue weight to a viewpoint or idea. (August 2024)">undue weight?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Pogrom#undue" title="Talk:Pogrom">discuss</a></i>]</sup> In 2023, a <i>Wall Street Journal</i> editorial referred to the <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas attack on Israel">2023 Hamas attack on Israel</a> as a pogrom.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_October_7_pogrpm_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ_October_7_pogrpm-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_word_pogrom">The word <i>pogrom</i></h2></div> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:222px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:205px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:-1px; top:-1px; width:222px; position:absolute;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Russian_Pogrom,_The_Times,_Monday,_Dec_07,_1903.png" class="mw-file-description" title="An early reference to a "pogrom" in The Times of London, December 1903. Together with The New York Times and the Hearst press, they took the lead in highlighting the pogrom in Kishinev (now Chişinău, Moldova) and other cities in Russia.[17] In May of the same year, The Times' Russian correspondent Dudley Disraeli Braham had been expelled from Russia.[18]"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_Russian_Pogrom%2C_The_Times%2C_Monday%2C_Dec_07%2C_1903.png/222px-The_Russian_Pogrom%2C_The_Times%2C_Monday%2C_Dec_07%2C_1903.png" decoding="async" width="222" height="672" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_Russian_Pogrom%2C_The_Times%2C_Monday%2C_Dec_07%2C_1903.png/333px-The_Russian_Pogrom%2C_The_Times%2C_Monday%2C_Dec_07%2C_1903.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/The_Russian_Pogrom%2C_The_Times%2C_Monday%2C_Dec_07%2C_1903.png 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="1265" /></a></span></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Russian_Pogrom,_The_Times,_Monday,_Dec_07,_1903.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_Russian_Pogrom%2C_The_Times%2C_Monday%2C_Dec_07%2C_1903.png/222px-The_Russian_Pogrom%2C_The_Times%2C_Monday%2C_Dec_07%2C_1903.png" decoding="async" width="222" height="672" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_Russian_Pogrom%2C_The_Times%2C_Monday%2C_Dec_07%2C_1903.png/333px-The_Russian_Pogrom%2C_The_Times%2C_Monday%2C_Dec_07%2C_1903.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/The_Russian_Pogrom%2C_The_Times%2C_Monday%2C_Dec_07%2C_1903.png 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="1265" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Russian_Pogrom,_The_Times,_Monday,_Dec_07,_1903.png" title="File:The Russian Pogrom, The Times, Monday, Dec 07, 1903.png"> </a></div>An early reference to a "pogrom" in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> of London, December 1903. Together with <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearst Corporation">Hearst press</a>, they took the lead in highlighting the <a href="/wiki/Kishinev_pogrom" title="Kishinev pogrom">pogrom in Kishinev</a> (now Chişinău, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>) and other cities in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May of the same year, The Times' Russian correspondent Dudley Disraeli Braham had been expelled from Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_pogrom" title="Definitions of pogrom">Definitions of pogrom</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> <p>First recorded in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> in 1882, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> word <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">pogróm</i></span> (<span lang="ru"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:погром">погро́м</a></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[pɐˈɡrom]</a></span>) is derived from the common prefix <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru">po-</i></span> (<span lang="ru"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BF%D0%BE-#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:по-">по-</a></span>) and the verb <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">gromít'</i></span> (<span lang="ru"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:громить">громи́ть</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ɡrɐˈmʲitʲ]</a></span>) meaning 'to destroy, wreak havoc, demolish violently'. The noun <i>pogrom</i>, which has a relatively short history, is used in English and many other languages as a <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a>, possibly borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> (where the word takes the form <span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">פאָגראָם</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its modern widespread circulation began with the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> violence in the Russian Empire in 1881–1883.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergmann_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergmann-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage_of_the_word">Usage of the word</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TulsaRaceRiot-1921.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/TulsaRaceRiot-1921.png/220px-TulsaRaceRiot-1921.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/TulsaRaceRiot-1921.png/330px-TulsaRaceRiot-1921.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/TulsaRaceRiot-1921.png/440px-TulsaRaceRiot-1921.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The 1921 <a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a>, which destroyed the wealthiest <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">black</a> community in the United States, has been described as a pogrom.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, "the term is usually applied to attacks on <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, [and] the first extensive pogroms followed the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Alexander_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Alexander II">Tsar Alexander II</a> in 1881".<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789</i> states that pogroms "were <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> disturbances that periodically occurred within the tsarist empire."<sup id="cite_ref-WileyBlackwell_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WileyBlackwell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the term is widely used to refer to many events which occurred prior to the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire">Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire</a>. Historian of Russian Jewry <a href="/wiki/John_Klier" title="John Klier">John Klier</a> writes in <i>Russians, Jews, and the Pogroms of 1881–1882</i>: "By the twentieth century, the word 'pogrom' had become a generic term in English for all forms of collective violence directed against Jews."<sup id="cite_ref-Klier58_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klier58-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Abramson" title="Henry Abramson">Abramson</a> points out that "in mainstream usage the word has come to imply an act of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>", since while "Jews have not been the only group to suffer under this phenomenon ... historically Jews have been frequent victims of such violence."<sup id="cite_ref-Abramson_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abramson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term is also used in reference to attacks on non-Jewish ethnic minorities, and accordingly, some scholars do not include <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> as the defining characteristic of <i>pogroms</i>. Reviewing the word's uses in scholarly literature, historian <a href="/wiki/Werner_Bergmann" title="Werner Bergmann">Werner Bergmann</a> proposes that a pogrom should be "defined as a <i>unilateral, nongovernmental</i> form of <i>collective</i> violence that is <i>initiated by the majority population</i> against a largely defenseless minority ethnic group, and occurring when the <i>majority</i> expect the state to provide them [sic] with no assistance in overcoming a (perceived) threat from the minority".<sup id="cite_ref-international_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-international-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Bergmann adds that in Western usage, the word's "anti-Semitic overtones" have been retained.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergmann_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergmann-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/David_Engel_(historian)" title="David Engel (historian)">David Engel</a> supports this view, writing that while "there can be no logically or empirically compelling grounds for declaring that some particular episode does or does not merit the label [pogrom]," the majority of the incidents which are "habitually" described as pogroms took place in societies that were significantly divided by <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnicity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> where the violence was committed by members of the higher-ranking group against members of a stereotyped lower-ranking group with which they expressed some complaint, and where the members of the higher-ranking group justified their acts of violence by claiming that the law of the land would not be used to prevent the alleged complaint.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no universally accepted set of characteristics which define the term pogrom.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bergmann2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergmann2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Klier writes that "when applied indiscriminately to events in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, the term can be misleading, the more so when it implies that 'pogroms' were regular events in the region and that they always shared common features."<sup id="cite_ref-Klier58_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klier58-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of the term pogrom to refer to events in 1918–19 in Polish cities (including the <a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom_(1918)" title="Kielce pogrom (1918)">Kielce pogrom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pinsk_massacre" title="Pinsk massacre">Pinsk massacre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_pogrom_(1918)" title="Lwów pogrom (1918)">Lwów pogrom</a>) was specifically avoided in the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Report" title="Morgenthau Report">Morgenthau Report</a>; the word "excesses" was employed instead because the authors argued that the use of the term "pogrom" required a situation to be <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> rather than political in nature, which meant that it was inapplicable to the conditions which exist in a war zone.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pietrowski_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pietrowski-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pease_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pease-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media use of the term pogrom to refer to the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights_riot" title="Crown Heights riot">Crown Heights riot</a> caused public controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-JewishWeek_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewishWeek-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Magazine_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Magazine-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Conaway_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conaway-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, two separate attacks in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> by <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">settlers</a> on <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a> were characterized as pogroms by then <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister of Israel</a> <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Olmert" title="Ehud Olmert">Ehud Olmert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smh_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smh-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc11_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc11-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Werner Bergmann suggests that all such incidents have a particularly unifying characteristic: "By the <i>collective attribution</i> of a threat, the pogrom differs from other forms of <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynchings</a>, which are directed at individual members of a minority group, while the <i>imbalance of power</i> in favor of the rioters distinguishes pogroms from other forms of riots (<a href="/wiki/Food_riot" title="Food riot">food riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Race_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Race riot">race riots</a> or '<a href="/wiki/Communal_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Communal riot">communal riots</a>' between evenly matched groups); and again, the <i>low level of organization</i> separates them from <a href="/wiki/Vigilantism" title="Vigilantism">vigilantism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-international_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-international-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_anti-Jewish_pogroms">History of anti-Jewish pogroms</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hep_Hep_Krawalle_1819.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Hep_Hep_Krawalle_1819.jpg/220px-Hep_Hep_Krawalle_1819.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Hep_Hep_Krawalle_1819.jpg/330px-Hep_Hep_Krawalle_1819.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Hep_Hep_Krawalle_1819.jpg/440px-Hep_Hep_Krawalle_1819.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2310" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hep-Hep_riots" title="Hep-Hep riots">Hep-Hep riots</a> in <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>, 1819. On the left, two peasant women are assaulting a Jewish man with a pitchfork and a broom. On the right, a man wearing spectacles, tails and a six-button waistcoat, "perhaps a pharmacist or a schoolteacher,"<sup id="cite_ref-metropolitan_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metropolitan-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> holds a Jewish man by the throat and is about to club him with a truncheon. The houses are being looted. A contemporary engraving by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Voltz" title="Johann Michael Voltz">Johann Michael Voltz</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first recorded anti-Jewish riots took place in <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_riots_(38_CE)" title="Alexandrian riots (38 CE)">Alexandria in the year 38 CE</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_riot_(66)" title="Alexandria riot (66)">more known riot of 66 CE</a>. Other notable events took place in Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Jewish communities were targeted in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England_(1066%E2%80%931290)#Massacres_at_London_and_York_(1189–1190)" title="History of the Jews in England (1066–1290)">1189 and 1190 in England</a> and throughout Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death_Jewish_persecutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Death Jewish persecutions">Black Death</a> of 1348–1350, including in <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erfurt_massacre_(1349)" title="Erfurt massacre (1349)">Erfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basel_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel massacre">Basel</a>, Aragon, Flanders<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_massacre" title="Strasbourg massacre">Strasbourg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 510 Jewish communities were destroyed during this period,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extending further to the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_massacre" title="Brussels massacre">Brussels massacre</a> of 1370. On <a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a> of 1389, a pogrom began in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> that led to the burning of the Jewish quarter, the killing of many Jews, and the suicide of many Jews trapped in the main synagogue; the number of dead was estimated at 400–500 men, women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attacks against Jews also took place in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Spanish</a> cities during the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_1391" title="Massacre of 1391">massacre of 1391</a>. </p><p>The brutal murders of Jews and Poles occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky Uprising</a> of 1648–1657 in present-day <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern historians give estimates of the scale of the murders by Khmelnytsky's <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Cossacks</a> ranging between 40,000 and 100,000 men, women and children,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or perhaps many more.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The outbreak of violence against Jews (<a href="/wiki/Hep-Hep_riots" title="Hep-Hep riots">Hep-Hep riots</a>) occurred at the beginning of the 19th century in reaction to <a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Jewish emancipation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire">Pogroms in the Russian Empire</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pogrom_de_Chisinau_-_1903_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Pogrom_de_Chisinau_-_1903_-_1.jpg/220px-Pogrom_de_Chisinau_-_1903_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Pogrom_de_Chisinau_-_1903_-_1.jpg/330px-Pogrom_de_Chisinau_-_1903_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Pogrom_de_Chisinau_-_1903_-_1.jpg/440px-Pogrom_de_Chisinau_-_1903_-_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Victims of a pogrom in <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Kishinev</a>, Bessarabia, 1903</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Pogroms in the Russian Empire</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, which previously had very few Jews, acquired territories in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Partition" title="Russian Partition">Russian Partition</a> that contained large Jewish populations, during the military <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitions of Poland</a> in 1772, 1793 and 1795.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies60_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies60-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In conquered territories, a new political entity called the <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a> was formed in 1791 by <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>. Most Jews from the former Commonwealth were allowed to reside only within the Pale, including families expelled by royal decree from St. Petersburg, Moscow and other large Russian cities.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1821 <a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms" title="Odessa pogroms">Odessa pogroms</a> marked the beginning of the 19th century pogroms in Tsarist Russia; there were four more such pogroms in <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a> before the end of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-H-DL_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H-DL-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a> in 1881 by <a href="/wiki/Narodnaya_Volya#Assassination_of_Tsar_Alexander_II" title="Narodnaya Volya">Narodnaya Volya</a>, anti-Jewish events turned into a wave of over 200 pogroms by their modern definition, which lasted for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-OBu_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBu-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish self-governing <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kehillah" class="extiw" title="wikt:Kehillah">Kehillah</a></i> were abolished by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Tsar Nicholas I</a> in 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is some disagreement about the level of planning from the Tsarist authorities and the motives for the attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaretsky_-_quote_1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaretsky_-_quote_1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first in 20th-century Russia was the <a href="/wiki/Kishinev_pogrom" title="Kishinev pogrom">Kishinev pogrom</a> of 1903 in which 49 Jews were killed, hundreds wounded, 700 homes destroyed and 600 businesses pillaged.<sup id="cite_ref-JEncyclo_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JEncyclo-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, pogroms took place in <a href="/wiki/Gomel" title="Gomel">Gomel</a> (Belarus), <a href="/wiki/Smila" title="Smila">Smela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feodosiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Feodosiya">Feodosiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melitopol" title="Melitopol">Melitopol</a> (Ukraine). Extreme savagery was typified by mutilations of the wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-P.J._49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P.J.-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were followed by the <a href="/wiki/Zhitomir" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhitomir">Zhitomir</a> pogrom (with 29 killed),<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Kiev_pogrom_(1905)" title="Kiev pogrom (1905)">Kiev pogrom</a> of October 1905 resulting in a massacre of approximately 100 Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-S.L._51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S.L.-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In three years between 1903 and 1906, about 660 pogroms were recorded in Ukraine and Bessarabia; half a dozen more in Belorussia, carried out with the Russian government's complicity, but no anti-Jewish pogroms were recorded in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-P.J._49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P.J.-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At about that time, the <a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Lithuania,_Poland_and_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia">Jewish Labor Bund</a> began organizing armed self-defense units ready to shoot back, and the pogroms subsided for a number of years.<sup id="cite_ref-S.L._51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S.L.-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to professor <a href="/wiki/Colin_Tatz" title="Colin Tatz">Colin Tatz</a>, between 1881 and 1920 there were 1,326 pogroms in Ukraine (<i>see: <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Krai" title="Southwestern Krai">Southwestern Krai</a> parts of <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement#Final_demographics" title="Pale of Settlement">the Pale</a></i>) which took the lives of 70,000 to 250,000 civilian Jews, leaving half a million homeless.<sup id="cite_ref-T&H_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T&H-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kleg_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleg-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This violence across Eastern Europe prompted a wave of <a href="/wiki/Russian_diaspora" title="Russian diaspora">Jewish migration</a> westward that totaled about 2.5 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Europe_after_World_War_I">Eastern Europe after World War I</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukraina1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ukraina1919.jpg/220px-Ukraina1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ukraina1919.jpg/330px-Ukraina1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ukraina1919.jpg/440px-Ukraina1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>Map of pogroms in Ukraine between 1918 and 1920 per casualties</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pogroms_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms of the Russian Civil War">Pogroms of the Russian Civil War</a></div> <p>Large-scale pogroms, which began in the Russian Empire several decades earlier, intensified during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> in the aftermath of World War I. Professor <a href="/wiki/Zvi_Gitelman" title="Zvi Gitelman">Zvi Gitelman</a> (in <i>A Century of Ambivalence</i>, originally published in 1988) estimated that only in 1918–1919 over 1,200 pogroms took place in Ukraine, thus amounting to the greatest slaughter of Jews in Eastern Europe since 1648.<sup id="cite_ref-Gitelman25_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gitelman25-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kiev_pogroms_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev pogroms of 1919">Kiev pogroms of 1919</a>, according to Gitelman, were the first of a subsequent wave of pogroms in which between 30,000 and 70,000 Jews were massacred across Ukraine; although more recent assessments<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> put the Jewish death toll at more than 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Gitelman_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gitelman-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SKa_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKa-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The quotation near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source to ensure that it actually exists, is accurate, and is not taken out of context. (November 2024)">verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> in his controversial 2002 book <i><a href="/wiki/Two_Hundred_Years_Together" title="Two Hundred Years Together">Two Hundred Years Together</a></i> provided additional statistics from research conducted by <a href="/wiki/Nahum_Gergel" title="Nahum Gergel">Nahum Gergel</a> (1887–1931), published in Yiddish in 1928 and English in 1951. Gergel counted 1,236 incidents of anti-Jewish violence between 1918 and 1921, and estimated that 887 mass pogroms occurred, the remainder being classified as "excesses" not assuming mass proportions.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleg_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleg-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NLe_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NLe-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of all the pogroms accounted for in Gergel's research: </p> <ul><li>About 40 percent were perpetrated by the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> forces led by <a href="/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petliura</a>. The Republic issued orders condemning pogroms,<sup id="cite_ref-Ukraine:_Birth_of_a_Modern_Nation_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ukraine:_Birth_of_a_Modern_Nation-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but lacked authority to intervene.<sup id="cite_ref-Ukraine:_Birth_of_a_Modern_Nation_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ukraine:_Birth_of_a_Modern_Nation-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After May 1919 the Directory lost its role as a credible governing body; almost 75 percent of pogroms occurred between May and September of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-HoUJsntui_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoUJsntui-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of Jews were killed only for being Jewish, without any political affiliations.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleg_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleg-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>25 percent by the Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Green_armies" title="Green armies">Green Army</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian nationalist">Ukrainian nationalist</a> gangs,</li> <li>17 percent by the <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a>, especially the forces of <a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Anton Denikin</a>,</li> <li>8.5 percent of Gergel's total was attributed to pogroms carried out by men of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> (more specifically <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Budenny" class="mw-redirect" title="Semyon Budenny">Semyon Budenny</a>'s First Cavalry, most of whose soldiers had previously served under Denikin).<sup id="cite_ref-NLe_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NLe-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These pogroms were not, however, sanctioned by the Bolshevik leadership; the high command "vigorously condemned these pogroms and disarmed the guilty regiments", and the pogroms would soon be condemned by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a> in a speech made at a military parade in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-NLe_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NLe-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Gergel's overall figures, which are generally considered conservative, are based on the testimony of witnesses and newspaper reports collected by the <i>Mizrakh-Yidish Historiche Arkhiv</i> which was first based in Kiev, then Berlin and later New York. The English version of Gergel's article was published in 1951 in the <a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO</a> <i>Annual of Jewish Social Science</i> titled "The Pogroms in the Ukraine in 1918–1921".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 August 1919, during the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a>, Polish troops took over <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Minsk" title="Operation Minsk">Operation Minsk</a>. They killed 31 Jews suspected of supporting the Bolshevist movement, beat and attacked many more, looted 377 Jewish-owned shops (aided by the local civilians) and ransacked many private homes.<sup id="cite_ref-HM414_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HM414-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andrew_Sloin_2017_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrew_Sloin_2017-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Morgenthau's report of October 1919 stated that there is no question that some of the Jewish leaders exaggerated these evils."<sup id="cite_ref-SW166_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW166-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PDS85_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDS85-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Elissa Bemporad, the "violence endured by the Jewish population under the Poles encouraged popular support for the Red Army, as Jewish public opinion welcomed the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Belorussian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Belorussian SSR">Belorussian SSR</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Elissa_Bemporad_2013_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elissa_Bemporad_2013-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, during the localized armed conflicts of independence, 72 Jews were killed and 443 injured in the 1918 <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_pogrom_(1918)" title="Lwów pogrom (1918)">Lwów pogrom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Strauss_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strauss-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-frontier_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frontier-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, pogroms were reported by the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Tribune">New York Tribune</a></i> in several cities in the newly established <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Poland_and_its_Red_Reign_of_Terror_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Poland_and_its_Red_Reign_of_Terror-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pogroms_in_Europe_and_the_Americas_before_World_War_II">Pogroms in Europe and the Americas before World War II</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina_1919">Argentina 1919</h4></div> <p>In 1919, a pogrom occurred in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Argentina)" title="Tragic Week (Argentina)">Tragic Week</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bookrags_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookrags-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had an added element, as it was called to attack Jews and <a href="/wiki/Catalans" title="Catalans">Catalans</a> indiscriminately. The reasons are not clear, especially considering that, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, the Catalan colony, established mainly in the neighborhood of Montserrat, came from the foundation of the city, but could have been the result of the influence of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish nationalism</a>, which at the time described Catalans as a Semitic ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Britain_and_Ireland">Britain and Ireland</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_massacre_in_Le_Petit_Journal_(1909).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Adana_massacre_in_Le_Petit_Journal_%281909%29.jpg/170px-Adana_massacre_in_Le_Petit_Journal_%281909%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Adana_massacre_in_Le_Petit_Journal_%281909%29.jpg/255px-Adana_massacre_in_Le_Petit_Journal_%281909%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Adana_massacre_in_Le_Petit_Journal_%281909%29.jpg/340px-Adana_massacre_in_Le_Petit_Journal_%281909%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3420" data-file-height="4965" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">massacre of Armenians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, April 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 20th century, pogroms broke out elsewhere in the world as well. In 1904 in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Limerick_boycott" title="Limerick boycott">Limerick boycott</a> caused several Jewish families to leave the town. During the 1911 <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Wales#Modern_period" title="History of the Jews in Wales">Tredegar riot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, Jewish homes and businesses were looted and burned over a period of a week, before the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> was called in by the then <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, who described the riot as a "pogrom".<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the north of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> during the early 1920s, violent riots which were aimed at the expulsion of a religious group took place. In 1920, <a href="/wiki/Lisburn" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> saw violence related to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">partition of Ireland</a>. On 21 July 1920 in Belfast, Protestant <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Loyalists</a> marched on the Harland and Wolff shipyards and forced over 11,000 Catholic and left-wing Protestant workers from their jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sectarian rioting that followed resulted in about 20 deaths in just three days.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sectarian actions are often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfast Pogrom">Belfast Pogrom</a>. In Lisburn, County Antrim, on 23–25 August 1920 Protestant loyalist crowds looted and burned practically every Catholic business in the town and attacked Catholic homes. About 1,000 people, a third of the town's Catholics, fled Lisburn.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the first six months of 1922, hundreds of people had been killed in sectarian violence in newly formed <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. On a per capita basis, four Roman Catholics were killed for every Protestant.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the worst incident of anti-Jewish violence in Britain during the interwar period, the "Pogrom of Mile End", that occurred in 1936, 200 <a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">Blackshirt</a> youths ran amok in <a href="/wiki/Stepney" title="Stepney">Stepney</a> in the East End of London, smashing the windows of Jewish shops and homes and throwing an elderly man and young girl through a window. Though less serious, attacks on Jews were also reported in Manchester and Leeds in the north of England.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany_and_Nazi-occupied_Europe">Germany and Nazi-occupied Europe</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_1.JPG/220px-%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_1.JPG/330px-%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_1.JPG/440px-%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași pogrom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, June 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>The first pogrom in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> was the <i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i>, often called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Pogromnacht</i></span>, in which at least 91 Jews were killed, a further 30,000 arrested and incarcerated in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over 1,000 synagogues burned, and over 7,000 Jewish businesses destroyed or damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-Berenbaum2005p49_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berenbaum2005p49-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert30_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert30-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Nazi German death squads</a> encouraged local populations in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a> to commit pogroms against Jews. Brand new battalions of <i><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutscher_Selbstschutz" title="Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz">Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz</a></i> (trained by <a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">SD</a> agents) were mobilized from among the German minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Browning_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large number of pogroms occurred during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> at the hands of non-Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischel1998p41_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischel1998p41-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the deadliest of these Holocaust-era pogroms was the <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași pogrom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, perpetrated by <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a>, in which as many as 13,266 <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> were killed by <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a> citizens, police and military officials.<sup id="cite_ref-yadvashem_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yadvashem-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1–2 June 1941, in the two-day <a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a> pogrom in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, perpetrated by <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Kaylani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid Ali al-Kaylani">Rashid Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Muthanna_Club#Yunis_al-Sabawi" title="Al-Muthanna Club">Yunis al-Sabawi</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Futuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Futuwa">al-Futuwa</a> youth, "rioters murdered between 150 and 180 Jews, injured 600 others, and raped an undetermined number of women. They also looted some 1,500 stores and homes".<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-telegraph_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, 300–400 non-Jewish rioters were killed in the attempt to quell the violence.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lviv_pogrom_(June_-_July_1941).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Lviv_pogrom_%28June_-_July_1941%29.jpg/170px-Lviv_pogrom_%28June_-_July_1941%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Lviv_pogrom_%28June_-_July_1941%29.jpg/255px-Lviv_pogrom_%28June_-_July_1941%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Lviv_pogrom_%28June_-_July_1941%29.jpg/340px-Lviv_pogrom_%28June_-_July_1941%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Jewish woman chased by men and youth armed with clubs during the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv pogroms">Lviv pogroms</a>, July 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>In June–July 1941, encouraged by the <i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i> in the city of Lviv the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian People's Militia">Ukrainian People's Militia</a> perpetrated <a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">two citywide pogroms</a> in which around 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Polish Jews</a> were murdered,<sup id="cite_ref-ucsb_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucsb-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in retribution for alleged collaboration with the Soviet <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, some local police led by <a href="/wiki/Algirdas_Klimaitis" title="Algirdas Klimaitis">Algirdas Klimaitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans_(1941)" title="Lithuanian partisans (1941)">Lithuanian partisans</a> – consisting of <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Activist_Front" title="Lithuanian Activist Front">LAF</a> units reinforced by 3,600 deserters from the 29th Lithuanian Territorial Corps of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a><sup id="cite_ref-google4_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google4-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> promulgated anti-Jewish <a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">pogroms in Kaunas</a> along with occupying <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazis</a>. On 25–26 June 1941, about 3,800 Jews were killed and <a href="/wiki/Synagogues" class="mw-redirect" title="Synagogues">synagogues</a> and Jewish settlements burned.<sup id="cite_ref-Holocaust_Revealed_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holocaust_Revealed-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne pogrom</a> of July 1941, ethnic <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> burned at least 340 Jews in a barn (<a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a>) in the presence of Nazi German <i><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei#Police_Battalions" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a></i>. The role of the German <i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppe_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Einsatzgruppe B">Einsatzgruppe B</a></i> remains the subject of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-ipn_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipn-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ipn5_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipn5-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman67_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman67-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google6_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google6-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rossino_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossino-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-destruction_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-destruction-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe_after_World_War_II">Europe after World War II</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pogrom" title="Special:EditPage/Pogrom">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, a series of violent antisemitic incidents occurred against returning Jews throughout <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, particularly in the Soviet-occupied East where Nazi propagandists had extensively promoted the notion of a <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Bolshevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Bolshevism">Jewish-Communist conspiracy</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Poland,_1944%E2%80%931946" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946">Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Eastern_Europe,_1944%E2%80%931946" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Eastern Europe, 1944–1946">Anti-Jewish violence in Eastern Europe, 1944–1946</a>). Anti-Jewish riots also <a href="/wiki/The_Sergeants_affair#Reactions_in_Britain" title="The Sergeants affair">took place in Britain</a> in 1947.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pogroms_in_Asia_and_North_Africa">Pogroms in Asia and North Africa <span class="anchor" id="MENA"></span></h2></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Passfield_white_paper" title="Passfield white paper">Passfield white paper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1948_Arab–Israeli_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Southern front</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Kfar_Darom" title="Battles of Kfar Darom">Kfar Darom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nirim" title="Battle of Nirim">Nirim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yad_Mordechai" title="Battle of Yad Mordechai">Yad Mordechai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pleshet" title="Operation Pleshet"><i>Pleshet</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Negba" title="Battles of Negba">Negba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nitzanim" title="Battle of Nitzanim">Nitzanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_An-Far" title="Operation An-Far"><i>An-Far</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Be%27erot_Yitzhak" title="Battle of Be'erot Yitzhak">Be'erot Yitzhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Death_to_the_Invader" title="Operation Death to the Invader"><i>Death to the Invader</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_GYS" title="Operation GYS"><i>GYS</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Avak" title="Operation Avak"><i>Avak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yoav" title="Operation Yoav"><i>Yoav</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Hanoun_wedge" title="Beit Hanoun wedge">Beit Hanoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Separation_Corridor" title="Battles of the Separation Corridor">Separation Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1948)" title="Battle of Beersheba (1948)">Beersheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_naval_campaign_in_Operation_Yoav" title="Israeli naval campaign in Operation Yoav">Naval battles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shmone" title="Operation Shmone"><i>Shmone</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lot" title="Operation Lot"><i>Lot</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Assaf" title="Operation Assaf"><i>Assaf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Horev" title="Operation Horev"><i>Horev</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_86" title="Battle of Hill 86">Hill 86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Bir_%27Asluj" title="Battles of Bir 'Asluj">Bir Thamila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%27Auja" title="Battle of 'Auja">'Auja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Sinai_(1948)" title="Battles of the Sinai (1948)">Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rafah_(1949)" title="Battle of Rafah (1949)">Rafah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uvda" title="Operation Uvda"><i>Uvda</i></a></li></ul> <p><b>Central and Jerusalem front</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Jerusalem" title="Battle for Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kilshon" title="Operation Kilshon"><i>Kilshon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gesher" title="Battle of Gesher">Gesher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Yitzhak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Yitzhak (page does not exist)"><i>Yitzhak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_the_Old_City_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battles of the Old City of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Jerusalem Old City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Latrun_(1948)" title="Battles of Latrun (1948)">Latrun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Latrun_(1948)#Operation_Bin_Nun_Alef_(24–25_May)" title="Battles of Latrun (1948)"><i>Bin Nun A</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Latrun_(1948)#Operation_Bin_Nun_Bet" title="Battles of Latrun (1948)"><i>Bin Nun B</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jenin_(1948)" title="Battle of Jenin (1948)">Jenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Danny" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Danny"><i>Danny</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kedem" title="Operation Kedem"><i>Kedem</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Yoram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Yoram (page does not exist)"><i>Yoram</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ha-Har" title="Operation Ha-Har"><i>Ha-Har</i></a></li></ul> <p><b>Northern front</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Kinarot_Valley" title="Battles of the Kinarot Valley">Kinarot Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_al-Malikiyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of al-Malikiyya (page does not exist)">al-Malikiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Namel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Namel (page does not exist)"><i>Namel</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dekel" title="Operation Dekel"><i>Dekel</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shoter" title="Operation Shoter"><i>Shoter</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hiram" title="Operation Hiram"><i>Hiram</i></a></li></ul> <p><b>International</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Balak" title="Operation Balak">Balak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Velvetta" title="Operation Velvetta">Velvetta</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Massacres</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kabri_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kabri incident">Al-Kabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantura_massacre" title="Tantura massacre">Tantura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_from_Lydda_and_Ramle" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle">Lydda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dawayima_massacre" title="Al-Dawayima massacre">Al-Dawayima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safsaf_massacre" title="Safsaf massacre">Safsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eilabun_massacre" title="Eilabun massacre">Eilabun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hula_massacre" title="Hula massacre">Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_al-Mawasi_massacre" title="Arab al-Mawasi massacre">Arab al-Mawasi</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Biological warfare</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cast_Thy_Bread" title="Operation Cast Thy Bread">Cast Thy Bread</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Category:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg/220px-Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg/330px-Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg/440px-Yemenites_go_to_Aden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3387" data-file-height="2267" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Background</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">History of the Jews under Muslim rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Antisemitism in the Arab world</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aleppo" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aden" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Oujda_and_Jerada" title="1948 anti-Jewish riots in Oujda and Jerada">Oujda and Jerada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Tripolitania" title="1948 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Cairo_bombings" title="1948 Cairo bombings">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950%E2%80%931951_Baghdad_bombings" title="1950–1951 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Tripoli_pogrom" title="1967 Tripoli pogrom">Tripoli</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Exodus by country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_of_Moroccan_Jews_to_Israel" title="Migration of Moroccan Jews to Israel">Morocco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mural" title="Operation Mural">Operation Mural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yachin" title="Operation Yachin">Operation Yachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egoz_(ship)" title="Egoz (ship)"><i>Egoz</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet_(Yemen)" title="Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ezra_and_Nehemiah" title="Operation Ezra and Nehemiah">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956%E2%80%931957_exodus_and_expulsions_from_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="1956–1957 exodus and expulsions from Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_migration_from_Lebanon_post-1948" title="Jewish migration from Lebanon post-1948">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Iranian_Jews" title="Exodus of Iranian Jews">Iran</a></li> <li>Tunisia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurum_air_disaster" title="Hurum air disaster">Hurum air disaster</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Remembrance</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_to_Mark_the_Departure_and_Expulsion_of_Jews_from_the_Arab_Countries_and_Iran" title="Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran">Awareness day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_Indigenous_to_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Jews Indigenous to the Middle East and North Africa">JIMENA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_for_Jews_from_Arab_Countries" title="Justice for Jews from Arab Countries">JJAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Organization_of_Jews_from_Arab_Countries" title="World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries">WOJAC</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Forgotten_Refugees" title="The Forgotten Refugees">The Forgotten Refugees</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions and exoduses of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical Jewish population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islamic–Jewish relations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Template:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Template talk:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1834_pogroms_in_Ottoman_Syria">1834 pogroms in Ottoman Syria</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Ottoman_Syria" title="List of massacres in Ottoman Syria">List of massacres in Ottoman Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/1834_Hebron_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="1834 Hebron pogrom">1834 Hebron pogrom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1834_Safed_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="1834 Safed pogrom">1834 Safed pogrom</a></div> <p>There were two pogroms in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> in <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1929_in_Mandatory_Palestine">1929 in Mandatory Palestine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929 Palestine riots</a> and <a href="/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre" title="1929 Hebron massacre">1929 Hebron massacre</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> under British administration, Jews were targeted by Arabs in the <a href="/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre" title="1929 Hebron massacre">1929 Hebron massacre</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929 Palestine riots</a>. They followed other violent incidents such as the <a href="/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots" title="1920 Nebi Musa riots">1920 Nebi Musa riots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thrace_pogroms_in_Turkey_in_1934">Thrace pogroms in Turkey in 1934</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1934_Thrace_pogroms" title="1934 Thrace pogroms">1934 Thrace pogroms</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">History of the Jews in Turkey</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pogrom&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constantine_Pogrom_in_French_Algeria_in_1934">Constantine Pogrom in French Algeria in 1934</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1934_Constantine_Pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="1934 Constantine Pogrom">1934 Constantine Pogrom</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">History of the Jews in Algeria</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pogrom&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_North_Africa_in_1945">British North Africa in 1945</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1945_Anti-Jewish_Riots_in_Tripolitania" class="mw-redirect" title="1945 Anti-Jewish Riots in Tripolitania">1945 Anti-Jewish Riots in Tripolitania</a></div> <p>Anti-Jewish rioters killed over 140 Jews in the <a href="/wiki/1945_Anti-Jewish_Riots_in_Tripolitania" class="mw-redirect" title="1945 Anti-Jewish Riots in Tripolitania">1945 Anti-Jewish Riots in Tripolitania</a>. The 1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania was the most violent rioting against <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> in modern times. From 5 November to 7 November 1945, more than 140 Jews were killed and many more injured in a pogrom in <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Libya)" title="British Military Administration (Libya)">British-military-controlled Tripolitania</a>. 38 Jews were killed in <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> from where the riots spread. 40 were killed in Amrus, 34 in Zanzur, 7 in Tajura, 13 in Zawia and 3 in Qusabat.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Syria_in_1947_and_Morocco_1948">In Syria in 1947 and Morocco 1948</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1947_Anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo">1947 Anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/1947_Aden_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Aden riots">1947 Aden riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_Anti-Jewish_Riots_in_Oujda_and_Jerada" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Anti-Jewish Riots in Oujda and Jerada">1948 Anti-Jewish Riots in Oujda and Jerada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">History of Moroccan Jews</a></div> <p>Following the start of the <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_Civil_War_in_Mandatory_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine">1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine</a>, a number of anti-Jewish events occurred throughout the Arab world, some of which have been described as pogroms. In 1947, half of Aleppo's 10,000 Jews left the city in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/1947_Anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo">Aleppo riots</a>, while other anti-Jewish riots took place in <a href="/wiki/1947_Aden_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Aden riots">British Aden</a> and then in 1948 in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Anti-Jewish_Riots_in_Oujda_and_Jerada" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Anti-Jewish Riots in Oujda and Jerada">French Moroccan cities of Oujda and Jerada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-antisemitism_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antisemitism-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pogroms_against_Alevis_in_Turkey_(1978_and_1980)"><span id="Pogroms_against_Alevis_in_Turkey_.281978_and_1980.29"></span>Pogroms against Alevis in Turkey (1978 and 1980)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malatya_massacre" title="Malatya massacre">Malatya massacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mara%C5%9F_massacre" title="Maraş massacre">Maraş massacre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%87orum_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Çorum pogrom">Çorum pogrom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pogrom&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre_in_1982">Sabra and Shatila massacre in 1982</h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Sabra_and_Shatila"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">Sabra and Shatila massacre</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">Sabra and Shatila massacre</a> is occasionally referred to as a pogrom.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_-_Sabra_and_Shatila_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_-_Sabra_and_Shatila-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1984_anti-Sikh_riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> were targeted in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and other parts of <a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhs in India">India</a> during a pogrom in October 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-toiprog_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toiprog-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rediffprog_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rediffprog-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2009BBCremember_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2009BBCremember-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pogroms_and_race_riots_in_the_21st_century">Pogroms and race riots in the 21st century</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Muslim_violence_in_India" title="Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#41924B;padding:0.25em;border-bottom:5px solid whitesmoke;"><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Violence against Muslims<br />in independent India</span></a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#41924B;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white;"> Major incidents</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_massacres" title="Hyderabad massacres">1948 Hyderabad massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Jabalpur_riots" title="1961 Jabalpur riots">1961 Jabalpur riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Calcutta_riots" title="1964 Calcutta riots">1964 Calcutta riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Ranchi-Hatia_riots" title="1967 Ranchi-Hatia riots">1967 Ranchi-Hatia riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Gujarat_riots" title="1969 Gujarat riots">1969 Gujarat riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Bhiwandi_riots" title="1970 Bhiwandi riots">1970 Bhiwandi riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Moradabad_riots" title="1980 Moradabad riots">1980 Moradabad riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_massacre" title="Nellie massacre">1983 Nellie massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Gujarat_riots" title="1985 Gujarat riots">1985 Gujarat riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashimpura_massacre" title="Hashimpura massacre">1987 Hashimpura massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Bhagalpur_violence" title="1989 Bhagalpur violence">1989 Bhagalpur violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_riots" title="Bombay riots">1992 Bombay riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Pangal_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Pangal massacre">1993 Pangal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Malegaon_bombings" title="2006 Malegaon bombings">2006 Malegaon bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Muzaffarnagar_riots" title="2013 Muzaffarnagar riots">2013 Muzaffarnagar riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2014_Assam_violence" title="May 2014 Assam violence">2014 Assam violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi riots</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in independent India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence against Muslims">Violence against Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">Religious violence in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Template:Violence against Muslims in independent India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Template talk:Violence against Muslims in independent India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Violence against Muslims in independent India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamophobia" title="Category:Islamophobia">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:1em 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No-mosque.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No mosque"><img alt="No mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/No-mosque.svg/100px-No-mosque.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/No-mosque.svg/150px-No-mosque.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/No-mosque.svg/200px-No-mosque.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#d7d7d7;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flying_while_Muslim" title="Flying while Muslim">Airport profiling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport_racial_profiling_in_the_United_States" title="Airport racial profiling in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li>Conspiracy theories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurabia_conspiracy_theory" title="Eurabia conspiracy theory">Eurabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">Great Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halal_conspiracy_theories" title="Halal conspiracy theories">Halal-related</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_jihad_conspiracy_theory" title="Love jihad conspiracy theory">Love jihad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijabophobia" title="Hijabophobia">Hijabophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_rag_tax" title="Head rag tax">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_scarf_controversy_in_France" title="Islamic scarf controversy in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Karnataka_hijab_row" title="2022 Karnataka hijab row">Karnataka, India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_media" title="Islamophobia in the media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_immigration_ban" title="Muslim immigration ban">Muslim immigration bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_desecration" title="Quran desecration">Quran desecration</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#d7d7d7;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Status by country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Australia" title="Islamophobia in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia–Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Canada" title="Islamophobia in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_China" title="Islamophobia in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_France" title="Islamophobia in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Germany" title="Islamophobia in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">India</a></li> <li>Indonesia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Italy" title="Islamophobia in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_in_Myanmar" title="Persecution of Muslims in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Norway" title="Islamophobia in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Poland" title="Islamophobia in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamophobia_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamophobia in Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Исламофобия в России">ru</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Sweden" title="Islamophobia in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamophobia in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in the UK Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Arabs_and_Muslims_in_the_United_States" title="Stereotypes of Arabs and Muslims in the United States">Stereotypes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#d7d7d7;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Examples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><b>Attacks on mosques:</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hidaya_Mosque_massacre" title="Al-Hidaya Mosque massacre">Al-Hidaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Al-Nurayn_Mosque_attack" title="2011 Al-Nurayn Mosque attack">Al-Nurayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A6rum_mosque_shooting" title="Bærum mosque shooting">Bærum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_the_Babri_Masjid" title="Demolition of the Babri Masjid">Babri Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banya_Bashi_Mosque_clashes" title="Banya Bashi Mosque clashes">Banya Bashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayonne_mosque_shooting" title="Bayonne mosque shooting">Bayonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Maqadma_Mosque_missile_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim al-Maqadma Mosque missile strike">Beit Lahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_Al-Farooq_Islamic_Center" title="Dar Al-Farooq Islamic Center">Bloomington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Corsican_protests" title="2015 Corsican protests">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escondido_mosque_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Escondido mosque fire">Escondido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondar_funeral_attack" title="Gondar funeral attack">Gondar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecca_Masjid_blast" title="Mecca Masjid blast">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Maqadma_Mosque_missile_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim al-Maqadma Mosque missile strike">Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattankudy_mosque_massacre" title="Kattankudy mosque massacre">Kattankudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Albanian_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Destruction of Albanian heritage in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manili_massacre" title="Manili massacre">Manili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Malegaon_bombings" title="2006 Malegaon bombings">Malegaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_Mosque#Attacks" title="Malmö Mosque">Malmö</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Malm%C3%B6_shootings" title="2009–10 Malmö shootings">2009–10</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palimbang_massacre" title="Palimbang massacre">Palimbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City_mosque_shooting" title="Quebec City mosque shooting">Quebec City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_mosque_arson_attacks_in_Sweden" title="2014 mosque arson attacks in Sweden">Sweden (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Islamic_center_shooting" title="Zürich Islamic center shooting">Zürich</a></li> <li>Planned attacks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Jewish_Defense_League_plot_in_California" title="2001 Jewish Defense League plot in California">California (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_mosque_attacks_plot" title="Singapore mosque attacks plot">Singapore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Genocide:</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush" title="Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush">Chechen and Ingush</a> / <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Pacification of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_genocide_allegation" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian genocide allegation">Palestinian genocide allegation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Massacres, torture, expulsion:</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib (2000s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Albanians (1912–13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2014_Assam_violence" title="May 2014 Assam violence">Assam (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">Ayyadieh (1191)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Baghdad (1258)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Excursion" title="Big Excursion">Big Excursion (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bossempt%C3%A9l%C3%A9_massacre" title="Bossemptélé massacre">Bossemptélé (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovica_massacre" title="Bukovica massacre">Bukovica (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Beirut_bus_massacre" title="1975 Beirut bus massacre">Beirut (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Boyo_killings" title="2021 Boyo killings">Boyo (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs_massacre" title="Cave of the Patriarchs massacre">Cave of the Patriarchs (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granada_War" title="Granada War">Granada (1482–92)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">Gujarat (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_massacre" title="Guangzhou massacre">Guangzhou (878–79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmanli_massacre" title="Harmanli massacre">Harmanli (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Albanians_1877%E2%80%931878" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of the Albanians 1877–1878">İşkodra and Niş (1877–78)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muslims_in_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War#Japanese_atrocities_committed_against_Hui_Muslims" title="Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War">Japan (1937–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre of Jerusalem (1099)">Jerusalem (1099)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karantina_massacre" title="Karantina massacre">Karantina (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulen_Vakuf_massacre" title="Kulen Vakuf massacre">Kulen Vakuf (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasim_massacre" title="Kafr Qasim massacre">Kafr Qasim (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasithi_massacres" title="Lasithi massacres">Lasithi (1897)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_by_Meccans" title="Persecution of Muslims by Meccans">Mecca (600s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Moriscos (1609)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Rohingya_refugee_crisis" title="2015 Rohingya refugee crisis">Myanmar (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_massacre" title="Nellie massacre">Nellie (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Muslims_from_the_Northern_province_by_LTTE" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Muslims from the Northern province by LTTE">Northern Sri Lanka (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Norway_attacks" title="2011 Norway attacks">Norway (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_massacre_of_1961" title="Paris massacre of 1961">Paris (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_anti-Muslim_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">Sabra and Shatila (1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ahovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Šahovići massacre">Šahovići (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre" title="Sétif and Guelma massacre">Sétif and Guelma (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadian_incident" title="Shadian incident">Shadian (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Sohmor_massacre" title="1984 Sohmor massacre">Sohmor (1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">Spain (1500–26)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walisongo_school_massacre" title="Walisongo school massacre">Walisongo (2000)</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Other incidents:</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almondbury_Community_School_bullying_incident" title="Almondbury Community School bullying incident">Almondbury bullying incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendigo_mosque_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Bendigo mosque protests">Bendigo mosque protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulli_Bai_case" title="Bulli Bai case">Bulli Bai case</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sulli_Deals" title="Sulli Deals">Sulli Deals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_(Amendment)_Act,_2019" title="Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019">CAA, 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erkl%C3%A4rung_2018" title="Erklärung 2018">Erklärung 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_imams_incident" title="Flying imams incident">Flying imams incident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Klein%27s_2006_radio_experiment" title="Jerry Klein's 2006 radio experiment">Jerry Klein</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_hate_speeches" title="Haridwar hate speeches">Haridwar hate speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva_pop" title="Hindutva pop">Hindutva pop</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Terror_(graphic_novel)" title="Holy Terror (graphic novel)">Holy Terror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Innocence_of_Muslims" title="Innocence of Muslims">Innocence of Muslims</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy" title="Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy"><i>Jyllands-Posten</i> cartoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathua_rape_case" title="Kathua rape case">Kathua rape case</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Massacre_(video_game)" title="Muslim Massacre (video game)">Muslim Massacre (video game)</a></i></li> <li>Quran desecrations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Quran_desecration_controversy" title="2005 Quran desecration controversy">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dove_World_Outreach_Center_Quran-burning_controversy" title="Dove World Outreach Center Quran-burning controversy">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_by_Westboro_Baptist_Church#2010s" title="Protests by Westboro Baptist Church">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasmus_Paludan#Quran_incidents" title="Rasmus Paludan">2019–23</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serbia_Strong" title="Serbia Strong">Serbia Strong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Swiss_minaret_referendum" title="2009 Swiss minaret referendum">Swiss minaret ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Trojan Horse affair">Trojan Horse affair</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#d7d7d7;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_media" title="Islamophobia in the media">Media</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Document.no" title="Document.no">Document.no</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpIndia" title="OpIndia">OpIndia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politically_Incorrect_(blog)" title="Politically Incorrect (blog)">Politically Incorrect</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebel_News" title="Rebel News">Rebel News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiIslam" title="WikiIslam">WikiIslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels Journal">Brussels Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Vienna" title="Gates of Vienna">Gates of Vienna</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#d7d7d7;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Opposition</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_American%E2%80%93Islamic_Relations" title="Council on American–Islamic Relations">CAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_Against_Islamophobia_and_Racism" title="Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism">Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_Watch" title="Islamophobia Watch">Islamophobia Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_American_Society" title="Muslim American Society">Muslim American Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_Condemn" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslims Condemn">Muslims Condemn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_MAMA" title="Tell MAMA">Tell MAMA</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamophobia" title="Template:Islamophobia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamophobia" title="Template talk:Islamophobia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamophobia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamophobia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="anchor" id="21"></span><span class="anchor" id="South_Asia"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2002_Gujarat_pogrom">2002 Gujarat pogrom</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi#2002_Gujarat_riots" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi § 2002 Gujarat riots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> pogrom,<sup id="cite_ref-Wire_-_Gujarat_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wire_-_Gujarat-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were a three-day period of inter-communal violence in the Indian state of Gujarat. </p><p>The violence was connected to the <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_dispute" title="Ayodhya dispute">Ayodhya dispute</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_the_Babri_Masjid" title="Demolition of the Babri Masjid">demolition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Babri_Masjid" title="Babri Masjid">Babri Masjid</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Godhra_train_burning" title="Godhra train burning">burning of a train</a> in <a href="/wiki/Godhra" title="Godhra">Godhra</a> on 27 February 2002, which caused the deaths of 58 Hindu pilgrims and <a href="/wiki/Karsevaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Karsevaks">karsevaks</a> returning from <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>, is cited as having instigated the violence.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the initial riot incidents, there were further outbreaks of violence in <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a> for three months; statewide, there were further outbreaks of <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence against Muslims in India">violence against the minority Muslim population</a> of Gujarat for the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhassem-Fachand20121-2_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhassem-Fachand20121-2-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Escherle_2013_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Escherle_2013-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2005_Cronulla_riots">2005 Cronulla riots</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cronulla_Race_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Cronulla Race Riots">Cronulla Race Riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Australia" title="Islamophobia in Australia">Islamophobia in Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Racism in Australia</a></div> <p>The <b>2005 Cronulla riots</b> (also known as the <i>"Cronulla Race Riots"</i> or the <i>"Cronulla pogrom"</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-austlii_-_Cronulla_pogrom_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-austlii_-_Cronulla_pogrom-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were a series of <a href="/wiki/Racial_violence_in_Australia" title="Racial violence in Australia">race riots</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, New South Wales, Australia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks_in_the_occupied_West_Bank_in_2008">Attacks in the occupied West Bank in 2008</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Occupied_West_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied West Bank">Occupied West Bank</a></div> <p>In 2008, two attacks in the <a href="/wiki/Occupied_West_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied West Bank">Occupied West Bank</a> by <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli settlers">Jewish Israeli settlers</a> on <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Arabs">Palestinian Arabs</a> were labeled as pogroms by then-Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Olmert" title="Ehud Olmert">Ehud Olmert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smh_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smh-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017_anti-Rohingya_pogroms">2017 anti-Rohingya pogroms</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a></div> <p>The 2017 <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a>, was a series of pogroms and other violence committed against the <a href="/wiki/Rohingya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohingya">Rohingya</a> minority of <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-J_Post_-_Rohingya_pogrom_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J_Post_-_Rohingya_pogrom-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EAF_-_Rohingya_pogrom_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAF_-_Rohingya_pogrom-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly in <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EAF_-_Rohingya_pogrom_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAF_-_Rohingya_pogrom-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Facebook_content_management_controversies#Incitement_of_human_rights_abuses_in_Myanmar" title="Facebook content management controversies">Facebook was accused</a> of inciting mob violence via social media.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_-_Rohingya_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_-_Rohingya-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Bank_settler_pogroms_in_the_early_2020s">West Bank settler pogroms in the early 2020s</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settler_violence" title="Israeli settler violence">Israeli settler violence</a></div> <p>There were many attacks by <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli settlers">Israeli settlers</a> against Palestinians in the occupied <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> leading up to and during the full scale war in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> in 2023 and 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-B'Tselem_-_working_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B'Tselem_-_working-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Huwara_rampage_in_February_2023">The Huwara rampage in February 2023</h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Huwara"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Huwara_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Huwara pogrom">Huwara pogrom</a></div> <p>Israel's military was accused of 'deliberately turning blind eye' to violent riots and legal experts said the state could face war crime charges.<sup id="cite_ref-MEE_-_Broken_glass_in_Hawara_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEE_-_Broken_glass_in_Hawara-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rioters killed one Palestinian, 37-year-old Sameh Aqtash, and wounded dozens, while torching houses and cars.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_not_pog_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ_not_pog-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Top Israeli general in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Fuchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehuda Fuchs">Yehuda Fuchs</a>, referred to the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli settlers">Israeli settlers</a>' actions as a "pogrom":<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_WB_Pogrom_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_WB_Pogrom-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The incident in Hawara was a pogrom carried out by outlaws".<sup id="cite_ref-religion_news_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion_news-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jewish American documentary maker <a href="/wiki/Simone_Zimmerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Simone Zimmerman">Simone Zimmerman</a> also used the term <i>pogrom</i> to describe the attacks on Palestinians by Israeli settlers in Hawara in February 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zimmerman described these attacks as being committed by settlers while the Israeli army stood by and let it happen.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hamas-initiated_attacks_on_7_October_2023">Hamas-initiated attacks on 7 October 2023</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a></div> <p>On 7 October 2023, <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>' <a href="/wiki/Al_Qassam_Brigades" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qassam Brigades">Al Qassam Brigades</a> militant wing (based in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>), and other groups and individuals incited to join them,<sup id="cite_ref-al-Aqsa_Flood_incitement_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-Aqsa_Flood_incitement-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> initiated an attack on Israel. In addition to the military, the attack also targeted civilian communities and resulted in the deaths of over 695 Israeli civilians, most of whom were <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a> and some of whom were <a href="/wiki/Arab_Israelis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Israelis">Arab Israelis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JZ_&_JS_-_US_Policy_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JZ_&_JS_-_US_Policy-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the attacks Al Qassam and other armed groups from Gaza also <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_hostage_crisis" title="Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis">took approximately 250 people</a>, many of which were non-Israelis hostage, including infants, elderly, and people who had already been severely injured.<sup id="cite_ref-Haaretz_hostages_list_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz_hostages_list-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 7 October attacks were described as a "pogrom" by <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Rutland" title="Suzanne Rutland">Suzanne Rutland</a>, who defined a pogrom as a government-approved attack on Jews and pointed out that the attacks were initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Hamas_government_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Hamas government in the Gaza Strip">Hamas, the governing authority of Gaza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rutland_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rutland-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others who have described the 7 October attacks as a pogrom include then-<a href="/wiki/UK_Foreign_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Foreign Secretary">UK Foreign Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>, and think tanks such as the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs" title="Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs">Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An editorial in the <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i> referred to 7 October attacks as a pogrom as well, while rejecting that label for the <a href="/wiki/Huwara_rampage" title="Huwara rampage">Huwara rampage</a> in that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_October_7_pogrpm_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ_October_7_pogrpm-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_not_pog_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ_not_pog-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Survivors of October 7 have also described the attack on their <a href="/wiki/Kibbutzim" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibbutzim">kibbutzim</a> as pogroms.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some sources from in Israel and in the Jewish diaspora have specifically objected to the characterisation of 7 October as a pogrom, saying the events on 7 October do not resemble the original historical pogroms in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaretsky_-_7_October_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaretsky_-_7_October-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i> described the 7 October attacks as "historically unique", as well as "foreseeable" and "expected".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a>, controversially described the attacks as an "act of armed resistance".<sup id="cite_ref-LM_-_Judith_Butler_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LM_-_Judith_Butler-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Bank_pogroms_in_2023">West Bank pogroms in 2023</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_incursions_in_the_West_Bank_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war#Settler_violence_and_depopulation_of_villages" title="Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Israel–Hamas war">Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Israel–Hamas war § Settler violence and depopulation of villages</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Zanuta" title="Khirbet Zanuta">Khirbet Zanuta</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> village in the <a href="/wiki/Hebron_Governorate" title="Hebron Governorate">Hebron Governorate</a> in the southern <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, 20 km (12 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>, which was <a href="/wiki/Ethnically_cleansed" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnically cleansed">ethnically cleansed</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_-_Exodus_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_-_Exodus-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some farmers remained or returned and the attacks continued.<sup id="cite_ref-Machsomwatch_-_Zenuta_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Machsomwatch_-_Zenuta-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The location has previously been attacked in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-Machsomwatch_-_Zenuta_2022_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Machsomwatch_-_Zenuta_2022-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Palestinian village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Qanoub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Qanoub (page does not exist)">Al-Qanoub</a> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli settlers">Israeli settlers</a> descended from the nearby settlement of <a href="/wiki/Asfar" class="mw-redirect" title="Asfar">Asfar</a> and the adjacent outpost of <a href="/wiki/Pnei_Kedem" title="Pnei Kedem">Pnei Kedem</a>, burned houses, set their dogs on the farm animals, and, at gunpoint, ordered the residents to leave or else they would be killed.<sup id="cite_ref-972+_Al-Qanoub_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-972+_Al-Qanoub-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024_riots_against_Syrian_refugees_in_Turkey">2024 riots against Syrian refugees in Turkey</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Syrians_in_Turkey" title="Syrians in Turkey">Syrians in Turkey</a></div> <p>In 2024 there were pogroms against Syrian refugees in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="November_2024_Amsterdam_attacks">November 2024 Amsterdam attacks</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/November_2024_Amsterdam_attacks" title="November 2024 Amsterdam attacks">November 2024 Amsterdam attacks</a> preceding and following the <a href="/wiki/AFC_Ajax" title="AFC Ajax">AFC Ajax</a> - <a href="/wiki/Maccabi_Tel_Aviv" title="Maccabi Tel Aviv">Maccabi Tel Aviv</a> football match were described by some as a "pogrom". Israeli diplomat <a href="/wiki/Danny_Danon" title="Danny Danon">Danny Danon</a> stated that, "We are receiving very disturbing reports of extreme violence against Israelis and Jews on the streets of <a href="/wiki/Holland_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holland (country)">Holland</a>. There is a pogrom currently taking place in Europe in 2024".<sup id="cite_ref-wil_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wil-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Amsterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Amsterdam">Mayor of Amsterdam</a> later said that the word "pogrom" was inappropriate and that it had been misused as "propaganda".<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the weeks after the event, the initial media coverage was widely criticized for misrepresenting the event.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Targets of the violence included Israeli Maccabi Tel Aviv fans,<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an Arab taxi driver,<sup id="cite_ref-:19_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pro-Palestinian protestors.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the run-up to the match, some Maccabi Tel Aviv fans were filmed pulling <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Palestine" title="Flag of Palestine">Palestinian flags</a> from houses, making <a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">anti-Arab chants</a> such as "<a href="/wiki/Death_to_Arabs" title="Death to Arabs">Death to Arabs</a>", assaulting people, and vandalising local property.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calls to target Israeli supporters were subsequently shared via social media.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_events_named_pogroms">List of events named pogroms</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Verify_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">An editor has expressed concern that this article <b>may have a number of irrelevant and questionable <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pogrom&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> these references and <a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed">challenge</a> or remove any that are not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a> or do not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">support the article</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks">This table is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pogrom&action=edit">expanding it</a>.</div> <p><small><b>Scope:</b> This is a partial list of events for which one of the commonly accepted names includes the word <i>pogrom</i>. Inclusion in this list is based solely on evidence in multiple reliable sources that a name including the word <i>pogrom</i> is one of the accepted names for that event. A reliable source that merely describes the event as being a pogrom does not qualify the event for inclusion in this list. The word <i>pogrom</i> must appear in the source as part of a name for the event.</small> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th>Pogrom Name </th> <th>Alternative name(s) </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Deaths </th> <th>Targeted Group </th> <th>Physical destruction </th> <th>Location and region<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Notes </th> <th><small>Name needs verification</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td>38 </td> <td>Alexandrian pogrom <br /> (name disputed)<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_riots_(38_CE)" title="Alexandrian riots (38 CE)">Alexandrian riots</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Jews in <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a> </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="MENA, Egypt">MENA: <br /> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1066 </td> <td>Granada pogrom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1066_Granada_massacre" title="1066 Granada massacre">1066 Granada massacre</a> </td> <td>4,000 Jews </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1096 </td> <td>1096 pogroms </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> </td> <td>2,000 Jews </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1113 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> pogrom <br /> (name disputed)<sup id="cite_ref-Keiv1113_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keiv1113-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>C<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Kiev revolt </td> <td> </td> <td>Jews and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Keiv1113_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keiv1113-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>C<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine in the 12th century</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1349 </td> <td>Strasbourg pogrom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_massacre" title="Strasbourg massacre">Strasbourg massacre</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">persecution of Jews during the Black Death</a> </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1391 </td> <td>1391 pogroms </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_1391" title="Massacre of 1391">Massacre of 1391</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1506 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisbon pogrom">Lisbon pogrom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_massacre" title="Lisbon massacre">Lisbon massacre</a> </td> <td>1,000+ <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christians</a> </td> <td>Jewish <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">converts to Christianity</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1563 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polotsk_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polotsk pogrom (page does not exist)">Polotsk pogrom</a> <br /> (name disputed)<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>D<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polotsk_drownings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polotsk drownings (page does not exist)">Polotsk drownings</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Jews who refused to convert </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1648–1657 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmelnytsky_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khmelnytsky pogrom (page does not exist)">Khmelnytsky pogrom</a> <br /> (name disputed) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky massacres</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossack</a> riots. </td> <td>100,000<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1821–1871 </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms" title="Odessa pogroms">Odessa pogroms</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1834 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1834_Hebron_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="1834 Hebron pogrom">1834 Hebron pogrom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hebron" title="Battle of Hebron">Battle of Hebron</a> </td> <td>500 Palestinians and 12 Jews (and 260 Ottoman troops) </td> <td>Palestinians and Jews </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1834_Safed_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="1834 Safed pogrom">1834 Safed pogrom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1834_looting_of_Safed" title="1834 looting of Safed">1834 looting of Safed</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1840 </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Damascus_affair" title="Damascus affair">Damascus affair</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="MENA, Syria">MENA: <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Syria">Syria</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1881–1884 </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire">Russian Tsarist pogroms</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire">Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1881 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_pogrom_(1881)" title="Warsaw pogrom (1881)">Warsaw pogrom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>2 Jews killed, 24 injured </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1902 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_pogrom_(1902)" title="Częstochowa pogrom (1902)">Częstochowa pogrom</a> <br /> (name disputed) </td> <td> </td> <td>14 Jews </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Partition" title="Russian Partition">Russian Partition</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1903–1906 </td> <td>Second <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire">Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire">Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire</a> </td> <td>2,000+ Jews </td> <td rowspan="5">Jews <br /> <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Antisemitism in the Russian Empire</a> </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="Europe: Russian Empire">Europe: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1903 </td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/Kishinev_pogrom" title="Kishinev pogrom">Kishinev pogrom</a> </td> <td>47 (Included above) </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="Europe: Russian Empire">Europe: <a href="/wiki/Kishinev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kishinev">Kishinev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1905 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kishinev_pogrom#1905_pogrom" title="Kishinev pogrom">Second Kishinev pogrom</a> </td> <td>19 (Included above) </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="Europe: Russian Empire">Europe: <a href="/wiki/Kishinev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kishinev">Kishinev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1905 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiev_pogrom_(1905)" title="Kiev pogrom (1905)">Kiev pogrom (1905)</a> </td> <td>100 (Included above) </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="Europe: Russian Empire, Ukraine">Europe: <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1906 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siedlce_pogrom" title="Siedlce pogrom">Siedlce pogrom</a> </td> <td>26 (Included above) </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="Europe: Russian Empire">Europe: <a href="/wiki/Siedlce" title="Siedlce">Siedlce</a> <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1904 </td> <td>Limerick pogrom <br /> (name disputed)<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>E<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Limerick_boycott" title="Limerick boycott">Limerick boycott</a> </td> <td>None </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1909 </td> <td>Adana pogrom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> </td> <td>30,000 Armenians <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>MENA / Europe: <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1910 </td> <td>Slocum pogrom<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slocum_massacre" title="Slocum massacre">Slocum massacre</a> </td> <td>6 Blacks confirmed; 100 Blacks estimated </td> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Americas: <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">USA</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1914 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a> </td> <td>Sarajevo frenzy of hate </td> <td>2 Serbs </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1918 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_pogrom_(1918)" title="Lwów pogrom (1918)">Lwów pogrom</a> </td> <td>Lemberg massacre </td> <td data-sort-value="320">52–150 Jews <br /> 270 Ukrainians </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Poland">Jews in Poland</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1919 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proskurov_pogrom" title="Proskurov pogrom">Proskurov pogrom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1500–1700 Jews </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Proskurov" class="mw-redirect" title="Proskurov">Proskurov</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1919 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiev_pogroms_(1919)" title="Kiev pogroms (1919)">Kiev pogroms (1919)</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>60+ </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="Europe: USSR, Ukraine">Europe: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1919 </td> <td>Pinsk pogrom <br /> (name disputed)<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>F<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinsk_massacre" title="Pinsk massacre">Pinsk massacre</a> </td> <td>36 Jews </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="Europe: Poland / Belarus">Europe: <a href="/wiki/Pinsk" title="Pinsk">Pinsk</a>, Belarus / Poland. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1919–20 </td> <td>Vilna pogrom<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vilna_offensive" title="Vilna offensive">Vilna offensive</a> </td> <td>65+ Jews and non-Jews </td> <td>Jews and others </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Vilna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilna">Vilna</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1921 </td> <td>Tulsa Massacre </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a> </td> <td>39 Blacks confirmed (100-300 Blacks estimated); 26 whites confirmed </td> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Americas: <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">USA</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Citation is needed showing RS use the word Pogrom to describe the event (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1929 </td> <td>Hebron pogrom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre" title="1929 Hebron massacre">Hebron massacre</a> </td> <td>67 Jews </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="MENA, Levant">MENA: <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1934 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1934_Thrace_pogroms" title="1934 Thrace pogroms">1934 Thrace pogroms</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>None<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td>MENA / Europe: <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Przytyk_pogrom" title="Przytyk pogrom">Przytyk pogrom</a> </td> <td>Przytyk riot </td> <td data-sort-value="3">2 Jews and 1 Polish </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1938 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/November_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="November pogrom">November pogrom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> </td> <td>91+ Jews </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi pogrom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>53 Jews </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași pogrom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>13,266 Jews </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium#Antwerp_Pogrom_and_Yellow_Badge" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Antwerp Pogrom</a> </td> <td>part of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">the Holocaust in Belgium</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest pogrom</a> </td> <td>Legionnaires' rebellion </td> <td data-sort-value="155">125 Jews and 30 soldiers </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="Europe: Hungary">Europe: <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tykocin_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tykocin pogrom">Tykocin pogrom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,400–1,700 Jews </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne pogrom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>380 to 1,600 Jews </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>180 Jewish Iraqis </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="MENA, Iraq">MENA: <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv pogroms">Lviv pogroms</a> </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="9000">Thousands of Jews </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_pogrom" title="Kraków pogrom">Kraków pogrom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1 Jew </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kunmadaras_pogrom" title="Kunmadaras pogrom">Kunmadaras pogrom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>4 Jews </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miskolc_pogrom" title="Miskolc pogrom">Miskolc pogrom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>2 Jews </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce pogrom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>38–42 Jews </td> <td>Jews </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> </td> <td>Istanbul riots </td> <td>13–30 Greeks </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey" title="Greeks in Turkey">Greeks in Turkey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman Greeks</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td>MENA / Europe: <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey" title="Greeks in Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1956_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1956 anti-Tamil pogrom">1956 anti-Tamil pogrom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>150 Primarily Tamils </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a> </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="South Asia, Sri Lanka">South Asia: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri<span class="nowrap"> </span>Lanka</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1958_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1958 anti-Tamil pogrom">1958 anti-Tamil pogrom</a> </td> <td>58 riots </td> <td>300 Primarily Tamils </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a> </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="South Asia, Sri Lanka">South Asia: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri<span class="nowrap"> </span>Lanka</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Massacre_of_1959" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkuk Massacre of 1959">Kirkuk massacre</a> </td> <td>79 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a> </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="MENA, Iraq">MENA: <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">1966 anti-Igbo pogrom</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>30,000-50,000 Primarily Igbo People </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Saharan">Sub-Saharan</a> Africa: <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="1969-08-14">14–15 August 1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1969_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1969 Northern Ireland riots">1969 Northern Ireland Anti-Catholic pogroms</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1969_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1969 Northern Ireland riots">1969 Northern Ireland riots</a> </td> <td>6 Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>G<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Catholics">Catholics</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Citation is needed showing RS use the word Pogrom to describe the event (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1977_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1977 anti-Tamil pogrom">1977 anti-Tamil pogrom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>300-1500 Primarily Tamils </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a> </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="South Asia, Sri Lanka">South Asia: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri<span class="nowrap"> </span>Lanka</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td>Malatya pogrom<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malatya_massacre" title="Malatya massacre">Malatya massacre</a> </td> <td>8 Alevis </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevis</a> </td> <td>businesses and houses </td> <td>MENA / Europe: <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td>Maraş pogrom<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mara%C5%9F_massacre" title="Maraş massacre">Maraş massacre</a> </td> <td>111 to 500+ Alevis </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevis</a> </td> <td>businesses, houses, printing works, pharmaiescy </td> <td>MENA / Europe: <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%87orum_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Çorum pogrom">Çorum pogrom</a> </td> <td>Çorum massacre </td> <td>57 Alevis </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevis</a> </td> <td>businesses and houses </td> <td>MENA / Europe: <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Black July</a> </td> <td>1983 anti-Tamil pogrom </td> <td>400–3,000 Tamils </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a> </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="South Asia, Sri Lanka">South Asia: <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri<span class="nowrap"> </span>Lanka</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Citation is needed showing RS use the word Pogrom to describe the event (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>8,000 Sikhs </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="South Asia, India">South Asia: <a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhs in India">India</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-rediffprog_105-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rediffprog-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sumgait_pogrom" title="Sumgait pogrom">Sumgait pogrom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="32">26 to 300 <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> <br /> and 6 or more <a href="/wiki/Azeris" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeris">Azeris</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>MENA / Europe: <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Citation is needed showing RS use the word Pogrom to describe the event (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirovabad_pogrom" title="Kirovabad pogrom">Kirovabad pogrom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="7">3+ Soviet soldiers <br /> 3+ Azeris <br /> and 1+ Armenian </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>MENA / Europe: <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baku_pogrom" title="Baku pogrom">Baku pogrom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="120">90 Armenians <br /> 20 Russian soldiers </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>MENA / Europe: <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td>Crown Heights pogrom (disputed)<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>H<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights_riot" title="Crown Heights riot">Crown Heights riot</a> </td> <td>2 (1 Jew and 1 non-Jew) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jews in the USA</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Americas: <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">USA</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Citation is needed showing RS use the word Pogrom to describe the event (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a>] </td> <td>8000 Muslims </td> <td>Muslims (<a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Citation is needed showing RS use the word Pogrom to describe the event (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> pogrom<sup id="cite_ref-Wire_-_Gujarat_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wire_-_Gujarat-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a> </td> <td>790 to 2000<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>I<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muslims_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslims in India">Muslims in India</a> </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="South Asia, India">South Asia: <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">India</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td>March pogrom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_unrest_in_Kosovo" title="2004 unrest in Kosovo">2004 unrest in Kosovo</a> </td> <td>16 ethnic Serbs </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Europe: <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Citation is needed showing RS use the word Pogrom to describe the event (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>Cronulla pogrom<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cronulla_Race_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Cronulla Race Riots">Cronulla Race Riots</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muslims_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslims in Australia">Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Australians" title="Arab Australians">Arab Australians</a><sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>J<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>Pacific: <a href="/wiki/Cronulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Cronulla">Cronulla</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013_Muzaffarnagar_Pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013 Muzaffarnagar Pogrom (page does not exist)">Muzaffarnagar Pogrom</a><sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muslims_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslims in India">Muslims in India</a> </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="South Asia, India">South Asia: <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarnagar" title="Muzaffarnagar">Muzaffarnagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">India</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>Rohingya pogrom<sup id="cite_ref-J_Post_-_Rohingya_pogrom_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J_Post_-_Rohingya_pogrom-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EAF_-_Rohingya_pogrom_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAF_-_Rohingya_pogrom-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_in_Myanmar" title="Persecution of Muslims in Myanmar">Muslims in Myanmar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rohingya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohingya">Rohingya</a>) </td> <td>housing </td> <td data-sort-value="South Asia, Myanmar">South Asia: <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td>Settler pogroms<sup id="cite_ref-Settlers_-_Haaretz_258-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Settlers_-_Haaretz-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_settler_violence" title="Israeli settler violence">Israeli settler violence</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a> </td> <td> </td> <td data-sort-value="MENA, Levant">MENA: <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, Palestine. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2023-02-26">2023 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huwara_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Huwara pogrom">Huwara pogrom</a><sup id="cite_ref-פוגרום_חווארה_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-פוגרום_חווארה-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Settlers_-_Haaretz_258-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Settlers_-_Haaretz-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Time_-_Huwara_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_-_Huwara-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huwara_rampage" title="Huwara rampage">Huwara rampage</a> </td> <td>1 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sameh_Aqtash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sameh Aqtash (page does not exist)">Sameh Aqtash</a><sup id="cite_ref-פוגרום_חווארה_260-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-פוגרום_חווארה-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TRT_-?Sameh_Aqtash_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRT_-?Sameh_Aqtash-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a> </td> <td>cars and businesses </td> <td data-sort-value="MENA, Levant">MENA: <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, Palestine. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Date </th> <th>Pogrom Name </th> <th>Alternative name(s) </th> <th>Deaths </th> <th>Targeted Group </th> <th>Physical Destruction </th> <th>Region </th> <th>Notes </th> <th>Name needs verification </th></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_genocide_studies" title="Outline of genocide studies">Outline of genocide studies</a></div> <p><b>Antisemitism</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Antisemitism in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Antisemitism in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography of antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History of antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions and exoduses of Jews</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999519993">.mw-parser-output .nocolbreak{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="nocolbreak"> <p><b>Other groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_settler_violence" title="Israeli settler violence">Israeli settler violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_genocide_allegation" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian genocide allegation">Palestinian genocide allegation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_in_Myanmar" title="Persecution of Muslims in Myanmar">Persecution of Muslims in Myanmar</a></li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999519993"><div class="nocolbreak"> <p><b>General</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">Genocidal massacre</a></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_notes">References and notes</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_Footnotes">Table Footnotes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-upper-alpha" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regions: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></li> <li>Europe (including Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a> (MENA)</li> <li>Pacific</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prof. Sandra Gambetti: "A final note on the use of terminology related to anti-Semitism. Scholars have frequently labeled the Alexandrian events of 38 C.E. as the first pogrom<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in history and have often explained them in terms of an <i>ante litteram</i> explosion of anti-Semitism. This work [<i>The Alexandrian Riots</i>] deliberately avoids any words or expressions that in any way connect, explicitly or implicitly, the Alexandrian events of 38 C.E. to later events in modern or contemporary Jewish experience, for which that terminology was created. ... To decide whether a word like <i>pogrom</i>, for example, is an appropriate term to describe the events that are studied here, requires a comparative re-discussion of two historical frames—the Alexandria of 38 C.E. and the Russia of the end of the nineteenth century."<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keiv1113-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keiv1113_165-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keiv1113_165-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Klier" title="John Klier">John Klier</a>: "upon the death of the <a href="/wiki/Sviatopolk_II_of_Kiev" title="Sviatopolk II of Kiev">Grand Prince of Kiev Sviatopolk</a>, rioting broke out in Kiev against his agents and the town administration. The disorders were not specifically directed against Jews and they are best characterized as a social revolution. This fact has not prevented historians of medieval Russia from describing them as a pogrom."<sup id="cite_ref-Klier13&35_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klier13&35-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> Klier also writes that Alexander <a href="/wiki/Pereswetoff-Morath" title="Pereswetoff-Morath">Pereswetoff-Morath</a> has advanced a strong argument against considering the Kiev riots of 1113 an anti-Jewish pogrom. Pereswetoff-Morath writes in "A Grin without a Cat" (2002) that "I feel that Birnbaum's use of the term "anti-Semitism' as well as, for example, his use of 'pogrom' in references to medieval Rus are not warranted by the evidence he presents. He is, of course, aware that it may be controversial."<sup id="cite_ref-Klier13&35_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klier13&35-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <a href="/wiki/George_Vernadsky" title="George Vernadsky">George Vernadsky</a>: "Incidentally, one should not suppose that the movement was anti-Semitic. There was no general Jewish pogrom. Wealthy Jewish merchants suffered because of their association with Sviatopolk's speculations, especially his hated monopoly on salt."<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Klier" title="John Klier">John Klier</a>: "Russian armies led by Tsar Ivan IV captured the Polish city of Polotsk. The Tsar ordered drowned in the river Dvina all Jews who refused to convert to Orthodox Christianity. This episode certainly demonstrates the overt religious hostility towards the Jews which was very much a part of Muscovite culture, but its conversionary aspects were entirely absent from modern pogroms. Nor were the Jews the only heterodox religious group singled out for the tender mercies of Muscovite religious fanaticism."<sup id="cite_ref-Klier13&35_163-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klier13&35-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Ireland–Israel relations">Israeli ambassador to Ireland</a>, Boaz Moda'i: "I think it is a bit over-portrayed, meaning that, usually if you look up the word pogrom it is used in relation to slaughter and being killed. This is what happened in many other places in Europe, but that is not what happened here. There was a kind of boycott against Jewish merchandise for a while but that's not a pogrom."<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carole Fink: "What happened in Pinsk on April 5, 1919 was not a literal "pogrom" – an organized, officially tolerated or inspired massacre of a minority such as the massacre which occurred in Lemberg – instead, it was a military execution of a small, suspect group of civilians. ... The misnamed "Pinsk pogrom", a plain, powerful, alliterative phrase, entered history in April 1919. Its importance lay not only in its timing, during the tensest moments of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a> and the most crucial deliberations over Poland's political future: The reports of Pinsk once more demonstrated the swift transmission of local violence to world notice and the disfiguring process of rumor and prejudice on every level."<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">6 Catholics were killed, 4 by state force & 2 by anti-Catholic mob.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Media use of the term pogrom to refer to the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights_riot" title="Crown Heights riot">Crown Heights riot</a> caused public controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-Conaway_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conaway-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JewishWeek_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewishWeek-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Joyce Purnick of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> wrote in 1993 that the use of the word <i>pogrom</i> was "inflammatory"; she accused politicians of "trying to enlarge and twist the word" in order to "pander to Jewish voters".<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">790 Muslims and 254 Hindus (official)<br />1,926 to 2,000+ total (other sources)<sup id="cite_ref-teesta_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teesta-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Muslims_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslims in Australia">Muslims in Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Australians" title="Arab Australians">Arab Australians</a> and people misidentified as belonging to those groups.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descriptions_of_the_events_in_the_table">Descriptions of the events in the table</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Avilius_Flaccus" title="Aulus Avilius Flaccus">Aulus Avilius Flaccus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">prefect</a> of Alexandria appointed by <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> in 32 CE, may have encouraged the outbreak of violence in which Jews were pushed out of the city of Alexandria and blockaded into a Jewish "ghetto". Those trying to escape the ghetto were killed, dismembered, and some burnt alive.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> wrote that Flaccus was later arrested and eventually executed for his part in this event. Scholarly research around the subject has been divided on certain points, including whether the Alexandrian Jews fought to keep their citizenship or to acquire it, whether they evaded the payment of the poll-tax or prevented any attempts to impose it on them, and whether they were safeguarding their identity against the Greeks or against the Egyptians. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> A mob stormed the royal palace in <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, which was at that time in Muslim-ruled <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>, assassinated the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> Joseph ibn Naghrela and <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacred</a> much of the Jewish population of the city.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a> crusaders from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> during the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Crusade" title="People's Crusade">People's Crusade</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Hermit" title="Peter the Hermit">Peter the Hermit</a> (and not sanctioned by the <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">hierarchy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, attacked <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> communities in the three towns of <a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> A rebellion which was sparked by the death of the Grand Prince of Kiev, in which Jews who participated in the prince's economic affairs were some of the victims.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> this massacre coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">persecution of Jews during the Black Death</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> A series of massacres and forced conversions beginning on 4 June 1391 in the city of <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> before they extend to the rest of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>. It is considered one of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>' largest attacks on the Jews, and were ultimately expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in 1492. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> After an episode of famine and bad harvests, a pogrom happened in Lisbon, Portugal,<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which more than 1,000 "<a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christian</a>" (forcibly converted Jews) people were slaughtered or burnt by an angry Christian mob, in the first night of what became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisbon Massacre">Lisbon Massacre</a>". The killing occurred from 19 to 21 April, almost eliminating the entire Jewish or Jewish-descended community in that city. Even the Portuguese military and the king himself had difficulty stopping it. Today the event is remembered with a monument in S. Domingos' church. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Following the fall of Polotsk to the army of Ivan IV, all those who refused to convert to Orthodox Christianity were ordered drowned in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Dvina" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Dvina">Western Dvina</a> river. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Eastern Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossack</a> riots, aka pogroms, aka uprisings included massive atrocities committed against Jews in what is today Ukraine, in numbers (conservatively estimated here by Veidlinger, Ataskevitch & Bemporad). They resulted in the creation of a new Hetmantate. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The Greeks of Odessa attacked the local Jewish community, in what began as economic disputes. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Following accusations of Jews having conspired to murder a Christian monk for culinary purposes, the local population attacked Jewish businesses and committed acts of violence against the Jewish population. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> A large-scale wave of anti-Jewish riots swept through south-western <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> from 1881 to 1884 (in that period over 200 anti-Jewish events occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, notably the <a href="/wiki/Kiev_Pogrom_(1881)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev Pogrom (1881)">Kiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_pogrom_(1881)" title="Warsaw pogrom (1881)">Warsaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa pogrom">Odessa pogroms</a>) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Three days of rioting against Jews, Jewish stores, businesses, and residences in the streets adjoining the Holy Cross Church. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> A mob attacked the Jewish shops, killing fourteen Jews and one <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarme</a>. The Russian military brought to restore order were stoned by mob. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> A much bloodier wave of pogroms broke out from 1903 to 1906, leaving an estimated 2,000 Jews dead and many more wounded, as many Jewish residents took arms to defend their families and property from the attackers. The 1905 pogrom against the Jewish population in <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a> was the most serious pogrom of the period, with reports of up to 2,500 Jews killed. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Three days of anti-Jewish rioting sparked by antisemitic articles in local newspapers. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Two days of anti-Jewish rioting beginning as political protests against the Tsar. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Following a city hall meeting, a mob was drawn into the streets, proclaiming that "all Russia's troubles stemmed from the machinations of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialists">socialists</a>." </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> An attack organized by the Russian secret police <br /> <a href="/wiki/Okhrana" title="Okhrana">Okhrana</a> . Antisemitic pamphlets had been distributed for over a week and before any unrest begun, a <a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfew</a> was declared. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> An economic boycott waged against the small Jewish community in Limerick, Ireland, for over two years. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> A massacre of Armenians in the city of <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a> amidst the <a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">government upheaval</a> resulted in a series of anti-Armenian pogroms throughout the district. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> A massacre of African Americans living in <a href="/wiki/Slocum,_Texas" title="Slocum, Texas">Slocum, Texas</a>, organized by white mobs after rumors of a Black uprising began to spread. White people throughout <a href="/wiki/Anderson_County,_Texas" title="Anderson County, Texas">Anderson County</a> gathered guns, ammunition, and alcohol to prepare. District Judge Benjamin Howard Gardner attempted to stop the massacre by closing all saloons, gun stores, and hardware stores, but it was too late. The massacre lasted 16 hours, with white mobs killing any Black people they saw. As a result of the massacre, half of Slocum's Black population had left or been killed by the next census. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Occurred shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gioseffi1993_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gioseffi1993-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> During the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Ukrainian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Ukrainian War">Polish-Ukrainian War</a> over three days of unrest in the city, an estimated 52–150 Jewish residents were killed and hundreds more were injured by Polish soldiers and civilians. Two hundred and seventy Ukrainians were also killed during this incident. The Poles did not stop the pogrom until two days after it began. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The pogrom was initiated by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Samosenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Samosenko">Ivan Samosenko</a> following a failed <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> uprising against the Ukrainian People's Republic in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Proskurivsky153731b_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proskurivsky153731b-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The massacre was carried out by <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Army" title="Ukrainian People's Army">soldiers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Samosenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Samosenko">Samosenko</a>. According to historians Yonah Alexander and Kenneth Myers the soldiers marched into the centre of town accompanied by a military band and engaged in atrocities under the slogan: "Kill the Jews, and save the Ukraine." They were ordered to save the ammunition in the process and use only lances and bayonets.<sup id="cite_ref-YA&KM_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YA&KM-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> A series of anti-Jewish pogroms in various places around <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> carried out by <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a> troops </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Mass execution of 35 <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> residents of <a href="/wiki/Pinsk" title="Pinsk">Pinsk</a> in April 1919 by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Army">Polish Army</a>, during the opening stages of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> As Polish troops entered the city, dozens of people connected with the <a href="/wiki/Lit-Bel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lit-Bel">Lit-Bel</a> were arrested, and some were executed. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Economic and social tension against Black community in Greenwood.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> During the <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929 Palestine riots</a>, sixty-seven Jews were killed as the violence spread to <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>, then part of <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>, by Arabs incited to violence by rumors that Jews were massacring <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and seizing control of <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> holy places. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> It was followed by the vandalizing of Jewish houses and shops. The tensions started in June 1934 and spread to a few other villages in Eastern Thrace region and to some small cities in Western Aegean region. At the height of the violent events, it was rumoured that a rabbi was stripped naked and was dragged through the streets shamefully while his daughter was raped. Over 15,000 Jews had to flee from the region.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Some of the Jewish residents gathered in the town square in anticipation of the attack by the peasants, but nothing happened on that day. Two days later, however, on a market day, as historians <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Martin Gilbert</a> and David Vital state, peasants attacked their Jewish neighbors. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Coordinated attacks against Jews throughout <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, carried out by <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA paramilitary</a> forces and non-Jewish civilians. Accounts from the foreign journalists working in Germany sent shock waves around the world.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Romanian military units carried out a pogrom against the local Jews, during which, according to an official Romanian report, 53 Jews were murdered, and dozens injured. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> One of the most violent pogroms in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a>, launched by governmental forces in the <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a> (Jassy) against its <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> population. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> One of the few pogroms of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belgium" title="History of the Jews in Belgium">Belgian history</a>. <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> collaborators attacked and burned <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> and attacked a <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> As the privileges of the paramilitary organisation <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a> were being cut off by <i><a href="/wiki/Conduc%C4%83tor" title="Conducător">Conducător</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a>, members of the Iron Guard, also known as the Legionnaires, revolted. During the rebellion and pogrom, the Iron Guard killed 125 Jews and 30 soldiers died in the confrontation with the rebels. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Mass murder of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Jewish residents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tykocin" title="Tykocin">Tykocin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">occupied Poland</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, soon after <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi German</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">attack on the Soviet Union</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The local <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> was forced to lead a procession of about 40 people to a pre-emptied barn, killed and buried along with fragments of a destroyed monument of <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a>. A further 250–300 Jews were led to the same barn later that day, locked inside and burned alive using <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 180 Jews were killed and over 1,000 injured in attacks on <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a> following British victory in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Massacres of Jews by the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian People's Militia">Ukrainian People's Militia</a> and a German <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Einsatzgruppe">Einsatzgruppe</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Violence amid rumors of kidnappings of children by Jews. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> A frenzy instigated by the crowd's libelous belief that some Jews had made sausage out of Christian children. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Riots started as demonstrations against economic hardships and later became antisemitic.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Violence against the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> community centre, initiated by <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">Polish Communist</a> armed forces <br /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Army of Poland">LWP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Corps" title="Internal Security Corps">KBW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_Information_of_the_Polish_Army" title="Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army">GZI WP</a> and continued by a mob of local townsfolk.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Organized <a href="/wiki/Angry_mob" class="mw-redirect" title="Angry mob">mob</a> attacks directed primarily at <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey" title="Greeks in Turkey">Greek minority</a>. Accelerated the emigration of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Greeks">ethnic Greeks</a> from Turkey (Jews were also targeted in this event).<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 1956 anti-Tamil pogrom or Gal Oya massacre/riots were the first ethnic riots that targeted the minority Tamils in independent Sri Lanka.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 1958 anti-Tamil pogrom also known as 58 riots, refer to the first island wide ethnic riots and pogrom in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Ethnic tension between Kurds and Turkmen. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> A series of massacres directed at <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> and other southern Nigerian residents throughout Nigeria before and after the overthrow (and assassination) of the <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Aguiyi-Ironsi" title="Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi">Aguiyi-Ironsi</a> junta by <a href="/wiki/Murtala_Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Murtala Mohammed">Murtala Mohammed</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Along with the 6 murders, 500 Irish Catholics were injured by the state forces and anti-Catholic mob, 72 of those injured were injured from gun shot wounds, also 150+ Catholic homes and 275+ businesses had been destroyed – 83% of all buildings destroyed were owned by Catholics. Catholics generally fled across the border into the Republic of Ireland as refugees. After <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> the other areas that saw violence were <a href="/wiki/Newry" title="Newry">Newry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armagh" title="Armagh">Armagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crossmaglen" title="Crossmaglen">Crossmaglen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dungannon" title="Dungannon">Dungannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coalisland" title="Coalisland">Coalisland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dungiven" title="Dungiven">Dungiven</a>.<br /> The bloodiest clashes were in Belfast, where seven people were killed and hundreds wounded, in what some viewed as an attempted pogrom against the Catholic minority. Protesters clashed with both the police and with loyalists, who attacked Catholic districts. Scores of homes and businesses were burnt out, most of them owned by Catholics, and thousands of mostly Catholic families were driven from their homes. In some cases, RUC officers helped the loyalists and failed to protect Catholic areas. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The 1977 anti-Tamil pogrom followed the 1977 general elections in Sri Lanka where the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_Nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism">Sri Lankan Tamil nationalistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_United_Liberation_Front" title="Tamil United Liberation Front">Tamil United Liberation Front</a> won a plurality of minority <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamil">Sri Lankan Tamil</a> votes in which it stood for secession.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Over seven days mobs of mainly Sinhalese attacked Tamil targets, burning, looting and killing. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> were targeted in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and other parts of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> during a pogrom in October 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-toiprog_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toiprog-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rediffprog_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rediffprog-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2009BBCremember_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2009BBCremember-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Mobs made up largely of ethnic Azeris formed into groups that went on to attack and kill Armenians both on the streets and in their apartments; widespread looting and a general lack of concern from police officers allowed the situation to worsen. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Ethnic Azeris attacked Armenians throughout the city.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Seven-day attack during which Armenians were beaten, tortured, murdered and expelled from the city. There were also many raids on apartments, robberies and Parsons. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> A three-day <a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">riot</a> that occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Crown Heights, Brooklyn">Crown Heights</a> section of <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. The riots incited by the death of the seven-year-old Gavin Cato, unleashed simmering tensions within Crown Heights' black community against the Orthodox Jewish community. In its wake, several Jews were seriously injured; one Orthodox Jewish man, Yankel Rosenbaum, was killed; and a non-Jewish man, allegedly mistaken by rioters for a Jew, was killed by a group of African-American men.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The <b>Srebrenica massacre</b>, also known as the <b>Srebrenica genocide</b>, was the July 1995 killing of more than 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniak</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Muslim</a> men and boys in and around the town of <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica" title="Srebrenica">Srebrenica</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>. The killings were perpetrated by units of the Bosnian Serb <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Army of Republika Srpska">Army of Republika Srpska</a> (VRS) <a href="/wiki/Command_responsibility" title="Command responsibility">under the command</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(paramilitary)" title="Scorpions (paramilitary)">Scorpions</a>, a paramilitary unit from <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)">Serbia</a>, who had been part of the Serbian Interior Ministry until 1991, also participated in the massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Over 4,000 Serbs were forced to leave their homes, 935 Serb houses, 10 public facilities and 35 Serbian Orthodox church-buildings were desecrated, damaged or destroyed, and six towns and nine villages were ethnically cleansed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> was accused of inciting mob violence.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_-_Rohingya_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_-_Rohingya-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <small>homes demolished and communities depopoulated by intimidation</small><sup id="cite_ref-B'Tselem_-_working_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B'Tselem_-_working-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_from_the_text">Notes from the text</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">POG</span>-rəm</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">POH</span>-grəm, <span style="font-size:90%">POH</span>-grom, pə-<span style="font-size:90%">GROM</span></i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">погро́м</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[pɐˈɡrom]</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historians, who put the number of killed Jewish civilians at between 40,000 and 100,000 during the <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmelnytsky Pogrom">Khmelnytsky Pogroms</a> in 1648–1657, include: <ul><li>Naomi E. Pasachoff, Robert J. Littman (2005). <i>A Concise History Of The Jewish People</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-4366-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-4366-8">0-7425-4366-8</a>, p. 182.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Theo_Goldberg" title="David Theo Goldberg">David Theo Goldberg</a>, John Solomos (2002). <i>A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies</i>, Blackwell, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-20616-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-20616-7">0-631-20616-7</a>, p. 68.</li> <li>Micheal Clodfelter (2002). <i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–1999</i>, McFarland, p. 56: estimated at 56,000 dead.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historians estimating that around 100,000 Jews were killed include: <ul><li>Cara Camcastle. <i>The More Moderate Side of Joseph de Maistre: Views on Political Liberty And Political Economy</i>, McGill-Queen's Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-2976-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-2976-4">0-7735-2976-4</a>, p. 26.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Martin Gilbert</a> (1999). <i>Holocaust Journey: Traveling in Search of the Past</i>, Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-10965-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-10965-2">0-231-10965-2</a>, p. 219.</li> <li>Manus I. Midlarsky. <i>The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81545-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-81545-2">0-521-81545-2</a>, p. 352.</li> <li>Oscar Reiss (2004). <i>The Jews in Colonial America</i>, McFarland, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1730-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1730-7">0-7864-1730-7</a>, pp. 98–99.</li> <li>Colin Martin Tatz (2003). <i>With Intent to Destroy: Reflections on Genocide</i>, Verso, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85984-550-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85984-550-9">1-85984-550-9</a>, p. 146.</li> <li>Samuel Totten (2004). <i>Teaching about Genocide: Issues, Approaches and Resources</i>, Information Age Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59311-074-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-59311-074-X">1-59311-074-X</a>, p. 25.</li> <li>Mosheh Weiss (2004). <i>A Brief History of the Jewish People</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-4402-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-4402-8">0-7425-4402-8</a>, p. 193.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historians who estimate that more than 100,000 Jews were killed in Ukraine in 1648–1657 include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_Waxman" title="Meyer Waxman">Meyer Waxman</a> (2003). <i>History of Jewish Literature Part 3</i>, Kessinger, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-4370-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-4370-8">0-7661-4370-8</a>, p. 20: estimated at two hundred thousand Jews killed.</li> <li>Micheal Clodfelter (2002). <i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–1999</i>, McFarland, p. 56: estimated at between 150,000 and 200,000 Jewish victims.</li> <li>Zev Garber, Bruce Zuckerman (2004). <i>Double Takes: Thinking and Rethinking Issues of Modern Judaism in Ancient Contexts</i>, University Press of America, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-2894-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-2894-X">0-7618-2894-X</a>, p. 77, footnote 17: estimated at 100,000–500,000 Jews.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Columbia_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Columbia Encyclopedia">The Columbia Encyclopedia</a></i> (2001–2005), "Chmielnicki Bohdan", 6th ed.: estimated at over 100,000 Jews.</li> <li>Robert Melvin Spector (2005). <i>World without Civilization: Mass Murder and the Holocaust, History and Analysis</i>, University Press of America, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-2963-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-2963-6">0-7618-2963-6</a>, p. 77: estimated at more than 100,000.</li> <li>Sol Scharfstein (2004). <i>Jewish History and You</i>, KTAV, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88125-806-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88125-806-7">0-88125-806-7</a>, p. 42: estimated at more than 100,000 Jews killed.</li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditors_of_Encyclopædia_Britannica2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/pogrom">"Pogrom"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Britannica.com. <q>(Russian: "devastation" or "riot"), a mob attack, either approved or condoned by authorities, against the persons and property of a religious, racial, or national minority. The term is usually applied to attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pogrom&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Editors+of+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fpogrom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brass-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brass_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrass1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Brass" title="Paul Brass">Brass, Paul R.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QeU8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3"><i>Riots and Pogroms</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. p. 3. <i>Introduction</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1282-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1282-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-1282-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riots+and+Pogroms&rft.pages=p.+3.+%27%27Introduction%27%27&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-1282-5&rft.aulast=Brass&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQeU8DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WileyBlackwell-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WileyBlackwell_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WileyBlackwell_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinBiddissTallett2011" class="citation book cs1">Atkin, Nicholas; <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Biddiss" title="Michael D. Biddiss">Biddiss, Michael</a>; Tallett, Frank (23 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1QyXCTW_MCQC&pg=PA324"><i>The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9072-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9072-8"><bdi>978-1-4443-9072-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wiley-Blackwell+Dictionary+of+Modern+European+History+Since+1789&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-05-23&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-9072-8&rft.aulast=Atkin&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Biddiss%2C+Michael&rft.au=Tallett%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1QyXCTW_MCQC%26pg%3DPA324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klier58-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klier58_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klier58_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klier58_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlier2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Klier" title="John Klier">Klier, John</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VfVSNViOsZcC&pg=PA58"><i>Russians, Jews, and the Pogroms of 1881–1882</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89548-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89548-4"><bdi>978-0-521-89548-4</bdi></a>. <q>By the twentieth century, the word "pogrom" had become a generic term in English for all forms of collective violence directed against Jews. The term was especially associated with Eastern Europe and the Russian Empire, the scene of the most serious outbreaks of anti-Jewish violence before the Holocaust. Yet when applied indiscriminately to events in Eastern Europe, the term can be misleading, the more so when it implies that "pogroms" were regular events in the region and that they always shared common features. In fact, outbreaks of mass violence against Jews were extraordinary events, not a regular feature of East European life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russians%2C+Jews%2C+and+the+Pogroms+of+1881%E2%80%931882&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89548-4&rft.aulast=Klier&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVfVSNViOsZcC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-international-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-international_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-international_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-international_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergmann2003" class="citation book cs1">Bergmann, Werner (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A4mqsik_VDcC&pg=PA352">"Pogroms"</a>. <i>International Handbook of Violence Research</i>. pp. 352–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-306-48039-3_19">10.1007/978-0-306-48039-3_19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3980-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3980-5"><bdi>978-1-4020-3980-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pogroms&rft.btitle=International+Handbook+of+Violence+Research&rft.pages=352-55&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-0-306-48039-3_19&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3980-5&rft.aulast=Bergmann&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA4mqsik_VDcC%26pg%3DPA352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engel-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDekel-ChenGauntMeirBartal2010" class="citation book cs1">Dekel-Chen, Jonathan; Gaunt, David; Meir, Natan M.; Bartal, Israel, eds. (26 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AUYQ8JQ-iM0C&pg=PA19"><i>Anti-Jewish Violence. Rethinking the Pogrom in East European History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00478-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00478-9"><bdi>978-0-253-00478-9</bdi></a>. <q>Engel states that although there are no "essential defining characteristics of a pogrom", the majority of the incidents "habitually" described as pogroms "took place in divided societies in which ethnicity or religion (or both) served as significant definers of both social boundaries and social rank.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Jewish+Violence.+Rethinking+the+Pogrom+in+East+European+History&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2010-11-26&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00478-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAUYQ8JQ-iM0C%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-books1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2010" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Sonja (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0HDeEPouQm0C&pg=PT193"><i>Pogroms and Riots: German Press Responses to Anti-Jewish Violence in Germany and Russia (1881–1882)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">Peter Lang</a>. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-60214-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-60214-0"><bdi>978-3-631-60214-0</bdi></a>. <q>Most contemporaries claimed that the pogroms were directed against Jewish property, not against Jews, a claim so far not contradicted by research.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pogroms+and+Riots%3A+German+Press+Responses+to+Anti-Jewish+Violence+in+Germany+and+Russia+%281881%E2%80%931882%29&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-631-60214-0&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Sonja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0HDeEPouQm0C%26pg%3DPT193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-books2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlierAbulafia2001" class="citation book cs1">Klier, John D.; <a href="/wiki/Anna_Abulafia" title="Anna Abulafia">Abulafia, Anna Sapir</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FzqDDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT165"><i>Religious Violence Between Christians and Jews: Medieval Roots, Modern Perspectives</i></a>. Springer. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1382-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1382-1"><bdi>978-1-4039-1382-1</bdi></a>. <q>The pogroms themselves seem to have largely followed a set of unwritten rules. They were directed against Jewish property only.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Violence+Between+Christians+and+Jews%3A+Medieval+Roots%2C+Modern+Perspectives&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-1382-1&rft.aulast=Klier&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft.au=Abulafia%2C+Anna+Sapir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFzqDDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YIVO-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YIVO_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlier2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Klier" title="John Klier">Klier, John</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Pogroms">"Pogroms."</a>. <i>The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe</i>. YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. <q>The common usage of the term pogrom to describe any attack against Jews throughout history disguises the great variation in the scale, nature, motivation and intent of such violence at different times.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pogroms.&rft.btitle=The+YIVO+Encyclopedia+of+Jews+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=YIVO+Institute+for+Jewish+Research&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Klier&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yivoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle.aspx%2FPogroms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlantic-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/06/world-war-ii-before-the-war/100089/">"World War II: Before the War"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. 19 June 2011. <q>Windows of shops owned by Jews which were broken during a coordinated anti-Jewish demonstration in Berlin, known as Kristallnacht, on November 10, 1938. Nazi authorities turned a blind eye as SA stormtroopers and civilians destroyed storefronts with hammers, leaving the streets covered in pieces of smashed windows. Ninety-one Jews were killed, and 30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=World+War+II%3A+Before+the+War&rft.date=2011-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finfocus%2F2011%2F06%2Fworld-war-ii-before-the-war%2F100089%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berenbaum2005p49-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berenbaum2005p49_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berenbaum2005p49_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerenbaumKramer2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a>; Kramer, Arnold (2005). <i>The World Must Know</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Must+Know&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Berenbaum&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert30-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert30_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert30_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1986" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Martin (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holocaustjewisht0000gilb"><i>The Holocaust: the Jewish tragedy</i></a></span>. Collins. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holocaustjewisht0000gilb/page/30">30–33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-216305-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-216305-7"><bdi>978-0-00-216305-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+the+Jewish+tragedy&rft.pages=30-33&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-00-216305-7&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholocaustjewisht0000gilb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3000_Sikhs-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3000_Sikhs_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedi2009" class="citation news cs1">Bedi, Rahul (1 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm">"Indira Gandhi's death remembered"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091102113639/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2009</span>. <q>The 25th anniversary of Indira Gandhi's assassination revives stark memories of some 3,000 Sikhs killed brutally in the orderly pogrom that followed her killing</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indira+Gandhi%27s+death+remembered&rft.date=2009-11-01&rft.aulast=Bedi&rft.aufirst=Rahul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F8306420.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wire_-_Gujarat-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wire_-_Gujarat_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wire_-_Gujarat_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wire_-_Gujarat_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.thewire.in/article/communalism/2002-gujarat-anti-muslim-pogrom">"The Soul-Wounds of Massacre, or Why We Should Not Forget the 2002 Gujarat Pogrom"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wire_(India)" title="The Wire (India)">The Wire (India)</a></i>. 27 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2024</span>. <q>This article is extracted and adapted from the author's book Between Memory and Forgetting: Massacre and the Modi Years in Gujarat, Yoda Press, 2019.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wire+%28India%29&rft.atitle=The+Soul-Wounds+of+Massacre%2C+or+Why+We+Should+Not+Forget+the+2002+Gujarat+Pogrom&rft.date=2022-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.thewire.in%2Farticle%2Fcommunalism%2F2002-gujarat-anti-muslim-pogrom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smh-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smh_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smh_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smh_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoutsoukis2008" class="citation web cs1">Koutsoukis, Jason (15 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/world/settlers-attack-palestinian-village-20080915-gdsuyu.html">"Settlers attack Palestinian village"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405113419/https://www.smh.com.au/world/settlers-attack-palestinian-village-20080915-gdsuyu.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'As a Jew, I was ashamed at the scenes of Jews opening fire at innocent Arabs in Hebron. There is no other definition than the term "pogrom" to describe what I have seen.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Settlers+attack+Palestinian+village&rft.date=2008-09-15&rft.aulast=Koutsoukis&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fworld%2Fsettlers-attack-palestinian-village-20080915-gdsuyu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJ_October_7_pogrpm-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_October_7_pogrpm_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_October_7_pogrpm_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/israel-hamas-video-screening-gaza-tsach-saar-31ed88ab">"Opinion | Hamas Puts Its Pogrom on Video"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. 27 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Opinion+%26%23124%3B+Hamas+Puts+Its+Pogrom+on+Video&rft.date=2023-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fisrael-hamas-video-screening-gaza-tsach-saar-31ed88ab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinstein2005" class="citation book cs1">Feinstein, Sara (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zjj18NXZg2wC&pg=PR12"><i>Sunshine, Blossoms and Blood</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3142-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3142-6"><bdi>978-0-7618-3142-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunshine%2C+Blossoms+and+Blood&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-3142-6&rft.aulast=Feinstein&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZjj18NXZg2wC%26pg%3DPR12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudge1995" class="citation book cs1">Judge, Edward H. (February 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_mQhzI-nfHsC&pg=PA99"><i>Easter in Kishinev</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4223-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4223-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-4223-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Easter+in+Kishinev&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1995-02&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-4223-5&rft.aulast=Judge&rft.aufirst=Edward+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_mQhzI-nfHsC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dictionary-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, December 2007 revision. <i>See also:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=pogrom">Pogrom at Online Etymology Dictionary.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergmann-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bergmann_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergmann_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A4mqsik_VDcC&pg=PA351"><i>International handbook of violence research</i></a>. Vol. 1. Springer. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3980-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3980-5"><bdi>978-1-4020-3980-5</bdi></a>. <q>The word "pogrom" (from the Russian, meaning storm or devastation) has a relatively short history. Its international currency dates back to the anti-Semitic excesses in Tsarist Russia during the years 1881–1883, but the phenomenon existed in the same form at a much earlier date and was by no means confined to Russia. As John D. Klier points out in his seminal article "The pogrom paradigm in Russian history", the anti-Semitic pogroms in Russia were described by contemporaries as demonstrations, persecution, or struggle, and the government made use of the term besporiadok (unrest, riot) to emphasize the breach of public order. Then, during the twentieth century, the term began to develop along two separate lines. In the Soviet Union, the word lost its anti-Semitic connotation and came to be used for reactionary forms of political unrest and, from 1989, for outbreaks of interethnic violence; while in the West, the anti-Semitic overtones were retained and government orchestration or acquiescence was emphasized.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+handbook+of+violence+research&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3980-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA4mqsik_VDcC%26pg%3DPA351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-et-jc-reading-ferguson-books-on-race-police-protest-and-us-history-20140818-story.html">"Reading Ferguson: books on race, police, protest and U.S. history"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. 18 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Reading+Ferguson%3A+books+on+race%2C+police%2C+protest+and+U.S.+history&rft.date=2014-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbooks%2Fjacketcopy%2Fla-et-jc-reading-ferguson-books-on-race-police-protest-and-us-history-20140818-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abramson-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abramson_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Abramson" title="Henry Abramson">Abramson, Henry</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7sZtAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+mainstream+usage+the+word+has+come+to+imply+an+act+of+antisemitism%22"><i>A prayer for the government: Ukrainians and Jews in revolutionary times, 1917–1920</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916458-88-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-916458-88-1"><bdi>978-0-916458-88-1</bdi></a>. <q>The etymological roots of the term pogrom are unclear, although it seems to be derived from the Slavic word for "thunder(bolt)" (Russian: grom, Ukrainian: hrim). The first syllable, po-, is a prefix indicating "means" or "target". The word therefore seems to imply a sudden burst of energy (thunderbolt) directed at a specific target. A pogrom is generally thought of as a cross between a popular riot and a military atrocity, where an unarmed civilian, often urban, population is attacked by either an army unit or peasants from surrounding villages, or a combination of the two.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+prayer+for+the+government%3A+Ukrainians+and+Jews+in+revolutionary+times%2C+1917%E2%80%931920&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-916458-88-1&rft.aulast=Abramson&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7sZtAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522in%2Bmainstream%2Busage%2Bthe%2Bword%2Bhas%2Bcome%2Bto%2Bimply%2Ban%2Bact%2Bof%2Bantisemitism%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergmann2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bergmann2_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergmann writes that "the concept of "ethnic violence" covers a range of heterogeneous phenomena, and in many cases there are still no established theoretical and conceptual distinctions in the field (Waldmann, 1995:343)" Bergmann then goes on to set out a variety of conflicting scholarly views on the definition and usage of the term pogrom.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pietrowski-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pietrowski_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotrowski1997" class="citation book cs1">Piotrowski, Tadeusz (1 November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NBbnrEMswbUC&pg=PA42"><i>Poland's Holocaust</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2913-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2913-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-2913-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1997-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2913-4&rft.aulast=Piotrowski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNBbnrEMswbUC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pease-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pease_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPease2003" class="citation book cs1">Pease, Neal (2003). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'This Troublesome Question': The United States and the 'Polish Pogroms' of 1918–1919". In Biskupski, Mieczysław B.; Wandycz, Piotr Stefan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fhK5QebocBkC&q=pogrom"><i>Ideology, Politics, and Diplomacy in East Central Europe</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">Boydell & Brewer</a>. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-137-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-137-5"><bdi>978-1-58046-137-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27This+Troublesome+Question%27%3A+The+United+States+and+the+%27Polish+Pogroms%27+of+1918%E2%80%931919&rft.btitle=Ideology%2C+Politics%2C+and+Diplomacy+in+East+Central+Europe.&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58046-137-5&rft.aulast=Pease&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfhK5QebocBkC%26q%3Dpogrom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JewishWeek-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JewishWeek_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewishWeek_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2011" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Jonathan (9 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024224338/http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/new_york/what_pogrom_wrought">"What The 'Pogrom' Wrought"</a>. <i>The Jewish Week</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/new_york/what_pogrom_wrought">the original</a> on 24 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2015</span>. <q>A divisive debate over the meaning of pogrom, lasting for more than two years, could have easily been ended if the mayor simply said to the victims of Crown Heights, yes, I understand why you experienced it as a pogrom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Week&rft.atitle=What+The+%27Pogrom%27+Wrought&rft.date=2011-08-09&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejewishweek.com%2Fnews%2Fnew_york%2Fwhat_pogrom_wrought&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_Magazine-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Magazine_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Media,_LLC1991" class="citation book cs1">New York Media, LLC (9 September 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DukCAAAAMBAJ"><i>New York Magazine</i></a>. New York Media, LLC. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DukCAAAAMBAJ/page/n27">28</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+Magazine&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=New+York+Media%2C+LLC&rft.date=1991-09-09&rft.au=New+York+Media%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_DukCAAAAMBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conaway-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conaway_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conaway_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConaway1999" class="citation journal cs1">Conaway, Carol B. (Autumn 1999). "Crown Heights: Politics and Press Coverage of the Race War That Wasn't". <i><a href="/wiki/Polity_(journal)" title="Polity (journal)">Polity</a></i>. <b>32</b> (1): 93–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3235335">10.2307/3235335</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3235335">3235335</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146866395">146866395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polity&rft.atitle=Crown+Heights%3A+Politics+and+Press+Coverage+of+the+Race+War+That+Wasn%27t&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-118&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146866395%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3235335%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3235335&rft.aulast=Conaway&rft.aufirst=Carol+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc11-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc11_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7770384.stm">"Olmert condemns settler 'pogrom'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 7 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Olmert+condemns+settler+%27pogrom%27&rft.date=2008-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F7770384.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metropolitan-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-metropolitan_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Amos_Elon" title="Amos Elon">Amos Elon</a> (2002), <i>The Pity of It All: A History of the Jews in Germany, 1743–1933</i>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Books">Metropolitan Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-5964-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-5964-4">0-8050-5964-4</a>. p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Codex Judaica: chronological index of Jewish history</i>; p. 203 Máttis Kantor – 2005 "The Jews were savagely attacked and massacred, by sometimes hysterical mobs."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Marshall <i>John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture</i>; p. 376 2006 "The period of the Black Death saw the massacre of Jews across Germany, and in Aragon, and Flanders,"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anna Foa <i>The Jews of Europe after the black death </i> 2000 p. 13 "The first massacres took place in April 1348 in Toulon, where the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a> was raided and forty Jews were murdered in their homes. Shortly afterwards, violence broke out in Barcelona."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurant1953" class="citation book cs1">Durant, Will (1953). <i>The Renaissance</i>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 730–731. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-61600-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-61600-5"><bdi>0-671-61600-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Renaissance&rft.pages=730-731&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=0-671-61600-5&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2012" class="citation web cs1">Newman, Barbara (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1470909">"The Passion of the Jews of Prague: The Pogrom of 1389 and the Lessons of a Medieval Parody"</a>. <i>Church History</i>. pp. 1–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=The+Passion+of+the+Jews+of+Prague%3A+The+Pogrom+of+1389+and+the+Lessons+of+a+Medieval+Parody&rft.pages=1-26&rft.date=2012-03&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1470909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman_Rosenthal1901" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Rosenthal" title="Herman Rosenthal">Herman Rosenthal</a> (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=469&letter=C">"Chmielnicki, Bogdan Zinovi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Chmielnicki%2C+Bogdan+Zinovi&rft.date=1901&rft.au=Herman+Rosenthal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D469%26letter%3DC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElon2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amos_Elon" title="Amos Elon">Elon, Amos</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pityofitallhisto00elon/page/103"><i>The Pity of It All: A History of the Jews in Germany, 1743–1933</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Books">Metropolitan Books</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pityofitallhisto00elon/page/103">103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-5964-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-5964-4"><bdi>0-8050-5964-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pity+of+It+All%3A+A+History+of+the+Jews+in+Germany%2C+1743%E2%80%931933&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8050-5964-4&rft.aulast=Elon&rft.aufirst=Amos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpityofitallhisto00elon%2Fpage%2F103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies60-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies60_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Tbed6iMNLEC&q=alien+imposition">"Rossiya: The Russian Partition (1772–1918)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/God%27s_Playground" title="God's Playground"><i>God's Playground: a history of Poland</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. pp. 60–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925340-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925340-1"><bdi>978-0-19-925340-1</bdi></a>. Volume II: Revised Edition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rossiya%3A+The+Russian+Partition+%281772%E2%80%931918%29&rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground%3A+a+history+of+Poland&rft.pages=60-61&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925340-1&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Tbed6iMNLEC%26q%3Dalien%2Bimposition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/shtetl">"Shtetl"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i>. The Gale Group – via <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.atitle=Shtetl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fshtetl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Also in:</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabbi_Ken_Spiro2009" class="citation web cs1">Rabbi Ken Spiro (9 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/jl/h/48956361.html">"Pale of Settlement"</a>. <i>History Crash Course #56</i>. Aish.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Crash+Course+%2356&rft.atitle=Pale+of+Settlement&rft.date=2009-05-09&rft.au=Rabbi+Ken+Spiro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aish.com%2Fjl%2Fh%2F48956361.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H-DL-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H-DL_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLöwe2004" class="citation journal cs1">Löwe, Heinz-Dietrich (Autumn 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/179974">"Pogroms in Russia: Explanations, Comparisons, Suggestions"</a>. <i>Jewish Social Studies</i>. New Series. <b>11</b> (1): 17–. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjss.2005.0007">10.1353/jss.2005.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201771701">201771701</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Pogroms were concentrated in time. Four phases can be observed: in 1819, 1830, 1834, and 1818-19.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Social+Studies&rft.atitle=Pogroms+in+Russia%3A+Explanations%2C+Comparisons%2C+Suggestions&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjss.2005.0007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201771701%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6we&rft.aufirst=Heinz-Dietrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F179974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (September 2016)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OBu-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OBu_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Doyle_KlierShlomo_Lambroza2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Klier" title="John Klier">John Doyle Klier</a>; Shlomo Lambroza (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T3D7CmSOMfIC&q=Odessa+1881+encyclopedia"><i>Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52851-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52851-1"><bdi>978-0-521-52851-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pogroms%3A+Anti-Jewish+Violence+in+Modern+Russian+History&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52851-1&rft.au=John+Doyle+Klier&rft.au=Shlomo+Lambroza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT3D7CmSOMfIC%26q%3DOdessa%2B1881%2Bencyclopedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Also in:</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmer_Bartov2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Omer_Bartov" title="Omer Bartov">Omer Bartov</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xam0fUlrXfkC&q=number+counted+one+hand"><i>Shatterzone of Empires</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00631-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00631-8"><bdi>978-0-253-00631-8</bdi></a>. <q>Note 45. It should be remembered that for all the violence and property damage caused by the 1881 pogroms, the number of deaths could be counted on one hand.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shatterzone+of+Empires&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00631-8&rft.au=Omer+Bartov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXam0fUlrXfkC%26q%3Dnumber%2Bcounted%2Bone%2Bhand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span> For further information, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOleg_Budnitskii2012" class="citation book cs1">Oleg Budnitskii (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dLdhSUZI-AYC&q=Alexander+watershed"><i>Russian Jews Between the Reds and the Whites, 1917–1920</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 17–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0814-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0814-6"><bdi>978-0-8122-0814-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Jews+Between+the+Reds+and+the+Whites%2C+1917%E2%80%931920&rft.pages=17-20&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0814-6&rft.au=Oleg+Budnitskii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdLdhSUZI-AYC%26q%3DAlexander%2Bwatershed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Abramson2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Abramson" title="Henry Abramson">Henry Abramson</a> (10–13 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/02summer/pdf2/abramson_large.pdf">"The end of intimate insularity: new narratives of Jewish history in the post-Soviet era"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Acts</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acts&rft.atitle=The+end+of+intimate+insularity%3A+new+narratives+of+Jewish+history+in+the+post-Soviet+era&rft.date=2002-07-10%2F2002-07-13&rft.au=Henry+Abramson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsrc-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp%2Fsympo%2F02summer%2Fpdf2%2Fabramson_large.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaretsky_-_quote_1-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zaretsky_-_quote_1_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaretsky2023" class="citation news cs1">Zaretsky, Robert (27 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/culture/567188/pogrom-october-7-massacre-israel-yerushalmi/">"Why so many people call the Oct. 7 massacre a 'pogrom' — and what they miss when they do so"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2024</span>. <q>Thanks to the work of the historian John Klier, we also know that the Czarist authorities neither choreographed nor encouraged the pogroms. Instead, they were mostly spontaneous and perhaps as much about managing social status as they were about murdering Jews.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=Why+so+many+people+call+the+Oct.+7+massacre+a+%27pogrom%27+%E2%80%94+and+what+they+miss+when+they+do+so&rft.date=2023-10-27&rft.aulast=Zaretsky&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fculture%2F567188%2Fpogrom-october-7-massacre-israel-yerushalmi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JEncyclo-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JEncyclo_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthalRosenthal1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rosenthal, Herman; Rosenthal, Max (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9350-kishinef-kishinev">"Kishinef (Kishinev)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kishinef+%28Kishinev%29&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft.au=Rosenthal%2C+Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F9350-kishinef-kishinev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P.J.-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P.J._49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P.J._49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2016" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, Paul (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=idw0DQAAQBAJ&q=1903+Extreme+savagery"><i>The SAGE Encyclopedia of War</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. p. 1353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-5988-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-5988-5"><bdi>978-1-4833-5988-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+Encyclopedia+of+War&rft.pages=1353&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4833-5988-5&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Didw0DQAAQBAJ%26q%3D1903%2BExtreme%2Bsavagery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergei_Kan2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kan" title="Sergei Kan">Sergei Kan</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XOfZ6ivgY8C&q=Zhitomir+Black+Hundreds"><i>Lev Shternberg</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2470-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2470-4"><bdi>978-0-8032-2470-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lev+Shternberg&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-2470-4&rft.au=Sergei+Kan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9XOfZ6ivgY8C%26q%3DZhitomir%2BBlack%2BHundreds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S.L.-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S.L._51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S.L._51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambroza1993" class="citation book cs1">Lambroza, Shlomo (1993). "Jewish self-defence". In <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Strauss" title="Herbert A. Strauss">Strauss, Herbert A.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SOFkWX8EC4cC&q=1905+self-defence+efforts"><i>Current Research on Anti-Semitism: Hostages of Modernization</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. pp. 1256, 1244–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-013715-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-013715-6"><bdi>978-3-11-013715-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+self-defence&rft.btitle=Current+Research+on+Anti-Semitism%3A+Hostages+of+Modernization&rft.pages=1256%2C+1244-45&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-11-013715-6&rft.aulast=Lambroza&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSOFkWX8EC4cC%26q%3D1905%2Bself-defence%2Befforts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T&H-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-T&H_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatz2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Tatz" title="Colin Tatz">Tatz, Colin</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N1WaCwAAQBAJ&q=four+decades+250%2C000"><i>The Magnitude of Genocide</i></a>. Winton Higgins. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3161-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3161-4"><bdi>978-1-4408-3161-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magnitude+of+Genocide&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3161-4&rft.aulast=Tatz&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN1WaCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfour%2Bdecades%2B250%252C000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kleg-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kleg_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleg_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleg_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleg1993" class="citation book cs1">Kleg, Milton (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yKrrSa7WqNwC&q=1%2C326+pogroms+Ukraine"><i>Hate Prejudice and Racism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1536-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1536-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-1536-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hate+Prejudice+and+Racism&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1536-8&rft.aulast=Kleg&rft.aufirst=Milton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyKrrSa7WqNwC%26q%3D1%252C326%2Bpogroms%2BUkraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiner2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hasia_Diner" title="Hasia Diner">Diner, Hasia</a> (23 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520939929/html"><i>The Jews of the United States, 1654 to 2000</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. 71–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2F9780520939929">10.1525/9780520939929</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93992-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93992-9"><bdi>978-0-520-93992-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243416759">243416759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+the+United+States%2C+1654+to+2000&rft.pages=71-111&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243416759%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2F9780520939929&rft.isbn=978-0-520-93992-9&rft.aulast=Diner&rft.aufirst=Hasia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1525%2F9780520939929%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gitelman25-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gitelman25_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGitelman2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Gitelman" title="Zvi Gitelman">Gitelman, Zvi Y.</a> (2001). "Revolution and the Ambiguities". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3f2rng6jDW4C&q=Kiev+March+1919+since+1648"><i>A Century of Ambivalence</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33811-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33811-2"><bdi>978-0-253-33811-2</bdi></a>. Chapter 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revolution+and+the+Ambiguities&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Ambivalence&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33811-2&rft.aulast=Gitelman&rft.aufirst=Zvi+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3f2rng6jDW4C%26q%3DKiev%2BMarch%2B1919%2Bsince%2B1648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gitelman-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gitelman_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGitelman2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Gitelman" title="Zvi Gitelman">Gitelman, Zvi Y.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3f2rng6jDW4C"><i>A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present</i></a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 65–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33811-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33811-2"><bdi>978-0-253-33811-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Ambivalence%3A+The+Jews+of+Russia+and+the+Soviet+Union%2C+1881+to+the+Present&rft.pages=65-70&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33811-2&rft.aulast=Gitelman&rft.aufirst=Zvi+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3f2rng6jDW4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKa-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SKa_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadish1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sharman_Kadish" title="Sharman Kadish">Kadish, Sharman</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rhkA1VpX5KQC&q=%22kiev+pogrom%22+1919&pg=RA5-PA286"><i>Bolsheviks and British Jews: The Anglo-Jewish Community, Britain, and the Russian Revolution</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3371-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3371-8"><bdi>978-0-7146-3371-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolsheviks+and+British+Jews%3A+The+Anglo-Jewish+Community%2C+Britain%2C+and+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-3371-8&rft.aulast=Kadish&rft.aufirst=Sharman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrhkA1VpX5KQC%26q%3D%2522kiev%2Bpogrom%2522%2B1919%26pg%3DRA5-PA286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NLe-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NLe_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLe_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLe_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nora_Levin" title="Nora Levin">Levin, Nora</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QgQUCgAAQBAJ&q=Bolshevik+disarmed"><i>The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5051-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5051-3"><bdi>978-0-8147-5051-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+in+the+Soviet+Union+Since+1917%3A+Paradox+of+Survival&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-5051-3&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Nora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQgQUCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DBolshevik%2Bdisarmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ukraine:_Birth_of_a_Modern_Nation-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ukraine:_Birth_of_a_Modern_Nation_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ukraine:_Birth_of_a_Modern_Nation_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYekelchyk2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Serhy_Yekelchyk" title="Serhy Yekelchyk">Yekelchyk, Serhy</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2CHiBwAAQBAJ&q=Petliura+pogroms"><i>Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530546-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530546-3"><bdi>978-0-19-530546-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+Birth+of+a+Modern+Nation&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530546-3&rft.aulast=Yekelchyk&rft.aufirst=Serhy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2CHiBwAAQBAJ%26q%3DPetliura%2Bpogroms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HoUJsntui-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HoUJsntui_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul Robert</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TA1zVKTTsXUC&q=Petliura+1%2C236+pogroms"><i>History of Ukraine – The Land and Its Peoples</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. 537. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4085-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4085-6"><bdi>978-1-4426-4085-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ukraine+%E2%80%93+The+Land+and+Its+Peoples&rft.pages=537&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-4085-6&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTA1zVKTTsXUC%26q%3DPetliura%2B1%252C236%2Bpogroms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopaedia_Judaica2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Encyclopaedia Judaica (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0016_0_15895.html">"Pogroms"</a>. <i>The Jewish Virtual Library</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pogroms&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fjudaica%2Fejud_0002_0016_0_15895.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudnitski1997" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script">Budnitski, Oleg (1997). <bdi lang="he">יהודי רוסיה בין האדומים ללבנים</bdi> [Russian Jews Between the Reds and the Whites]. <i>Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies</i>. <b>12</b>: 189–198. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0333-9068">0333-9068</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23535861">23535861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+World+Congress+of+Jewish+Studies&rft.atitle=%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99+%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F+%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=189-198&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23535861%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0333-9068&rft.aulast=Budnitski&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramson1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Abramson" title="Henry Abramson">Abramson, Henry</a> (September 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/slavic-review/article/div-classtitlejewish-representation-in-the-independent-ukrainian-governments-of-1917-1920div/49220526A769CE874099110B4A6A835C">"Jewish Representation in the Independent Ukrainian Governments of 1917–1920"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Review" title="Slavic Review">Slavic Review</a></i>. <b>50</b> (3): 542–550. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2499851">10.2307/2499851</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2499851">2499851</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:181641495">181641495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=Jewish+Representation+in+the+Independent+Ukrainian+Governments+of+1917%E2%80%931920&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=542-550&rft.date=1991-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A181641495%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2499851%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2499851&rft.aulast=Abramson&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fslavic-review%2Farticle%2Fdiv-classtitlejewish-representation-in-the-independent-ukrainian-governments-of-1917-1920div%2F49220526A769CE874099110B4A6A835C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HM414-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HM414_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgenthau1922" class="citation book cs1">Morgenthau, Henry (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_P-UEAAAAYAAJ"><i>All in a Life-time</i></a>. Doubleday & Page. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_P-UEAAAAYAAJ/page/n432">414</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25930642">25930642</a>. <q>Minsk Bolsheviks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+in+a+Life-time&rft.pages=414&rft.pub=Doubleday+%26+Page&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25930642&rft.aulast=Morgenthau&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_P-UEAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrew_Sloin_2017-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_Sloin_2017_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSloin2017" class="citation book cs1">Sloin, Andrew (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzrqDQAAQBAJ"><i>The Jewish Revolution in Belorussia: Economy, Race, and Bolshevik Power</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02463-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02463-3"><bdi>978-0-253-02463-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Revolution+in+Belorussia%3A+Economy%2C+Race%2C+and+Bolshevik+Power&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-253-02463-3&rft.aulast=Sloin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnzrqDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SW166-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SW166_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWandycz1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Piotr_S._Wandycz" title="Piotr S. Wandycz">Wandycz, Piotr Stefan</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_XaFaNshCrkC&pg=PA166"><i>The United States and Poland</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-92685-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-92685-1"><bdi>978-0-674-92685-1</bdi></a>. American foreign policy library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+Poland&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-674-92685-1&rft.aulast=Wandycz&rft.aufirst=Piotr+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_XaFaNshCrkC%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDS85-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PDS85_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStachura2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Stachura" title="Peter Stachura">Stachura, Peter D.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BkKuir9oQYMC&pg=PA85"><i>Poland, 1918–1945: an Interpretive and Documentary History of the Second Republic</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34358-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34358-9"><bdi>978-0-415-34358-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%2C+1918%E2%80%931945%3A+an+Interpretive+and+Documentary+History+of+the+Second+Republic&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34358-9&rft.aulast=Stachura&rft.aufirst=Peter+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBkKuir9oQYMC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elissa_Bemporad_2013-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elissa_Bemporad_2013_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBemporad2013" class="citation book cs1">Bemporad, Elissa (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gV64kQQyHGkC"><i>Becoming Soviet Jews: The Bolshevik Experiment in Minsk</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00827-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00827-5"><bdi>978-0-253-00827-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Soviet+Jews%3A+The+Bolshevik+Experiment+in+Minsk&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00827-5&rft.aulast=Bemporad&rft.aufirst=Elissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgV64kQQyHGkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichlic2006" class="citation book cs1">Michlic, Joanna B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t6h2pI7o_zQC&pg=PA111"><i>Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-5637-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-5637-8"><bdi>978-0-8032-5637-8</bdi></a>. <q>In three days 72 Jews were murdered and 443 others injured. The chief perpetrators of these murders were soldiers and officers of the so-called Blue Army, set up in France in 1917 by General Jozef Haller (1893–1960) and lawless civilians</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Threatening+Other%3A+The+Image+of+the+Jew+from+1880+to+the+Present&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-5637-8&rft.aulast=Michlic&rft.aufirst=Joanna+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt6h2pI7o_zQC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strauss-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Strauss_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Strauss" title="Herbert A. Strauss">Strauss, Herbert Arthur</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SOFkWX8EC4cC&pg=PA1048"><i>Hostages of Modernization: Studies on Modern Antisemitism, 1870–1933/39</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. p. 1048. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-013715-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-013715-6"><bdi>978-3-11-013715-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hostages+of+Modernization%3A+Studies+on+Modern+Antisemitism%2C+1870%E2%80%931933%2F39&rft.pages=1048&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-11-013715-6&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSOFkWX8EC4cC%26pg%3DPA1048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frontier-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-frontier_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmanShain1999" class="citation book cs1">Gilman, Sander L.; Shain, Milton (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OH1BXkbeI6gC"><i>Jewries at the Frontier: Accommodation, Identity, Conflict</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OH1BXkbeI6gC&pg=PA39">39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06792-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06792-1"><bdi>978-0-252-06792-1</bdi></a>. <q>After the end of the fighting and as a result of the Polish victory, some of the Polish soldiers and the civilian population started a pogrom against the Jewish inhabitants. Polish soldiers maintained that the Jews had sympathized with the Ukrainian position during the conflicts</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewries+at+the+Frontier%3A+Accommodation%2C+Identity%2C+Conflict&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06792-1&rft.aulast=Gilman&rft.aufirst=Sander+L.&rft.au=Shain%2C+Milton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOH1BXkbeI6gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozenblit2001" class="citation book cs1">Rozenblit, Marsha L. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SHhosKV6yFwC&pg=PA137"><i>Reconstructing a National Identity: The Jews of Habsburg Austria during World War I</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535066-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535066-1"><bdi>978-0-19-535066-1</bdi></a>. <q>The largest pogrom occurred in Lemberg [<i>= Lwow</i>]. Polish soldiers led an attack on the Jewish quarter of the city on November 21–23, 1918 that claimed 73 Jewish lives.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+a+National+Identity%3A+The+Jews+of+Habsburg+Austria+during+World+War+I&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535066-1&rft.aulast=Rozenblit&rft.aufirst=Marsha+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSHhosKV6yFwC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGitelman2003" class="citation book cs1">Gitelman, Zvi Y. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jXNbzsp0XY8C&pg=PA58"><i>The Emergence of Modern Jewish Politics: Bundism and Zionism in Eastern Europe</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press" title="University of Pittsburgh Press">University of Pittsburgh Press</a>. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-4188-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-4188-0"><bdi>978-0-8229-4188-0</bdi></a>. <q>In November 1918, Polish soldiers who had taken Lwow (Lviv) from the Ukrainians killed more than seventy Jews in a pogrom there, burning synagogues, destroying Jewish property, and leaving hundreds of Jewish families homeless.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Modern+Jewish+Politics%3A+Bundism+and+Zionism+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-4188-0&rft.aulast=Gitelman&rft.aufirst=Zvi+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjXNbzsp0XY8C%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jewish_Poland_and_its_Red_Reign_of_Terror-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_Poland_and_its_Red_Reign_of_Terror_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobenkin1919" class="citation news cs1">Tobenkin, Elias (1 June 1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1919-06-01/ed-1/seq-59/">"Jewish Poland and its Red Reign of Terror"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Tribune">New York Tribune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Tribune&rft.atitle=Jewish+Poland+and+its+Red+Reign+of+Terror&rft.date=1919-06-01&rft.aulast=Tobenkin&rft.aufirst=Elias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn83030214%2F1919-06-01%2Fed-1%2Fseq-59%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bookrags-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bookrags_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/research/tragic-week-sjel-02/"><i>Tragic Week Summary</i></a>. BookRags.com. 2 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tragic+Week+Summary&rft.pub=BookRags.com&rft.date=2010-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookrags.com%2Fresearch%2Ftragic-week-sjel-02%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLlaudó_Avila2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Llaudó Avila, Eduard (2021). <i>Racisme i supremacisme polítics a l'Espanya contemporània</i> [<i>Racism and political supremacism in contemporary Spain</i>] (in Catalan) (7a ed.). Manresa: Parcir. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-18849-10-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-18849-10-7"><bdi>978-84-18849-10-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racisme+i+supremacisme+pol%C3%ADtics+a+l%27Espanya+contempor%C3%A0nia&rft.place=Manresa&rft.edition=7a&rft.pub=Parcir&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-84-18849-10-7&rft.aulast=Llaud%C3%B3+Avila&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrior2011" class="citation news cs1">Prior, Neil (19 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-14582378">"History debate over anti-Semitism in 1911 Tredegar riot"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=History+debate+over+anti-Semitism+in+1911+Tredegar+riot&rft.date=2011-08-19&rft.aulast=Prior&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-14582378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkinson2004" class="citation book cs1">Hopkinson, Michael (2004). <i>The Irish War of Independence</i>. Gill and Macmillan. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-3741-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-3741-1"><bdi>978-0-7171-3741-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+War+of+Independence&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Gill+and+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7171-3741-1&rft.aulast=Hopkinson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson2004" class="citation book cs1">Parkinson, Alan F (2004). <i>Belfast's Unholy War</i>. Four Courts Press. p. 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85182-792-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85182-792-3"><bdi>978-1-85182-792-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belfast%27s+Unholy+War&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85182-792-3&rft.aulast=Parkinson&rft.aufirst=Alan+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lisburnmuseum.com/virtual-museum/swanzy-riots/">"The Swanzy Riots, 1920"</a>. <i>Irish Linen Centre & Lisburn Museum</i>. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Linen+Centre+%26+Lisburn+Museum&rft.atitle=The+Swanzy+Riots%2C+1920&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lisburnmuseum.com%2Fvirtual-museum%2Fswanzy-riots%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathleen2014" class="citation book cs1">Kathleen, Thorne (2014). <i>Echoes of Their Footsteps, The Irish Civil War 1922–1924</i>. Newberg, OR: Generation Organization. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-692-24513-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-692-24513-2"><bdi>978-0-692-24513-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Echoes+of+Their+Footsteps%2C+The+Irish+Civil+War+1922%E2%80%931924&rft.place=Newberg%2C+OR&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Generation+Organization&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-692-24513-2&rft.aulast=Kathleen&rft.aufirst=Thorne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilpot2018" class="citation news cs1">Philpot, Robert (15 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-true-history-behind-londons-much-lauded-anti-fascist-battle-of-cable-street/">"The true history behind London's much-lauded anti-fascist Battle of Cable Street"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Times_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of Israel">Times of Israel</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=The+true+history+behind+London%27s+much-lauded+anti-fascist+Battle+of+Cable+Street&rft.date=2018-09-15&rft.aulast=Philpot&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fthe-true-history-behind-londons-much-lauded-anti-fascist-battle-of-cable-street%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Browning-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Browning_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Browning" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Browning">Browning, Christopher R.</a> (1998) [1992]. "Arrival in Poland". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hampshirehigh.com/exchange2012/docs/BROWNING-Ordinary%20Men.%20Reserve%20Police%20Battalion%20101%20and%20the%20Final%20Solution%20in%20Poland%20(1992).pdf"><i>Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. 51, 98, 109, 124. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019043400/http://hampshirehigh.com/exchange2012/docs/BROWNING-Ordinary%20Men.%20Reserve%20Police%20Battalion%20101%20and%20the%20Final%20Solution%20in%20Poland%20(1992).pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arrival+in+Poland&rft.btitle=Ordinary+Men%3A+Reserve+Police+Battalion+101+and+the+Final+Solution+in+Poland&rft.pages=51%2C+98%2C+109%2C+124&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhampshirehigh.com%2Fexchange2012%2Fdocs%2FBROWNING-Ordinary%2520Men.%2520Reserve%2520Police%2520Battalion%2520101%2520and%2520the%2520Final%2520Solution%2520in%2520Poland%2520%281992%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meier, Anna. <i>Die Intelligenzaktion: Die Vernichtung der polnischen Oberschicht im Gau Danzig-Westpreußen</i> [<i>The intelligence operation: The destruction of the Polish upper class in the Danzig-West Prussia district</i>] (in German). VDM Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-639-04721-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-639-04721-9"><bdi>978-3-639-04721-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Intelligenzaktion%3A+Die+Vernichtung+der+polnischen+Oberschicht+im+Gau+Danzig-Westpreu%C3%9Fen&rft.pub=VDM+Verlag&rft.isbn=978-3-639-04721-9&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischel1998p41-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischel1998p41_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischel1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Fischel" title="Jack Fischel">Fischel, Jack</a> (1998). <i>The Holocaust</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Publishing">Greenwood Publishing</a>. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29879-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29879-0"><bdi>978-0-313-29879-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29879-0&rft.aulast=Fischel&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yadvashem-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yadvashem_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/20080226-romania-commission-holocaust-history.pdf">"Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania. Presented to Romanian President Ion Iliescu"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></i>. 11 November 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yad+Vashem&rft.atitle=Final+Report+of+the+International+Commission+on+the+Holocaust+in+Romania.+Presented+to+Romanian+President+Ion+Iliescu&rft.date=2004-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fm%2Fpdfs%2F20080226-romania-commission-holocaust-history.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ushmm-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-farhud">"The Farhud"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Farhud&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fthe-farhud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnet2003" class="citation news cs1">Magnet, Julia (16 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/1427687/The-terror-behind-Iraqs-Jewish-exodus.html">"The terror behind Iraq's Jewish exodus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+terror+behind+Iraq%27s+Jewish+exodus&rft.date=2003-04-16&rft.aulast=Magnet&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Firaq%2F1427687%2FThe-terror-behind-Iraqs-Jewish-exodus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Kaplan, Robert D. (April 2014). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/04/in-defense-of-empire/358645/">"In Defense of Empire"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. pp. 13–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=In+Defense+of+Empire&rft.pages=13-15&rft.date=2014-04&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2014%2F04%2Fin-defense-of-empire%2F358645%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ucsb-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ucsb_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://holocaust.projects.history.ucsb.edu/Resources/history_of_lviv.htm">"Holocaust Resources, History of Lviv"</a>. <i>holocaust.projects.history.ucsb.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=holocaust.projects.history.ucsb.edu&rft.atitle=Holocaust+Resources%2C+History+of+Lviv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fholocaust.projects.history.ucsb.edu%2FResources%2Fhistory_of_lviv.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google4-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google4_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotrowski1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)" title="Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)">Piotrowski, Tadeusz</a> (1997). <i>Poland's Holocaust</i>. McFarland & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/164">164</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0371-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0371-3"><bdi>0-7864-0371-3</bdi></a>. <q>LAF units distinguished themselves by committing murder, rape, and pillage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7864-0371-3&rft.aulast=Piotrowski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holocaust_Revealed-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holocaust_Revealed_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828083908/http://www.holocaustrevealed.org/_domain/holocaustrevealed.org/lithuania/lithuanian_history.htm">"Holocaust Revealed"</a>. <i>holocaustrevealed.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=holocaustrevealed.org&rft.atitle=Holocaust+Revealed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustrevealed.org%2F_domain%2Fholocaustrevealed.org%2Flithuania%2Flithuanian_history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ipn-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ipn_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal.php?serwis=en&dzial=55&id=131&search=5667">"Instytut PamiÄci Narodowej"</a> [Institute of National Remembrance] (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Instytut+Pami%C3%84ci+Narodowej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipn.gov.pl%2Fportal.php%3Fserwis%3Den%26dzial%3D55%26id%3D131%26search%3D5667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ipn5-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ipn5_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130620004217/http://ipn.gov.pl/wydzial-prasowy/komunikaty/komunikat-dot.-postanowienia-o-umorzeniu-sledztwa-w-sprawie-zabojstwa-obywateli">"Komunikat dot. postanowienia o umorzeniu śledztwa w sprawie zabójstwa obywateli polskich narodowości żydowskiej w Jedwabnem w dniu 10 lipca 1941 r."</a> [A communiqué regarding the decision to end the investigation of the murder of Polish citizens of Jewish nationality in Jedwabne on 10 July 1941] (in Polish). 30 June 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipn.gov.pl/wydzial-prasowy/komunikaty/komunikat-dot.-postanowienia-o-umorzeniu-sledztwa-w-sprawie-zabojstwa-obywateli">the original</a> on 20 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Komunikat+dot.+postanowienia+o+umorzeniu+%C5%9Bledztwa+w+sprawie+zab%C3%B3jstwa+obywateli+polskich+narodowo%C5%9Bci+%C5%BCydowskiej+w+Jedwabnem+w+dniu+10+lipca+1941+r.&rft.date=2003-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fipn.gov.pl%2Fwydzial-prasowy%2Fkomunikaty%2Fkomunikat-dot.-postanowienia-o-umorzeniu-sledztwa-w-sprawie-zabojstwa-obywateli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimmerman67-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zimmerman67_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_D._Zimmerman" title="Joshua D. Zimmerman">Zimmerman, Joshua D.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&dq=Soviet+Jedwabne&pg=PA67"><i>Contested memories</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. pp. 67–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3158-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3158-8"><bdi>978-0-8135-3158-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contested+memories&rft.pages=67-68&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3158-8&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Joshua+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Iiw0KB31rgC%26dq%3DSoviet%2BJedwabne%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google6-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google6_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2005" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Richard S. (24 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tdn6FFZklkcC&dq=Soviet+Jedwabne&pg=RA1-PA366"><i>Antisemitism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-439-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-439-4"><bdi>978-1-85109-439-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisemitism&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005-05-24&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-439-4&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTdn6FFZklkcC%26dq%3DSoviet%2BJedwabne%26pg%3DRA1-PA366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rossino-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rossino_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossino2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_B._Rossino" title="Alexander B. Rossino">Rossino, Alexander B.</a> (1 November 2003). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Polish 'Neighbours' and German Invaders: Anti-Jewish Violence in the Białystok District during the Opening Weeks of Operation Barbarossa."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Steinlauf" title="Michael C. Steinlauf">Steinlauf, Michael C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Antony_Polonsky" title="Antony Polonsky">Polonsky, Antony</a> (eds.). <i>Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 16: Focusing on Jewish Popular Culture and Its Afterlife</i>. The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. pp. 431–452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1rmk6w.30">10.2307/j.ctv1rmk6w.30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909821-67-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909821-67-5"><bdi>978-1-909821-67-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1rmk6w">j.ctv1rmk6w</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Polish+%27Neighbours%27+and+German+Invaders%3A+Anti-Jewish+Violence+in+the+Bia%C5%82ystok+District+during+the+Opening+Weeks+of+Operation+Barbarossa.%22&rft.btitle=Polin%3A+Studies+in+Polish+Jewry+Volume+16%3A+Focusing+on+Jewish+Popular+Culture+and+Its+Afterlife&rft.pages=431-452&rft.pub=The+Littman+Library+of+Jewish+Civilization&rft.date=2003-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1rmk6w%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1rmk6w.30&rft.isbn=978-1-909821-67-5&rft.aulast=Rossino&rft.aufirst=Alexander+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-destruction-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-destruction_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2002" class="citation book cs1">Gross, Jan Tomasz (2002). <a href="/wiki/Neighbors:_The_Destruction_of_the_Jewish_Community_in_Jedwabne,_Poland" title="Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland"><i>Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neighbors%3A+The+Destruction+of+the+Jewish+Community+in+Jedwabne%2C+Poland&rft.pub=Penguin+Books%2C+Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Jan+Tomasz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlieman1987" class="citation book cs1">Klieman, Aaron S. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tYdtAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Turn Toward Violence, 1920–1929</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Garland_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Garland Publishing">Garland Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4938-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4938-6"><bdi>978-0-8240-4938-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turn+Toward+Violence%2C+1920%E2%80%931929&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-4938-6&rft.aulast=Klieman&rft.aufirst=Aaron+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtYdtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey E. Goldberg, "Rites and Riots: The Tripolitanian Pogrom of 1945," Plural Societies 8 (Spring 1977): 35-56. p112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-antisemitism-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-antisemitism_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBostom2007" class="citation book cs1">Bostom, Andrew G., ed. (2007). <i>The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism: From Sacred Texts to Solemn History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Islamic+Antisemitism%3A+From+Sacred+Texts+to+Solemn+History&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchens2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Hitchens, Christopher (5 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2006/01/ariel-sharon-s-long-brutal-career.html">"What Sharon Did"</a>. <i>Slate</i> – via slate.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=What+Sharon+Did&rft.date=2006-01-05&rft.aulast=Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fnews-and-politics%2F2006%2F01%2Fariel-sharon-s-long-brutal-career.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn_-_Sabra_and_Shatila-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_-_Sabra_and_Shatila_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqi2020" class="citation news cs1">Siddiqi, Muhammad Ali (19 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1585849">"Of Sabra-Shatila"</a>. <i>DAWN.COM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=Of+Sabra-Shatila&rft.date=2020-10-19&rft.aulast=Siddiqi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1585849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toiprog-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-toiprog_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toiprog_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/State-pogroms-glossed-over/articleshow/1353464.cms">"State pogroms glossed over"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 31 December 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811083708/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-31/india/27838902_1_communal-tension-communal-violence-gujarat-riots">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=State+pogroms+glossed+over&rft.date=2005-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FState-pogroms-glossed-over%2Farticleshow%2F1353464.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rediffprog-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rediffprog_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rediffprog_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rediffprog_105-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/09sikh.htm">"Anti-Sikh riots a pogrom: Khushwant"</a>. <i>Rediff.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181022162632/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/09sikh.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rediff.com&rft.atitle=Anti-Sikh+riots+a+pogrom%3A+Khushwant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2F2001%2Fmay%2F09sikh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2009BBCremember-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2009BBCremember_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2009BBCremember_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedi2009" class="citation news cs1">Bedi, Rahul (1 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm">"Indira Gandhi's death remembered"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091102113639/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2009</span>. <q>The 25th anniversary of Indira Gandhi's assassination revives stark memories of some 3,000 Sikhs killed brutally in the orderly pogrom that followed her killing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indira+Gandhi%27s+death+remembered&rft.date=2009-11-01&rft.aulast=Bedi&rft.aufirst=Rahul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F8306420.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNezar_AlSayyad,_Mejgan_Massoumi2010" class="citation book cs1">Nezar AlSayyad, Mejgan Massoumi (13 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uKnHBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT34"><i>The Fundamentalist City?: Religiosity and the Remaking of Urban Space</i></a>. Routledge. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136921209" title="Special:BookSources/9781136921209"><bdi>9781136921209</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200309110528/https://books.google.com/books?id=uKnHBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT34">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2017</span>. <q>godhra train burning which led to the gujarat riots of 2002</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fundamentalist+City%3F%3A+Religiosity+and+the+Remaking+of+Urban+Space&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010-09-13&rft.isbn=9781136921209&rft.au=Nezar+AlSayyad%2C+Mejgan+Massoumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuKnHBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanjeevini_Badigar_Lokhande2016" class="citation book cs1">Sanjeevini Badigar Lokhande (13 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MiW8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98"><i>Communal Violence, Forced Migration and the State: Gujarat since 2002</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107065444" title="Special:BookSources/9781107065444"><bdi>9781107065444</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200309110530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MiW8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2020</span>. <q>gujarat 2002 riots caused godhra burning</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communal+Violence%2C+Forced+Migration+and+the+State%3A+Gujarat+since+2002&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016-10-13&rft.isbn=9781107065444&rft.au=Sanjeevini+Badigar+Lokhande&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMiW8CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8xxqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70"><i>Resurgent India</i></a>. Prabhat Prakashan. 2014. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184302011" title="Special:BookSources/9788184302011"><bdi>9788184302011</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200309110531/https://books.google.com/books?id=8xxqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resurgent+India&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Prabhat+Prakashan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788184302011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8xxqCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsabelle_Clark-Decès2011" class="citation book cs1">Isabelle Clark-Decès (10 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=98uLj5FpTHQC"><i>A Companion to the Anthropology of India</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444390582" title="Special:BookSources/9781444390582"><bdi>9781444390582</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171110135901/https://books.google.com/books?id=98uLj5FpTHQC">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2017</span>. <q>the violence occurred in the aftermath of a fire that broke out in carriage of the Sabarmati Express train</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Anthropology+of+India&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-02-10&rft.isbn=9781444390582&rft.au=Isabelle+Clark-Dec%C3%A8s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D98uLj5FpTHQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhassem-Fachand20121-2-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhassem-Fachand20121-2_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhassem-Fachand2012">Ghassem-Fachand 2012</a>, p. 1-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Escherle_2013-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Escherle_2013_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscherle2013" class="citation book cs1">Escherle, Nora Anna (2013). Rippl, Gabriele; <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Schweighauser" title="Philipp Schweighauser">Schweighauser, Philipp</a>; Kirss, Tina; Sutrop, Margit; Steffen, Therese (eds.). <i>Haunted Narratives: Life Writing in an Age of Trauma</i> (3rd Revised ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Names+of+Those+Abducted+From+Israel&rft.date=2023-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhaaretz-explains%2F2023-10-22%2Fty-article-magazine%2Fhostages-held-by-hamas-the-names-of-those-abducted-from-israel%2F0000018b-55f8-d5d2-afef-d5fdd04e0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rutland-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rutland_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iOSMdSYZtMw">"The Australian Jew dubbed traitor for speaking out against the war in Gaza (time stamp 19:00)"</a>. <i>www.youtube.com</i>. 5 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.youtube.com&rft.atitle=The+Australian+Jew+dubbed+traitor+for+speaking+out+against+the+war+in+Gaza+%28time+stamp+19%3A00%29&rft.date=2024-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DiOSMdSYZtMw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240410071943/https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/six-months-since-the-brutal-attacks-by-hamas-on-october-7-article-by-the-foreign-secretary">"Six months since the brutal attacks by Hamas on October 7: article by the Foreign Secretary"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office</a>. 7 April 2024. 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Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Contemporary_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Contemporary Affairs">Institute for Contemporary Affairs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240612201255/https://jcpa.org/article/the-rise-in-antisemitic-attacks-in-the-uk-since-hamass-october-7-pogrom-is-unprecedented/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Issue+Briefs&rft.atitle=The+Rise+in+Antisemitic+Attacks+in+the+UK+since+Hamas%27s+October+7+Pogrom+is+Unprecedented&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2024-04-17&rft.aulast=Quitaz&rft.aufirst=Suzan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjcpa.org%2Farticle%2Fthe-rise-in-antisemitic-attacks-in-the-uk-since-hamass-october-7-pogrom-is-unprecedented%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKierszenbaum2023" class="citation news cs1">Kierszenbaum, Quique (11 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/11/it-was-a-pogrom-beeri-survivors-horrific-attack-hamas-terrorists">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'It was a pogrom': Be'eri survivors on the horrific attack by Hamas terrorists"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241009064017/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/11/it-was-a-pogrom-beeri-survivors-horrific-attack-hamas-terrorists">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27It+was+a+pogrom%27%3A+Be%27eri+survivors+on+the+horrific+attack+by+Hamas+terrorists&rft.date=2023-10-11&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Kierszenbaum&rft.aufirst=Quique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Foct%2F11%2Fit-was-a-pogrom-beeri-survivors-horrific-attack-hamas-terrorists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaretsky_-_7_October-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zaretsky_-_7_October_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaretsky2023" class="citation news cs1">Zaretsky, Robert (27 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/culture/567188/pogrom-october-7-massacre-israel-yerushalmi/">"Why so many people call the Oct. 7 massacre a 'pogrom' — and what they miss when they do so"</a>. <i>The Forward</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=Why+so+many+people+call+the+Oct.+7+massacre+a+%27pogrom%27+%E2%80%94+and+what+they+miss+when+they+do+so&rft.date=2023-10-27&rft.aulast=Zaretsky&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fculture%2F567188%2Fpogrom-october-7-massacre-israel-yerushalmi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-771080">"October 7 is historically unique"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Israeli+soccer+fans+attacked+in+Amsterdam&rft.date=2024-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fisraeli-soccer-fans-attacked-amsterdam-maccabi-tel-aviv-ajax-rcna179262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillemHaroMarkLoes2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Willem, Feenstra; Haro, Kraak; Mark, Misérus; Loes, Reijmer; Marjolein van, de Water (8 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volkskrant.nl/binnenland/hoe-de-oorlog-in-het-midden-oosten-amsterdam-in-geweld-onderdompelde~b7d4494b/">"Hoe de oorlog in het Midden-Oosten Amsterdam in geweld onderdompelde"</a> [How the Middle East War Engulfed Amsterdam in Violence]. <i>De Volkskrant</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=De+Volkskrant&rft.atitle=Hoe+de+oorlog+in+het+Midden-Oosten+Amsterdam+in+geweld+onderdompelde&rft.date=2024-11-08&rft.aulast=Willem&rft.aufirst=Feenstra&rft.au=Haro%2C+Kraak&rft.au=Mark%2C+Mis%C3%A9rus&rft.au=Loes%2C+Reijmer&rft.au=Marjolein+van%2C+de+Water&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volkskrant.nl%2Fbinnenland%2Fhoe-de-oorlog-in-het-midden-oosten-amsterdam-in-geweld-onderdompelde~b7d4494b%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaynerStringer2024" class="citation news cs1">Rayner, Gordon; Stringer, Connor (8 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/11/08/jewish-maccabi-tel-aviv-fans-attacked-in-amsterdam/">"Revealed: How Pro-Palestinian mob organised via WhatsApp to 'Hunt Jews' across Amsterdam"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+How+Pro-Palestinian+mob+organised+via+WhatsApp+to+%27Hunt+Jews%27+across+Amsterdam&rft.date=2024-11-08&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Rayner&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Stringer%2C+Connor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fworld-news%2F2024%2F11%2F08%2Fjewish-maccabi-tel-aviv-fans-attacked-in-amsterdam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerlaan2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Verlaan, Daniël (9 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtl.nl/nieuws/artikel/5479449/geweld-aanvallen-israeliers-amsterdam-snapchat-oproep-social-media">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Wees daar strijders!': zo werden de aanvallen op Israëlische supporters georganiseerd"</a>. <i>RTL Nieuws</i> (in Dutch).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RTL+Nieuws&rft.atitle=%27Wees+daar+strijders%21%27%3A+zo+werden+de+aanvallen+op+Isra%C3%ABlische+supporters+georganiseerd&rft.date=2024-11-09&rft.aulast=Verlaan&rft.aufirst=Dani%C3%ABl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtl.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fartikel%2F5479449%2Fgeweld-aanvallen-israeliers-amsterdam-snapchat-oproep-social-media&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambetti2009" class="citation book cs1">Gambetti, Sandra (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SdCMH96eKwUC&q=ante+litteram"><i>The Alexandrian Riots of 38 C.E. and the Persecution of the Jews: A Historical Reconstruction</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13846-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13846-9"><bdi>978-90-04-13846-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alexandrian+Riots+of+38+C.E.+and+the+Persecution+of+the+Jews%3A+A+Historical+Reconstruction&rft.place=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13846-9&rft.aulast=Gambetti&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSdCMH96eKwUC%26q%3Dante%2Blitteram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Atkinson, John (2006). "Ethnic Cleansing in Roman Alexandria in 38". <i>Acta Classica</i>. <b>49</b>: 36. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24595424">24595424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Classica&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Cleansing+in+Roman+Alexandria+in+38&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=36&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24595424%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klier13&35-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klier13&35_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klier13&35_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klier13&35_163-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlierLambroza2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Klier" title="John Klier">Klier, John Doyle</a>; Lambroza, Shlomo, eds. (12 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T3D7CmSOMfIC&pg=PA13"><i>Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 13 and 35 (footnotes). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52851-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52851-1"><bdi>978-0-521-52851-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pogroms%3A+Anti-Jewish+Violence+in+Modern+Russian+History&rft.pages=13+and+35+%28footnotes%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004-02-12&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52851-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT3D7CmSOMfIC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernadsky1973" class="citation book cs1">Vernadsky, George (1 April 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1HEdAP9N6ikC"><i>Kievan Russia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-01647-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-01647-6"><bdi>0-300-01647-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kievan+Russia&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1973-04-01&rft.isbn=0-300-01647-6&rft.aulast=Vernadsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1HEdAP9N6ikC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717080338/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0016_0_16012.html">"Portugal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0016_0_16012.html">the original</a> on 17 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Portugal&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fjudaica%2Fejud_0002_0016_0_16012.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Limerick_Leader" title="Limerick Leader">Limerick Leader</a></i>, Saturday 6 November 2010, Jewish envoy says Limerick pogrom is 'over-portrayed'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Martin_Davies" title="David Martin Davies">Davies, David</a> (16 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tpr.org/show/texas-matters/2015-01-16/should-texas-remember-or-forget-the-slocum-massacre">"Should Texas Remember Or Forget The Slocum Massacre?"</a>. <i>Texas Public Radio</i>. Texas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2021</span>. <q>But there was some follow-up reporting that there was a Texas Rangers investigation and indictments of the white men who led the Slocum pogrom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Texas+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=Should+Texas+Remember+Or+Forget+The+Slocum+Massacre%3F&rft.date=2015-01-16&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tpr.org%2Fshow%2Ftexas-matters%2F2015-01-16%2Fshould-texas-remember-or-forget-the-slocum-massacre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadigan2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Madigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tim Madigan">Madigan, Tim</a> (16 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/texas-marks-a-racial-slaughter-over-a-100-years-later/2016/01/15/fb194dd0-ba4e-11e5-99f3-184bc379b12d_story.html">"Texas marks racial slaughter more than a century later"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Texas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2021</span>. <q>For more than a century, that was how one of the nation's worst racial pogroms in post-Civil War history was kept alive...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Texas+marks+racial+slaughter+more+than+a+century+later&rft.date=2016-01-16&rft.aulast=Madigan&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Ftexas-marks-a-racial-slaughter-over-a-100-years-later%2F2016%2F01%2F15%2Ffb194dd0-ba4e-11e5-99f3-184bc379b12d_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gioseffi1993-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gioseffi1993_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGioseffi1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniela_Gioseffi" title="Daniela Gioseffi">Gioseffi, Daniela</a> (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onprejudicegloba00gios_0"><i>On Prejudice: A Global Perspective</i></a></span>. Anchor Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onprejudicegloba00gios_0/page/246">246</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-46938-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-46938-8"><bdi>978-0-385-46938-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2013</span>. <q>...Andric describes the "Sarajevo frenzy of hate" that erupted among Muslims, Roman Catholics, and Orthodox believers following the assassination on June 28, 1914, of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Prejudice%3A+A+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-385-46938-8&rft.aulast=Gioseffi&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonprejudicegloba00gios_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Proskurivsky153731b-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Proskurivsky153731b_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Ukrainian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2019/02/25/153731/">Proskurivsky pogrom. Petliura's fault?</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Abramson" title="Henry Abramson">Henry Abramson</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrayinska Pravda">Ukrayinska Pravda</a></i> (25 February 2019)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YA&KM-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YA&KM_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexanderMyers2015" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Yonah; Myers, Kenneth (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KXJKCAAAQBAJ&q=Proskurov%20pogrom&pg=PT40"><i>Terrorism in Europe</i></a>. Rutlege Library Editions, RLE: Terrorism & Insurgency. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 40–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-44932-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-44932-4"><bdi>978-1-317-44932-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism+in+Europe&rft.series=Rutlege+Library+Editions%2C+RLE%3A+Terrorism+%26+Insurgency&rft.pages=40-41&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-44932-4&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Yonah&rft.au=Myers%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKXJKCAAAQBAJ%26q%3DProskurov%2520pogrom%26pg%3DPT40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Defending the Rights of Others: The Great Powers, the Jews, and International Minority Protection, 1878–1938</i>, Carole Fink, 2006, p185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2014-06-05/ty-article/.premium/1934-a-rare-kind-of-pogrom-begins-in-turkey/0000017f-e60b-dea7-adff-f7fbbe590000">"1934: A Rare Kind of Pogrom Begins, in Turkey"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>. 5 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2023</span>. <q>On June 5, 1934, violent actions against Jews of several towns in the Turkish region of Thrace began. Although no Jews were killed, the extensive destruction of property, and the very fact of the attacks in a country that was always known for its hospitality to Jews, led to many of them moving from Thrace, or emigrating from Turkey altogether. Recent historical research has led some scholars to conclude that this was the goal of the government in the actions it took in the weeks prior to the pogroms...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=1934%3A+A+Rare+Kind+of+Pogrom+Begins%2C+in+Turkey&rft.date=2014-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish%2F2014-06-05%2Fty-article%2F.premium%2F1934-a-rare-kind-of-pogrom-begins-in-turkey%2F0000017f-e60b-dea7-adff-f7fbbe590000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayraktar2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bayraktar, Hatiice (2006). "The anti-Jewish pogrom in Eastern Thrace in 1934: New evidence for the responsibility of the Turkish government". <i>Patterns of Prejudice</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 95–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00313220600634238">10.1080/00313220600634238</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144078355">144078355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=The+anti-Jewish+pogrom+in+Eastern+Thrace+in+1934%3A+New+evidence+for+the+responsibility+of+the+Turkish+government&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-111&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00313220600634238&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144078355%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bayraktar&rft.aufirst=Hatiice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPekesen2019" class="citation book cs1">Pekesen B (2019). "The Anti-Jewish Pogrom in 1934. Problems of Historiography, Terms and Methodology". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110639087-013/pdf"><i>The Heritage of Edirne in Ottoman and Turkish Times</i></a>. De Gruyter. pp. 412–432. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110639087-013">10.1515/9783110639087-013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-063908-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-063908-7"><bdi>978-3-11-063908-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212934694">212934694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Anti-Jewish+Pogrom+in+1934.+Problems+of+Historiography%2C+Terms+and+Methodology&rft.btitle=The+Heritage+of+Edirne+in+Ottoman+and+Turkish+Times&rft.pages=412-432&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212934694%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110639087-013&rft.isbn=978-3-11-063908-7&rft.aulast=Pekesen&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110639087-013%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumSamuels2011" class="citation book cs1">Baum, Steven K.; Samuels, Shimon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fI-wpSe8fbkC&pg=PA174"><i>Antisemitism Explained</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-5578-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-5578-1"><bdi>978-0-7618-5578-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisemitism+Explained&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-5578-1&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Steven+K.&rft.au=Samuels%2C+Shimon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfI-wpSe8fbkC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2011" class="citation news cs1">Parker, Adam (10 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307231310/http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20110410/ARCHIVES/304109913?print">"Istanbul love story"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Post_and_Courier" title="The Post and Courier">The Post and Courier</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Post+and+Courier&rft.atitle=Istanbul+love+story&rft.date=2011-04-10&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.postandcourier.com%2Farticle%2F20110410%2FARCHIVES%2F304109913%3Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYücel2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yücel, Hakan (25 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleviocagi.org/siddet-olaylarinin-alevi-toplumu-uzerindeki-etkisi">"ŞİDDET OLAYLARININ ALEVİ TOPLUMU ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ"</a> (in Turkish). Alevi Düşünce Ocağı.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C5%9E%C4%B0DDET+OLAYLARININ+ALEV%C4%B0+TOPLUMU+%C3%9CZER%C4%B0NDEK%C4%B0+ETK%C4%B0S%C4%B0&rft.pub=Alevi+D%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCnce+Oca%C4%9F%C4%B1&rft.date=2021-12-25&rft.aulast=Y%C3%BCcel&rft.aufirst=Hakan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faleviocagi.org%2Fsiddet-olaylarinin-alevi-toplumu-uzerindeki-etkisi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSönmez2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sönmez, Seyit (19 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://t24.com.tr/yazarlar/seyit-sonmez/maras-pogromu,29112">"Maraş pogromu"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/T24_(newspaper)" title="T24 (newspaper)">T24</a></i> (in Turkish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T24&rft.atitle=Mara%C5%9F+pogromu&rft.date=2020-12-19&rft.aulast=S%C3%B6nmez&rft.aufirst=Seyit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ft24.com.tr%2Fyazarlar%2Fseyit-sonmez%2Fmaras-pogromu%2C29112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurnick1993" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Purnick" title="Joyce Purnick">Purnick, Joyce</a> (3 June 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227174131/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/03/opinion/editorial-notebook-crown-heights-was-not-iasi.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm">"Editorial Notebook: Crown Heights Was Not Iasi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 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Charles C Thomas Publisher. 2009. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780398079956" title="Special:BookSources/9780398079956"><bdi>9780398079956</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205030956/https://books.google.com/books?id=w5SlnZilfMMC&q=2000+deaths+gujarat+riots&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethics+of+Terrorism%3A+Innovative+Approaches+from+an+International+Perspective&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Charles+C+Thomas+Publisher&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780398079956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5SlnZilfMMC%26q%3D2000%2Bdeaths%2Bgujarat%2Briots%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/CICrimJust/2017/17.html">"Al-Natour, Ryan --- "'Of Middle Eastern Appearance' is a Flawed Racial Profiling Descriptor" [2017] CICrimJust 17; (2017) 29(2) Current Issues in Criminal Justice 107"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Natour%2C+Ryan+---+%22%27Of+Middle+Eastern+Appearance%27+is+a+Flawed+Racial+Profiling+Descriptor%22+%26%2391%3B2017%26%2393%3B+CICrimJust+17%3B+%282017%29+29%282%29+Current+Issues+in+Criminal+Justice+107&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclassic.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Fjournals%2FCICrimJust%2F2017%2F17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Shaikh_Mujibur_Rehman2023" class="citation web cs1">Dr. Shaikh Mujibur Rehman (1 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tufts.app.box.com/s/0k6h37jcybsgx6ooe2stlx5ab4d6xotk">"Violence against Muslims: A Case of Muzaffarnagar Pogrom 2013 and its Aftermath"</a>. Tufts University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Violence+against+Muslims%3A+A+Case+of+Muzaffarnagar+Pogrom+2013+and+its+Aftermath&rft.pub=Tufts+University&rft.date=2023-11-01&rft.au=Dr.+Shaikh+Mujibur+Rehman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftufts.app.box.com%2Fs%2F0k6h37jcybsgx6ooe2stlx5ab4d6xotk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Shaikh_Mujibur_Rehman2023" class="citation news cs1">Dr. Shaikh Mujibur Rehman (1 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://events.tufts.edu/?trumbaEmbed=view%3Devent%26eventid%3D170272419%26view%3Devent%26eventid%3D170272419">"Academics, Lectures & Seminars: Violence against Muslims: A Case of Muzaffarnagar Pogrom 2013 and its Aftermath"</a>. <i>events.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=events.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Academics%2C+Lectures+%26+Seminars%3A+Violence+against+Muslims%3A+A+Case+of+Muzaffarnagar+Pogrom+2013+and+its+Aftermath&rft.date=2023-11-01&rft.au=Dr.+Shaikh+Mujibur+Rehman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevents.tufts.edu%2F%3FtrumbaEmbed%3Dview%253Devent%2526eventid%253D170272419%2526view%253Devent%2526eventid%253D170272419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peoplesreview.in/politics/2019/07/expecting-justice-for-muslim-victims-of-2013-muzaffarnagar-pogrom-is-ludicrous/">"Expecting justice for Muslim victims of 2013 Muzaffarnagar pogrom is ludicrous"</a>. <i>People's Review</i>. 20 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Review&rft.atitle=Expecting+justice+for+Muslim+victims+of+2013+Muzaffarnagar+pogrom+is+ludicrous&rft.date=2019-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peoplesreview.in%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F07%2Fexpecting-justice-for-muslim-victims-of-2013-muzaffarnagar-pogrom-is-ludicrous%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Settlers_-_Haaretz-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Settlers_-_Haaretz_258-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Settlers_-_Haaretz_258-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2023" class="citation web cs1">Levy, Gideon (4 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/twilight-zone/2023-03-04/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/shock-rage-and-despair-in-hawara-in-wake-of-settler-pogrom/00000186-a298-d6e6-a3af-fbdc8e1b0000">"Shock, rage and despair in Hawara in wake of <b>settler pogrom</b>"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2024</span>. <q>Photo caption: A building set on fire during the <b>Hawara pogrom</b>. Credit: Majdi Mohammed/AP</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Shock%2C+rage+and+despair+in+Hawara+in+wake+of+settler+pogrom&rft.date=2023-03-04&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2Ftwilight-zone%2F2023-03-04%2Fty-article-magazine%2F.highlight%2Fshock-rage-and-despair-in-hawara-in-wake-of-settler-pogrom%2F00000186-a298-d6e6-a3af-fbdc8e1b0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-פוגרום_חווארה-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-פוגרום_חווארה_260-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-פוגרום_חווארה_260-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOren_Ziv_(אורן_זיו)2024" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Oren Ziv (אורן זיו) (28 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mekomit.co.il/%d7%aa%d7%97%d7%a7%d7%99%d7%a8-%d7%94%d7%94%d7%a8%d7%95%d7%92-%d7%91%d7%a4%d7%95%d7%92%d7%a8%d7%95%d7%9d-%d7%97%d7%95%d7%95%d7%90%d7%a8%d7%94-%d7%a0%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%94-%d7%9b%d7%a0%d7%a8%d7%90%d7%94/"><bdi lang="he">תחקיר: ההרוג בפוגרום חווארה נורה כנראה על ידי מתנחלים</bdi></a> [Investigation: The person killed in the Huwara pogrom was probably shot by settlers]. <i>local call (שיחה מקומית)</i> (in Hebrew)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=local+call+%28%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%97%D7%94+%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA%29&rft.atitle=%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%3A+%D7%94%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92+%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D+%D7%97%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%94+%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94+%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94+%D7%A2%D7%9C+%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99+%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.date=2024-03-28&rft.au=Oren+Ziv+%28%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9F+%D7%96%D7%99%D7%95%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mekomit.co.il%2F%25d7%25aa%25d7%2597%25d7%25a7%25d7%2599%25d7%25a8-%25d7%2594%25d7%2594%25d7%25a8%25d7%2595%25d7%2592-%25d7%2591%25d7%25a4%25d7%2595%25d7%2592%25d7%25a8%25d7%2595%25d7%259d-%25d7%2597%25d7%2595%25d7%2595%25d7%2590%25d7%25a8%25d7%2594-%25d7%25a0%25d7%2595%25d7%25a8%25d7%2594-%25d7%259b%25d7%25a0%25d7%25a8%25d7%2590%25d7%2594%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time_-_Huwara-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time_-_Huwara_261-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalameh2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Salameh, Rula (18 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/6264116/west-bank-attack-palestinian-civilians/">"I Witnessed a Shocking Attack on Palestinian Civilians. What I Saw May Be a Sign of What's to Come"</a>. <i>TIME</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2024</span>. <q>This pogrom on Huwara was far from isolated. Settlers, backed by the Israeli military, have attacked Palestinians communities for years, violence which has been rapidly spiraling.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=I+Witnessed+a+Shocking+Attack+on+Palestinian+Civilians.+What+I+Saw+May+Be+a+Sign+of+What%27s+to+Come&rft.date=2023-03-18&rft.aulast=Salameh&rft.aufirst=Rula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6264116%2Fwest-bank-attack-palestinian-civilians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TRT_-?Sameh_Aqtash-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TRT_-?Sameh_Aqtash_262-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAytekin" class="citation news cs1">Aytekin, Ayse Betul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/israeli-settlers-kill-palestinian-man-who-helped-quake-victims-in-t%C3%BCrkiye-65719">"Israeli settlers kill Palestinian man who helped quake victims in Türkiye"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TRT" class="mw-redirect" title="TRT">TRT</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TRT&rft.atitle=Israeli+settlers+kill+Palestinian+man+who+helped+quake+victims+in+T%C3%BCrkiye&rft.aulast=Aytekin&rft.aufirst=Ayse+Betul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trtworld.com%2Fmiddle-east%2Fisraeli-settlers-kill-palestinian-man-who-helped-quake-victims-in-t%25C3%25BCrkiye-65719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_genocide_studies" title="Bibliography of genocide studies">Bibliography of genocide studies</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhassem-Fachand2012" class="citation book cs1">Ghassem-Fachandi, Parvis (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i9755.pdf"><i>Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15177-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15177-9"><bdi>978-0-691-15177-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pogrom+in+Gujarat%3A+Hindu+Nationalism+and+Anti-Muslim+Violence+in+India&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15177-9&rft.aulast=Ghassem-Fachandi&rft.aufirst=Parvis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fchapters%2Fi9755.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstashkevich2018" class="citation book cs1">Astashkevich, Irina (2018). <i>Gendered Violence: Jewish Women in the Pogroms of 1917 to 1921 (Jews of Russia & Eastern Europe and Their Legacy)</i>. Academic Studies Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61811-616-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61811-616-1"><bdi>978-1-61811-616-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gendered+Violence%3A+Jewish+Women+in+the+Pogroms+of+1917+to+1921+%28Jews+of+Russia+%26+Eastern+Europe+and+Their+Legacy%29&rft.pub=Academic+Studies+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-61811-616-1&rft.aulast=Astashkevich&rft.aufirst=Irina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvrutinBemporad2021" class="citation book cs1">Avrutin, Eugene M.; Bemporad, Elissa, eds. (2021). <i>Pogroms: A Documentary History</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-762929-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-762929-1"><bdi>978-0-19-762929-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pogroms%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-762929-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBemporad2019" class="citation book cs1">Bemporad, Elissa (2019). <i>Legacy of Blood: Jews, Pogroms, and Ritual Murder in the Lands of the Soviets</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-046647-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-046647-3"><bdi>978-0-19-046647-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacy+of+Blood%3A+Jews%2C+Pogroms%2C+and+Ritual+Murder+in+the+Lands+of+the+Soviets&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-046647-3&rft.aulast=Bemporad&rft.aufirst=Elissa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergmann2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Bergmann" title="Werner Bergmann">Bergmann, Werner</a> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A4mqsik_VDcC&pg=PA351">"Pogroms"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heitmeyer" title="Wilhelm Heitmeyer">Heitmeyer, Wilhelm</a>; Hagan, John (eds.), <i>International Handbook of Violence Research</i>, vol. 1, Dordrecht: <a href="/wiki/Kluwer_Academic_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Kluwer Academic Publishers">Kluwer Academic Publishers</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1466-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1466-6"><bdi>978-1-4020-1466-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pogroms&rft.btitle=International+Handbook+of+Violence+Research&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-1466-6&rft.aulast=Bergmann&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA4mqsik_VDcC%26pg%3DPA351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrass2002" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Brass" title="Paul Brass">Brass, Paul R.</a> (6 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulbrass.com/on_the_study_of_riots_pogroms__and_genocide_20572.htm"><i>On the Study of Riots, Pogroms, and Genocide</i></a>. Sawyer Seminar session on "Processes of Mass Killing". <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Advanced_Study_in_the_Behavioral_Sciences" title="Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences">Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences</a>, Stanford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=On+the+Study+of+Riots%2C+Pogroms%2C+and+Genocide&rft.place=Center+for+Advanced+Study+in+the+Behavioral+Sciences%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2002-12-06&rft.aulast=Brass&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paulbrass.com%2Fon_the_study_of_riots_pogroms__and_genocide_20572.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Cohn" title="Norman Cohn">Cohn, Norman</a> (1966). <a href="/wiki/Warrant_for_Genocide" title="Warrant for Genocide"><i>Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World-Conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Row</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/220903085">220903085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warrant+for+Genocide%3A+The+Myth+of+the+Jewish+World-Conspiracy+and+the+Protocols+of+the+Elders+of+Zion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F220903085&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngel2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Engel_(historian)" title="David Engel (historian)">Engel, David</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AUYQ8JQ-iM0C&pg=PA19">"What's in a Pogrom? European Jews in the Age of Violence"</a>. In Dekel-Chen, Jonathan (ed.). <i>Anti-Jewish Violence: Rethinking the Pogrom in East European History</i>. Bloomington, IN: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35520-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35520-1"><bdi>978-0-253-35520-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+Pogrom%3F+European+Jews+in+the+Age+of+Violence&rft.btitle=Anti-Jewish+Violence%3A+Rethinking+the+Pogrom+in+East+European+History&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35520-1&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAUYQ8JQ-iM0C%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorvitzCatherwood2006" class="citation book cs1">Horvitz, Leslie A.; <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Catherwood" title="Christopher Catherwood">Catherwood, Christopher</a>, eds. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwa0000horv_m2s0"><i>Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide</i></a></span>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Facts_on_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Facts on File">Facts on File</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6001-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6001-6"><bdi>978-0-8160-6001-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+War+Crimes+and+Genocide&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6001-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofwa0000horv_m2s0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlier2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Klier" title="John Klier">Klier, John D.</a>, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VfVSNViOsZcC&pg=PA58">"What was a Pogrom?"</a>. <i>Russians, Jews, and the Pogroms of 1881–1882</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89548-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89548-4"><bdi>978-0-521-89548-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+was+a+Pogrom%3F&rft.btitle=Russians%2C+Jews%2C+and+the+Pogroms+of+1881%E2%80%931882&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89548-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVfVSNViOsZcC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2001" class="citation book cs1">McDermott, Jim (2001). <i>Northern Divisions The Old IRA and the Belfast Pogroms 1920–22</i>. Belfast: BTP Publications. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900960-11-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-900960-11-7"><bdi>1-900960-11-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Divisions+The+Old+IRA+and+the+Belfast+Pogroms+1920%E2%80%9322&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=BTP+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-900960-11-7&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelton2005" class="citation book cs1">Shelton, Dinah, ed. (2005). <i>Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes against Humanity</i>. Detroit: Macmillan Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865847-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865847-6"><bdi>978-0-02-865847-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Genocide+and+Crimes+against+Humanity&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865847-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThackrah1987" class="citation book cs1">Thackrah, John R., ed. (1987). <i>Encyclopedia of Terrorism and Political Violence</i>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0659-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0659-6"><bdi>978-0-7102-0659-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Terrorism+and+Political+Violence&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7102-0659-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Unowsky, Daniel. <i>The Plunder: The 1898 Anti-Jewish Riots in Habsburg Galicia</i> (Stanford UP, 2018)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeidlinger1987" class="citation book cs1">Veidlinger, Jeff, ed. (1987). <i>In the Midst of Civilized Europe: The Pogroms of 1918–1921 and the Onset of the Holocaust</i>. Picador. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5098-6744-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-5098-6744-9"><bdi>1-5098-6744-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Midst+of+Civilized+Europe%3A+The+Pogroms+of+1918%E2%80%931921+and+the+Onset+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=1-5098-6744-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APogrom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Velychenko, Stephen (2021). <i>Ukraine's Revolutions and anti-Jewish Pogroms</i> (historians.in.ua)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antisemitism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antisemitism_footer" title="Template:Antisemitism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antisemitism_footer" title="Template talk:Antisemitism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antisemitism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Canards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_antisemitism" title="Economic antisemitism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_studies" title="Antisemitism studies">Antisemitism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">Working definition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism" title="Secondary antisemitism">Secondary antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Jews" title="Stereotypes of Jews">Stereotypes of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_19th_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 19th century">19th <abbr title="Century">C.</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_20th_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_21st_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antisemitism and</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_and_the_New_Testament" title="Antisemitism and the New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Olympic_Games" title="Antisemitism in the Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Soviet_mathematics" title="Antisemitism in Soviet mathematics">Soviet mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory" title="Double genocide theory">Double genocide theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Khazar theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf_in_Arabic" title="Mein Kampf in Arabic">in Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf_in_English" title="Mein Kampf in English">in English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Persecution of Jews during the Black Death</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Philosemitism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_imprints_of_The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="Contemporary imprints of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Contemporary imprints</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Blacks_and_Jews" title="The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews">The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaponization_of_antisemitism" title="Weaponization of antisemitism">Weaponization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Jewish deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Catholic Inquisition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Inquisition" title="Roman Inquisition">Roman Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_and_antisemitism" title="Martin Luther and antisemitism">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_curse" title="Blood curse">Blood curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pogrom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Antisemitic laws, policies<br />and government actions</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hep-Hep_riots" title="Hep-Hep riots">Hep-Hep riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Pogroms in the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Laws" title="May Laws">May Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Anti-Zionist_League" title="Jewish Anti-Zionist League">Jewish Anti-Zionist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank">Leo Frank trial (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus Affair (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis" title="Menahem Mendel Beilis">Beilis trial (Russian Empire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud (Iraq)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist_League_in_Iraq" title="Anti-Zionist League in Iraq">Anti-Zionist League (Iraq)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._11_(1862)" title="General Order No. 11 (1862)">General Order No. 11 (US, 1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racial policy of Nazi Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cosmopolitan_campaign" title="Anti-cosmopolitan campaign">Anti-cosmopolitan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Murdered_Poets" title="Night of the Murdered Poets">Night of the Murdered Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">ZOG conspiracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antisemitism on the internet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Believers" title="Bible Believers">Bible Believers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Historical_Review" title="Institute for Historical Review">Institute for Historical Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_Watch" title="Jew Watch">Jew Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Cobb" title="Craig Cobb">Podblanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Islam" title="Radio Islam">Radio Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redwatch" title="Redwatch">Redwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)"><i>The Right Stuff</i> (blog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia and antisemitism">Wikipedia and antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Black Death persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_boycotts" title="Anti-Jewish boycotts">Boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Ghettos in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">Mellah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Martyrdom in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refuseniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Organizations working<br />against antisemitism</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League (ADL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Holocaust_Oral_History_Project" title="Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project">Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Trust" title="Community Security Trust">Community Security Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Media_Research_Institute" title="Middle East Media Research Institute">Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute" title="Stephen Roth Institute">Stephen Roth Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Argentina" title="Antisemitism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Australia" title="Antisemitism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Canada" title="Antisemitism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Chile" title="Antisemitism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Antisemitism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Austria" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Belgium" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_France" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century France">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Germany" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Greece" title="Antisemitism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Hungary" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Italy" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Romania" title="Antisemitism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Spain" title="Antisemitism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Sweden" title="Antisemitism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Ukraine" title="Antisemitism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_British_Labour_Party" title="Antisemitism in the British Labour Party">Labour Party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Japan" title="Antisemitism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Mexico" title="Antisemitism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_New_Zealand" title="Antisemitism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestinian Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Pakistan" title="Antisemitism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_South_Africa" title="Antisemitism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States_in_the_21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela" title="Antisemitism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews" title="Template:Massacres or pogroms against Jews"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews" title="Template talk:Massacres or pogroms against Jews"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Massacres or pogroms against Jews"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">Massacres</a> or <a class="mw-selflink selflink">pogroms</a> against <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st – 13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1–999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_riots_(38_CE)" title="Alexandrian riots (38 CE)">Alexandrian pogrom</a> (38)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_riot_(66)" title="Alexandria riot (66)">2nd Alexandrian pogrom</a> (66)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Jewish_revolts" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewish revolts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">The Great Revolt</a> (66–73)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt#Aftermath" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> (132–136)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Constantius_Gallus" title="Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus">Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus</a> (351–352)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius#Massacre_of_the_Jews" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Jewish revolt against Heraclius</a> (614–617)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a> (628 CE)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1000–1299</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sacks_of_C%C3%B3rdoba_(1009%E2%80%931013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacks of Córdoba (1009–1013)">Córdoba massacre</a> (1013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1033_Fez_massacre" title="1033 Fez massacre">Fez massacre</a> (1033)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1066_Granada_massacre" title="1066 Granada massacre">Granada massacre</a> (1066)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Worms_massacre_(1096)" title="Worms massacre (1096)">Worms</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Speyer#Massacres_of_1096" title="History of the Jews in Speyer">Speyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_the_Crusades" title="History of the Jews and the Crusades">Mainz </a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism#Twelfth_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Ham massacre</a> (1143)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England_(1066%E2%80%931290)#Massacres_at_London_and_York_(1189–1190)" title="History of the Jews in England (1066–1290)">Massacres at London and York</a> (1189–1190)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rintfleisch_massacres" title="Rintfleisch massacres">Rintfleisch massacres</a> (1298)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th – 19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1300–1599</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1320)" title="Shepherds' Crusade (1320)">Shepherds' Crusade</a> (1320)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navarre_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navarre pogrom (page does not exist)">Navarre pogrom</a> (1328)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armleder_persecutions" title="Armleder persecutions">Armleder persecutions</a> (1336–1339)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death_(1348–1350)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Persecution of Jews during the Black Death</a> (1348–1350)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_massacre_(1349)" title="Erfurt massacre (1349)">Erfurt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Basel_Massacre" title="Basel Massacre">Basel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Speyer#Pogroms_and_expulsions_beginning_1195" title="History of the Jews in Speyer">Speyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_massacre" title="Strasbourg massacre">Strasbourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zurich_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurich Massacre">Zurich</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain#1300–1391" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Toledo massacre</a> (1355)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brussels_massacre" title="Brussels massacre">Brussels massacre</a> (1370)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_1391" title="Massacre of 1391">1391 pogroms</a> (1391)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaffhausen Massacre">Schaffhausen Massacre</a> (1401)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1465_Moroccan_revolution" title="1465 Moroccan revolution">Moroccan revolution</a> (1465)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1473_C%C3%B3rdoba_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1473 Córdoba pogrom (page does not exist)">Córdoba pogrom</a> (1473)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Modica#History" title="Modica">Massacre of the Assumption</a> (1474)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> (1478)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Arles#Fourteenth_and_fifteenth_centuries" title="History of the Jews in Arles">Arles pogrom</a> (1484)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_massacre" title="Lisbon massacre">Lisbon massacre</a> (1506)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1517_Hebron_attacks" title="1517 Hebron attacks">Hebron pogrom</a> (1517)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1517_Safed_attacks" title="1517 Safed attacks">Safed pogrom</a> (1517)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a> (1536)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1600–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Chmielnicki massacres</a> (1648–1657)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1660_destruction_of_Safed" title="1660 destruction of Safed">Safed massacre</a> (1660)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mawza_Exile" title="Mawza Exile">Mawza Exile</a> (1679)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Uman" title="Massacre of Uman">Massacre of Uman</a> (1768)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9touan_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tétouan pogrom (page does not exist)">Tétouan pogrom</a> (1790)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algiers massacre (page does not exist)">Algiers massacre</a> (1805)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hep-Hep_riots" title="Hep-Hep riots">Hep-Hep riots</a> (1819)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1821_pogrom" title="Odessa pogroms">First Odessa pogrom</a> (1821)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1828_Baghdad_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1828 Baghdad massacre (page does not exist)">Baghdad massacre</a> (1828)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1834_looting_of_Safed" title="1834 looting of Safed">Tzfat pogrom</a> (1834)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hebron" title="Battle of Hebron">Hebron pogrom</a> (1834)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_attack_on_Safed" title="1838 Druze attack on Safed">Safed massacre</a> (1838)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allahdad" title="Allahdad">Allahdad</a> (1839)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Damascus_affair" title="Damascus affair">Damascus affair</a> (1840)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1859_pogrom" title="Odessa pogroms">Second Odessa pogrom</a> (1859)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1871_pogrom" title="Odessa pogroms">Third Odessa pogrom</a> (1871)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Russian_Empire_(1881–1884)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (1881–1884)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiev_pogrom_(1881)" title="Kiev pogrom (1881)">Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_pogrom_(1881)" title="Warsaw pogrom (1881)">Warsaw</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1881–1906_period" title="Odessa pogroms">Fourth Odessa pogrom</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1891_Corfu_riots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1891 Corfu riots (page does not exist)">Corfu pogrom</a> (1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1898_Algerian_riots" title="1898 Algerian riots">1898 Algerian riots</a> (1898)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1900–1937</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_pogrom_(1902)" title="Częstochowa pogrom (1902)">Częstochowa pogrom</a> (1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kishinev_pogrom" title="Kishinev pogrom">First Kishinev pogrom</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zabolotiv#History" title="Zabolotiv">Zablotov pogrom</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiev_pogrom_(1905)" title="Kiev pogrom (1905)">Kiev pogrom</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1905_Pogrom" title="Odessa pogroms">Fifth Odessa pogrom</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Kishinev_pogrom" title="Second Kishinev pogrom">Second Kishinev pogrom</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_pogrom" title="Białystok pogrom">Białystok pogrom</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siedlce_pogrom" title="Siedlce pogrom">Siedlce pogrom</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_blood_libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiraz blood libel">Shiraz pogrom</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1912_Fez_riots" title="1912 Fez riots">The Tritl</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_pogrom_(1914)" title="Lwów pogrom (1914)">Lwów pogrom</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Skvyra#History" title="Skvyra">Skver pogrom</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1917_Jaffa_deportation" title="1917 Jaffa deportation">Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom_(1918)" title="Kielce pogrom (1918)">Kielce pogrom</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_pogrom_(1918)" title="Lwów pogrom (1918)">Lwów pogrom</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920)">Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots" title="1920 Nebi Musa riots">1920 Nebi Musa riots</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Russian_Civil_War_(1918–1920)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms of the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1918–1920)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lida#Jewish_Community" title="Lida">Lida</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radomyshl#History" title="Radomyshl">Radomyshl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Justingrad" title="Justingrad">Justingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Skvyra#History" title="Skvyra">Skver</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zviahel#History" title="Zviahel">Zviahel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pinsk_massacre" title="Pinsk massacre">Pinsk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fastov_massacre" title="Fastov massacre">Fastov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Proskurov_pogrom" title="Proskurov pogrom">Proskurov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiev_pogroms_(1919)" title="Kiev pogroms (1919)">Kiev</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zawiercie#History" title="Zawiercie">Zavirtcha pogrom</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1927_Oradea_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1927 Oradea pogrom (page does not exist)">Oradea pogrom</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927-es_nagyv%C3%A1radi_pogrom" class="extiw" title="hu:1927-es nagyváradi pogrom">hu</a>]</span> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">Safed massacre</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre" title="1929 Hebron massacre">Hebron massacre</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Campbell_pogrom" title="Campbell pogrom">Campbell pogrom</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1934_Constantine_riots" title="1934 Constantine riots">Constantine riots</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1934_Thrace_pogroms" title="1934 Thrace pogroms">Thrace pogroms</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jaffa_riots_(April_1936)" title="Jaffa riots (April 1936)">The Bloody Day in Jaffa</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Przytyk_pogrom" title="Przytyk pogrom">Przytyk pogrom</a> (1936) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brest pogrom (page does not exist)">Brest pogrom</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom_von_Brest_(1937)" class="extiw" title="de:Pogrom von Brest (1937)">de</a>; <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaj%C5%9Bcia_anty%C5%BCydowskie_w_Brze%C5%9Bciu_nad_Bugiem" class="extiw" title="pl:Zajścia antyżydowskie w Brześciu nad Bugiem">pl</a>]</span> (1937)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">1938–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1938" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1938</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1938_Tiberias_massacre" title="1938 Tiberias massacre">Tiberias massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1939</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_massacre" title="Częstochowa massacre">Częstochowa massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_Dyn%C3%B3w" title="Massacre in Dynów">Dynów massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Krasnosielc#History" title="Krasnosielc">Silc massacre</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi pogrom</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1941</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom#The_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwerp pogrom">Antwerp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1941_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Gab%C3%A8s" title="1941 anti-Jewish riots in Gabès">Gabès</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas (June)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Szczuczyn_pogrom" title="Szczuczyn pogrom">Szczuczyn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W%C4%85sosz_pogrom" title="Wąsosz pogrom">Wąsosz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mass_murders_in_Tykocin" title="Mass murders in Tykocin">Tykocin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odessa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ven%C4%8Dion%C4%97liai_massacre" title="Švenčionėliai massacre">Švenčionėliai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_massacre_of_October_29,_1941" title="Kaunas massacre of October 29, 1941">Kaunas (October)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1941–1945)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1942</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCnam%C3%BCnde_Action" title="Dünamünde Action">Dünamünde Action</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzyatlava_massacre" title="Dzyatlava massacre">Dzyatlava massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sarny_massacre" title="Sarny massacre">Sarny massacre</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1943</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kielce_cemetery_massacre" title="Kielce cemetery massacre">Kielce cemetery massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Operation Harvest Festival</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ardeatine_massacre" title="Ardeatine massacre">Ardeatine massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ludu%C8%99_massacre" title="Luduș massacre">Luduș massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/S%C4%83rma%C8%99u_massacre" title="Sărmașu massacre">Sărmașu massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kremni%C4%8Dka_and_Nemeck%C3%A1_massacres" title="Kremnička and Nemecká massacres">Kremnička and Nemecká massacres</a> (1944–1945)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deutsch_Sch%C3%BCtzen_massacre" title="Deutsch Schützen massacre">Deutsch Schützen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Topo%C4%BE%C4%8Dany_pogrom" title="Topoľčany pogrom">Topoľčany pogrom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_pogrom" title="Kraków pogrom">Kraków pogrom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1945_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Tripolitania" title="1945 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania">Tripolitania pogrom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1945_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Egypt" title="1945 anti-Jewish riots in Egypt">Cairo pogrom</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1946–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1946" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1946</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kunmadaras_pogrom" title="Kunmadaras pogrom">Kunmadaras</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miskolc_pogrom" title="Miskolc pogrom">Miskolc</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1947</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fajja_bus_attacks" title="Fajja bus attacks">Fajja bus attacks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haifa_Oil_Refinery_massacre" title="Haifa Oil Refinery massacre">Haifa Oil Refinery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aden" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aden">Aden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aleppo" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo">Aleppo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Manama" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Manama">Manama</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1948</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_Anti-Jewish_riots_in_Tripolitania" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania">Tripoli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_Anti-Jewish_riots_in_Oujda_and_Jerada" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Anti-Jewish riots in Oujda and Jerada">Djerada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_bombings" title="Ben Yehuda Street bombings">Ben Yehuda Street bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_Cairo_bombings" title="1948 Cairo bombings">Cairo bombings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Etzion_massacre" title="Kfar Etzion massacre">Kfar Etzion massacre</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1949_Menarsha_synagogue_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="1949 Menarsha synagogue attack">Menarsha synagogue attack</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s–1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Murdered_Poets" title="Night of the Murdered Poets">Night of the Murdered Poets</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ale_Akrabim_massacre" title="Ma'ale Akrabim massacre">Scorpion Pass massacre</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shafrir_synagogue_shooting_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafrir synagogue shooting attack">Shafrir synagogue shooting</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1967_Tripoli_pogrom" title="1967 Tripoli pogrom">Tripoli pogrom</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis#Emigration_of_Polish_citizens_of_Jewish_origin" title="1968 Polish political crisis">Purge of Polish Jews</a> (1968)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Avivim_school_bus_bombing" title="Avivim school bus bombing">Avivim school bus bombing</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lod_Airport_massacre" title="Lod Airport massacre">Lod Airport massacre</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot_massacre" title="Ma'alot massacre">Ma'alot massacre</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Shmona_massacre" title="Kiryat Shmona massacre">Kiryat Shmona massacre</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_bombings#1975" title="Ben Yehuda Street bombings">Ben Yehuda Street bombing</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Road_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Road massacre">Coastal Road massacre</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1979_Nahariya_attack" title="1979 Nahariya attack">Nahariya massacre</a> (1979)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1980_Paris_synagogue_bombing" title="1980 Paris synagogue bombing">Paris synagogue bombing</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1980_Antwerp_attack" title="1980 Antwerp attack">Antwerp summer camp attack</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1981_Antwerp_synagogue_bombing" title="1981 Antwerp synagogue bombing">Antwerp bombing</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1981_Vienna_synagogue_attack" title="1981 Vienna synagogue attack">Vienna synagogue attack</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chez_Jo_Goldenberg_restaurant_attack" title="Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack">Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ras_Burqa_massacre" title="Ras Burqa massacre">Ras Burqa massacre</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neve_Shalom_Synagogue_massacre" title="Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre">Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1989_Purim_stabbing_attack" title="1989 Purim stabbing attack">Purim stabbing</a> (1989)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990_Cairo_bus_attack" title="1990 Cairo bus attack">Cairo bus attack</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights_riot" title="Crown Heights riot">Crown Heights riot</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/AMIA_bombing" title="AMIA bombing">AMIA bombing</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dizengoff_Street_bus_bombing" title="Dizengoff Street bus bombing">Dizengoff Street bus bombing</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beit_Lid_suicide_bombing" title="Beit Lid suicide bombing">Beit Lid massacre</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dizengoff_Center_suicide_bombing" title="Dizengoff Center suicide bombing">Purim massacre</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Peace_massacre" title="Island of Peace massacre">Island of Peace massacre</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1997_Mahane_Yehuda_Market_bombings" title="1997 Mahane Yehuda Market bombings">Mahane Yehuda Market bombings</a> (1997)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">2000–2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2001" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dolphinarium_discotheque_massacre" title="Dolphinarium discotheque massacre">Dolphinarium discotheque massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sbarro_restaurant_suicide_bombing" title="Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing">Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghriba_synagogue_bombing" title="Ghriba synagogue bombing">Ghriba synagogue bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Hadera_attack" title="2002 Hadera attack">Hadera attack</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yeshivat_Beit_Yisrael_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre">Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Passover_massacre" title="Passover massacre">Passover massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matza_restaurant_suicide_bombing" title="Matza restaurant suicide bombing">Matza restaurant suicide bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_bombing" title="Hebrew University bombing">Hebrew University bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Rishon_LeZion_bombing" title="2002 Rishon LeZion bombing">Rishon LeZion bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matzuva_attack" title="Matzuva attack">Matzuva attack</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Hebron_ambush" title="2002 Hebron ambush">Hebron ambush</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Istanbul_bombings" title="2003 Istanbul bombings">Istanbul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Central_bus_station_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre">Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Davidka_Square_bus_bombing" title="Davidka Square bus bombing">Davidka Square bus bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Hillel_bombing" title="Café Hillel bombing">Café Hillel bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maxim_restaurant_suicide_bombing" title="Maxim restaurant suicide bombing">Maxim restaurant suicide bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_HaNavi_bus_bombing" title="Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing">Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haifa_bus_37_suicide_bombing" title="Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing">Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2004–2009" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004–2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beersheba_bus_bombings" title="Beersheba bus bombings">Beersheba bus bombings</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Ashdod_Port_bombings" title="2004 Ashdod Port bombings">Ashdod Port bombings</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2nd_Rosh_Ha%27ir_restaurant_bombing" title="2nd Rosh Ha'ir restaurant bombing">Tel Aviv shawarma bombing</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Jerusalem_yeshiva_attack" title="2008 Jerusalem yeshiva attack">Jerusalem yeshiva attack</a> (2008)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">2010–2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Itamar_attack" title="2011 Itamar attack">Itamar attack</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Burgas_bus_bombing" title="2012 Burgas bus bombing">Burgas bus bombing</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Toulouse_and_Montauban_shootings" title="Toulouse and Montauban shootings">Toulouse and Montauban shootings</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Jerusalem_synagogue_attack" title="2014 Jerusalem synagogue attack">Jerusalem synagogue massacre</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Overland_Park_Jewish_Community_Center_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting">Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Belgium_shooting" title="Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting">Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/January_2015_%C3%8Ele-de-France_attacks" title="January 2015 Île-de-France attacks">January 2015 Île-de-France attacks</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hypercacher_kosher_supermarket_siege" title="Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege">Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_2016_Tel_Aviv_shooting" title="June 2016 Tel Aviv shooting">Tel Aviv shooting</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_Halamish_stabbing_attack" title="2017 Halamish stabbing attack">Halamish stabbing</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">Pittsburgh synagogue shooting</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poway_synagogue_shooting" title="Poway synagogue shooting">Poway synagogue shooting</a> (2019) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Jersey_City_shooting" title="2019 Jersey City shooting">Jersey City shooting</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Monsey_Hanukkah_stabbing" title="Monsey Hanukkah stabbing">Monsey Hanukkah stabbing</a> (2019)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">2020–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis#Arab_communities_in_Israel" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">Israel riots</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Beersheba_attack" title="2022 Beersheba attack">Beersheba attack</a> (2022)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Be%27eri_massacre" title="Be'eri massacre">Be'eri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ein_HaShlosha_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ein HaShlosha massacre">Ein HaShlosha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Holit_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Holit massacre">Holit</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Aza_massacre" title="Kfar Aza massacre">Kfar Aza</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kissufim_massacre" title="Kissufim massacre">Kissufim</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nahal_Oz_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahal Oz massacre">Nahal Oz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Netiv_HaAsara_massacre" title="Netiv HaAsara massacre">Netiv HaAsara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nir_Oz_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nir Oz massacre">Nir Oz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nirim_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirim massacre">Nirim</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Re%27im_music_festival_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Re'im music festival massacre">Re'im</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yakhini_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakhini massacre">Yakhini</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_antisemitic_riots_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="2023 antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus">Antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus</a> (2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2024_Dagestan_attacks" title="2024 Dagestan attacks">Dagestan attacks</a> (2024)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/November_2024_Amsterdam_attacks" title="November 2024 Amsterdam attacks">Amsterdam attacks</a> (2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination" title="Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination" title="Template talk:Discrimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory<br />policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prejudice_and_discrimination" title="Category:Prejudice and discrimination">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Racism_topics" title="Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Racism_topics" title="Template talk:Racism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Racism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_racism" title="Aversive racism">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Colorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_racism" title="Covert racism">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_on_the_Internet" title="Racism on the Internet">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendered_racism" title="Gendered racism">Gendered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_racism" title="Internalized racism">Internalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_racism" title="Patent racism">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_racism" title="Laissez-faire racism">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_racism" title="Linguistic racism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonial_racism" title="Neocolonial racism">Neocolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_racism" title="Romantic racism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_racism" title="Societal racism">Societal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_racism" title="Symbolic racism">Symbolic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations<br />of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Discrimination based on nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hierarchy" title="Racial hierarchy">Racial hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">Racial profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_apartheid" title="Global apartheid">Global apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Africa" title="Racism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Racism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Asia" title="Racism in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_Korea" title="Racism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Korea" title="Racism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Vietnam" title="Racism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Racism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Libya" title="Racism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Sudan" title="Racism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Denmark" title="Racism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Poland" title="Racism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Portugal" title="Racism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Spain" title="Racism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Ukraine" title="Racism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iran" title="Racism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" title="Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Mexico" title="Racism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_America" title="Racism in South America">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Argentina" title="Racism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Brazil" title="Racism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Chile" title="Racism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racism by target</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Japanese Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Black sentiment">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanophobia">Hispanic & Latino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">Jewish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Jewish_communities" title="Racism in Jewish communities">In Jewish communities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Muslim_communities" title="Racism in Muslim communities">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_wine_industry" title="Racism in the wine industry">Wine industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Racial supremacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Casteism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_plastic_surgery" title="Ethnic plastic surgery">Ethnic plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_back_to_where_you_came_from" title="Go back to where you came from">Go back to where you came from</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrenvolk_democracy" title="Herrenvolk democracy">Herrenvolk democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Interminority racism in the United States">Interminority racism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Hispanic_and_Latino_American_communities" title="Racism in Hispanic and Latino American communities">Hispanics/Latinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics_of_racism" title="Psychometrics of racism">Psychometrics of racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_sexuality" title="Race and sexuality">Race and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_card" title="Race card">Race card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Racial figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport" title="Racism in sport">Racism in sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport_in_Australia" title="Racism in sport in Australia">in Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociology of race and ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Racism" title="Category:Racism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Racism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Racism">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_racism-related_articles" title="Index of racism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_persecution" title="Template talk:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">Extrajudicial punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Intolerance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_cleansing" title="Population cleansing">Population cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a> (64–313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a> (c. 324–c. 491)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent</a> (c.550–c. 1200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a> (c.184–c. 205)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> (732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">Jerusalem massacre</a> (1099)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> (643–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> (1184–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">Massacre at Ayyadieh</a> (1191)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> (12th–16th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusades_to_Europe_and_the_Holy_Land#Crusades_against_heretics_and_schismatics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crusades to Europe and the Holy Land">Crusades against schismatics</a> (13th–15th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain</a> (1500–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> (1522–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> (1526–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> (1561–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> (1562–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609–1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Acts" title="Test Acts">Test Acts</a> (1673–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> (1683–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Christianization of the Sámi people">Christianization of the Sámi people</a> (1700s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolutionary dechristianisation</a> (1789–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Mount Lebanon civil war</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> (1915–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a> (1917–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Soviet persecution</a> (1922–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">1917–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">1921–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">1928–1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1958%E2%80%931964)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)">1958–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1970s%E2%80%931987)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1987)">1970–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ahovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Šahovići massacre">Šahovići massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror (Spain)</a> (1936–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_anti-religious_campaign" title="Polish anti-religious campaign">Communist Polish persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_of_Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-religious campaign of Communist Romania">Communist Romanian persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">1946 Bihar riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Rawalpindi_massacres" title="1947 Rawalpindi massacres">Rawalpindi massacres</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan#Decline_and_persecution" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#India" title="Persecution of Hindus">Violence against Hindus in independent India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a> (1948–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1949–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Persecution of Tibetans</a> (1950–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a> (1953–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a> (1963) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản shootings</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a> (1963)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famen_Temple#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Famen Temple">Famen Temple</a> (1966)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh</a> (1971–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_Process" title="Revival Process">Revival Process</a> (1984–1989) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Excursion" title="Big Excursion">Big Excursion</a> (1989)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991–2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War</a> (1992–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes in the Kosovo War</a> (1999)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walisongo_school_massacre" title="Walisongo school massacre">Walisongo school massacre</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a> (2004–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero demonstrations</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_by_Islamic_extremists_in_Bangladesh" title="Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh">Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh</a> (2013–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidi genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> (2016–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi riots</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_church_shooting" title="2024 Istanbul church shooting">2024 Istanbul church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination" title="Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination" title="Template talk:Discrimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory<br />policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prejudice_and_discrimination" title="Category:Prejudice and discrimination">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_massacres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightblue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Massacres" title="Template:Massacres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Massacres" title="Template talk:Massacres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Massacres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Massacres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_massacres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists of <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacres</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:lightblue;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_at_sea" title="List of massacres at sea">List of massacres at sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightblue;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">By past country<br />or territory</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_killings_and_massacres_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="List of killings and massacres in Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Ottoman_Syria" title="List of massacres in Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="List of massacres in Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Roman_Judea" title="List of massacres in Roman Judea">Roman Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of massacres in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Yugoslavia" title="List of massacres in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightblue;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">By country<br />or territory</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Afghanistan" title="List of massacres in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Albania" title="List of massacres in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Algeria" title="List of massacres in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Argentina" title="List of massacres in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Australia" title="List of massacres in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of massacres in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Bangladesh" title="List of massacres in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Belarus" title="List of massacres in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Belgium" title="List of massacres in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Bolivia" title="List of massacres in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="List of massacres in the Bosnian War">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Brazil" title="List of massacres in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Burundi" title="List of massacres in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Canada" title="List of massacres in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Chile" title="List of massacres in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_China" title="List of massacres in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Colombia" title="List of massacres in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="List of massacres in the Croatian War of Independence">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Cyprus" title="List of massacres in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of massacres in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of massacres in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of massacres in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_East_Timor" title="List of massacres in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Egypt" title="List of massacres in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_El_Salvador" title="List of massacres in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Ethiopia" title="List of massacres in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Finland" title="List of massacres in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_France" title="List of massacres in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Germany" title="List of massacres in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Greece" title="List of massacres in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Great_Britain" title="List of massacres in Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Guatemala" title="List of massacres in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Guinean_protests" title="2009 Guinean protests">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Guyana" title="List of massacres in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Haiti" title="List of massacres in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Hungary" title="List of massacres in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaying_of_the_Spaniards" title="Slaying of the Spaniards">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_India" title="List of massacres in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Indonesia" title="List of massacres in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Iran" title="List of massacres in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Iraq" title="List of massacres in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Ireland" title="List of massacres in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Israel" title="List of massacres in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Jerusalem" title="List of massacres in Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Italy" title="List of massacres in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Jamaica" title="List of massacres in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Japan" title="List of massacres in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Kenya" title="List of massacres in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Latvia" title="List of massacres in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Lebanon" title="List of massacres in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Libya" title="List of massacres in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Lithuania" title="List of massacres in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Mali" title="List of massacres in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Malaysia" title="List of massacres in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Mexico" title="List of massacres in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Myanmar" title="List of massacres in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Nepal" title="List of massacres in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_New_Zealand" title="List of massacres in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Nigeria" title="List of massacres in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_North_Korea" title="List of massacres in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of massacres in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Pakistan" title="List of massacres in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Palestinian_territories" title="List of massacres in the Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_massacres_in_Palestine" title="Lists of massacres in Palestine">List of Palestine lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Peru" title="List of massacres in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Philippines" title="List of massacres in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Poland" title="List of massacres in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Puerto_Rico" title="List of massacres in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Romania" title="List of massacres in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Russia" title="List of massacres in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Rwanda" title="List of massacres in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="List of massacres in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Serbia" title="List of massacres in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Singapore" title="List of massacres in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Slovakia" title="List of massacres in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Slovenia" title="List of massacres in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Solomon_Islands" title="List of massacres in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_South_Africa" title="List of massacres in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_South_Korea" title="List of massacres in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Sudan" title="List of massacres in Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Spain" title="List of massacres in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of massacres in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Sudan" title="List of massacres in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Syria" title="List of massacres in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Taiwan" title="List of massacres in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Thailand" title="List of massacres in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Turkey" title="List of massacres in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Uganda" title="List of massacres in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Ukraine" title="List of massacres in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_United_States" title="List of massacres in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Venezuela" title="List of massacres in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Vietnam" title="List of massacres in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Yemen" title="List of massacres in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightblue;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">By war</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killings_and_massacres_during_the_1948_Palestine_war" title="Killings and massacres during the 1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Algerian_Civil_War" title="List of massacres during the Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="List of massacres in the Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="List of massacres in the Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="List of massacres in the Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Finnish_Civil_War" title="List of massacres in the Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Kosovo_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of massacres in the Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_in_the_course_of_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacres in the course of the Nagorno-Karabakh War">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_engagements_during_the_Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)#Massacres" title="List of engagements during the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of massacres during the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="List of massacres during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I_massacres" title="Category:World War I massacres">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_massacres" title="Category:World War II massacres">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_executions_and_massacres_in_Yugoslavia_during_World_War_II" title="List of mass executions and massacres in Yugoslavia during World War II">WWII in Yugoslavia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightblue;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">By group</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Armenians" title="List of massacres of Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Azerbaijanis" title="List of massacres of Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_against_Hazaras" title="List of massacres against Hazaras">Hazara people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="List of massacres of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Nizari_Ismailis" title="List of massacres of Nizari Ismailis">Nizari Ismailis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_against_Palestinians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of massacres against Palestinians">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Turkish_people" title="List of massacres of Turkish people">Turkish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightblue;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genocides" title="List of genocides">List of genocides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:lightblue;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres" title="Category:Massacres">Massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_by_country" title="Category:Massacres by country">Massacres by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_by_year" title="Category:Massacres by year">Massacres by year</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177716#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177716#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177716#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4137649-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pogroms"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh94001957">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="pogromy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph210126&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566031505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\P\O\Pogrom">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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[\"CITEREFBudnitski1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohn1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConaway1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDekel-ChenGauntMeirBartal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDr._Shaikh_Mujibur_Rehman2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDurant1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEditors_of_Encyclopædia_Britannica2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElon2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopaedia_Judaica2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEscherle2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeinstein2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGambetti2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhassem-Fachand2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilmanShain1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGioseffi1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGitelman2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGitelman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGross2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansler2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry_Abramson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerman_Rosenthal1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitchens2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkinson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorvitzCatherwood2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsabelle_Clark-Decès2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffrelot2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Doyle_KlierShlomo_Lambroza2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudge1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKadish1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKathleen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKierszenbaum2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleg1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlieman1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlier2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlier2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKlierAbulafia2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlierLambroza2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoutsoukis2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuttab2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambroza1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevin1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLlaudó_Avila2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLöwe2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadigan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagnet2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagocsi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDermott2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIntyreSimpson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKernan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeier\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichlic2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgenthau1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNew_York_Media,_LLC1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNezar_AlSayyad,_Mejgan_Massoumi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkeowo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOleg_Budnitskii2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOmer_Bartov2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOren_Ziv_(אורן_זיו)2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen_Jones2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkinson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPease2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPekesen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilpot2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiotrowski1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPrior2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurnick1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuitaz2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabbi_Ken_Spiro2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaynerStringer2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReiff2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRielHerter2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenthalRosenthal\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossino2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRozenblit2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalameh2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanjeevini_Badigar_Lokhande2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSergei_Kan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSetalvad2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShelton2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddiqi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSloin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStachura2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrauss1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSönmez2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTatz2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThackrah1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTobenkin1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTroy2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeidlinger1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerlaan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVernadsky1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWandycz1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinberg2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillemHaroMarkLoes2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYekelchyk2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYücel2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZanottiSharp2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaretsky2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZimmerman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"Huwara\"] = 1,\n [\"MENA\"] = 1,\n [\"Sabra_and_Shatila\"] = 1,\n [\"South_Asia\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 5,\n [\"Annotated image\"] = 1,\n [\"Antisemitism\"] = 1,\n [\"Antisemitism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox 1929 Palestine riots\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox 1948 Arab–Israeli War\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite Jewish Encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 84,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 50,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 37,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Discrimination\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Efn-ua\"] = 11,\n [\"Empty section\"] = 3,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA\"] = 3,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 14,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Incomplete table\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Islamophobia\"] = 1,\n [\"Jewish exodus from the Muslim world\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 5,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 9,\n [\"Massacres\"] = 1,\n [\"Massacres of Jews\"] = 1,\n [\"No col break\"] = 2,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 62,\n [\"Notefoot\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist-ua\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 4,\n [\"Racism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Religious persecution\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 13,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 4,\n [\"Spaces\"] = 4,\n [\"Undue weight inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verify quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Verify sources\"] = 1,\n [\"Violence against Muslims in independent India\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"short\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","18.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","16.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","8.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","140","7.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","6.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","6.0"],["gsub","80","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","4.0"],["recursiveClone 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-10-27T13:49:38Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T01:59:05Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/56\/Pluenderung_der_Judengasse_1614.png","headline":"violent attack on an ethnic or religious group, either approved or conducted by the local authorities"}</script> </body> </html>