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groups</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: armed groups"> <meta name="keywords" content="armed groups"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="armed groups"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 7137</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: armed groups</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7137</span> Armed Groups and Intra State Conflict: A Study on the Egyptian Case</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghzlan%20Mahmoud%20Abdel%20Aziz">Ghzlan Mahmoud Abdel Aziz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This case study aims to identify the intrastate conflicts between the nation state and armed groups. Nowadays, most wars weaken states against armed groups. Thus, it is very important to negotiate with such groups in order to reinforce the law for the protection of victims. These armed groups are the cause of conflicts and they are related with many of humanitarian issues that result out of conflicts. In this age of rivalry; terrorists, insurgents, or transnational criminal parties have surfaced to the top as a reaction to these armed groups in an effort to set up a new world order. Moreover, the intra state conflicts became increasingly treacherous than the interstate conflicts, particularly when nation state systems deal with armed groups which try to influence the state. The unexpected upraising of the Arab Spring during 2011 in parts of the Middle East and North Africa formed various patterns of conflicts. The events of the Arab Spring resulted in current and long term change across the region. Significant modifications in the level, strength and period of armed conflict around the world have been made. Egypt was in the center of these events. It has fought back the armed groups under the name of terrorism and spread common disorder and violence among civilians. On this note, this study focuses on the problem of the transformation in the methods of organized violence within one state rather than between two state or more and analyzes the objectives, strategies, and internal composition of armed groups and the environments that foster them, with a focus on the Egyptian case. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=armed%20groups" title="armed groups">armed groups</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conflicts" title=" conflicts"> conflicts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Egyptian%20armed%20forces" title=" Egyptian armed forces"> Egyptian armed forces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intrastate%20conflicts" title=" intrastate conflicts"> intrastate conflicts</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35468/armed-groups-and-intra-state-conflict-a-study-on-the-egyptian-case" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35468.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">459</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7136</span> Illicit Arms and the Emergence of Armed Groups in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Halilu%20Babaji">Halilu Babaji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adamu%20Buba"> Adamu Buba</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Illicit arms and the emergence of armed groups have witnessed unprecedented situations of political uncertainties in Nigeria, and the twenty-first century globalisation has established the process that has benefited a good number of militia groups and thereby boosting both illicit arms movement and the thriving of terrorist groups, which are largely responsible for the longstanding threat to the national security and stability of the country. This has unleashed unforeseen consequences on the entire Sub-region, following an inflow of weapons and armed fighter which are motivated by weak governance, insecurity and poverty. The social, economic and political environments make it a fertile breeding ground for the penetration and development of terrorist groups in Sub-Saharan Africa. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arms" title="arms">arms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emergence" title=" emergence"> emergence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insecurity" title=" insecurity"> insecurity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groups" title=" groups"> groups</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55244/illicit-arms-and-the-emergence-of-armed-groups-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55244.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">263</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7135</span> Understanding Psychological Distress and Protection Issues among Children Associated with Armed Groups</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Grace%20Onubedo">Grace Onubedo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The primary objective of this research study is to contribute to and deepen the understanding of the realities and conditions for which children recruited by violent extremist organisations in Nigeria live, as well as ascertain the state of their mental health following their reunification with either family or protection workers. The research is intended to contribute to a more focused child protection programming agenda for children associated with armed forces and groups in Nigeria and the wider conflict setting. The extent to which violence has affected the psychological well-being and mental health of children abducted and exposed to activities of Violent Extremist groups remains a largely empirical question. This research attempts to answer the following research questions with the aim of providing further evidences for informed programming: I. What are the demographic characteristics of children associated with armed groups? II. What is the state of their mental health? III. What is the relationship between their background and their mental health? <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=counterterrorism" title="counterterrorism">counterterrorism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychosocial%20support" title=" psychosocial support"> psychosocial support</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychological%20distress" title=" psychological distress"> psychological distress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children" title=" children"> children</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=armed%20groups" title=" armed groups"> armed groups</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129361/understanding-psychological-distress-and-protection-issues-among-children-associated-with-armed-groups" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129361.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">130</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7134</span> Non-State Actors and Their Liabilities in International Armed Conflicts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shivam%20Dwivedi">Shivam Dwivedi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saumya%20Kapoor"> Saumya Kapoor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Israeli Supreme Court in Public Committee against Torture in Israel v. Government of Israel observed the presence of non-state actors in cross-border terrorist activities thereby making the role of non-state actors in terrorism the center of discussion under the scope of International Humanitarian Law. Non-state actors and their role in a conflict have also been traversed upon by the Tadic case decided by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. However, there still are lacunae in International Humanitarian Law when it comes to determining the nature of a conflict, especially when non-state groups act within the ambit of various states, for example, Taliban in Afghanistan or the groups operating in Ukraine and Georgia. Thus, the objective of writing this paper would be to observe the ways by which non-state actors particularly terrorist organizations could be brought under the ambit of Additional Protocol I. Additional Protocol I is a 1977 amendment protocol to the Geneva Conventions relating to the protection of victims of international conflicts which basically outlaws indiscriminate attacks on civilian populations, forbids conscription of children and preserves various other human rights during the war. In general, the Additional Protocol I reaffirms the provisions of the original four Geneva Conventions. Since provisions of Additional Protocol I apply only to cases pertaining to International Armed Conflicts, the answer to the problem should lie in including the scope for ‘transnational armed conflict’ in the already existing definition of ‘International Armed Conflict’ within Common Article 2 of the Geneva Conventions. This would broaden the applicability of the provisions in cases of non-state groups and render an international character to the conflict. Also, the non-state groups operating or appearing to operate should be determined by the test laid down in the Nicaragua case by the International Court of Justice and not under the Tadic case decided by the International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia in order to provide a comprehensive system to deal with such groups. The result of the above proposal, therefore, would enhance the scope of the application of International Humanitarian Law to non-state groups and individuals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geneva%20Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=International%20Armed%20Conflict" title=" International Armed Conflict"> International Armed Conflict</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=International%20Humanitarian%20Law" title=" International Humanitarian Law"> International Humanitarian Law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-state%20actors" title=" non-state actors"> non-state actors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61976/non-state-actors-and-their-liabilities-in-international-armed-conflicts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61976.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">377</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7133</span> Territorial Influence of Religious Based Armed Conflicts in Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Badru%20Hasan%20Segujja">Badru Hasan Segujja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nassiwa%20Shamim"> Nassiwa Shamim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study “Territorial Influence of Religious Based Armed Conflicts in Africa” was in place to identify the influence of religious based armed conflicts, their parsistance and their impact on African societies. The study employed a qualitative research methodology, as data from respondents was descriptively recorded using random sampling technics. The study discovered that, the world is experiencing religious based armed violence where actors fight under the umbrella of freedom fighters where the African continent in particular has been at the pic of such armed violence almost since each countries independence to date. Because of this situation, the Continent is torn apart as families are traumatized by the memories of their dear ones who never survived in yesterdays’ faith based armed violence. The study disvovered that, some of these faith based armed conflicts are caused by factors ranging from undemocratic practices due to poor governance, poverty, Unemployment, religious extremism and radicalism which later turn into intractable violence. Religious armed groups such as, Holly Spirit Movement (HSM), Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) and Lords Resistance Army (LRA) in Uganda and now Eastern DRC and Central African Republic, ALSHABAB in East Africa, SELEKE and ANTI BALAKA in Central African Republic, BOKO HARAM in Nigeria, JANJAWEED in Sudan and Republic of Chad, Sudaneess Peoples Liberation Army (SPLA) in Southern Sudan, Alqaida Mission in Islamic Magreeb (AQIIM) in Mali coupled with acute racism of Hutu and Tutsi in Rwanda or Burundi and Xenophobic Nationalism in (South Africa). The study futher discovered that, the component of “freedom fighters” has strongly made these groups maintain the ground without fear of any repucation, which situation has resulted into children and women becoming disproportionally victims and the response of international communities to the violence is inadequate. The study concludes that, dialogue for peace is better than going for wars. The study recommends that, in order to restore peace on the African continent and elsewhere in the world, UN should recommend the teaching of peace values in schools, pre-conflict early warnings must be well attended, actors must refrain from using religious lebles, democracy, unemployment and poverty issues should as well be addressed to avoid unnessesary conflicts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=influence" title="influence">influence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religious" title=" religious"> religious</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=armed" title=" armed"> armed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conflicts" title=" conflicts"> conflicts</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156956/territorial-influence-of-religious-based-armed-conflicts-in-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156956.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">85</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7132</span> Female Criminality in Lagos State: A Case of Armed Robbery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ebobo%20Urowoli%20Christiana">Ebobo Urowoli Christiana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Nigerian Prison Service statistics of 2007; 2009 revealed that though crime in the past was ascribed to men, but today there is a steady increase in the population of women involved in crime. This study focused on the investigation of female criminality in Lagos State: A case of Armed Robbery. Its major objective was to find out if there is an increase or decrease in female involvement in armed robbery and its growth rate. The major research question is 'Is there an increase in the perpetration of armed robbery by females in Lagos State?' the null hypotheses is 'There is no significant increase in the perpetration of armed robbery by females in Lagos State.' As a result, this study adopted the survey design, purposive sampling method and a sample size of 120 respondents. The rational choice theory was used to explain the reason for female involvement in armed robbery. Both primary and secondary data was generated for this study; the primary data was collected from the criminal records in Lagos State Police Command, Panti while the Quantitative data was collected using the questionnaire from 120 female detainees and inmates. The data collected was analyzed using the simple frequency tables and percentages and chi square was used to test for relationships. The study revealed a persistent rise in the prevalence of female armed robbery and recommended that youths should be equipped with educational/vocational skills in order to lead responsible lives. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=criminality" title="criminality">criminality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=armed%20robbery" title=" armed robbery"> armed robbery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=female" title=" female"> female</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=police%20commands" title=" police commands"> police commands</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=panti" title=" panti"> panti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nature" title=" nature"> nature</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31267/female-criminality-in-lagos-state-a-case-of-armed-robbery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31267.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">406</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7131</span> The Role of the Indonesian Armed Forces to Combat Terrorism Acts During the COVID 19 Pandemic Era</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aulia%20Rosa%20Nasution">Aulia Rosa Nasution</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research aims to analyze the involvement of the Indonesian Armed Forces in overcoming terrorism acts under legal perspectives based on Acts No. 34 of 2004, which regulates the role and mechanism of the Indonesian Armed Forces in combating terrorism. The main question of this research is, firstly, the military authority in combating terrorism acts, secondly, the implementation of Acts Number 34/2000, and thirdly, law enforcement to combat terrorism under national and international law. The methodology of this research is juridical normative based on the legal instruments and legal principles, and international norms. The result of this study explains the involvement of the Indonesian Army in combating terrorism as a part of the nonmilitary operation which has been implemented in Indonesia as part of national defence and security. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acts%20of%20terrorism" title="acts of terrorism">acts of terrorism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indonesian%20armed%20forces" title=" Indonesian armed forces"> Indonesian armed forces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20protection" title=" legal protection"> legal protection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153586/the-role-of-the-indonesian-armed-forces-to-combat-terrorism-acts-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-era" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153586.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">117</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7130</span> Political Economy of Ungoverned Spaces and Rural Armed Banditry in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Collins%20Ogbu">Collins Ogbu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Godwin%20Johnny%20Akpan"> Godwin Johnny Akpan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=James%20NDA%20Jacob"> James NDA Jacob</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The debilitating outcomes of violent conflict, consummated by rural armed banditry have nonetheless, occasioned the need for the mapping of crime zones in Nigeria. As a step towards understanding the scourge of armed bandits, ungoverned spaces have been uncovered as the most dominant excuse for rural crimes and fierce confrontations. From the creeks of the Niger Delta to the forest of Sambisa, Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) have proliferated to the vagaries of national insecurity. While the trends present indications of State fragility, the paucity of governance in these so-called ungoverned spaces has persistently reflected a Hobbesian state of nature, where the fittest survives. This study, therefore, interrogates the demographic implications of these ungoverned spaces by specifically identifying the most immediate features of the characters in the areas under investigation. The Farmers-Herders Crises, Niger-Delta Militancy, Boko-Haram Insurgency, Armed Robbery, Kidnapping and Cattle Rustling all define the major focus. In undertaking this study, anecdotal sources will be relied on, while extant information on the concept of ungoverned spaces will be content-analyzed. It is hoped that the knowledge gathered, as a result, will ultimately aid in proffering a dependable panacea to the crises of rural armed banditry in Nigeria. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ungoverned%20spaces" title="ungoverned spaces">ungoverned spaces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20armed%20banditry" title=" rural armed banditry"> rural armed banditry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=state%20fragility" title=" state fragility"> state fragility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conflicts" title=" conflicts"> conflicts</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142027/political-economy-of-ungoverned-spaces-and-rural-armed-banditry-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142027.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">184</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7129</span> The UN Mediation in the Armed Conflict of Nepal and El Salvador: A Cross-Regional Comparative Perspective Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anu%20S.%20Krishna">Anu S. Krishna </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper tries to analyse the UN involvement/intervention in the case of intra-state armed conflict of El Salvador and Nepal comparatively. The peace mission in El Salvador is considered to be the most successful missions of UN ever since it started involving in the peace-building activities. Meanwhile, in the armed conflict of South Asian country, Nepal, the result seemed to be disappointing in comparison with its counterpart. The study on this paper takes three variables as the success or failure of international mediation, i.e., a) signing of the peace agreement, b) disarmament/demobilization and c) constitutional mechanism. A significant amount of scholarship looks at the case of ONUSAL (United Nations Mission in El Salvador). Meanwhile, the armed conflict of Nepal and the role of UNMIN (United Nations Mediation in Nepal) are under researched so far. The paper thus tries to throw light on these cross-regional contexts that share certain similarities and dissimilarities in the nature of conflict. In addition, the international third-party involvement and their way of approaching both the cases differ, which again affected the mediation outcome. The paper tries to argue that, since the approach of the UN led international mediation in theses peace missions were contextual and varied from case to case, thus, finally affected the mediation outcome too. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UNMIN" title=" UNMIN"> UNMIN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=El%20Salvador" title=" El Salvador"> El Salvador</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ONUSAL" title=" ONUSAL"> ONUSAL</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20mediation" title=" international mediation"> international mediation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=armed%20conflict" title=" armed conflict"> armed conflict</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77458/the-un-mediation-in-the-armed-conflict-of-nepal-and-el-salvador-a-cross-regional-comparative-perspective-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77458.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">392</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7128</span> Africa as Endemically a War Continent: Explaining the Changing Pattern of Armed Conflicts in Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kenneth%20Azaigba">Kenneth Azaigba</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The history of post-colonial African States has been dubbed a history of endemic warfare in existing literature. Indeed, Africa political environment is characterized by a multiplicity of threats to peace and security. Africa's leading drivers of conflict include abundant (especially mineral) resources, personal rule and attendant political authoritarianism, manipulation of identity politics across ethnicity, marginalization of communities, as well as electoral mal-practices resulting in contested legitimacy and resultant violence. However, the character of armed conflicts in Africa is changing. This paper attempts to reconstruct the trajectory of armed conflicts in Africa and explain the changing pattern of armed conflict. The paper contends that large scale political violence in Africa is on the decline rendering the endemic thesis an inappropriate paradigm in explaining political conflicts in Africa. The paper also posits that though small scale conflicts are springing up and exhibiting trans-border dimensions, these patterns of armed conflicts are not peculiar to Africa but emerging waves of global conflicts. The paper explains that the shift in the scale of warfare in Africa is a function of a multiplicity of post-cold war global contradictions. Inclusive governance, social justice and economic security are articulated as workable panaceas for mitigating warfare in Africa. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conflicts" title=" conflicts"> conflicts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pattern" title=" pattern"> pattern</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=war" title=" war"> war</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50825/africa-as-endemically-a-war-continent-explaining-the-changing-pattern-of-armed-conflicts-in-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50825.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">387</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7127</span> Self‑reported Auditory Problems Are Associated with Adverse Mental Health Outcomes and Alcohol Misuse in the UK Armed Forces</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fred%20N.%20H.%20Parker">Fred N. H. Parker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicola%20T.%20Fear"> Nicola T. Fear</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20A.%20M.%20Stevelink"> S. A. M. Stevelink</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Rafferty"> L. Rafferty</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose Auditory problems, such as hearing loss and tinnitus, have been associated with mental health problems and alcohol misuse in the UK general population and in the US Armed Forces; however, few studies have examined these associations within the UK Armed Forces. The present study examined the association between auditory problems and probable common mental disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol misuse. Methods 5474 serving and ex-service personnel from the UK Armed Forces were examined, selected from those who responded to phase two (data collection 2007–09) and phase three (2014–16) of a military cohort study. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between auditory problems at phase two and mental health problems at phase three. Results 9.7% of participants reported ever experiencing hearing problems alone, 7.9% reported tinnitus within the last month alone, and 7.8% reported hearing problems with tinnitus. After adjustment, hearing problems with tinnitus at phase two was associated with increased odds of probable common mental disorders (AOR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.09–2.08), post-traumatic stress disorder (AOR = 2.30, 95% CI 1.41–3.76), and alcohol misuse (AOR = 1.94, 95% CI 1.28–2.96) at phase three. Tinnitus alone was associated with probable post-traumatic stress disorder (AOR = 1.80, 95% CI 1.03–3.15); however, hearing problems alone were not associated with any outcomes of interest. Conclusions The association between auditory problems and mental health problems emphasizes the importance of the prevention of auditory problems in the Armed Forces: through enhanced audiometric screening, improved hearing protection equipment, and greater levels of utilization of such equipment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=armed%20forces" title="armed forces">armed forces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hearing%20problems" title=" hearing problems"> hearing problems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tinnitus" title=" tinnitus"> tinnitus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mental%20health" title=" mental health"> mental health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alcohol%20misuse" title=" alcohol misuse"> alcohol misuse</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142704/selfreported-auditory-problems-are-associated-with-adverse-mental-health-outcomes-and-alcohol-misuse-in-the-uk-armed-forces" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142704.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7126</span> Regret-Regression for Multi-Armed Bandit Problem</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deyadeen%20Ali%20Alshibani">Deyadeen Ali Alshibani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the literature, the multi-armed bandit problem as a statistical decision model of an agent trying to optimize his decisions while improving his information at the same time. There are several different algorithms models and their applications on this problem. In this paper, we evaluate the Regret-regression through comparing with Q-learning method. A simulation on determination of optimal treatment regime is presented in detail. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimal" title="optimal">optimal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bandit%20problem" title=" bandit problem"> bandit problem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20programming" title=" dynamic programming"> dynamic programming</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18593/regret-regression-for-multi-armed-bandit-problem" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18593.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">453</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7125</span> Deployment of Armed Soldiers in European Cities as a Source of Insecurity among Czech Population</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Blanka%20Havlickova">Blanka Havlickova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the last ten years, there are growing numbers of troops with machine guns serving on streets of European cities. We can see them around government buildings, major transport hubs, synagogues, galleries and main tourist landmarks. As the main purpose of armed soldier’s presence in European cities authorities declare the prevention of terrorist attacks and psychological support for tourists and domestic population. The main objective of the following study is to find out whether the deployment of armed soldiers in European cities has a calming and reassuring effect on Czech citizens (if the presence at armed soldiers make the Czech population feel more secure) or rather becomes a stress factor (the presence of soldiers standing guard in full military fatigues recalls serious criminality and terrorist attacks which are reflected in the fears and insecurity of Czech population). The initial hypothesis of this study is connected with the priming theory, the idea that when we are exposed to an image (armed soldier), it makes us unconsciously focus on a topic connected with this image (terrorism). This paper is based on a quantitative public survey, which was carried out in the form of electronic questioning among the citizens of the Czech Republic. Respondents answered 14 questions about two European cities – London and Paris. Besides general questions investigating the respondents' awareness of these cities, some of the questions focused on the fear that the respondents had when picturing themselves leaving next Monday for the given city (London or Paris). The questions asking about respondent´s travel fears and concerns were accompanied by different photos. When answering the question about fear some respondents have been presented with a photo of Westminster Palace and the Eiffel with ordinary citizens while other respondents have been presented with a picture of the Westminster Palace, the and Eiffel's tower not only with ordinary citizens, but also with one soldier holding a machine gun. The main goal of this paper is to analyse and compare data about concerns for these two groups of respondents (presented with different pictures) and find out if and how an armed soldier with a machine gun in front of the Westminster Palace or the Eiffel Tower affects the public's concerns about visiting the site. In other words, the aim of this paper is to confirm or rebut the hypothesis that the look at a soldier with a machine gun in front of the Eiffel Tower or the Westminster Palace automatically triggers the association with a terrorist attack leading to an increase in fear and insecurity among Czech population. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=terrorism" title="terrorism">terrorism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=security%20measures" title=" security measures"> security measures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=priming" title=" priming"> priming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20perception" title=" risk perception"> risk perception</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77412/deployment-of-armed-soldiers-in-european-cities-as-a-source-of-insecurity-among-czech-population" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77412.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">250</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7124</span> Learning Motivation Factors for Pre-Cadets in Armed Forces Academies Preparatory School, Ministry of Defense</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prachya%20Kamonphet">Prachya Kamonphet</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purposes of this research were to study the learning motivation factors for Pre-cadets in Armed Forces Academies Preparatory School, Ministry of Defense. The subjects were 320 Pre-cadets (from all 3-year classes of Pre-cadets, the academic year 2015). The research instruments were questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed by means of Descriptive Statistic and One-Way Analysis of Variance. The results of this study were as follows: The relation between the Pre-cadets’ average grade and the motivation in studying was significance.In the aspect of the environment related to Pre-cadets’ families and the motivation in studying.In the aspect of the environment related to Pre-cadets’ studying, it was found that teaching method, learning place, educational media, relationship between teachers and Pre-cadets, relationship between Pre-cadets and their friends, and relationship between Pre-cadets and the commanders were significant. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning%20motivation%20factors" title="learning motivation factors">learning motivation factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning%20motivation" title=" learning motivation"> learning motivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=armed%20forces%20academies%20preparatory%20school" title=" armed forces academies preparatory school"> armed forces academies preparatory school</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning" title=" learning "> learning </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53408/learning-motivation-factors-for-pre-cadets-in-armed-forces-academies-preparatory-school-ministry-of-defense" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53408.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">242</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7123</span> Maintaining a Motivated Workforce in the Malaysian Armed Forces</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gerard%20Lawrence">Gerard Lawrence</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper gives an in-depth discussion on Motivation in the Malaysian Armed Forces; highlighting it as a powerful and important tool upon which the well-being of an entire (or any) organization rests. It starts with the literal definition of the word and then the psychological aspects of it detailing the intricate mechanics and fundamentals in order to accurately and systematically harness it to create a motivated workforce. It then describes the types of motivation; positive and negative, its many facets and manifestation, clearly identifying each one point by point as well as drawing examples. The paper also deals with certain controversial practices like favoritism; nepotism and provides examples of military motivation both in historic and contemporary context. It strips the current system (and its flaws) to build, nurture and maintain motivation in the future. It shows how “past practice” may not necessarily be “best practice”, by providing the building blocks necessary to move forward and cautions on the inter-relation and differences between morale and motivation. As a conclusion the paper coins a theory of working in shifts for the military and urges careful research and planning as to IF this can raise if not maintain motivation in the new era. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=armed%20forces" title="armed forces">armed forces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malaysia" title=" Malaysia"> Malaysia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motivation" title=" motivation"> motivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=military%20psychology" title=" military psychology"> military psychology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29776/maintaining-a-motivated-workforce-in-the-malaysian-armed-forces" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29776.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">435</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7122</span> The Effects of Cross-Border Use of Drones in Nigerian National Security</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20P.%20Kerry">H. P. Kerry</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Drone technology has become a significant discourse in a nation’s national security, while this technology could constitute a danger to national security on the one hand, on the other hand, it is used in developed and developing countries for border security, and in some cases, for protection of security agents and migrants. In the case of Nigeria, drones are used by the military to monitor and tighten security around the borders. However, terrorist groups have devised a means to utilize the technology to their advantage. Therefore, the potential danger in the widespread proliferation of this technology has become a myriad of risks. The research on the effects of cross-border use of drones in Nigerian national security looks at the negative and positive consequences of using drone technology. The study employs the use of interviews and relevant documents to obtain data while the study applied the Just War theory to justify the reason why countries use force; it further buttresses the points with what the realist theory thinks about the use of force. In conclusion, the paper recommends that the Nigerian government through the National Assembly should pass a bill for the establishment of a law that will guide the use of armed and unarmed drones in Nigeria enforced by the Nigeria Civil Aviation Authority and the office of the National Security Adviser. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=armed%20drones" title="armed drones">armed drones</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drones" title=" drones"> drones</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-border" title=" cross-border"> cross-border</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=national%20security" title=" national security"> national security</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127425/the-effects-of-cross-border-use-of-drones-in-nigerian-national-security" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127425.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">158</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7121</span> Sexual and Gender Based Crimes in International Criminal Law: Moving Forwards or Backwards</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khadija%20Ali">Khadija Ali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Prosecution of sexual violence in international criminal law requires not only an understanding of the mechanisms employed to prosecute sexual violence but also a critical analysis of the factors facilitating perpetuation of such crimes in armed conflicts. The extrapolations laid out in this essay delve into the jurisprudence of international criminal law pertaining to sexual and gender based violence followed by the core question of this essay: Has the entrenchment of sexual violence as international crimes in the Rome Statute been successful to address such violence in armed conflicts? <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conflict" title="conflict">conflict</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title=" gender"> gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20criminal%20law" title=" international criminal law"> international criminal law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20violence" title=" sexual violence"> sexual violence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35603/sexual-and-gender-based-crimes-in-international-criminal-law-moving-forwards-or-backwards" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35603.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">573</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7120</span> Circular Polarized and Surface Compatible Microstrip Array Antenna Design for Image and Telemetric Data Transfer in UAV and Armed UAV Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K%C3%BCbra%20Ta%C5%9Fk%C4%B1ran">Kübra Taşkıran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bahattin%20T%C3%BCretken"> Bahattin Türetken</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, a microstrip array antenna with circular polarization at 2.4 GHz frequency has been designed using the in order to provide image and telemetric data transmission in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and Armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems. In addition to the antenna design, the power divider design was made and the antennas were fed in phase. As a result of the analysis, it was observed that the antenna operates at a frequency of 2.4016 GHz with 12.2 dBi directing gain. In addition, this designed array antenna was transformed into a form compatible with the rocket surface used in A-UAV Systems, and analyzes were made. As a result of these analyzes, it has been observed that the antenna operates on the surface of the missile at a frequency of 2.372 GHz with a directivity gain of 10.2 dBi. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cicrostrip%20array%20antenna" title="cicrostrip array antenna">cicrostrip array antenna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20polarization" title=" circular polarization"> circular polarization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=2.4%20GHz" title=" 2.4 GHz"> 2.4 GHz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20and%20telemetric%20data" title=" image and telemetric data"> image and telemetric data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmission" title=" transmission"> transmission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20compatible" title=" surface compatible"> surface compatible</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UAV%20and%20armed%20UAV" title=" UAV and armed UAV"> UAV and armed UAV</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163799/circular-polarized-and-surface-compatible-microstrip-array-antenna-design-for-image-and-telemetric-data-transfer-in-uav-and-armed-uav-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163799.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">104</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7119</span> Augmented Reality Aplications for Armed Forces</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Murat%20S%C3%B6zen">Murat Sözen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is not at all difficult to estimate which level today’s technology reaches considering that humankinds space-faring in early 1950s. Technology is a means to help achieve goals and people can produce systems on their physical and mental abilities. Needed and used as tools in all areas of life and became a necessity and dependency, technology, widely used in the military field. To be a revolutionary change in the military matters, opportunities offered by technology should be put into practice. Tech makes weapons, sensors, platforms and soldiers carrying them more effective. To increase this efficiency in the battlefield defense industry is seeking every advantage of technology. In this study, the applicability of existing and on-going augmented reality applications for Armed Forces will be evaluated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=augmented%20reality" title="augmented reality">augmented reality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=battlefield" title=" battlefield"> battlefield</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=military" title=" military"> military</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virtual%20reality" title=" virtual reality"> virtual reality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39617/augmented-reality-aplications-for-armed-forces" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39617.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">267</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7118</span> Armed Forces Special Powers Act and Human Rights in Nagaland</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khrukulu%20Khusoh">Khrukulu Khusoh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The strategies and tactics used by governments throughout the world to counter terrorism and insurgency over the past few decades include the declaration of states of siege or martial law, enactment of anti-terrorist legislation and strengthening of judicial powers. Some of these measures taken have been more successful than the other, but some have proved counterproductive, alienating the public from the authorities and further polarizing an already fractured political environment. Such cases of alienation and polarization can be seen in the northeastern states of India. The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act which was introduced to curb insurgency in the remote jungles of the far-flung areas has remained a telling tale of agony in the north east India. Grievous trauma to humans through encounter killings, custodial deaths, unwarranted torture, exploitation of women and children in several ways have been reported in Nagaland, Manipur and other northeastern states where the Indian army has been exercising powers under the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act. While terrorism and the insurgency are destructive of human rights, counter-terrorism does not necessarily restore and safeguard human rights. This special law has not proven effective particularly in dealing with terrorism and insurgency. The insurgency has persisted in the state of Nagaland even after sixty years notwithstanding the presence of a good number of special laws. There is a need to fight elements that threaten the security of a nation, but the methods chosen should be measured, otherwise the fight is lost. There has been no review on the effectiveness or failure of the act to realize its intended purpose. Nor was there any attempt on the part of the state to critically look at the violation of rights of innocent citizens by the state agencies. The Indian state keeps enacting laws, but none of these could be effectively applied as there was the absence of clarity of purpose. Therefore, every new law which has been enacted time and again to deal with security threats failed to bring any solution for the last six decades. The Indian state resorts to measures which are actually not giving anything in terms of strategic benefits but are short-term victories that might result in long-term tragedies. Therefore, right thinking citizens and human rights activists across the country feel that introduction of Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act was as much violation of human rights and its continuation is undesirable. What worried everyone is the arbitrary use, or rather misuse of power by the Indian armed forces particularly against the weaker sections of the society, including women. After having being subjected to indiscriminate abuse of that law, people of the north-east India have been demanding its revocation for a long time. The present paper attempts to critically examine the violation of human rights under Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act. It also attempts to bring out the impact of Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act on the Naga people. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=armed%20forces" title="armed forces">armed forces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insurgency" title=" insurgency"> insurgency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=special%20laws" title=" special laws"> special laws</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=violence" title=" violence"> violence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27596/armed-forces-special-powers-act-and-human-rights-in-nagaland" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27596.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">495</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7117</span> Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Technological Change in Armed Forces: Indonesian Case</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Citra%20Pertiwi">Citra Pertiwi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Fikruzzaman%20Rahawarin"> Muhammad Fikruzzaman Rahawarin </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Government of Indonesia had committed to increasing its national defense the budget up to 1,5 percent of GDP. However, the budget increase does not necessarily allocate efficiently and effectively. Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), the operational units of Indonesian Armed Forces are considered as a proxy to measure those two aspects. The bootstrap technique is being used as well to reduce uncertainty in the estimation. Additionally, technological change is being measured as a nonstationary component. Nearly half of the units are being estimated as fully efficient, with less than a third is considered as effective. Longer and larger sets of data might increase the robustness of the estimation in the future. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bootstrap" title="bootstrap">bootstrap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effectiveness" title=" effectiveness"> effectiveness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency" title=" efficiency"> efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DEA" title=" DEA"> DEA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=military" title=" military"> military</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malmquist" title=" Malmquist"> Malmquist</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technological%20change" title=" technological change"> technological change</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80059/efficiency-effectiveness-and-technological-change-in-armed-forces-indonesian-case" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80059.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">303</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7116</span> A Light in the Road of Protection of Civilians: Responsibility to Protect</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zeynep%20Selin%20Acar">Zeynep Selin Acar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the world of wars, it is aimed to find ways to protect civilians propound by political elites. Current threats may come from edges of the security concerns, meaning uncontrollable terrorist groups, unanticipated government-supported armed groups or separatists, and unimaginable merge of the previous with foreign supports or oppositions of which could flow into all groups– flaws of international state system. These threats resulted in transformation of inter-state system into a world system with distinctive actors and brought along the changes in strategic plans of political and military bodies, as well as adaptations of principles framing the strategies in terms of may-be-applicable international law constrained by ethical considerations. This paper aims to analyse the Responsibility to Protect (RtoP), being one of those, with its criteria aiming to regulate military interventions taking the protection of civilians both as the reason for intervention, jus ad bellum or right to war, and as the duties during the intervention, jus in bello or how to conduct the war. In addition it will discuss the rise of its bindingness in terms of Responsibility Not to Veto (RNtoV), Franco/Mexican Political Declaration opened in signature for UN member states on September 2015. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=civilian%20protection" title="civilian protection">civilian protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protection%20as%20responsibility" title=" protection as responsibility"> protection as responsibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=responsibility%20to%20protect" title=" responsibility to protect"> responsibility to protect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=responsibility%20not%20to%20veto" title=" responsibility not to veto"> responsibility not to veto</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47402/a-light-in-the-road-of-protection-of-civilians-responsibility-to-protect" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47402.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">261</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7115</span> Radical Islam and Transnational Security: West Africa and the Asia Pacific in View</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olumide%20A.%20Fafore">Olumide A. Fafore</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khondlo%20Mtshali"> Khondlo Mtshali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The beginning of the 21st century saw the emergence of new and global threats to national and transnational security in West Africa and the Asia Pacific regions as a result of the spread of jihadist terrorism across borders, a manifestation of the rise of radical Islam. Extremist and armed Islamic movements influenced by Salafism, the Jihad in Afghanistan and the Muslim Brotherhood are prevalent in Northern Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Mali, Chad, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India. Carrying out attacks across borders, including assassinations, murders, armed robberies, and kidnapping, assisted by open and porous borders and large flow of illegal immigrants across borders. This paper examines the effect of Radical Islam on Transnational security through a review of past literature and the social and security consequences on the people of the regions. Our findings indicate that the activities of armed Islamic movements such as Boko Haram, Ansaru and Al-Qaeda are having a negative impact on the economy, development, and security of the states and people of West Africa and the Asia Pacific. It stresses the importance of regional, transnational and international cooperation, as these threats to national and transnational security can no longer be solved in a national or regional framework. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20movements" title="Islamic movements">Islamic movements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=jihadist%20terrorism" title=" jihadist terrorism"> jihadist terrorism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radical%20Islam" title=" radical Islam"> radical Islam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transnational%20security" title=" transnational security"> transnational security</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102740/radical-islam-and-transnational-security-west-africa-and-the-asia-pacific-in-view" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102740.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">163</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7114</span> Presentation of International Military Intervention Correlates (IMIC) Database</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniil%20Chernov">Daniil Chernov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the modern world, the number of conventional interstate wars is declining while the number of military interventions is rising. States no longer initiate conflicts by declaring war but actively intervene in existing military confrontations, often using a comparable number of coercive means. According to existing scholarly understanding, the decision to use force in international relations (in any form) is influenced by roughly the same set of factors: the dynamics of domestic political processes, national interests, international law, and ethical considerations. In the database on armed intervention to be presented in the report, the multifactor model of decision-making is developed. The database describes more than 200 different parameters for armed interventions between 1992 and 2022. The report will present the structure of the database, descriptive statistics, and its key advantages over other sources. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conflict%20resolution" title="conflict resolution">conflict resolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20relations" title=" international relations"> international relations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=military%20intervention" title=" military intervention"> military intervention</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=database" title=" database"> database</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188881/presentation-of-international-military-intervention-correlates-imic-database" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188881.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">34</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7113</span> How to Applicate Knowledge Management in Security Environment within the Scope of Optimum Balance Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hakan%20Erol">Hakan Erol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Altan%20Elibol"> Altan Elibol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C3%96mer%20Ery%C4%B1lmaz"> Ömer Eryılmaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehmet%20%C5%9Eim%C5%9Fek"> Mehmet Şimşek</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Organizations aim to manage information in a most possible effective way for sustainment and development. In doing so, they apply various procedures and methods. The very same situation is valid for each service of Armed Forces. During long-lasting endeavors such as shaping and maintaining security environment, supporting and securing peace, knowledge management is a crucial asset. Optimum Balance Model aims to promote the system from a decisive point to a higher decisive point. In this context, this paper analyses the application of optimum balance model to knowledge management in Armed Forces and tries to find answer to the question how Optimum Balance Model is integrated in knowledge management. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimum%20balance%20model" title="optimum balance model">optimum balance model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20management" title=" knowledge management"> knowledge management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=security%20environment" title=" security environment"> security environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supporting%20peace" title=" supporting peace"> supporting peace</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40432/how-to-applicate-knowledge-management-in-security-environment-within-the-scope-of-optimum-balance-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40432.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">398</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7112</span> Between Order and Chaos: Politics and the Challenge of Peace in Mozambique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edmilson%20Nhambe">Edmilson Nhambe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Belisario%20Machaieie"> Belisario Machaieie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Since the signing of the General Peace Agreement-GPA in 1992, Mozambique has seen successive setbacks in the search for effective peace, civil war, social conflicts, terrorism, and armed conflicts mix the reality of Mozambican democracy. The article seeks to understand the dynamics of conflict and peace in Mozambique. Specifically, it seeks to analyze the structural factors that lead to (violent) conflict situations and the factors that favor or promote peace. For this purpose, desk research was chosen to analyze studies of peace and conflict. This article develops the argument that the non-violation of the peace agreement, in particular the GPA in Rome, as it had a structuring effect on the Mozambican political system, no longer guarantees in itself the irreversibility of the pacification process. In fact, the country is currently stagnating in the category of a fragile peace process with the risk of slipping into a situation of war or open armed conflict. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peace" title="peace">peace</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conflict" title=" conflict"> conflict</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GPA" title=" GPA"> GPA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instability" title=" instability"> instability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132650/between-order-and-chaos-politics-and-the-challenge-of-peace-in-mozambique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132650.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">199</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7111</span> Dual-use UAVs in Armed Conflicts: Opportunities and Risks for Cyber and Electronic Warfare</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Piret%20Pernik">Piret Pernik</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Based on strategic, operational, and technical analysis of the ongoing armed conflict in Ukraine, this paper will examine the opportunities and risks of using small commercial drones (dual-use unmanned aerial vehicles, UAV) for military purposes. The paper discusses the opportunities and risks in the information domain, encompassing both cyber and electromagnetic interference and attacks. The paper will draw conclusions on a possible strategic impact to the battlefield outcomes in the modern armed conflicts by the widespread use of dual-use UAVs. This article will contribute to filling the gap in the literature by examining based on empirical data cyberattacks and electromagnetic interference. Today, more than one hundred states and non-state actors possess UAVs ranging from low cost commodity models, widely are dual-use, available and affordable to anyone, to high-cost combat UAVs (UCAV) with lethal kinetic strike capabilities, which can be enhanced with Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML). Dual-use UAVs have been used by various actors for intelligence, reconnaissance, surveillance, situational awareness, geolocation, and kinetic targeting. Thus they function as force multipliers enabling kinetic and electronic warfare attacks and provide comparative and asymmetric operational and tactical advances. Some go as far as argue that automated (or semi-automated) systems can change the character of warfare, while others observe that the use of small drones has not changed the balance of power or battlefield outcomes. UAVs give considerable opportunities for commanders, for example, because they can be operated without GPS navigation, makes them less vulnerable and dependent on satellite communications. They can and have been used to conduct cyberattacks, electromagnetic interference, and kinetic attacks. However, they are highly vulnerable to those attacks themselves. So far, strategic studies, literature, and expert commentary have overlooked cybersecurity and electronic interference dimension of the use of dual use UAVs. The studies that link technical analysis of opportunities and risks with strategic battlefield outcomes is missing. It is expected that dual use commercial UAV proliferation in armed and hybrid conflicts will continue and accelerate in the future. Therefore, it is important to understand specific opportunities and risks related to the crowdsourced use of dual-use UAVs, which can have kinetic effects. Technical countermeasures to protect UAVs differ depending on a type of UAV (small, midsize, large, stealth combat), and this paper will offer a unique analysis of small UAVs both from the view of opportunities and risks for commanders and other actors in armed conflict. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dual-use%20technology" title="dual-use technology">dual-use technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyber%20attacks" title=" cyber attacks"> cyber attacks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electromagnetic%20warfare" title=" electromagnetic warfare"> electromagnetic warfare</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=case%20studies%20of%20cyberattacks%20in%20armed%20conflicts" title=" case studies of cyberattacks in armed conflicts"> case studies of cyberattacks in armed conflicts</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159847/dual-use-uavs-in-armed-conflicts-opportunities-and-risks-for-cyber-and-electronic-warfare" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159847.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">102</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7110</span> National Defense and Armed Forces Development in the Member States of the Visegrad Group </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Hronyecz">E. Hronyecz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Guaranteeing the independence of the V4 Member States, the protection of their national values and their citizens, and the security of the Central and Eastern European region requires the development of military capabilities in terms of the capabilities of nations. As a result, European countries have begun developing capabilities and forces, within which nations are seeking to strengthen the capabilities of their armies and make their interoperability more effective. One aspect of this is the upgrading of military equipment, personnel equipment, and other human resources. Based on the author's preliminary researches - analyzing the scientific literature, the relevant statistical data and conducting of professional consultations with the experts of the research field – it can clearly claimed for all four states of Visegrad Group that a change of direction in the field of defense has been noticeable since the second half of the last decade. Collective defense came to the forefront again; the military training, professionalism, and radical modernization of technical equipment becoming crucial. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=armed%20forces" title="armed forces">armed forces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperation" title=" cooperation"> cooperation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=development" title=" development"> development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Visegrad%20Group" title=" Visegrad Group"> Visegrad Group</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122825/national-defense-and-armed-forces-development-in-the-member-states-of-the-visegrad-group" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122825.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">133</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7109</span> Judicial Trendsetting: European Courts as Pacemakers for Defining, Redefining, and Potentially Expanding Protection for People Fleeing Armed Conflict and Natural Disasters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Charlotte%20L%C3%BClf">Charlotte Lülf</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Migration flows cannot be tackled by single states but need to be addressed as a transnational and international responsibility. However, the current international framework staggers. Widely excluded from legal protection are people that flee from the indiscriminate effects of an armed conflict as well as people fleeing natural disasters. This paper as part of an on-going PhD Project deals with the current and partly contradicting approaches to the protection of so-called war- and climate refugees in the European Union. The analysis will emphasize and evaluate the role of the European judiciary to define, redefine and potentially expand legal protection. Changing jurisprudential practice of national and regional courts will be assessed, as will be their dialogue to interpret the international obligations of human rights law, migration laws and asylum laws in an interacting world. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20rights%20law" title="human rights law">human rights law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asylum%20law" title=" asylum law"> asylum law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=migration" title=" migration"> migration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refugee%20protection" title=" refugee protection"> refugee protection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18214/judicial-trendsetting-european-courts-as-pacemakers-for-defining-redefining-and-potentially-expanding-protection-for-people-fleeing-armed-conflict-and-natural-disasters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18214.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">266</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7108</span> Conceptualizing Conflict in the Gray Zone: A Comparative Analysis of Diplomatic, Military and Political Lenses</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20Hardy">John Hardy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paul%20Lushenko"> Paul Lushenko</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> he twenty-first century international security order has been fraught with challenges to the credibility and stability of the post-Cold War status quo. Although the American-led international system has rarely been threatened directly by dissatisfied states, an underlying challenge to the international security order has emerged in the form of a slow-burning abnegation of small but significant aspects of the status quo. Meanwhile, those security challenges which have threatened to destabilize order in the international system have not clearly belonged to the traditional notions of diplomacy and armed conflict. Instead, the main antagonists have been both states and non-state actors, the issues have crossed national and international boundaries, and contestation has occurred in a ‘gray zone’ between peace and war. Gray zone conflicts are not easily categorized as military operations, national security policies or political strategies, because they often include elements of diplomacy, military operations, and statecraft in complex combinations. This study applies three approaches to conceptualizing the gray zone in which many contemporary conflicts take place. The first approach frames gray zone conflicts as a form of coercive diplomacy, in which armed force is used to add credibility and commitment to political threats. The second approach frames gray zone conflicts as a form of discrete military operation, in which armed force is used sparingly and is limited to a specific issue. The third approach frames gray zones conflicts as a form of proxy war, in which armed force is used by or through third parties, rather than directly between belligerents. The study finds that each approach to conceptualizing the gray zone accounts for only a narrow range of issues which fall within the gap between traditional notions of peace and war. However, in combination, all three approaches are useful in explicating the gray zone and understanding the character of contemporary security challenges which defy simple categorization. These findings suggest that coercive diplomacy, discrete military operations, and proxy warfare provide three overlapping lenses for conceptualizing the gray zone and for understanding the gray zone conflicts which threaten international security in the early twenty-first century. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gray%20zone" title="gray zone">gray zone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20security" title=" international security"> international security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=military%20operations" title=" military operations"> military operations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=national%20security" title=" national security"> national security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strategy" title=" strategy"> strategy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95592/conceptualizing-conflict-in-the-gray-zone-a-comparative-analysis-of-diplomatic-military-and-political-lenses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95592.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">158</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=armed%20groups&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=armed%20groups&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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