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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Umur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Umur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Umur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Umur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materi_pembentuk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materi_pembentuk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Materi pembentuk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materi_pembentuk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembentukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembentukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pembentukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembentukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kelas_dan_jenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kelas_dan_jenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kelas dan jenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kelas_dan_jenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penambangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penambangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Penambangan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penambangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Batu_bara_di_Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batu_bara_di_Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Batu bara di Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Batu_bara_di_Indonesia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Batu bara di Indonesia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Batu_bara_di_Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Endapan_batu_bara_Eosen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endapan_batu_bara_Eosen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Endapan batu bara Eosen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endapan_batu_bara_Eosen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endapan_batu_bara_Miosen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endapan_batu_bara_Miosen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Endapan batu bara Miosen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endapan_batu_bara_Miosen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sumberdaya_batu_bara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumberdaya_batu_bara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sumberdaya batu bara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumberdaya_batu_bara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gasifikasi_batu_bara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gasifikasi_batu_bara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gasifikasi batu bara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gasifikasi_batu_bara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merusak_kesehatan_manusia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merusak_kesehatan_manusia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Merusak kesehatan manusia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merusak_kesehatan_manusia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bagaimana_membuat_batu_bara_bersih" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bagaimana_membuat_batu_bara_bersih"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bagaimana membuat batu bara bersih</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bagaimana_membuat_batu_bara_bersih-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Bagaimana membuat batu bara bersih</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bagaimana_membuat_batu_bara_bersih-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Membuang_NOx_dari_batu_bara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membuang_NOx_dari_batu_bara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Membuang NOx dari batu bara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membuang_NOx_dari_batu_bara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cadangan_batu_bara_dunia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cadangan_batu_bara_dunia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Cadangan batu bara dunia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cadangan_batu_bara_dunia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negara_pengekspor_batu_bara_utama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negara_pengekspor_batu_bara_utama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Negara pengekspor batu bara utama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negara_pengekspor_batu_bara_utama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Batu bara</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 126 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-126" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">126 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steenkool" title="Steenkool – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Steenkool" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B3n" title="Carbón – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Carbón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="فحم حجري – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فحم حجري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="কয়লা – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কয়লা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B3n" title="Carbón – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carbón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27illima" title="K'illima – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="K'illima" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6m%C3%BCr" title="Kömür – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kömür" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal" title="Coal – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Coal" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Вугаль – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вугаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Вугаль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вугаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A8ngkul" title="Stèngkul – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Stèngkul" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B0" title="Въглища – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въглища" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कोइला – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कोइला" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_arang" title="Batu arang – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Batu arang" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="কয়লা – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কয়লা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaou" title="Glaou – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Glaou" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugalj" title="Ugalj – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ugalj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B3" title="Carbó – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carbó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%27ose" title="Ho'ose – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ho'ose" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B2" title="خەڵووز – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەڵووز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhl%C3%AD" title="Uhlí – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uhlí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80_%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BC%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BA%C4%95" title="Çĕр кăмрăкĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕр кăмрăкĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glo" title="Glo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Glo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kul_(bjergart)" title="Kul (bjergart) – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kul (bjergart)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohle" title="Kohle – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kohle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82_(%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF)" title="Γαιάνθρακας (καύσιμο) – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαιάνθρακας (καύσιμο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B2%E1%B9%85" title="Carbòṅ – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Carbòṅ" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal" title="Coal – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Coal" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbo" title="Karbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B3n" title="Carbón – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carbón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivis%C3%BCsi" title="Kivisüsi – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kivisüsi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrikatz" title="Harrikatz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Harrikatz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF" title="زغال‌سنگ – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زغال‌سنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivihiili" title="Kivihiili – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kivihiili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol" title="Kol – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kol" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charbon" title="Charbon – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charbon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%B6l" title="Kööl – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kööl" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cjarbon" title="Cjarbon – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cjarbon" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gual" title="Gual – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gual" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gual" title="Gual – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gual" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B3n" title="Carbón – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carbón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2i-than" title="Mòi-than – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mòi-than" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%9D" title="פחם – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פחם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कोयला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोयला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljen" title="Ugljen – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ugljen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabon" title="Chabon – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chabon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%91sz%C3%A9n" title="Kőszén – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kőszén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD" title="Ածուխ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ածուխ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD" title="Ածուխ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ածուխ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbono" title="Karbono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karbono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol" title="Kol – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kol" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbone" title="Carbone – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carbone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD" title="石炭 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="石炭" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areng_watu" title="Areng watu – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Areng watu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="ნახშირი (წიაღისეული) – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნახშირი (წიაღისეული)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80" title="Көмір – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көмір" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಲು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಲು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9D%ED%83%84" title="석탄 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="석탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%95%D9%86%D8%A0" title="ژٕنؠ – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ژٕنؠ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%80" title="Көмүр – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көмүр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbo" title="Carbo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carbo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D3%80" title="ХъуручӀ – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ХъуручӀ" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjteekoal" title="Sjteekoal – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjteekoal" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbun" title="Carbun – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Carbun" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%96%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99" title="ຖ່ານຫີນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຖ່ານຫີນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akmens_anglis" title="Akmens anglis – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Akmens anglis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akme%C5%86ogles" title="Akmeņogles – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Akmeņogles" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arintany" title="Arintany – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Arintany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Јаглен – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јаглен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" title="കൽക്കരി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൽക്കരി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%81" title="Нүүрс – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нүүрс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="कोळसा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोळसा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arang_batu" title="Arang batu – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Arang batu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ကျောက်မီးသွေး – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျောက်မီးသွေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teconalli" title="Teconalli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Teconalli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कोइला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कोइला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="ह्यंग्वा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ह्यंग्वा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steenkool" title="Steenkool – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Steenkool" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol" title="Kol – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kol" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kull" title="Kull – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kull" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%A9k%C7%AB%CA%BC" title="Tsékǫʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsékǫʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Æвзалы – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æвзалы" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕੋਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohl" title="Kohl – Jerman Pennsylvania" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Kohl" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Pennsylvania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99gle_kopalne" title="Węgle kopalne – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Węgle kopalne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کوئلا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوئلا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="ډبرين سکاره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډبرين سکاره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carv%C3%A3o_mineral" title="Carvão mineral – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carvão mineral" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27illimsa" title="K'illimsa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'illimsa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83rbune" title="Cărbune – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cărbune" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2rbuni" title="Cârbuni – Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Cârbuni" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ископаемый уголь – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ископаемый уголь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Угля – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Угля" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Таас чох – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Таас чох" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cravuni" title="Cravuni – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cravuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljen" title="Ugljen – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ugljen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal" title="Coal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Coal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhlie" title="Uhlie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Uhlie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premog" title="Premog – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Premog" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhuxul_Dhagax" title="Dhuxul Dhagax – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhuxul Dhagax" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qymyri" title="Qymyri – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qymyri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%99" title="Угаљ – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Угаљ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batubara" title="Batubara – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Batubara" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol_(br%C3%A4nsle)" title="Kol (bränsle) – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kol (bränsle)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makaa_mawe" title="Makaa mawe – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Makaa mawe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="நிலக்கரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிலக்கரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81" title="బొగ్గు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బొగ్గు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82" title="Ангишт – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ангишт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ถ่านหิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ถ่านหิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_(bato)" title="Karbon (bato) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karbon (bato)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6m%C3%BCr" title="Kömür – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kömür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Вугілля – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вугілля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84%DB%81" title="کوئلہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوئلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%CA%BBmir" title="Koʻmir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koʻmir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Than_%C4%91%C3%A1" title="Than đá – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Than đá" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoye" title="Hoye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Hoye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uring" title="Uring – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Uring" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%A4" title="煤 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="煤" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%A4" title="煤 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="煤" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%A4" title="煤 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="煤" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B4%CD%98-tho%C3%A0%E2%81%BF" title="Thô͘-thoàⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thô͘-thoàⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%A4" title="煤 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="煤" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q24489#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Batu_bara" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Batu_bara" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Batu_bara"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang jenis batuan. Untuk <a href="/wiki/Daftar_marga_Suku_Batak" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar marga Suku Batak">marga</a> <a href="/wiki/Suku_Batak" title="Suku Batak">Batak</a>, lihat <a href="/wiki/Batubara" title="Batubara">Batubara</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat <a href="/wiki/Batubara_(disambiguasi)" class="mw-disambig" title="Batubara (disambiguasi)">Batubara (disambiguasi)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox bordered" style="width:200px; text-align:left; font-size: 95%;"> <caption style="font-size: larger;"><b>Batu bara</b> </caption> <tbody><tr class="hiddenStructureCoal anthracite.jpg"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Coal_anthracite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg/300px-Coal_anthracite.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="337" /></a></span><br />Batu bara <a href="/wiki/Antrasit" title="Antrasit">antrasit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mineral utama: </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mineral sekunder: </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">belerang</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Jenis batuan: </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Batuan_sedimen" title="Batuan sedimen">Batuan sedimen</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Coal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Coal.jpg/220px-Coal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Coal.jpg/330px-Coal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Coal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Contoh batu bara</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Batu bara</b> adalah salah satu <a href="/wiki/Bahan_bakar_fosil" title="Bahan bakar fosil">bahan bakar fosil</a>. Pengertian umumnya adalah batuan sedimen yang dapat terbakar, terbentuk dari endapan organik, utamanya adalah sisa-sisa tumbuhan dan terbentuk melalui proses pembatubaraan yakni secara ringkas dalam 2 tahapan; tahapan diagenetik atau biokimia dan tahap malihan atau geokimia. Unsur-unsur utamanya terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">nitrogen dan oksigen</a> </p><p>Batu bara juga adalah batuan organik yang memiliki sifat-sifat fisika dan kimia yang kompleks yang dapat ditemui dalam berbagai bentuk, bisa berbentuk kubus, balok, bulat, atau segitiga. </p><p>Analisis unsur memberikan rumus formula empiris seperti C<sub>137</sub>H<sub>97</sub>O<sub>9</sub>NS untuk bituminus dan C<sub>240</sub>H<sub>90</sub>O<sub>4</sub>NS untuk antrasit. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Umur">Umur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Umur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Umur"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pembentukan batu bara memerlukan kondisi-kondisi tertentu dan hanya terjadi pada era-era tertentu sepanjang <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_geologi_Bumi" title="Sejarah geologi Bumi">sejarah geologi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Karbon_(periode)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbon (periode)">Zaman Karbon</a>, kira-kira 340 juta tahun yang lalu, adalah masa pembentukan batu bara yang paling produktif ketika hampir seluruh deposit batu bara yang ekonomis di belahan bumi bagian utara terbentuk.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan." style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup> </p><p>Pada Zaman Permian, kira-kira 270 juta tahun yang lalu, juga terbentuk endapan-endapan batu bara yang ekonomis di belahan Bumi bagian selatan, seperti <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, dan berlangsung terus hingga ke Zaman Tersier (70 - 13 jtl) di berbagai belahan bumi lain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan." style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materi_pembentuk">Materi pembentuk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Materi pembentuk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Materi pembentuk"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hampir seluruh bahan pembentuk batu bara berasal dari tumbuhan. Jenis-jenis tumbuhan pembentuk batu bara dan umurnya menurut Diessel (<a href="/wiki/1981" title="1981">1981</a>) adalah sebagai berikut: </p> <ul><li>Alga, dari Zaman Pre-kambrium hingga Ordovisium dan bersel tunggal. Sangat sedikit endapan batu bara dari periode ini.</li> <li>Silofita, dari Zaman Silur hingga Devon Tengah, merupakan turunan dari alga. Sedikit endapan batu bara dari periode ini.</li> <li>Pteridofita, umur Devon Atas hingga Karbon Atas. Materi utama pembentuk batu bara berumur Karbon di <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Utara" title="Amerika Utara">Amerika Utara</a>. Tetumbuhan tanpa bunga dan biji, berkembang biak dengan spora dan tumbuh di iklim hangat.</li> <li>Gimnospermae, kurun waktu mulai dari Zaman Permian hingga Kapur Tengah. Tumbuhan heteroseksual, biji terbungkus dalam buah, semisal pinus, mengandung kadar getah (resin) tinggi. Jenis <a href="/wiki/Pteridospermatophyta" title="Pteridospermatophyta">Pteridospermae</a> seperti gangamopteris dan glossopteris adalah penyusun utama batu bara Permian seperti di <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>.</li> <li>Angiospermae, dari Zaman Kapur Atas hingga kini. Jenis tumbuhan modern, buah yang menutupi biji, jantan dan betina dalam satu bunga, kurang bergetah dibanding gimnospermae sehingga, secara umum, kurang dapat terawetkan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pembentukan">Pembentukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Pembentukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pembentukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proses perubahan sisa-sisa tanaman menjadi gambut hingga batu bara disebut dengan istilah pembatubaraan (<i>coalification</i>). Secara ringkas ada 2 tahap proses yang terjadi, yakni: </p> <ul><li>Tahap Diagenetik atau Biokimia, dimulai pada saat material tanaman terdeposisi hingga lignit terbentuk. Agen utama yang berperan dalam proses perubahan ini adalah kadar air, tingkat oksidasi, dan gangguan biologis yang dapat menyebabkan proses pembusukan (dekomposisi) dan kompaksi material organik serta membentuk gambut.</li> <li>Tahap Malihan atau Geokimia, meliputi proses perubahan dari lignit menjadi bituminus dan akhirnya antrasit.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kelas_dan_jenis">Kelas dan jenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Kelas dan jenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kelas dan jenis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berdasarkan tingkat proses pembentukannya yang dikontrol oleh tekanan, panas dan waktu, batu bara umumnya dibagi dalam lima kelas: antrasit, bituminus, sub-bituminus, lignit, dan gambut. </p> <ul><li>Antrasit adalah kelas batu bara tertinggi, dengan warna hitam berkilauan (<i>luster</i>) metalik, mengandung antara 86% - 98% unsur <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a> (C) dengan kadar air kurang dari 8%.</li> <li>Bituminus mengandung 68 - 86% unsur <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a> (C) dan berkadar air 8-10% dari beratnya. Kelas batu bara yang paling banyak ditambang di Australia.</li> <li>Sub-bituminus mengandung sedikit <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a> dan banyak air, dan oleh karenanya menjadi sumber panas yang kurang efisien dibandingkan dengan bituminus.</li> <li>Lignit atau batu bara coklat adalah batu bara yang sangat lunak yang mengandung air 35-75% dari beratnya.</li> <li>Gambut, berpori dan memiliki kadar air di atas 75% serta nilai kalori yang paling rendah.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penambangan">Penambangan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Penambangan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penambangan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Coal_mine_Wyoming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Coal_mine_Wyoming.jpg/220px-Coal_mine_Wyoming.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Coal_mine_Wyoming.jpg/330px-Coal_mine_Wyoming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Coal_mine_Wyoming.jpg/440px-Coal_mine_Wyoming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Tambang batu bara di <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, India.</figcaption></figure> <p>Penambangan batu bara adalah penambangan batu bara dari <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">bumi</a>. Batu bara digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Bahan_bakar" title="Bahan bakar">bahan bakar</a>. Batu bara juga dapat digunakan untuk membuat <a href="/wiki/Kokas" title="Kokas">kokas</a> untuk pembuatan <a href="/wiki/Baja" title="Baja">baja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bmacoal.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmacoal.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tambang batu bara tertua terletak di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tower_Colliery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tower Colliery (halaman belum tersedia)">Tower Colliery</a> di <a href="/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Batu_bara_di_Indonesia">Batu bara di Indonesia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Batu bara di Indonesia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Batu bara di Indonesia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Di Indonesia, endapan batu bara yang bernilai ekonomis terdapat di cekungan Tersier, yang terletak di bagian barat Paparan Sunda (termasuk Pulau <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>), pada umumnya endapan batu bara ekonomis tersebut dapat dikelompokkan sebagai batu bara berumur Eosen atau sekitar Tersier Bawah, kira-kira 45 juta tahun yang lalu dan Miosen atau sekitar Tersier Atas, kira-kira 20 juta tahun yang lalu menurut <a href="/wiki/Skala_waktu_geologi" title="Skala waktu geologi">Skala waktu geologi</a>. </p><p>Batu bara ini terbentuk dari endapan gambut pada iklim purba sekitar khatulistiwa yang mirip dengan kondisi kini. Beberapa di antaranya tergolong kubah gambut yang terbentuk di atas muka air tanah rata-rata pada iklim basah sepanjang tahun. Dengan kata lain, kubah gambut ini terbentuk pada kondisi di mana mineral-mineral anorganik yang terbawa air dapat masuk ke dalam sistem dan membentuk lapisan batu bara yang berkadar abu dan sulfur rendah dan menebal secara lokal. Hal ini sangat umum dijumpai pada batu bara Miosen. Sebaliknya, endapan batu bara Eosen umumnya lebih tipis, berkadar abu dan sulfur tinggi. Kedua umur endapan batu bara ini terbentuk pada lingkungan lakustrin, dataran pantai atau delta, mirip dengan daerah pembentukan gambut yang terjadi saat ini di daerah timur Sumatra dan sebagian besar Kalimantan.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endapan_batu_bara_Eosen">Endapan batu bara Eosen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Endapan batu bara Eosen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Endapan batu bara Eosen"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Endapan ini terbentuk pada tatanan tektonik ekstensional yang dimulai sekitar Tersier Bawah atau Paleogen pada cekungan-cekungan sedimen di <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>. </p><p>Ekstensi berumur Eosen ini terjadi sepanjang tepian Paparan Sunda, dari sebelah barat Sulawesi, Kalimantan bagian timur, Laut Jawa hingga Sumatra. Dari batuan sedimen yang pernah ditemukan dapat diketahui bahwa pengendapan berlangsung mulai terjadi pada Eosen Tengah. Pemekaran Tersier Bawah yang terjadi pada Paparan Sunda ini ditafsirkan berada pada tatanan busur dalam, yang disebabkan terutama oleh gerak penunjaman <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_Indo-Australia" title="Lempeng Indo-Australia">Lempeng Indo-Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cole_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cole-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lingkungan pengendapan mula-mula pada saat Paleogen itu non-marin, terutama fluviatil, kipas aluvial dan endapan danau yang dangkal. </p><p>Di Kalimantan bagian tenggara, pengendapan batu bara terjadi sekitar Eosen Tengah - Atas namun di Sumatra umurnya lebih muda, yakni Eosen Atas hingga Oligosen Bawah. Di Sumatra bagian tengah, endapan fluvial yang terjadi pada fase awal kemudian ditutupi oleh endapan danau (non-marin).<sup id="cite_ref-cole_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cole-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berbeda dengan yang terjadi di Kalimantan bagian tenggara di mana endapan fluvial kemudian ditutupi oleh lapisan batu bara yang terjadi pada dataran pantai yang kemudian ditutupi di atasnya secara transgresif oleh sedimen marin berumur Eosen Atas.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Endapan batu bara Eosen yang telah umum dikenal terjadi pada cekungan berikut: <a href="/wiki/Kabupaten_Pasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabupaten Pasir">Pasir</a> dan Asam-asam (<a href="/wiki/Kalimantan_Selatan" title="Kalimantan Selatan">Kalimantan Selatan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan_Timur" title="Kalimantan Timur">Timur</a>), <a href="/wiki/Barito" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Barito">Barito</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kalimantan_Selatan" title="Kalimantan Selatan">Kalimantan Selatan</a>), Kutai Atas (<a href="/wiki/Kalimantan_Tengah" title="Kalimantan Tengah">Kalimantan Tengah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan_Timur" title="Kalimantan Timur">Timur</a>), Melawi dan Ketungau (<a href="/wiki/Kalimantan_Barat" title="Kalimantan Barat">Kalimantan Barat</a>), Tarakan (<a href="/wiki/Kalimantan_Timur" title="Kalimantan Timur">Kalimantan Timur</a>), Ombilin (<a href="/wiki/Sumatera_Barat" title="Sumatera Barat">Sumatera Barat</a>) dan <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> Tengah (<a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a>). </p><p>Dibawah ini adalah kualitas rata-rata dari beberapa endapan batu bara Eosen di Indonesia. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tambang </th> <th>Cekungan </th> <th>Perusahaan </th> <th>Kadar air total (%ar) </th> <th>Kadar air inheren (%ad) </th> <th>Kadar abu (%ad) </th> <th>Zat terbang (%ad) </th> <th>Belerang (%ad) </th> <th>Nilai energi (kkal/kg)(ad) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Satui </td> <td>Asam-asam </td> <td>PT Arutmin Indonesia </td> <td>10.00 </td> <td>7.00 </td> <td>8.00 </td> <td>41.50 </td> <td>0.80 </td> <td>6800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Senakin </td> <td>Pasir </td> <td>PT Arutmin Indonesia </td> <td>9.00 </td> <td>4.00 </td> <td>15.00 </td> <td>39.50 </td> <td>0.70 </td> <td>6400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Petangis </td> <td>Pasir </td> <td>PT BHP Kendilo Coal </td> <td>11.00 </td> <td>4.40 </td> <td>12.00 </td> <td>40.50 </td> <td>0.80 </td> <td>6700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ombilin </td> <td>Ombilin </td> <td>PT Bukit Asam </td> <td>12.00 </td> <td>6.50 </td> <td><8.00 </td> <td>36.50 </td> <td>0.50 - 0.60 </td> <td>6900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parambahan </td> <td>Ombilin </td> <td>PT Allied Indo Coal </td> <td>4.00 </td> <td>- </td> <td>10.00 (ar) </td> <td>37.30 (ar) </td> <td>0.50 (ar) </td> <td>6900 (ar) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>(ar) - as received, (ad) - air dried, Sumber: Indonesian Coal Mining Association, 1998 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endapan_batu_bara_Miosen">Endapan batu bara <a href="/wiki/Miosen" title="Miosen">Miosen</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Endapan batu bara Miosen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Endapan batu bara Miosen"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada Miosen Awal, pemekaran regional Tersier Bawah - Tengah pada Paparan Sunda telah berakhir. Pada Kala Oligosen hingga Awal Miosen ini terjadi transgresi marin pada kawasan yang luas di mana terendapkan sedimen marin klastik yang tebal dan perselingan sekuen batugamping. Pengangkatan dan kompresi adalah ketampakan yang umum pada tektonik Neogen di Kalimantan maupun Sumatra. Endapan batu bara Miosen yang ekonomis terutama terdapat di Cekungan Kutai bagian bawah (Kalimantan Timur), Cekungan Barito (Kalimantan Selatan) dan Cekungan Sumatra bagian selatan. Batu bara Miosen juga secara ekonomis ditambang di Cekungan Bengkulu. </p><p>Batu bara ini umumnya terdeposisi pada lingkungan fluvial, delta dan dataran pantai yang mirip dengan daerah pembentukan gambut saat ini di Sumatra bagian timur. Ciri utama lainnya adalah kadar abu dan belerang yang rendah. Namun kebanyakan sumberdaya batu bara Miosen ini tergolong sub-bituminus atau lignit sehingga kurang ekonomis kecuali jika sangat tebal (PT Adaro) atau lokasi geografisnya menguntungkan. Namun batu bara Miosen di beberapa lokasi juga tergolong kelas yang tinggi seperti pada Cebakan Pinang dan Prima (<a href="/wiki/Kaltim_Prima_Coal" title="Kaltim Prima Coal">PT KPC</a>), endapan batu bara di sekitar hilir Sungai Mahakam, Kalimantan Timur dan beberapa lokasi di dekat Tanjungenim, Cekungan Sumatra bagian selatan. </p><p>Tabel di bawah ini menunjukan kualitas rata-rata dari beberapa endapan batu bara Miosen di Indonesia. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tambang </th> <th>Cekungan </th> <th>Perusahaan </th> <th>Kadar air total (%ar) </th> <th>Kadar air inheren (%ad) </th> <th>Kadar abu (%ad) </th> <th>Zat terbang (%ad) </th> <th>Belerang (%ad) </th> <th>Nilai energi (kkal/kg)(ad) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Prima </td> <td>Kutai </td> <td>PT Kaltim Prima Coal </td> <td>9.00 </td> <td>- </td> <td>4.00 </td> <td>39.00 </td> <td>0.50 </td> <td>6800 (ar) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pinang </td> <td>Kutai </td> <td>PT Kaltim Prima Coal </td> <td>13.00 </td> <td>- </td> <td>7.00 </td> <td>37.50 </td> <td>0.40 </td> <td>6200 (ar) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Roto South </td> <td>Pasir </td> <td>PT Kideco Jaya Agung </td> <td>24.00 </td> <td>- </td> <td>3.00 </td> <td>40.00 </td> <td>0.20 </td> <td>5200 (ar) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Binungan </td> <td>Tarakan </td> <td>PT Berau Coal </td> <td>18.00 </td> <td>14.00 </td> <td>4.20 </td> <td>40.10 </td> <td>0.50 </td> <td>6100 (ad) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lati </td> <td>Tarakan </td> <td>PT Berau Coal </td> <td>24.60 </td> <td>16.00 </td> <td>4.30 </td> <td>37.80 </td> <td>0.90 </td> <td>5800 (ad) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Air Laya </td> <td>Sumatra bagian selatan </td> <td>PT Bukit Asam </td> <td>24.00 </td> <td>- </td> <td>5.30 </td> <td>34.60 </td> <td>0.49 </td> <td>5300 (ad) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paringin </td> <td>Barito </td> <td>PT Adaro </td> <td>24.00 </td> <td>18.00 </td> <td>4.00 </td> <td>40.00 </td> <td>0.10 </td> <td>5950 (ad) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>(ar) - as received, (ad) - air dried, Sumber: Indonesian Coal Mining Association, 1998 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumberdaya_batu_bara">Sumberdaya batu bara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Sumberdaya batu bara" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sumberdaya batu bara"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Charging_of_coal_into_barges.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Charging_of_coal_into_barges.jpg/220px-Charging_of_coal_into_barges.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Charging_of_coal_into_barges.jpg/330px-Charging_of_coal_into_barges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Charging_of_coal_into_barges.jpg/440px-Charging_of_coal_into_barges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Pengisian batu bara ke dalam kapal tongkang.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Memuat_batubara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Memuat_batubara.jpg/220px-Memuat_batubara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Memuat_batubara.jpg/330px-Memuat_batubara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Memuat_batubara.jpg/440px-Memuat_batubara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Proses pemuatan batubara menggunakan konveyor ke tongkang.</figcaption></figure> <p>Potensi sumberdaya batu bara di Indonesia sangat melimpah, terutama di Pulau <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> dan Pulau <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, sedangkan di daerah lainnya dapat dijumpai batu bara walaupun dalam jumlah kecil dan belum dapat ditentukan keekonomisannya, seperti di <a href="/wiki/Jawa_Barat" title="Jawa Barat">Jawa Barat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawa_Tengah" title="Jawa Tengah">Jawa Tengah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua" title="Papua">Papua</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>. </p><p>Badan Geologi Nasional memperkirakan Indonesia masih memiliki 160 miliar ton cadangan batu bara yang belum dieksplorasi. Cadangan tersebut sebagian besar berada di Kalimantan Timur dan Sumatera Selatan. Namun upaya eksplorasi batu bara kerap terkendala status lahan tambang. Daerah-daerah tempat cadangan batu bara sebagian besar berada di kawasan hutan konservasi.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rata-rata produksi pertambangan batu bara di Indonesia mencapai 300 juta ton per tahun. Dari jumlah itu, sekitar 10 persen digunakan untuk kebutuhan energi dalam negeri, dan sebagian besar sisanya (90 persen lebih) diekspor ke luar. </p><p>Di Indonesia, batu bara merupakan bahan bakar utama selain <a href="/wiki/Solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar">solar</a> (<i>diesel fuel</i>) yang telah umum digunakan pada banyak industri, dari segi ekonomis batu bara jauh lebih hemat dibandingkan solar, dengan perbandingan sebagai berikut: Solar Rp 0,74/kilokalori sedangkan batu bara hanya Rp 0,09/kilokalori, (berdasarkan harga <a href="/wiki/Solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar">solar</a> industri Rp. 6.200/liter). </p><p>Dari segi kuantitas batu bara termasuk cadangan energi fosil terpenting bagi Indonesia. Jumlahnya sangat berlimpah, mencapai puluhan miliar ton. Jumlah ini sebenarnya cukup untuk memasok kebutuhan energi listrik hingga ratusan tahun ke depan. Sayangnya, Indonesia tidak mungkin membakar habis batu bara dan mengubahnya menjadi energis listrik melalui PLTU. Selain mengotori lingkungan melalui polutan CO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>x</sub> dan C<sub>x</sub>H<sub>y</sub> cara ini dinilai kurang efisien dan kurang memberi nilai tambah tinggi. </p><p>Batu bara sebaiknya tidak langsung dibakar, akan lebih bermakna dan efisien jika dikonversi menjadi migas sintetis, atau bahan petrokimia lain yang bernilai ekonomi tinggi. Dua cara yang dipertimbangkan dalam hal ini adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Likuifikasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Likuifikasi (halaman belum tersedia)">likuifikasi</a> (pencairan) dan <a href="/wiki/Gasifikasi" title="Gasifikasi">gasifikasi</a> (penyubliman) batu bara. </p><p>Membakar batu bara secara langsung telah dikembangkan teknologinya secara continue, yang bertujuan untuk mencapai efisiensi pembakaran yang maksimum, cara-cara pembakaran langsung seperti: <i>fixed grate</i>, <i>chain grate</i>, <i>fluidized bed</i>, <i>pulverized</i>, dan lain-lain, masing-masing mempunyai kelebihan dan kelemahannya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gasifikasi_batu_bara">Gasifikasi batu bara</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Gasifikasi batu bara" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Gasifikasi batu bara"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coal gasification adalah sebuah proses untuk mengubah batu bara padat menjadi gas batu bara yang mudah terbakar (combustible gases), setelah proses pemurnian gas-gas ini <a href="/wiki/Karbon_monoksida" title="Karbon monoksida">karbon monoksida</a> (CO), <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">karbon dioksida</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> (H), <a href="/wiki/Metan" class="mw-redirect" title="Metan">metan</a> (CH<sub>4</sub>), dan <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> (N<sub>2</sub>) – dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar. hanya menggunakan udara dan uap air sebagai reacting-gas kemudian menghasilkan water gas atau coal gas, gasifikasi secara nyata mempunyai tingkat emisi udara, kotoran padat dan limbah terendah. </p><p>Tetapi, batu bara bukanlah bahan bakar yang sempurna. Terikat di dalamnya adalah sulfur dan nitrogen, bila batu bara ini terbakar kotoran-kotoran ini akan dilepaskan ke udara, bila mengapung di udara zat kimia ini dapat menggabung dengan uap air (seperti contoh kabut) dan tetesan yang jatuh ke tanah seburuk bentuk asam sulfurik dan nitrit, disebut sebagai "<a href="/wiki/Hujan_asam" title="Hujan asam">hujan asam</a>". Disini juga ada noda mineral kecil, termasuk kotoran yang umum tercampur dengan batu bara, partikel kecil ini tidak terbakar dan membuat debu yang tertinggal di coal combustor, beberapa partikel kecil ini juga tertangkap di putaran combustion gases bersama dengan uap air, dari asap yang keluar dari cerobong beberapa partikel kecil ini adalah sangat kecil setara dengan rambut manusia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Merusak_kesehatan_manusia">Merusak kesehatan manusia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Merusak kesehatan manusia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Merusak kesehatan manusia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penggunaan batubara sebagai bahan bakar dapat menyebabkan masalah kesehatan dan kematian.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kabut asap London yang mematikan terutama disebabkan oleh penggunaan batubara yang sangat banyak. Batubara global diperkirakan menyebabkan 800.000 kematian prematur setiap tahun,<sup id="cite_ref-Endcoal_health_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endcoal_health-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> umumnya di India<sup id="cite_ref-Economist2018_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan Tiongkok.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menghirup <a href="/w/index.php?title=Debu_batu_bara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Debu batu bara (halaman belum tersedia)">debu batu bara</a> menyebabkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumokoniosis_pekerja_batu_bara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pneumokoniosis pekerja batu bara (halaman belum tersedia)">pneumokoniosis pekerja batu bara</a> yang dikenal dengan bahasa sehari-hari sebagai "paru-paru hitam", disebut demikian karena debu batu bara benar-benar mengubah paru-paru menjadi hitam dari warna merah jambu biasa.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di Amerika Serikat saja, diperkirakan bahwa 1.500 mantan karyawan industri batubara meninggal setiap tahun akibat pengaruh menghirup debu tambang batubara.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sekitar 10% batu bara adalah abu:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_batubara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu batubara (halaman belum tersedia)">abu batubara</a> berbahaya dan beracun bagi manusia dan beberapa makhluk hidup lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abu batubara mengandung unsur radioaktif <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Thorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium">thorium</a>. Abu batubara dan produk sampingan pembakaran padat lainnya disimpan secara lokal dan tersebar dengan berbagai cara yang membuat mereka yang tinggal di dekat pabrik batu bara terkena radiasi dan racun lingkungan.<sup id="cite_ref-sa-coal-ash-more-rdactiv_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa-coal-ash-more-rdactiv-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sejumlah besar abu batubara dan limbah lainnya diproduksi setiap tahun. Penggunaan batubara menghasilkan ratusan juta ton abu dan produk limbah lainnya setiap tahun. Ini termasuk <a href="/wiki/Abu_terbang" title="Abu terbang">abu terbang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_padat" title="Abu padat">abu padat</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Desulfurisasi_gas_buang" title="Desulfurisasi gas buang">desulfurisasi gas buang</a> lumpur, yang mengandung <a href="/wiki/Merkuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Merkuri">merkuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium">thorium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenik" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenik">arsenik</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Logam_berat" title="Logam berat">logam berat</a> lainnya, bersama dengan non-logam seperti <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emisi cerobong asap batubara menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Asma" title="Asma">asma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, berkurang <a href="/wiki/Kecerdasan" class="mw-disambig" title="Kecerdasan">kecerdasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arteri" class="mw-redirect" title="Arteri">arteri</a> tersumbat, <a href="/wiki/Serangan_jantung" title="Serangan jantung">serangan jantung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gagal_jantung_kongestif" class="mw-redirect" title="Gagal jantung kongestif">gagal jantung kongestif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aritmia" title="Aritmia">aritmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keracunan_merkuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Keracunan merkuri">keracunan merkuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stenosis" title="Stenosis">oklusi arteri</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kanker_paru-paru" title="Kanker paru-paru">kanker paru-paru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-psr_coal-damages-health_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psr_coal-damages-health-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biaya kesehatan tahunan di Eropa dari penggunaan batu bara untuk menghasilkan listrik diperkirakan mencapai € 43 miliar.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di Cina, peningkatan kualitas udara dan kesehatan manusia akan meningkat dengan kebijakan iklim yang lebih ketat, terutama karena energi negara itu sangat bergantung pada batubara. Dan akan ada manfaat ekonomi bersih.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebuah studi tahun 2017 dalam <i>Jurnal Ekonomi</i> menemukan bahwa untuk Inggris selama periode 1851-1860, "peningkatan satu standar deviasi dalam penggunaan batubara meningkatkan angka kematian bayi sebesar 6-8% dan menjelaskan bahwa dampak penggunaan batubara pada industri sekitar sepertiga dari hukuman mati perkotaan yang dilaksanakan selama periode ini. "<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bagaimana_membuat_batu_bara_bersih">Bagaimana membuat batu bara bersih</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Bagaimana membuat batu bara bersih" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bagaimana membuat batu bara bersih"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ada beberapa cara untuk membersihkan batu bara. Contoh sulfur, sulfur adalah zat kimia kekuningan yang ada sedikit di batu bara, pada beberapa batu bara yang ditemukan di Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia dan eastern states lainnya, sulfur terdiri dari 3 sampai 10 % dari berat batu bara, beberapa batu bara yang ditemukan di Wyoming, Montana dan negara-negara bagian sebelah barat lainnya sulfur hanya sekitar 1/100ths (lebih kecil dari 1%) dari berat batu bara. Penting bahwa sebagian besar sulfur ini dibuang sebelum mencapai cerobong asap. </p><p>Satu cara untuk membersihkan batu bara adalah dengan cara mudah memecah batu bara ke bongkahan yang lebih kecil dan mencucinya. Beberapa sulfur yang ada sebagai bintik kecil di batu bara disebut sebagai "pyritic sulfur " karena ini dikombinasikan dengan besi menjadi bentuk iron pyrite, selain itu dikenal sebagai "fool's gold” dapat dipisahkan dari batu bara. Secara khusus pada proses satu kali, bongkahan batu bara dimasukkan ke dalam tangki besar yang terisi air, batu bara mengambang ke permukaan ketika kotoran sulfur tenggelam. Fasilitas pencucian ini dinamakan "coal preparation plants" yang membersihkan batu bara dari pengotor-pengotornya. </p><p>Tidak semua sulfur bisa dibersihkan dengan cara ini, bagaimanapun sulfur pada batu bara adalah secara kimia benar-benar terikat dengan molekul karbonnya, tipe sulfur ini disebut "organic sulfur," dan pencucian tak akan menghilangkannya. Beberapa proses telah dicoba untuk mencampur batu bara dengan bahan kimia yang membebaskan sulfur pergi dari molekul batu bara, tetapi kebanyakan proses ini sudah terbukti terlalu mahal, ilmuan masih bekerja untuk mengurangi biaya dari prose pencucian kimia ini. </p><p>Kebanyakan pembangkit tenaga listrik modern dan semua fasilitas yang dibangun setelah 1978 — telah diwajibkan untuk mempunyai alat khusus yang dipasang untuk membuang sulfur dari gas hasil pembakaran batu bara sebelum gas ini naik menuju cerobong asap. Alat ini sebenarnya adalah "flue gas desulfurization units," tetapi banyak orang menyebutnya "scrubbers" — karena mereka men-scrub (menggosok) sulfur keluar dari asap yang dikeluarkan oleh tungku pembakar batu bara. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membuang_NOx_dari_batu_bara">Membuang NOx dari batu bara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Membuang NOx dari batu bara" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Membuang NOx dari batu bara"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nitrogen secara umum adalah bagian yang besar daripada udara yang dihirup, pada kenyataannya 80% dari udara adalah nitrogen, secara normal atom-atom nitrogen mengambang terikat satu sama lainnya seperti pasangan kimia, tetapi ketika udara dipanaskan seperti pada nyala api boiler (3000 F=1648 C), atom nitrogen ini terpecah dan terikat dengan oksigen, bentuk ini sebagai nitrogen oksida atau kadang kala itu disebut sebagai NOx. NOx juga dapat dibentuk dari atom nitrogen yang terjebak di dalam batu bara. </p><p>Di udara, NOx adalah polutan yang dapat menyebabkan kabut coklat yang kabur yang kadang kala terlihat di seputar kota besar, juga sebagai polusi yang membentuk “acid rain” (hujan asam), dan dapat membantu terbentuknya sesuatu yang disebut “ground level ozone”, tipe lain daripada polusi yang dapat membuat kotornya udara. </p><p>Salah satu cara terbaik untuk mengurangi NOx adalah menghindari dari bentukan asalnya, beberapa cara telah ditemukan untuk membakar batu bara di pemabakar di mana ada lebih banyak bahan bakar daripada udara di ruang pembakaran yang terpanas. Di bawah kondisi ini kebanyakan oksigen terkombinasikan dengan bahan bakar daripada dengan nitrogen. Campuran pembakaran kemudian dikirim ke ruang pembakaran yang kedua di mana terdapat proses yang mirip berulang-ulang sampai semua bahan bakar habis terbakar. Konsep ini disebut "staged combustion" karena batu bara dibakar secara bertahap. Kadang disebut juga sebagai "low-NOx burners" dan telah dikembangkan sehingga dapat mengurangi kangdungan Nox yang terlepas di uadara lebih dari separuh. Ada juga teknologi baru yang bekerja seperti "scubbers" yang membersihkan NOX dari flue gases (asap) dari boiler batu bara. Beberapa dari alat ini menggunakan bahan kimia khusus yang disebut katalis yang mengurai bagian NOx menjadi gas yang tidak berpolusi, walaupun alat ini lebih mahal dari "low-NOx burners," namun dapat menekan lebih dari 90% polusi Nox. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cadangan_batu_bara_dunia">Cadangan batu bara dunia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Cadangan batu bara dunia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Cadangan batu bara dunia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Us_coal_regions_1996.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Us_coal_regions_1996.png/300px-Us_coal_regions_1996.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Us_coal_regions_1996.png/450px-Us_coal_regions_1996.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Us_coal_regions_1996.png/600px-Us_coal_regions_1996.png 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Daerah batu bara di Amerika Serikat</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada tahun 1996 diestimasikan terdapat sekitar satu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exa (halaman belum tersedia)">exagram</a> (1 × 10<sup>15</sup> kg atau 1 triliun ton) total batu bara yang dapat ditambang menggunakan teknologi tambang saat ini, diperkirakan setengahnya merupakan batu bara keras. Nilai energi dari semua batu bara dunia adalah 290 zettajoules.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dengan konsumsi global saat ini adalah 15 terawatt,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> terdapat cukup batu bara untuk menyediakan energi bagi seluruh dunia untuk 600 tahun. </p><p><a href="/wiki/British_Petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="British Petroleum">British Petroleum</a>, pada Laporan Tahunan <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>, memperkirakan pada akhir 2005, terdapat 909.064 juta ton cadangan batu bara dunia yang terbukti (9,236 × 10<sup>14</sup> <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a>), atau cukup untuk 155 tahun (cadangan ke rasio produksi). Angka ini hanya cadangan yang diklasifikasikan terbukti, program bor eksplorasi oleh perusahaan tambang, terutama sekali daerah yang di bawah eksplorasi, terus memberikan cadangan baru. </p><p>Departemen Energi Amerika Serikat memperkirakan cadangan batu bara di <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> sekitar 1.081.279 juta ton (9,81 × 10<sup>14</sup> kg), yang setara dengan 4.786 <a href="/w/index.php?title=BBOE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BBOE (halaman belum tersedia)">BBOE</a> (billion <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrel_of_oil_equivalent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barrel of oil equivalent (halaman belum tersedia)">barrels of oil equivalent</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center" style="text-align:center"> <caption><b>Cadangan batu bara dunia pada akhir <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a> (dalam juta ton)</b><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="200pt">Negara </th> <th width="100pt">Bituminus (termasuk antrasit) </th> <th width="100pt">Sub-bituminus </th> <th width="100pt">Lignit </th> <th width="100pt">TOTAL </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Amerika Serikat"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a></span></td> <td>115.891</td> <td>101.021</td> <td>33.082</td> <td>249.994 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Rusia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a></span></td> <td>49.088</td> <td>97.472</td> <td>10.450</td> <td>157.010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Tiongkok"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a></span></td> <td>62.200</td> <td>33.700</td> <td>18.600</td> <td>114.500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="India"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></span></td> <td>82.396</td> <td></td> <td>2.000</td> <td>84.396 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Australia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></span></td> <td>42.550</td> <td>1.840</td> <td>37.700</td> <td>82.090 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Jerman"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a></span></td> <td>23.000</td> <td></td> <td>43.000</td> <td>66.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Afrika Selatan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a></span></td> <td>49.520</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>49.520 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Ukraina"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a></span></td> <td>16.274</td> <td>15.946</td> <td>1.933</td> <td>34.153 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Kazakhstan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></span></td> <td>31.000</td> <td></td> <td>3.000</td> <td>34.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Polandia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a></span></td> <td>20.300</td> <td></td> <td>1.860</td> <td>22.160 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Serbia dan Montenegro"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia_dan_Montenegro" title="Serbia dan Montenegro">Serbia dan Montenegro</a></span></td> <td>64</td> <td>1.460</td> <td>14.732</td> <td>16.256 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Brasil"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil">Brasil</a></span></td> <td></td> <td>11.929</td> <td></td> <td>11.929 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Kolombia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kolombia" title="Kolombia">Kolombia</a></span></td> <td>6.267</td> <td>381</td> <td></td> <td>6.648 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Kanada"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a></span></td> <td>3.471</td> <td>871</td> <td>2.236</td> <td>6.578 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Ceko"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ceko" title="Ceko">Ceko</a></span></td> <td>2.114</td> <td>3.414</td> <td>150</td> <td>5.678 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Indonesia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></span></td> <td>790</td> <td>1.430</td> <td>3.150</td> <td>5.370 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Botswana"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></span></td> <td>4.300</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>4.300 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Uzbekistan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></span></td> <td>1.000</td> <td></td> <td>3.000</td> <td>4.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Turki"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a></span></td> <td>278</td> <td>761</td> <td>2.650</td> <td>3.689 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Yunani"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>2.874</td> <td>2.874 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Bulgaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></span></td> <td>13</td> <td>233</td> <td>2.465</td> <td>2.711 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Pakistan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></span></td> <td></td> <td>2.265</td> <td></td> <td>2.265 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Iran"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></span></td> <td>1.710</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1.710 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Britania Raya"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a></span></td> <td>1.000</td> <td></td> <td>500</td> <td>1.500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Rumania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania">Rumania</a></span></td> <td>1</td> <td>35</td> <td>1.421</td> <td>1.457 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Thailand"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1.268</td> <td>1.268 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Meksiko"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko">Meksiko</a></span></td> <td>860</td> <td>300</td> <td>51</td> <td>1.211 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Chili"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chili" title="Chili">Chili</a></span></td> <td>31</td> <td>1.150</td> <td></td> <td>1.181 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Hungaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria">Hungaria</a></span></td> <td></td> <td>80</td> <td>1.017</td> <td>1.097 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Peru"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></span></td> <td>960</td> <td></td> <td>100</td> <td>1060 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Kirgizstan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kirgizstan" title="Kirgizstan">Kirgizstan</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>812</td> <td>812 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Jepang"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a></span></td> <td>773</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>773 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Spanyol"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a></span></td> <td>200</td> <td>400</td> <td>60</td> <td>660 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Korea Utara"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara">Korea Utara</a></span></td> <td>300</td> <td>300</td> <td></td> <td>600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Selandia Baru"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Selandia_Baru" title="Selandia Baru">Selandia Baru</a></span></td> <td>33</td> <td>206</td> <td>333</td> <td>572 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Zimbabwe"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></span></td> <td>502</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>502 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Belanda"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a></span></td> <td>497</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>497 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Venezuela"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></span></td> <td>479</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>479 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Argentina"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></span></td> <td></td> <td>430</td> <td></td> <td>430 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Filipina"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a></span></td> <td></td> <td>232</td> <td>100</td> <td>332 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Slovenia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></span></td> <td></td> <td>40</td> <td>235</td> <td>275 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Mozambik"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mozambik" title="Mozambik">Mozambik</a></span></td> <td>212</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>212 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Eswatini"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/45px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></span></td> <td>208</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>208 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Tanzania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></span></td> <td>200</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Nigeria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></span></td> <td>21</td> <td>169</td> <td></td> <td>190 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Greenland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></span></td> <td></td> <td>183</td> <td></td> <td>183 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Slowakia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slowakia" title="Slowakia">Slowakia</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>172</td> <td>172 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Vietnam"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></span></td> <td>150</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>150 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Republik Kongo"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republik_Kongo" title="Republik Kongo">Republik Kongo</a></span></td> <td>88</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>88 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Korea Selatan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Korea_Selatan" title="Korea Selatan">Korea Selatan</a></span></td> <td>78</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>78 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Niger"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></span></td> <td>70</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>70 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Afganistan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a></span></td> <td>66</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>66 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Aljazair"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Aljazair" title="Aljazair">Aljazair</a></span></td> <td>40</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Kroasia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kroasia" title="Kroasia">Kroasia</a></span></td> <td>6</td> <td></td> <td>33</td> <td>39 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Portugal"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></span></td> <td>3</td> <td></td> <td>33</td> <td>36 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Prancis"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a></span></td> <td>22</td> <td></td> <td>14</td> <td>36 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Italia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a></span></td> <td></td> <td>27</td> <td>7</td> <td>34 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Austria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>25</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Ekuador"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ekuador" title="Ekuador">Ekuador</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>24</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Mesir"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir">Mesir</a></span></td> <td></td> <td>22</td> <td></td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Irlandia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republik_Irlandia" title="Republik Irlandia">Irlandia</a></span></td> <td>14</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Zambia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></span></td> <td>10</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Malaysia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></span></td> <td>4</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Afrika Tengah"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afrika_Tengah" title="Afrika Tengah">Afrika Tengah</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>3</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Myanmar"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></span></td> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Malawi"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></span></td> <td></td> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Kaledonia Baru"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flags_of_New_Caledonia.svg/43px-Flags_of_New_Caledonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="43" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flags_of_New_Caledonia.svg/64px-Flags_of_New_Caledonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flags_of_New_Caledonia.svg/86px-Flags_of_New_Caledonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="308" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kaledonia_Baru" title="Kaledonia Baru">Kaledonia Baru</a></span></td> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Nepal"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span>   </span><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></span></td> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Bolivia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></span></td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Norwegia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norwegia" title="Norwegia">Norwegia</a></span></td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Taiwan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republik_Tiongkok" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Tiongkok">Taiwan</a></span></td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Swedia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a></span></td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Negara_pengekspor_batu_bara_utama">Negara pengekspor batu bara utama</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Negara pengekspor batu bara utama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Negara pengekspor batu bara utama"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" align="center" style="text-align:center"> <caption><b>Pengekspor batu bara berdasarkan negara dan tahun<br />(dalam juta ton)</b><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Negara </th> <th width="100pt"><a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a> </th> <th width="100pt"><a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Australia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></span> </th> <td>238,1 </td> <td>247,6 </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Indonesia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></span> </th> <td>200,8 </td> <td>131,4 </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Tiongkok"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a></span> </th> <td>103,4 </td> <td>95,5 </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Amerika Serikat"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a></span> </th> <td>43,0 </td> <td>48,0 </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Afrika Selatan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a></span> </th> <td>78,7 </td> <td>74,9 </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Uni Soviet"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a></span> </th> <td>41,0 </td> <td>55,7 </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Polandia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a></span> </th> <td>16,4 </td> <td>16,3 </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Kanada"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a></span> </th> <td>27,7 </td> <td>28,8 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Selatan" title="Amerika Selatan">Amerika Selatan</a> </th> <td>57,8 </td> <td>65,9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>713,9 </th> <th>764,0 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_perusahaan_batu_bara_Indonesia" title="Daftar perusahaan batu bara Indonesia">Daftar perusahaan batu bara Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skala_waktu_geologi" title="Skala waktu geologi">Skala waktu geologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yayasan_Batu_Bara_Dunia" title="Yayasan Batu Bara Dunia">Yayasan Batu Bara Dunia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span 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Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/coal.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 20 Juli 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=epa.gov&rft.atitle=Coal&rft.date=2014-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fcleanenergy%2Fenergy-and-you%2Faffect%2Fcoal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+bara" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psr.org/environment-and-health/code-black/coal-ash-toxic-and-leaking.html">"Coal Ash: Toxic – and Leaking"</a>. <i>psr.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150715170100/http://www.psr.org/environment-and-health/code-black/coal-ash-toxic-and-leaking.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 15 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=psr.org&rft.atitle=Coal+Ash%3A+Toxic+%E2%80%93+and+Leaking&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psr.org%2Fenvironment-and-health%2Fcode-black%2Fcoal-ash-toxic-and-leaking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+bara" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sa-coal-ash-more-rdactiv-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sa-coal-ash-more-rdactiv_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hvistendahl, Mara (13 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/coal-ash-is-more-radioactive-than-nuclear-waste">"Coal Ash Is More Radioactive than Nuclear Waste"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150710171812/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/coal-ash-is-more-radioactive-than-nuclear-waste/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 10 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Coal+Ash+Is+More+Radioactive+than+Nuclear+Waste&rft.date=2007-12-13&rft.au=Hvistendahl%2C+Mara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fcoal-ash-is-more-radioactive-than-nuclear-waste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+bara" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">World Coal Association <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcoal.org/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=127">"Environmental impact of Coal Use"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090223203113/http://www.worldcoal.org/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=127">Diarsipkan</a> 23 Februari 2009 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-psr_coal-damages-health-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-psr_coal-damages-health_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psr.org/news-events/press-releases/coal-pollution-damages-human-health.html">Coal Pollution Damages Human Health at Every Stage of Coal Life Cycle, Reports Physicians for Social Responsibility</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150731182839/http://www.psr.org/news-events/press-releases/coal-pollution-damages-human-health.html">Diarsipkan</a> 31 Juli 2015 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. <i>Physicians for Social Responsibility</i>. psr.org (18 November 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burt, Erica; Orris, Peter and Buchanan, Susan (April 2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noharm.org/lib/downloads/climate/Coal_Literature_Review_2.pdf">Scientific Evidence of Health Effects from Coal Use in Energy Generation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714193454/http://noharm.org/lib/downloads/climate/Coal_Literature_Review_2.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> 14 Juli 2015 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, Illinois, US</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.env-health.org/unpaid-health-bill-how-coal-power-plants-make-us-sick/">"The Unpaid Health Bill – How coal power plants make us sick"</a>. Health and Environment Alliance. 2013-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Unpaid+Health+Bill+%E2%80%93+How+coal+power+plants+make+us+sick&rft.pub=Health+and+Environment+Alliance&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.env-health.org%2Funpaid-health-bill-how-coal-power-plants-make-us-sick%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+bara" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.mit.edu/2018/study-health-benefits-will-offset-cost-china-climate-policy-0423">"Health benefits will offset cost of China's climate policy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 Desember</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Health+benefits+will+offset+cost+of+China%27s+climate+policy&rft.pub=MIT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.mit.edu%2F2018%2Fstudy-health-benefits-will-offset-cost-china-climate-policy-0423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+bara" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Beach, Brian; Hanlon, W. Walker (2018). "Coal Smoke and Mortality in an Early Industrial Economy". <i>The Economic Journal</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>128</b> (615): 2652–2675. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fecoj.12522">10.1111/ecoj.12522</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1468-0297">1468-0297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=Coal+Smoke+and+Mortality+in+an+Early+Industrial+Economy&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=615&rft.pages=2652-2675&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fecoj.12522&rft.issn=1468-0297&rft.aulast=Beach&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Hanlon%2C+W.+Walker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+bara" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sustainable Energy" 2005 page 303 The MIT Press by Jefferson W. Tester et al. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0262201534" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-262-20153-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BP2006 energy report, and US EIA 2006 overview</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/res.html">"International Energy Annual 2003: Reserves"</a>. Badan Informasi Energi AS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Energy+Annual+2003%3A+Reserves&rft.pub=Badan+Informasi+Energi+AS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Femeu%2Fiea%2Fres.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+bara" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdaymonth=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessyear=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722031114/http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/coal_1_1.pdf">"Reserves-Coal page 1"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Dewan Energi Dunia. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/coal_1_1.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2012-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reserves-Coal+page+1&rft.pub=Dewan+Energi+Dunia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldenergy.org%2Fdocuments%2Fcoal_1_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+bara" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessyear=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdaymonth=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/coal_1_2_i.pdf">"Resources-bituminous"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Dewan Energi Dunia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resources-bituminous&rft.pub=Dewan+Energi+Dunia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldenergy.org%2Fdocuments%2Fcoal_1_2_i.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+bara" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdaymonth=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessyear=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak Februari 2021">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/coal_1_2_ii.pdf">"Resources-sub-bitum"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Dewan Energi Dunia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resources-sub-bitum&rft.pub=Dewan+Energi+Dunia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldenergy.org%2Fdocuments%2Fcoal_1_2_ii.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+bara" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdaymonth=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessyear=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak Februari 2021">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/coal_1_2_iii.pdf">"Resources-lignite"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Dewan Energi Dunia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resources-lignite&rft.pub=Dewan+Energi+Dunia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldenergy.org%2Fdocuments%2Fcoal_1_2_iii.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+bara" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdaymonth=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessyear=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak Februari 2021">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/supplement/pdf/suptab_114.pdf">http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/supplement/pdf/suptab_114.pdf</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Coal" class="extiw" title="commons:Coal"><b><i>Coal</i></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcoal.org">World Coal Institute</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Indonesia" lang="Indonesia">(Indonesia)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcoal.org/indonesian.asp">Yayasan Batu Bara Dunia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070518065749/http://www.worldcoal.org/indonesian.asp">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-05-18 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcoal.org/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=187">Coal: Facts & Figures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090518143559/http://www.worldcoal.org/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=187">Diarsipkan</a> 2009-05-18 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5174391/">MSNBC report on coal pollution health effects in the United States</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uic.com.au/nip83.htm">Clean coal technologies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050621112309/http://www.uic.com.au//nip83.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2005-06-21 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcoal.or.jp/overview_en/gijutsu.html">Advanced methods of using coal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100809105829/http://www.jcoal.or.jp/overview_en/gijutsu.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2010-08-09 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pusat_Energi_Batu_bara_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pusat Energi Batu bara Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">Pusat Energi Batu bara Jepang</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Coal_Energy_Center" class="extiw" title="w:Japanese Coal Energy Center">en</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/fuels/hydrogen/Hydrogen_from_Coal_R&D.html">USDOE Hydrogen from Coal Research</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303040016/http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/fuels/hydrogen/Hydrogen_from_Coal_R%26D.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2013-03-03 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/07349343.asp">Coal Preparation</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smtc.uwyo.edu/coal/">Wyoming Coal</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak Februari 2021">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>]</span></sup> dari Universitas Wyoming.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.our-energy.com/coal_en.html">Coal - origin, purification and consumption</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak Februari 2021">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoke.gov.uk/ccm/museums/museum/2006/gladstone-pottery-museum/information-sheets/coal-in-north-staffordshire.en">History of coal seams and the practice of coal mining in North Staffordshire, UK</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak Februari 2021">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Indonesia" lang="Indonesia">(Indonesia)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gasifikasibatubara.com">Gasifikasi batu bara</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602103444/http://gasifikasibatubara.com/">Diarsipkan</a> 2013-06-02 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Daniel Burns. <i>The modern practice of coal mining</i> (1907)</li> <li>Chirons, Nicholas P. <i>Coal Age Handbook of Coal Surface Mining</i> (<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0070114587" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-07-011458-7</a>)</li> <li>Hamilton, Michael S. <i>Mining Environmental Policy: Comparing Indonesia and the USA</i> (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005). (<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0754644936" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7546-4493-6</a>).</li> <li>Hayes, Geoffrey. <i>Coal Mining</i> (2004), 32 pp</li> <li>Hughes. Herbert W, <i>A Text-Book of Mining: For the use of colliery managers and others</i> (London, many editions 1892-1917), the standard British textbook for its era.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNational_Energy_Information_Center" class="citation">National Energy Information Center, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggccebro/chapter1.html"><i>Greenhouse Gases, Climate Change, Energy</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2007-10-16</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greenhouse+Gases%2C+Climate+Change%2C+Energy&rft.au=National+Energy+Information+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Foiaf%2F1605%2Fggccebro%2Fchapter1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+bara" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Charles V. Nielsen and George F. Richardson. <i>1982 Keystone Coal Industry Manual</i> (1982)</li> <li>Saleem H. Ali. Minding our Minerals, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://saleemali.newsvine.com/_news/2006/12/06/470322-minding-our-minerals">[1]</a></li> <li>A.K. Srivastava. <i>Coal Mining Industry in India</i> (1998) (<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/8171000762" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 81-7100-076-2</a>)</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFThe_Department_of_Trade_and_Industry" class="citation">The Department of Trade and Industry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013144159/http://www.coal.gov.uk/resources/cleanercoaltechnologies/CoalMineandbedmethane.cfm"><i>The Coal Authority</i></a>, diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coal.gov.uk/resources/cleanercoaltechnologies/CoalMineandbedmethane.cfm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-10-13<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2007-10-16</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coal+Authority&rft.au=The+Department+of+Trade+and+Industry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coal.gov.uk%2Fresources%2Fcleanercoaltechnologies%2FCoalMineandbedmethane.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABatu+bara" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>James Tonge. <i>The principles and practice of coal mining</i> (1906)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&oldid=25232270">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batu_bara&oldid=25232270</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Batu_bara" title="Kategori:Batu bara">Batu bara</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Templat_webarchive_tautan_wayback" title="Kategori:Templat webarchive tautan wayback">Templat webarchive tautan wayback</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_sumber_berbahasa_Inggris_(en)" title="Kategori:CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)">CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_rujukan_yang_menggunakan_parameter_yang_tidak_didukung" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung">Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pranala_luar_nonaktif" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif">Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pranala_luar_nonaktif_permanen" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif permanen">Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif permanen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_yang_menggunakan_pranala_magis_ISBN" title="Kategori:Halaman yang menggunakan pranala magis ISBN">Halaman yang menggunakan pranala magis ISBN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pernyataan_yang_tidak_disertai_rujukan" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan">Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pernyataan_yang_tidak_disertai_rujukan_Januari_2024" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan Januari 2024">Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan Januari 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pranala_Commons_ada_di_Wikidata" title="Kategori:Pranala Commons ada di Wikidata">Pranala Commons ada di Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 28 Januari 2024, pukul 13.03.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. 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