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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بحرنا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بحرنا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_nostrum" title="Mare nostrum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mare nostrum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mare Nostrum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Mare Nostrum" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_nostrum" title="Mare nostrum – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mare nostrum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mare Nostrum" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_nostrum" title="Mare nostrum – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mare nostrum" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_nostrum" title="Mare nostrum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mare nostrum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC_%EB%B0%94%EB%8B%A4" title="우리 바다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우리 바다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mare Nostrum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_nostrum" title="Mare nostrum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mare nostrum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D" title="מארה נוסטרום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מארה נוסטרום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mare Nostrum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%91%E3%82%89%E3%81%8C%E6%B5%B7" title="我らが海 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="我らが海" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mare Nostrum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mare Nostrum" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mare Nostrum" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Mare Nostrum" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mare Nostrum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mare Nostrum" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_nostrum" title="Mare nostrum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mare nostrum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87" title="มาแรน็อสตรูง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาแรน็อสตรูง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mare Nostrum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Mare Nostrum" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mare Nostrum" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7" title="我们的海 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="我们的海" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1922873#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman policy about owning the Mediterranean Sea</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mare_Nostrum_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mare Nostrum (disambiguation)">Mare Nostrum (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/400px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/600px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/800px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="1614" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> at its farthest extent in AD 117. Note, however, that the Sea is called <i>Mare Internum,</i> "Inner Sea," on this map.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Mare Nostrum</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: "Our Sea") was a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> name for the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a>, it would have been pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈma.rɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈnɔs.t̪rʊ̃ː]</a></span>, and in <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a>, it is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈmaː.rɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈnɔs.t̪rum]</a></span>. </p><p>In the decades following the 1861 <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian fascists</a> who saw Italy as the successor state to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> attempted to revive the term.<sup id="cite_ref-Lowe_2002,_p.34_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowe_2002,_p.34-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_usage">Roman usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mare_Nostrum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Roman usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_harbors_and_fleets_Augustus-Severus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Roman_harbors_and_fleets_Augustus-Severus.png/250px-Roman_harbors_and_fleets_Augustus-Severus.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Roman_harbors_and_fleets_Augustus-Severus.png/375px-Roman_harbors_and_fleets_Augustus-Severus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Roman_harbors_and_fleets_Augustus-Severus.png/500px-Roman_harbors_and_fleets_Augustus-Severus.png 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="1414" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman fleets</a> and major naval bases during the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>Mare Nostrum</i> originally was used by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">Ancient Romans</a> to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a> after their conquest of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a>. By 30 BC, Roman dominion had extended from the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and <i>Mare Nostrum</i> began to be used in the context of the whole <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other names were also employed, including <i>Mare Internum</i> ("Internal Sea"), but they did not include <i>Mare Mediterraneum</i>, which was a <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> creation that was attested to only well after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Rome">Fall of Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italian_nationalist_usage">Italian nationalist usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mare_Nostrum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Italian nationalist usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1912_map_-_Le_nuove_province_Italiane_-_Tripolitania_e_Cirenaica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/1912_map_-_Le_nuove_province_Italiane_-_Tripolitania_e_Cirenaica.jpg/250px-1912_map_-_Le_nuove_province_Italiane_-_Tripolitania_e_Cirenaica.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/1912_map_-_Le_nuove_province_Italiane_-_Tripolitania_e_Cirenaica.jpg/375px-1912_map_-_Le_nuove_province_Italiane_-_Tripolitania_e_Cirenaica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/1912_map_-_Le_nuove_province_Italiane_-_Tripolitania_e_Cirenaica.jpg/500px-1912_map_-_Le_nuove_province_Italiane_-_Tripolitania_e_Cirenaica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14880" data-file-height="10720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a> in 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>In the decades following the 1861 <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalists</a> who saw Italy as the successor state to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> attempted to revive the term.<sup id="cite_ref-Lowe_2002,_p.34_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowe_2002,_p.34-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the rise of Italian nationalism during the "<a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>" of the 1880s led to calls for the establishment of an <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian colonial empire</a>, which introduced for the first time a renewed and modern concept of <i>Mare Nostrum</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Even if the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania" title="Italian Tripolitania">coast of Tripoli</a> were a desert, even if it would not support one peasant or one Italian business firm, we still need to take it to avoid being suffocated in <i>Mare Nostrum</i>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emilio_Lupi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emilio Lupi (page does not exist)">Emilio Lupi</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lowe_2002,_p.34_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowe_2002,_p.34-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fascist_usage">Fascist usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mare_Nostrum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fascist usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ItalianMareNostrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/ItalianMareNostrum.jpg/400px-ItalianMareNostrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/ItalianMareNostrum.jpg/600px-ItalianMareNostrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/ItalianMareNostrum.jpg/800px-ItalianMareNostrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Italian <i>Mare Nostrum</i> in the summer of 1942, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>: in green the territories controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Navy" title="Italian Navy">Italian Navy</a>, in red the territories controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term was again taken up by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> for use in <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_Fascist_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda of Fascist Italy">fascist propaganda</a>, in a similar manner to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i>. Mussolini wanted to re-establish the greatness of the Roman Empire and believed that Italy was the most powerful of the Mediterranean countries after World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He declared that "the twentieth century will be a century of Italian power" and created one of the most powerful navies of the world in order to control the Mediterranean Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When World War II started, Italy was already a major Mediterranean power that controlled the north and south shores of the central basin. After the fall of France removed the main threat from the west, the British <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet" title="Mediterranean Fleet">Mediterranean Fleet</a>, with bases in UK-controlled <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> remained the only threat to Italian naval power in the Mediterranean. The invasions of <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Italian invasion of Egypt">Egypt</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Siege of Malta</a> sought to extend Axis control over the Sea. This policy was so far-reaching and potentially intrusive, that it threatened neutral nations like <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, a threat that <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a>, the president of Turkey at the time of war, countered by promising to enter the war only if the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> joined the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>. </p><p>Mussolini wished to create an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Italy_(fascist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Italy (fascist)">Imperial Italy</a> around his own idea of a "Mare Nostrum" and promoted the fascist project—to be realized in a future peace conference after the anticipated <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> victory—of an enlarged <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a>, stretching from the Mediterranean shores of Egypt to the Indian Ocean shores of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. He referred to making the Mediterranean Sea "an Italian lake". This aim, however, was challenged throughout the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean,_Middle_East_and_African_theatres_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II">campaign</a> by the Allied navies at sea and the Allied armies and resistance movements on land. For example, Greece had easily been incorporated into the Roman Empire, but the new Greek state proved to be too powerful for Italian conquest, and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a> remained independent until German forces arrived to assist the Italian invasion. Despite periods of Axis ascendancy during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a> it was never realized, and ended altogether with the final Italian defeat of September 1943. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_usage">Contemporary usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mare_Nostrum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contemporary usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fenice_(F_557),_Livorno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fenice_%28F_557%29%2C_Livorno.jpg/220px-Fenice_%28F_557%29%2C_Livorno.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fenice_%28F_557%29%2C_Livorno.jpg/330px-Fenice_%28F_557%29%2C_Livorno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fenice_%28F_557%29%2C_Livorno.jpg/440px-Fenice_%28F_557%29%2C_Livorno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><i>Fenice</i> is one of the eight corvettes of <a href="/wiki/Minerva-class_corvette" title="Minerva-class corvette"><i>Minerva</i> class</a> with the role of surveillance of fisheries; from November 2013 it took part in the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mare_Nostrum" title="Operation Mare Nostrum">Operation Mare Nostrum</a> rescuing the boats of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrant">illegal immigrants</a> coming from <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Mare Nostrum</i> is the title of a best-selling novel by Spanish author <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Blasco_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez" title="Vicente Blasco Ibáñez">Vicente Blasco Ibáñez</a>, published in 1918. <a href="/wiki/Mare_Nostrum_(1948_film)" title="Mare Nostrum (1948 film)">A film based on it</a> was released in 1948. </p><p>The term "Mare Nostrum" was chosen as the theme for the Inaugural Conference of the Society for Mediterranean Law and Culture, being held in June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cagliari" title="University of Cagliari">University of Cagliari</a> Faculty of Law, Sardinia, Italy ("La Conferenza Inaugurale della Società di Diritto e Cultura del Mediterraneo").<sup id="cite_ref-lawprofessors.typepad.com_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawprofessors.typepad.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this contemporary usage, the term is intended to embrace the full diversity of Mediterranean cultures, with a particular focus on exchanges and cooperation among Mediterranean nations.<sup id="cite_ref-lawprofessors.typepad.com_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawprofessors.typepad.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2013_Lampedusa_migrant_shipwreck" title="2013 Lampedusa migrant shipwreck">2013 Lampedusa migrant shipwreck</a>, the Italian government decided to strengthen the national system for the patrolling of the Mediterranean sea by authorizing "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Mare_Nostrum" title="Operation Mare Nostrum">Operation Mare Nostrum</a>", a military and humanitarian operation in order to rescue the migrants and arrest the traffickers of immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mare_Nostrum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mare_Nostrum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mare_Nostrum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output 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href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Mare_Nostrum" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Mare+Nostrum">"Mare Nostrum"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mare+Nostrum&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DMare%2BNostrum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMare+Nostrum" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lowe_2002,_p.34-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lowe_2002,_p.34_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lowe_2002,_p.34_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lowe_2002,_p.34_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowe (2002), p.34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Couperus (1993), p.32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>". Accessed 29 Aug 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_F._Betts1975" class="citation book cs1">Raymond F. Betts (1975). <i>The False Dawn: European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century</i>. Univ. of Minnesota Pr. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+False+Dawn%3A+European+Imperialism+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Minnesota+Pr.&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Raymond+F.+Betts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMare+Nostrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Rhodes, <i>Propaganda: The art of persuasion: World War II</i>, p70 1976, Chelsea House Publishers, New York</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming, Thomas. <i>The New Dealers' War</i>. Perseus Books,2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Italian naval operations in the Mediterranean, such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Matapan" title="Battle of Cape Matapan">Battle of Cape Matapan</a>, are included in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lawprofessors.typepad.com-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lawprofessors.typepad.com_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lawprofessors.typepad.com_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/international_law/2012/02/mare-nostrum.html">"International Law Prof Blog"</a>. <i>typepad.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=typepad.com&rft.atitle=International+Law+Prof+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flawprofessors.typepad.com%2Finternational_law%2F2012%2F02%2Fmare-nostrum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMare+Nostrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140718050114/http://www.eurasia-rivista.org/loperazione-mare-nostrum/20335/">"L'OPERAZIONE MARE NOSTRUM - eurasia-rivista.org"</a>. <i>eurasia-rivista.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasia-rivista.org/loperazione-mare-nostrum/20335/">the original</a> on 2014-07-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eurasia-rivista.org&rft.atitle=L%27OPERAZIONE+MARE+NOSTRUM+-+eurasia-rivista.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasia-rivista.org%2Floperazione-mare-nostrum%2F20335%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMare+Nostrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mare_Nostrum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2002" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, C.J. (2002). <i>Italian Foreign Policy 1870–1940</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-27372-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-27372-2"><bdi>0-415-27372-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Foreign+Policy+1870%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-27372-2&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=C.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMare+Nostrum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTellegen-Couperus1993" class="citation book cs1">Tellegen-Couperus, Olga (1993). <i>Short History of Roman Law</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-07251-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-07251-4"><bdi>0-415-07251-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Short+History+of+Roman+Law&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-415-07251-4&rft.aulast=Tellegen-Couperus&rft.aufirst=Olga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMare+Nostrum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbert,_R.,_M._E._Downs,_M._Joann_McDaniel,_B._Z._Lund,_T._Elliott,_S._Gillies" class="citation web cs1">Talbert, R., M. E. Downs, M. Joann McDaniel, B. Z. Lund, T. Elliott, S. Gillies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/1043">"Places: 1043 (Internum Mare)"</a>. Pleiades<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Places%3A+1043+%28Internum+Mare%29&rft.pub=Pleiades&rft.au=Talbert%2C+R.%2C+M.+E.+Downs%2C+M.+Joann+McDaniel%2C+B.+Z.+Lund%2C+T.+Elliott%2C+S.+Gillies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpleiades.stoa.org%2Fplaces%2F1043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMare+Nostrum" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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