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[o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div 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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Structure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Structure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location_and_shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location_and_shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Location and shape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location_and_shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chambers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chambers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Chambers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chambers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Valves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Valves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Right_heart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right_heart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Right heart </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right_heart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Left_heart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Left_heart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Left heart </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Left_heart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Wall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pericardium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pericardium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Pericardium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pericardium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coronary_circulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coronary_circulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Coronary circulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coronary_circulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nerve_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nerve_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Nerve supply </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nerve_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Physiology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Physiology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blood_flow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_flow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Blood flow </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_flow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cardiac_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiac_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Cardiac cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiac_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardiac_output" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiac_output"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Cardiac output </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiac_output-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrical_conduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrical_conduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Electrical conduction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrical_conduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heart_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heart_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Heart rate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heart_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Clinical significance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Clinical significance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Diseases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ischemic_heart_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ischemic_heart_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Ischemic heart disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ischemic_heart_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heart_failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heart_failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Heart failure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heart_failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardiomyopathies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiomyopathies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Cardiomyopathies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiomyopathies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valvular_heart_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valvular_heart_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Valvular heart disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valvular_heart_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardiac_arrhythmias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiac_arrhythmias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.5 Cardiac arrhythmias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiac_arrhythmias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pericardial_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pericardial_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.6 Pericardial disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pericardial_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congenital_heart_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congenital_heart_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.7 Congenital heart disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congenital_heart_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Channelopathies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Channelopathies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.8 Channelopathies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Channelopathies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Diagnosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Examination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heart_sounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heart_sounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Heart sounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heart_sounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Blood tests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrocardiogram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrocardiogram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Electrocardiogram </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrocardiogram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 Imaging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ischemic_heart_disease_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ischemic_heart_disease_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Ischemic heart disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ischemic_heart_disease_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valvular_heart_disease_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valvular_heart_disease_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Valvular heart disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valvular_heart_disease_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardiac_arrhythmias_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiac_arrhythmias_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Cardiac arrhythmias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiac_arrhythmias_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heart_failure_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heart_failure_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 Heart failure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heart_failure_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Ancient </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Pre-modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Symbolism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Other animals </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other animals subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Vertebrates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Double_circulatory_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_circulatory_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Double circulatory systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double_circulatory_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full_division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full_division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Full division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full_division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Fish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Invertebrates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Additional images </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Heart</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 202 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-202" aria-hidden="true" > 202 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart" title="Hart – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hart" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herz" title="Herz – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Herz" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8D%E1%89%A5" title="ልብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ልብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF" title="हृदय – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हृदय" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heorte" title="Heorte – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Heorte" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8" title="قلب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قلب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coraz%C3%B3n" title="Corazón – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Corazón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%92%DC%90" title="ܠܒܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܒܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Սիրտ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սիրտ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inim%C3%A2" title="Inimâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Inimâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="হৃদযন্ত্ৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হৃদযন্ত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coraz%C3%B3n" title="Corazón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Corazón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otehi" title="Otehi – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Otehi" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%C3%A3" title="Ñe'ã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe'ã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D3%80" title="РакӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="РакӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lluqu" title="Lluqu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Lluqu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C9%99k" title="Ürək – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ürək" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="اورک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اورک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%83%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="হৃৎপিণ্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হৃৎপিণ্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andui" title="Andui – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Andui" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim-ch%C5%8Dng" title="Sim-chōng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sim-chōng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jantung" title="Jantung – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Jantung" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BA" title="Йөрәк – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йөрәк" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Сэрца – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сэрца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Сэрца – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сэрца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="दिल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दिल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puso" title="Puso – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Puso" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Сърце – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сърце" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%99%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="སྙིང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྙིང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srce" title="Srce – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Srce" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalon" title="Kalon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kalon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Зүрхэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Зүрхэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor" title="Cor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%C4%95%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Чĕре – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чĕре" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasingkasing" title="Kasingkasing – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kasingkasing" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srdce" title="Srdce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Srdce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon" title="Corazon – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Corazon" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyo" title="Moyo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Moyo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core" title="Core – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Core" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calon" title="Calon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Calon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjerte" title="Hjerte – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hjerte" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1ibmu" title="Váibmu – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Váibmu" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herz" title="Herz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%A8%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ހިތް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހިތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCda" title="Süda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Süda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC" title="Καρδιά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρδιά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4r" title="Côr – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Côr" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coraz%C3%B3n" title="Corazón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corazón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koro" title="Koro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Koro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihotz" title="Bihotz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bihotz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8" title="قلب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قلب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil" title="Dil – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Dil" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjarta" title="Hjarta – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hjarta" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C5%93ur" title="Cœur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cœur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hert" title="Hert – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hert" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro%C3%AD" title="Croí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Croí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cridhe" title="Cridhe – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cridhe" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coraz%C3%B3n" title="Corazón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Corazón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Дог – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дог" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C" title="काळीज – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="काळीज" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEm-chhong" title="Sîm-chhong – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sîm-chhong" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BD" title="Зүркн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Зүркн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%AC%EC%9E%A5" title="심장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="심장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuciya" title="Zuciya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Zuciya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Սիրտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիրտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF" title="हृदय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हृदय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srce" title="Srce – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Srce" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kordio" title="Kordio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kordio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puso" title="Puso – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Puso" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jantung" title="Jantung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jantung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corde" title="Corde – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Corde" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordie" title="Cordie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Cordie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intliziyo" title="Intliziyo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Intliziyo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjarta" title="Hjarta – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hjarta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuore" title="Cuore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cuore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%91" title="לב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jantung" title="Jantung – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jantung" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal%C9%A9m_f%C9%A9%C9%A3a_(C%C5%93ur)" title="Calɩm fɩɣa (Cœur) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Calɩm fɩɣa (Cœur)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%AF" title="ಹೃದಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೃದಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusu" title="Pusu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pusu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="გული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%90%D9%84_(%D8%AC%D9%90%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A0_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF)" title="دِل (جِسمأنؠ انٛگ) – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="دِل (جِسمأنؠ انٛگ)" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Жүрек – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жүрек" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolon" title="Kolon – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kolon" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umutima" title="Umutima – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umutima" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMUTIMA" title="UMUTIMA – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="UMUTIMA" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyo" title="Moyo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Moyo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D3%A7%D0%BB%D3%A7%D0%BC" title="Сьӧлӧм – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сьӧлӧм" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A8" title="Kè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tch%C3%B2" title="Tchò – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tchò" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%AF%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BA" title="Жүрөк – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жүрөк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%93%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Йӓнг – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Йӓнг" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8E%D0%BA%D3%80" title="КъюкӀ – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="КъюкӀ" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%83%E0%BA%88" title="ໃຈ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໃຈ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor" title="Cor – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirds" title="Sirds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sirds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4erz" title="Häerz – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Häerz" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0irdis" title="Širdis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Širdis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hert" title="Hert – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hert" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot%C3%A9ma" title="Motéma – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Motéma" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor" title="Cor – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cor" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/risna" title="risna – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="risna" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeur" title="Coeur – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Coeur" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%ADv" title="Szív – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szív" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Срце – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Срце" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fo" title="Fo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഹൃദയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൃദയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Qalb" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF" title="हृदय – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हृदय" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="გური – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გური" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8" title="قلب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قلب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jantung" title="Jantung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jantung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A2" title="ꯊꯃꯣꯢ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯊꯃꯣꯢ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jantuang" title="Jantuang – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Jantuang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%ADng-c%C3%A2ung" title="Sĭng-câung – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sĭng-câung" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%85" title="Зүрх – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зүрх" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8" title="နှလုံး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နှလုံး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolotl" title="Yolotl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Yolotl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalo" title="Yalo – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Yalo" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart" title="Hart – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hart" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81" title="मुटु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मुटु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83" title="नुगः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नुगः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%87%93" title="心臓 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="心臓" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core" title="Core – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Core" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9B%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%AD" title="ߛߐ߲߭ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߛߐ߲߭" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Дог – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дог" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjerte" title="Hjerte – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hjerte" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjarte" title="Hjarte – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hjarte" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchoeu" title="Tchoeu – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Tchoeu" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2r" title="Còr – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Còr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%B1%D0%BC" title="Шӱм – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шӱм" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1" title="ହୃତ୍‌ପିଣ୍ଡ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହୃତ୍‌ପିଣ୍ଡ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onnee" title="Onnee – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Onnee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurak" title="Yurak – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yurak" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2" title="ਦਿਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦਿਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puso" title="Puso – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Puso" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%84" title="دل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DA%93%D9%87" title="زړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="زړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart" title="Hart – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hart" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serce" title="Serce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Serce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cora%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Coração – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coração" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inim%C4%83" title="Inimă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Inimă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunqu" title="Sunqu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sunqu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Сердце – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сердце" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Сердце – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сердце" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%85" title="Сүрэх – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сүрэх" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balucu" title="Balucu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Balucu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="हृदयम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हृदयम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%AD" title="ᱨᱤᱫᱟᱹᱭ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱤᱫᱟᱹᱭ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coru" title="Coru – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Coru" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hert" title="Hert – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hert" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengac" title="Hengac – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Hengac" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemra" title="Zemra – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zemra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cori" title="Cori – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cori" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="හෘදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හෘදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart" title="Heart – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Heart" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%84" title="دل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="دل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srdce_(org%C3%A1n)" title="Srdce (orgán) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Srdce (orgán)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srce" title="Srce – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Srce" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierce" title="Sierce – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sierce" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadno" title="Wadno – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Wadno" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%B5" title="دڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Срце – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Срце" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srce" title="Srce – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Srce" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jantung" title="Jantung – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jantung" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syd%C3%A4n" title="Sydän – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sydän" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A4rta" title="Hjärta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hjärta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puso_(anatomiya)" title="Puso (anatomiya) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Puso (anatomiya)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இதயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இதயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ul" title="Ul – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ul" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ul" title="Ul – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ul" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BA" title="Йөрәк – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Йөрәк" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%86" title="గుండె – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గుండె" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%88" title="หัวใจ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หัวใจ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8D%E1%89%A2" title="ልቢ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ልቢ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Дил – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дил" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalp" title="Kalp – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kalp" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akoma" title="Akoma – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Akoma" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Серце – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Серце" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8" title="قلب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قلب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%DB%88%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%83" title="يۈرەك – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يۈرەك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simdaeuz" title="Simdaeuz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Simdaeuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuor" title="Cuor – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cuor" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCd%C3%A4ikera" title="Südäikera – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Südäikera" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim" title="Tim – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tim" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lad" title="Lad – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lad" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%A4" title="Süä – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Süä" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cour_(antomeye)" title="Cour (antomeye) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Cour (antomeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erte" title="Erte – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Erte" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasingkasing" title="Kasingkasing – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kasingkasing" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83" title="心 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="心" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5" title="הארץ – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הארץ" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Ck%C3%A0n" title="Ọkàn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ọkàn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83" title="心 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="心" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Heart_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Heart (disambiguation)">Heart (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cardiac" redirects here. For the computer programming tool, see <a href="/wiki/CARDIAC" class="mw-redirect" title="CARDIAC">CARDIAC</a>. For the comics character, see <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_(character)" title="Cardiac (character)">Cardiac (character)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Heart</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Heart_anterior_exterior_view.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Heart_anterior_exterior_view.png/250px-Heart_anterior_exterior_view.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Heart_anterior_exterior_view.png/375px-Heart_anterior_exterior_view.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Heart_anterior_exterior_view.png/500px-Heart_anterior_exterior_view.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="1239" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The human heart</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">Aorta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_trunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary trunk">pulmonary trunk</a> and right and left <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary arteries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a> <a href="/wiki/Right_coronary_artery" title="Right coronary artery">right coronary artery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left_main_coronary_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Left main coronary artery">left main coronary artery</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[c]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava" title="Superior vena cava">Superior vena cava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava" title="Inferior vena cava">inferior vena cava</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[d]</a> right and left <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_vein" title="Pulmonary vein">pulmonary veins</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[e]</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_cardiac_vein" title="Great cardiac vein">great cardiac vein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_cardiac_vein" title="Middle cardiac vein">middle cardiac vein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small_cardiac_vein" title="Small cardiac vein">small cardiac vein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anterior_cardiac_veins" title="Anterior cardiac veins">anterior cardiac veins</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[f]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Accelerans_nerve" title="Accelerans nerve">Accelerans nerve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerve</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">cor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a></th><td class="infobox-data">καρδία (kardía)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D006321">D006321</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1072" class="extiw" title="d:Q1072">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The heart is a muscular <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">organ</a> found in most <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>. This organ pumps <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[1]</a> Heart and blood vessels together make the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tabers-8">[2]</a> The pumped blood carries <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> to the tissue, while carrying <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_waste" title="Metabolic waste">metabolic waste</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyton_&_Hall2011157-9">[3]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, the heart is approximately the size of a closed <a href="/wiki/Fist" title="Fist">fist</a> and is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">chest</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moore's_6-10">[4]</a> In humans, the heart is divided into four chambers: upper left and right <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">atria</a> and lower left and right <a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">ventricles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-StarrEvers2009-11">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-K2008-12">[6]</a> Commonly, the right atrium and ventricle are referred together as the <a href="/wiki/Right_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Right heart">right heart</a> and their left counterparts as the <a href="/wiki/Left_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Left heart">left heart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2008960-13">[7]</a> In a healthy heart, blood flows one way through the heart due to <a href="/wiki/Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">heart valves</a>, which prevent <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_regurgitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac regurgitation">backflow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moore's_6-10">[4]</a> The heart is enclosed in a protective sac, the <a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">pericardium</a>, which also contains a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Pericardial_fluid" title="Pericardial fluid">fluid</a>. The wall of the heart is made up of three layers: <a href="/wiki/Epicardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicardium">epicardium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myocardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardium">myocardium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Endocardium" title="Endocardium">endocardium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> The heart pumps blood with a <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">rhythm</a> determined by a group of <a href="/wiki/Pacemaker_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacemaker cells">pacemaker cells</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sinoatrial_node" title="Sinoatrial node">sinoatrial node</a>. These generate an electric current that causes the heart to contract, traveling through the <a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_node" title="Atrioventricular node">atrioventricular node</a> and along the <a href="/wiki/Conduction_system_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduction system of the heart">conduction system of the heart</a>. In humans, deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the right atrium from the <a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava" title="Superior vena cava">superior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava" title="Inferior vena cava">inferior venae cavae</a> and passes to the right ventricle. From here, it is pumped into <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulation</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>, where it receives oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide. Oxygenated blood then returns to the left atrium, passes through the left ventricle and is pumped out through the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> into <a href="/wiki/Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic circulation</a>, traveling through <a href="/wiki/Arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arteries">arteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arteriole" title="Arteriole">arterioles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">capillaries</a>—where <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> and other substances are exchanged between blood vessels and cells, losing oxygen and gaining carbon dioxide—before being returned to the heart through <a href="/wiki/Venule" title="Venule">venules</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">veins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyton_&_Hall2011101,_157–158,_180-15">[9]</a> The heart beats at a <a href="/wiki/Resting_heart_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Resting heart rate">resting rate</a> close to 72 beats per minute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyton_&_Hall2011105–107-16">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Physical_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical exercise">Exercise</a> temporarily increases the rate, but lowers it in the long term, and is good for heart health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyton_&_Hall20111039–1041-17">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular diseases</a> are the most common cause of death globally as of 2008, accounting for 30% of all human deaths.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_CVD_2013-18">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harrisons-19">[13]</a> Of these more than three-quarters are a result of <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_CVD_2013-18">[12]</a> Risk factors include: <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a>, being <a href="/wiki/Overweight" title="Overweight">overweight</a>, little exercise, <a href="/wiki/High_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="High cholesterol">high cholesterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>, and poorly controlled <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-20">[14]</a> Cardiovascular diseases do not frequently have symptoms but may cause <a href="/wiki/Chest_pain" title="Chest pain">chest pain</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a>. Diagnosis of heart disease is often done by the taking of a <a href="/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">medical history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auscultation" title="Auscultation">listening</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Heart-sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart-sound">heart-sounds</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Stethoscope" title="Stethoscope">stethoscope</a>, as well as with <a href="/wiki/Electrocardiogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrocardiogram">ECG</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Echocardiogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Echocardiogram">echocardiogram</a> which uses <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moore's_6-10">[4]</a> Specialists who focus on diseases of the heart are called <a href="/wiki/Cardiologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiologists">cardiologists</a>, although many specialties of medicine may be involved in treatment.<a href="#cite_note-Harrisons-19">[13]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Emily%27s_heartbeat.wav" title="File:Emily's heartbeat.wav">A teenager's heartbeat</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="32" data-mwtitle="Emily's_heartbeat.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Emily%27s_heartbeat.wav/Emily%27s_heartbeat.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Emily%27s_heartbeat.wav/Emily%27s_heartbeat.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Emily%27s_heartbeat.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Sounds of a healthy 16-year-old child's heart beating normally, as heard with a <a href="/wiki/Stethoscope" title="Stethoscope">stethoscope</a>.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Humhrt2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Humhrt2.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="173" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption>Human heart during an <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CG_Heart.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Computer generated animation of a beating human heart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/CG_Heart.gif/220px-CG_Heart.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/CG_Heart.gif/330px-CG_Heart.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/CG_Heart.gif/440px-CG_Heart.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Computer-generated animation of a beating human heart</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/MC1_Cardiology_1.webm/220px--MC1_Cardiology_1.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="296" data-mwtitle="MC1_Cardiology_1.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:MC1_Cardiology_1.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/MC1_Cardiology_1.webm/MC1_Cardiology_1.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/MC1_Cardiology_1.webm/MC1_Cardiology_1.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/MC1_Cardiology_1.webm/MC1_Cardiology_1.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/MC1_Cardiology_1.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/MC1_Cardiology_1.webm/MC1_Cardiology_1.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/MC1_Cardiology_1.webm/MC1_Cardiology_1.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/MC1_Cardiology_1.webm/MC1_Cardiology_1.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/MC1_Cardiology_1.webm/MC1_Cardiology_1.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Cardiology video</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_the_human_heart" title="Anatomy of the human heart">Anatomy of the human heart</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location_and_shape">Location and shape</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv/220px--Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="220" data-durationhint="16" data-mwtitle="Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="384" data-height="384" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="144" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv/Real-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AReal-time_MRI_-_Thorax.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Real-time_MRI" title="Real-time MRI">Real-time MRI</a> of the human heart</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heart_near.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Heart_near.png/170px-Heart_near.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Heart_near.png/255px-Heart_near.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Heart_near.png/340px-Heart_near.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The human heart is in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">thorax</a>, with its apex pointing to the left.<a href="#cite_note-21">[15]</a></figcaption></figure> The human heart is situated in the <a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a>, at the level of <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_vertebrae" title="Thoracic vertebrae">thoracic vertebrae</a> <a href="/wiki/Fifth_thoracic_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth thoracic vertebra">T5</a>-<a href="/wiki/Eighth_thoracic_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth thoracic vertebra">T8</a>. A double-membraned sac called the <a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">pericardium</a> surrounds the heart and attaches to the mediastinum.<a href="#cite_note-22">[16]</a> The back surface of the heart lies near the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">vertebral column</a>, and the front surface known as the sternocostal surface sits behind the <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Costal_cartilage" title="Costal cartilage">rib cartilages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> The upper part of the heart is the attachment point for several large blood vessels—the <a href="/wiki/Venae_cavae" title="Venae cavae">venae cavae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_trunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary trunk">pulmonary trunk</a>. The upper part of the heart is located at the level of the third costal cartilage.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> The lower tip of the heart, the apex, lies to the left of the sternum (8 to 9 cm from the <a href="/wiki/Midsternal_line" title="Midsternal line">midsternal line</a>) between the junction of the fourth and fifth ribs near their <a href="/wiki/Articulation_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articulation (anatomy)">articulation</a> with the costal cartilages.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> The largest part of the heart is usually slightly offset to the left side of the chest (<a href="/wiki/Levocardia" title="Levocardia">levocardia</a>). In a rare congenital disorder (<a href="/wiki/Dextrocardia" title="Dextrocardia">dextrocardia</a>) the heart is offset to the right side and is felt to be on the left because the <a href="/wiki/Left_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Left heart">left heart</a> is stronger and larger, since it pumps to all body parts. Because the heart is between the <a href="/wiki/Human_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Human lung">lungs</a>, the left lung is smaller than the right lung and has a cardiac notch in its border to accommodate the heart.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> The heart is cone-shaped, with its base positioned upwards and tapering down to the apex.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> An adult heart has a mass of 250–350 grams (9–12 oz).<a href="#cite_note-23">[17]</a> The heart is often described as the size of a fist: 12 cm (5 in) in length, 8 cm (3.5 in) wide, and 6 cm (2.5 in) in thickness,<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> although this description is disputed, as the heart is likely to be slightly larger.<a href="#cite_note-24">[18]</a> Well-trained <a href="/wiki/Athlete" title="Athlete">athletes</a> can have much larger hearts due to the effects of exercise on the heart muscle, similar to the response of skeletal muscle.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chambers">Chambers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heart_diseccion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Heart_diseccion.jpg/220px-Heart_diseccion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Heart_diseccion.jpg/330px-Heart_diseccion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Heart_diseccion.jpg/440px-Heart_diseccion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Heart being dissected showing right and left ventricles, from above</figcaption></figure> The heart has four chambers, two upper <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">atria</a>, the receiving chambers, and two lower <a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">ventricles</a>, the discharging chambers. The atria open into the ventricles via the <a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Atrioventricular valve">atrioventricular valves</a>, present in the <a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_septum" title="Atrioventricular septum">atrioventricular septum</a>. This distinction is visible also on the surface of the heart as the <a href="/wiki/Coronary_sulcus" title="Coronary sulcus">coronary sulcus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2008960–962-25">[19]</a> There is an ear-shaped structure in the upper right atrium called the <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)#Structure" title="Atrium (heart)">right atrial appendage</a>, or auricle, and another in the upper left atrium, the <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)#Structure" title="Atrium (heart)">left atrial appendage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2008964–967-26">[20]</a> The right atrium and the right ventricle together are sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Right_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Right heart">right heart</a>. Similarly, the left atrium and the left ventricle together are sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Left_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Left heart">left heart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2008960-13">[7]</a> The ventricles are separated from each other by the <a href="/wiki/Interventricular_septum" title="Interventricular septum">interventricular septum</a>, visible on the surface of the heart as the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_longitudinal_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior longitudinal sulcus">anterior longitudinal sulcus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_interventricular_sulcus" title="Posterior interventricular sulcus">posterior interventricular sulcus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2008960–962-25">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dense_connective_tissue" title="Dense connective tissue">fibrous</a> <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_skeleton" title="Cardiac skeleton">cardiac skeleton</a> gives structure to the heart. It forms the atrioventricular septum, which separates the atria from the ventricles, and the fibrous rings, which serve as bases for the four <a href="/wiki/Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">heart valves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[21]</a> The cardiac skeleton also provides an important boundary in the heart's electrical conduction system since collagen cannot conduct <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>. The interatrial septum separates the atria, and the interventricular septum separates the ventricles.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> The interventricular septum is much thicker than the interatrial septum since the ventricles need to generate greater pressure when they contract.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Valves">Valves</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heart_valves" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart valves">Heart valves</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:422px;max-width:422px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Heart_Valves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2011_Heart_Valves.jpg/230px-2011_Heart_Valves.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2011_Heart_Valves.jpg/345px-2011_Heart_Valves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2011_Heart_Valves.jpg/460px-2011_Heart_Valves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1217" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">With the atria and major vessels removed, all four valves are clearly visible.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:186px;max-width:186px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_human_heart_(cropped).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/184px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="184" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/276px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/368px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="651" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The heart, showing valves, arteries and veins. The white arrows show the normal direction of blood flow.</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_Chordae_Tendinae_Papillary_Muscles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/2010_Chordae_Tendinae_Papillary_Muscles.jpg/220px-2010_Chordae_Tendinae_Papillary_Muscles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/2010_Chordae_Tendinae_Papillary_Muscles.jpg/330px-2010_Chordae_Tendinae_Papillary_Muscles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/2010_Chordae_Tendinae_Papillary_Muscles.jpg/440px-2010_Chordae_Tendinae_Papillary_Muscles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1606" data-file-height="1112" /></a><figcaption>Frontal section showing <a href="/wiki/Papillary_muscle" title="Papillary muscle">papillary muscles</a> attached to the <a href="/wiki/Tricuspid_valve" title="Tricuspid valve">tricuspid valve</a> on the right and to the <a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve" title="Mitral valve">mitral valve</a> on the left via <a href="/wiki/Chordae_tendineae" title="Chordae tendineae">chordae tendineae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a></figcaption></figure> The heart has four valves, which separate its chambers. One valve lies between each atrium and ventricle, and one valve rests at the exit of each ventricle.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> The valves between the atria and ventricles are called the atrioventricular valves. Between the right atrium and the right ventricle is the <a href="/wiki/Tricuspid_valve" title="Tricuspid valve">tricuspid valve</a>. The tricuspid valve has three cusps,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2008966–967-28">[22]</a> which connect to <a href="/wiki/Chordae_tendinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordae tendinae">chordae tendinae</a> and three <a href="/wiki/Papillary_muscle" title="Papillary muscle">papillary muscles</a> named the anterior, posterior, and septal muscles, after their relative positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2008966–967-28">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve" title="Mitral valve">mitral valve</a> lies between the left atrium and left ventricle. It is also known as the bicuspid valve due to its having two cusps, an anterior and a posterior cusp. These cusps are also attached via chordae tendinae to two papillary muscles projecting from the ventricular wall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2008970-29">[23]</a> The papillary muscles extend from the walls of the heart to valves by cartilaginous connections called chordae tendinae. These muscles prevent the valves from falling too far back when they close.<a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a> During the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle, the papillary muscles are also relaxed and the tension on the chordae tendineae is slight. As the heart chambers contract, so do the papillary muscles. This creates tension on the chordae tendineae, helping to hold the cusps of the atrioventricular valves in place and preventing them from being blown back into the atria.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> <a href="#cite_note-31">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2008966–967-28">[22]</a> Two additional semilunar valves sit at the exit of each of the ventricles. The <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_valve" title="Pulmonary valve">pulmonary valve</a> is located at the base of the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a>. This has three cusps which are not attached to any papillary muscles. When the ventricle relaxes blood flows back into the ventricle from the artery and this flow of blood fills the pocket-like valve, pressing against the cusps which close to seal the valve. The semilunar <a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve" title="Aortic valve">aortic valve</a> is at the base of the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> and also is not attached to papillary muscles. This too has three cusps which close with the pressure of the blood flowing back from the aorta.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Right_heart">Right heart</h4></div> The right heart consists of two chambers, the right atrium and the right ventricle, separated by a valve, the <a href="/wiki/Tricuspid_valve" title="Tricuspid valve">tricuspid valve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> The right atrium receives blood almost continuously from the body's two major <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">veins</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava" title="Superior vena cava">superior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava" title="Inferior vena cava">inferior</a> <a href="/wiki/Vena_cava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vena cava">venae cavae</a>. A small amount of blood from the coronary circulation also drains into the right atrium via the <a href="/wiki/Coronary_sinus" title="Coronary sinus">coronary sinus</a>, which is immediately above and to the middle of the opening of the inferior vena cava.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> In the wall of the right atrium is an oval-shaped depression known as the <a href="/wiki/Fossa_ovalis_(heart)" title="Fossa ovalis (heart)">fossa ovalis</a>, which is a remnant of an opening in the fetal heart known as the <a href="/wiki/Foramen_ovale_(heart)" title="Foramen ovale (heart)">foramen ovale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> Most of the internal surface of the right atrium is smooth, the depression of the fossa ovalis is medial, and the anterior surface has prominent ridges of <a href="/wiki/Pectinate_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectinate muscle">pectinate muscles</a>, which are also present in the <a href="/wiki/Right_atrial_appendage" class="mw-redirect" title="Right atrial appendage">right atrial appendage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> The right atrium is connected to the right ventricle by the tricuspid valve.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> The walls of the right ventricle are lined with <a href="/wiki/Trabeculae_carneae" title="Trabeculae carneae">trabeculae carneae</a>, ridges of cardiac muscle covered by endocardium. In addition to these muscular ridges, a band of cardiac muscle, also covered by endocardium, known as the <a href="/wiki/Moderator_band" title="Moderator band">moderator band</a> reinforces the thin walls of the right ventricle and plays a crucial role in cardiac conduction. It arises from the lower part of the interventricular septum and crosses the interior space of the right ventricle to connect with the inferior papillary muscle.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> The right ventricle tapers into the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_trunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary trunk">pulmonary trunk</a>, into which it ejects blood when contracting. The pulmonary trunk branches into the left and right pulmonary arteries that carry the blood to each lung. The pulmonary valve lies between the right heart and the pulmonary trunk.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Left_heart">Left heart</h4></div> The left heart has two chambers: the left atrium and the left ventricle, separated by the <a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve" title="Mitral valve">mitral valve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> The left atrium receives oxygenated blood back from the lungs via one of the four <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_vein" title="Pulmonary vein">pulmonary veins</a>. The left atrium has an outpouching called the <a href="/wiki/Left_atrial_appendage" class="mw-redirect" title="Left atrial appendage">left atrial appendage</a>. Like the right atrium, the left atrium is lined by <a href="/wiki/Pectinate_muscles" title="Pectinate muscles">pectinate muscles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[25]</a> The left atrium is connected to the left ventricle by the mitral valve.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> The left ventricle is much thicker as compared with the right, due to the greater force needed to pump blood to the entire body. Like the right ventricle, the left also has <a href="/wiki/Trabeculae_carneae" title="Trabeculae carneae">trabeculae carneae</a>, but there is no <a href="/wiki/Moderator_band" title="Moderator band">moderator band</a>. The left ventricle pumps blood to the body through the aortic valve and into the aorta. Two small openings above the aortic valve carry blood to the <a href="/wiki/Heart_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart muscle">heart muscle</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Left_coronary_artery" title="Left coronary artery">left coronary artery</a> is above the left cusp of the valve, and the <a href="/wiki/Right_coronary_artery" title="Right coronary artery">right coronary artery</a> is above the right cusp.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wall">Wall</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">Cardiac muscle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2004_Heart_Wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2004_Heart_Wall.jpg/220px-2004_Heart_Wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2004_Heart_Wall.jpg/330px-2004_Heart_Wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2004_Heart_Wall.jpg/440px-2004_Heart_Wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1942" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>Layers of the heart wall, including visceral and parietal pericardium</figcaption></figure> The heart wall is made up of three layers: the inner <a href="/wiki/Endocardium" title="Endocardium">endocardium</a>, middle <a href="/wiki/Myocardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardium">myocardium</a> and outer <a href="/wiki/Epicardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicardium">epicardium</a>. These are surrounded by a double-membraned sac called the pericardium. The innermost layer of the heart is called the endocardium. It is made up of a lining of <a href="/wiki/Simple_squamous_epithelium" title="Simple squamous epithelium">simple squamous epithelium</a> and covers heart chambers and valves. It is continuous with the <a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelium</a> of the veins and arteries of the heart, and is joined to the myocardium with a thin layer of connective tissue.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> The endocardium, by secreting <a href="/wiki/Endothelins" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelins">endothelins</a>, may also play a role in regulating the contraction of the myocardium.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006_Heart_Musculature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/2006_Heart_Musculature.jpg/200px-2006_Heart_Musculature.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/2006_Heart_Musculature.jpg/300px-2006_Heart_Musculature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/2006_Heart_Musculature.jpg/400px-2006_Heart_Musculature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="1014" /></a><figcaption>The swirling pattern of myocardium helps the heart pump effectively</figcaption></figure>The middle layer of the heart wall is the myocardium, which is the <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">cardiac muscle</a>—a layer of involuntary <a href="/wiki/Striated_muscle_tissue" title="Striated muscle tissue">striated muscle tissue</a> surrounded by a framework of <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a>. The cardiac muscle pattern is elegant and complex, as the muscle cells swirl and spiral around the chambers of the heart, with the outer muscles forming a figure 8 pattern around the atria and around the bases of the great vessels and the inner muscles, forming a figure 8 around the two ventricles and proceeding toward the apex. This complex swirling pattern allows the heart to pump blood more effectively.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> There are two types of cells in cardiac muscle: <a href="/wiki/Cardiomyocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiomyocyte">muscle cells</a> which have the ability to contract easily, and <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_pacemaker" title="Cardiac pacemaker">pacemaker cells</a> of the conducting system. The muscle cells make up the bulk (99%) of cells in the atria and ventricles. These contractile cells are connected by <a href="/wiki/Intercalated_disc" title="Intercalated disc">intercalated discs</a> which allow a rapid response to impulses of <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential" title="Cardiac action potential">action potential</a> from the pacemaker cells. The intercalated discs allow the cells to act as a <a href="/wiki/Syncytium" title="Syncytium">syncytium</a> and enable the contractions that pump blood through the heart and into the <a href="/wiki/Great_arteries" title="Great arteries">major arteries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> The pacemaker cells make up 1% of cells and form the conduction system of the heart. They are generally much smaller than the contractile cells and have few <a href="/wiki/Myofibril" title="Myofibril">myofibrils</a> which gives them limited contractibility. Their function is similar in many respects to <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> Cardiac muscle tissue has <a href="/wiki/Autorhythmicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Autorhythmicity">autorhythmicity</a>, the unique ability to initiate a cardiac action potential at a fixed rate—spreading the impulse rapidly from cell to cell to trigger the contraction of the entire heart.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> There are specific <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics#Gene_and_protein_expression" title="Bioinformatics">proteins expressed</a> in cardiac muscle cells.<a href="#cite_note-33">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[27]</a> These are mostly associated with muscle contraction, and bind with <a href="/wiki/Actin" title="Actin">actin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myosin" title="Myosin">myosin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropomyosin" title="Tropomyosin">tropomyosin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Troponin" title="Troponin">troponin</a>. They include <a href="/wiki/MYH6" title="MYH6">MYH6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ACTC1" title="ACTC1">ACTC1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TNNI3" title="TNNI3">TNNI3</a>, <a href="/wiki/CDH2" class="mw-redirect" title="CDH2">CDH2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plakophilin-2" title="Plakophilin-2">PKP2</a>. Other proteins expressed are <a href="/wiki/MYH7" title="MYH7">MYH7</a> and <a href="/wiki/LDB3" title="LDB3">LDB3</a> that are also expressed in skeletal muscle.<a href="#cite_note-35">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pericardium">Pericardium</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">Pericardium</a></div> The pericardium is the sac that surrounds the heart. The tough outer surface of the pericardium is called the fibrous membrane. This is lined by a double inner membrane called the serous membrane that produces <a href="/wiki/Pericardial_fluid" title="Pericardial fluid">pericardial fluid</a> to lubricate the surface of the heart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2008959-36">[29]</a> The part of the serous membrane attached to the fibrous membrane is called the parietal pericardium, while the part of the serous membrane attached to the heart is known as the visceral pericardium. The pericardium is present in order to lubricate its movement against other structures within the chest, to keep the heart's position stabilised within the chest, and to protect the heart from infection.<a href="#cite_note-37">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coronary_circulation">Coronary circulation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronary_arteries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Coronary_arteries.svg/220px-Coronary_arteries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Coronary_arteries.svg/330px-Coronary_arteries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Coronary_arteries.svg/440px-Coronary_arteries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption>Arterial supply to the heart (red), with other areas labelled (blue).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">Coronary circulation</a></div> Heart tissue, like all cells in the body, needs to be supplied with <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> and a way of removing <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_waste" title="Metabolic waste">metabolic wastes</a>. This is achieved by the coronary circulation, which includes <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">arteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">veins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lymph_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymph vessel">lymphatic vessels</a>. Blood flow through the coronary vessels occurs in peaks and troughs relating to the heart muscle's relaxation or contraction.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> Heart tissue receives blood from two arteries which arise just above the aortic valve. These are the <a href="/wiki/Left_main_coronary_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Left main coronary artery">left main coronary artery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Right_coronary_artery" title="Right coronary artery">right coronary artery</a>. The left main coronary artery splits shortly after leaving the aorta into two vessels, the <a href="/wiki/Left_anterior_descending" class="mw-redirect" title="Left anterior descending">left anterior descending</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Left_circumflex_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Left circumflex artery">left circumflex artery</a>. The left anterior descending artery supplies heart tissue and the front, outer side, and septum of the left ventricle. It does this by branching into smaller arteries—diagonal and septal branches. The left circumflex supplies the back and underneath of the left ventricle. The right coronary artery supplies the right atrium, right ventricle, and lower posterior sections of the left ventricle. The right coronary artery also supplies blood to the atrioventricular node (in about 90% of people) and the sinoatrial node (in about 60% of people). The right coronary artery runs in a groove at the back of the heart and the left anterior descending artery runs in a groove at the front. There is significant variation between people in the anatomy of the arteries that supply the heart <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2010525-38">[31]</a> The arteries divide at their furthest reaches into smaller branches that join at the edges of each arterial distribution.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Coronary_sinus" title="Coronary sinus">coronary sinus</a> is a large vein that drains into the right atrium, and receives most of the venous drainage of the heart. It receives blood from the <a href="/wiki/Great_cardiac_vein" title="Great cardiac vein">great cardiac vein</a> (receiving the left atrium and both ventricles), the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_cardiac_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior cardiac vein">posterior cardiac vein</a> (draining the back of the left ventricle), the <a href="/wiki/Middle_cardiac_vein" title="Middle cardiac vein">middle cardiac vein</a> (draining the bottom of the left and right ventricles), and <a href="/wiki/Small_cardiac_vein" title="Small cardiac vein">small cardiac veins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2008981-39">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anterior_cardiac_veins" title="Anterior cardiac veins">anterior cardiac veins</a> drain the front of the right ventricle and drain directly into the right atrium.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> Small lymphatic networks called <a href="/wiki/Plexus" title="Plexus">plexuses</a> exist beneath each of the three layers of the heart. These networks collect into a main left and a main right trunk, which travel up the groove between the ventricles that exists on the heart's surface, receiving smaller vessels as they travel up. These vessels then travel into the atrioventricular groove, and receive a third vessel which drains the section of the left ventricle sitting on the diaphragm. The left vessel joins with this third vessel, and travels along the pulmonary artery and left atrium, ending in the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_tracheobronchial_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior tracheobronchial node">inferior tracheobronchial node</a>. The right vessel travels along the right atrium and the part of the right ventricle sitting on the diaphragm. It usually then travels in front of the ascending aorta and then ends in a brachiocephalic node.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2008982-40">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nerve_supply">Nerve supply</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2032_Automatic_Innervation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/2032_Automatic_Innervation.jpg/220px-2032_Automatic_Innervation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="410" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/2032_Automatic_Innervation.jpg/330px-2032_Automatic_Innervation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/2032_Automatic_Innervation.jpg/440px-2032_Automatic_Innervation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="2071" /></a><figcaption>Autonomic innervation of the heart</figcaption></figure> The heart receives nerve signals from the <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerve</a> and from nerves arising from the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_trunk" title="Sympathetic trunk">sympathetic trunk</a>. These nerves act to influence, but not control, the heart rate. <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">Sympathetic nerves</a> also influence the force of heart contraction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2010526-41">[34]</a> Signals that travel along these nerves arise from two paired <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_centre" title="Cardiovascular centre">cardiovascular centres</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a>. The vagus nerve of the <a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system" title="Parasympathetic nervous system">parasympathetic nervous system</a> acts to decrease the heart rate, and nerves from the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_trunk" title="Sympathetic trunk">sympathetic trunk</a> act to increase the heart rate.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> These nerves form a network of nerves that lies over the heart called the <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_plexus" title="Cardiac plexus">cardiac plexus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2008982-40">[33]</a> The vagus nerve is a long, wandering nerve that emerges from the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a> and provides parasympathetic stimulation to a large number of organs in the thorax and abdomen, including the heart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2008945-42">[35]</a> The nerves from the sympathetic trunk emerge through the T1–T4 <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_ganglia" title="Thoracic ganglia">thoracic ganglia</a> and travel to both the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, as well as to the atria and ventricles. The ventricles are more richly innervated by sympathetic fibers than parasympathetic fibers. Sympathetic stimulation causes the release of the neurotransmitter <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Noradrenaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Noradrenaline">noradrenaline</a>) at the <a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction" title="Neuromuscular junction">neuromuscular junction</a> of the cardiac nerves[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. This shortens the repolarisation period, thus speeding the rate of depolarisation and contraction, which results in an increased heart rate. It opens chemical or ligand-gated sodium and calcium ion channels, allowing an influx of <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">positively charged ions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> Norepinephrine binds to the <a href="/wiki/Beta-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-1 adrenergic receptor">beta–1 receptor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Heart_development" title="Heart development">Heart development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human embryogenesis">Human embryogenesis</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2037_Embryonic_Development_of_Heart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/2037_Embryonic_Development_of_Heart.jpg/450px-2037_Embryonic_Development_of_Heart.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="388" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/2037_Embryonic_Development_of_Heart.jpg/675px-2037_Embryonic_Development_of_Heart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/2037_Embryonic_Development_of_Heart.jpg/900px-2037_Embryonic_Development_of_Heart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="1954" /></a><figcaption>Development of the human heart during the first eight weeks (top) and the formation of the heart chambers (bottom). In this figure, the blue and red colors represent blood inflow and outflow (not venous and arterial blood). Initially, all venous blood flows from the tail/atria to the ventricles/head, a very different pattern from that of an adult.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a></figcaption></figure> The heart is the first functional organ to develop and starts to beat and pump blood at about three weeks into <a href="/wiki/Human_embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human embryogenesis">embryogenesis</a>. This early start is crucial for subsequent embryonic and <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">prenatal development</a>. The heart derives from <a href="/wiki/Splanchnopleuric_mesenchyme" title="Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme">splanchnopleuric mesenchyme</a> in the neural plate which forms the <a href="/wiki/Cardiogenic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiogenic region">cardiogenic region</a>. Two <a href="/wiki/Endocardial_tubes" title="Endocardial tubes">endocardial tubes</a> form here that fuse to form a primitive heart tube known as the <a href="/wiki/Tubular_heart" title="Tubular heart">tubular heart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[36]</a> Between the third and fourth week, the heart tube lengthens, and begins to fold to form an S-shape within the pericardium. This places the chambers and major vessels into the correct alignment for the developed heart. Further development will include the formation of the septa and the valves and the remodeling of the heart chambers. By the end of the fifth week, the septa are complete, and by the ninth week, the heart valves are complete.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> Before the fifth week, there is an opening in the fetal heart known as the <a href="/wiki/Foramen_ovale_(heart)" title="Foramen ovale (heart)">foramen ovale</a>. The foramen ovale allowed blood in the fetal heart to pass directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, allowing some blood to bypass the lungs. Within seconds after birth, a flap of tissue known as the <a href="/wiki/Septum_primum" title="Septum primum">septum primum</a> that previously acted as a valve closes the foramen ovale and establishes the typical cardiac circulation pattern. A depression in the surface of the right atrium remains where the foramen ovale was, called the fossa ovalis.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryonic</a> heart begins beating at around 22 days after conception (5 weeks after the last normal menstrual period, LMP). It starts to beat at a rate near to the mother's which is about 75–80 <a href="/wiki/Beats_per_minute" class="mw-redirect" title="Beats per minute">beats per minute</a> (bpm). The embryonic heart rate then accelerates and reaches a peak rate of 165–185 bpm early in the early 7th week (early 9th week after the LMP).<a href="#cite_note-44">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fetal_Sonography-45">[38]</a> After 9 weeks (start of the <a href="/wiki/Fetal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal">fetal</a> stage) it starts to decelerate, slowing to around 145 (±25) bpm at birth. There is no difference in female and male heart rates before birth.<a href="#cite_note-46">[39]</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology">Physiology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_physiology" title="Cardiac physiology">Cardiac physiology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_flow">Blood flow</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latidos.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Latidos.gif/220px-Latidos.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Latidos.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Blood flow through the valves</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flow_through_the_Heart.webm/220px--Flow_through_the_Heart.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="471" data-mwtitle="Flow_through_the_Heart.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Flow_through_the_Heart.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Flow_through_the_Heart.webm/Flow_through_the_Heart.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Flow_through_the_Heart.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Flow_through_the_Heart.webm/Flow_through_the_Heart.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Flow_through_the_Heart.webm/Flow_through_the_Heart.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Flow_through_the_Heart.webm/Flow_through_the_Heart.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Flow_through_the_Heart.webm/Flow_through_the_Heart.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Blood flow through the heart</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Schematic_3D_illustration_of_blood_flow_through_the_heart.ogv/220px--Schematic_3D_illustration_of_blood_flow_through_the_heart.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="91" data-mwtitle="Schematic_3D_illustration_of_blood_flow_through_the_heart.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Schematic_3D_illustration_of_blood_flow_through_the_heart.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Schematic_3D_illustration_of_blood_flow_through_the_heart.ogv/Schematic_3D_illustration_of_blood_flow_through_the_heart.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Schematic_3D_illustration_of_blood_flow_through_the_heart.ogv/Schematic_3D_illustration_of_blood_flow_through_the_heart.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Schematic_3D_illustration_of_blood_flow_through_the_heart.ogv/Schematic_3D_illustration_of_blood_flow_through_the_heart.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Schematic_3D_illustration_of_blood_flow_through_the_heart.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Schematic_3D_illustration_of_blood_flow_through_the_heart.ogv/Schematic_3D_illustration_of_blood_flow_through_the_heart.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Schematic_3D_illustration_of_blood_flow_through_the_heart.ogv/Schematic_3D_illustration_of_blood_flow_through_the_heart.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Schematic_3D_illustration_of_blood_flow_through_the_heart.ogv/Schematic_3D_illustration_of_blood_flow_through_the_heart.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Schematic_3D_illustration_of_blood_flow_through_the_heart.ogv/Schematic_3D_illustration_of_blood_flow_through_the_heart.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Video explanation of blood flow through the heart</figcaption></figure> The heart functions as a pump in the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a> to provide a continuous <a href="/wiki/Blood_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood flow">flow of blood</a> throughout the body. This circulation consists of the <a href="/wiki/Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic circulation</a> to and from the body and the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulation</a> to and from the lungs. Blood in the pulmonary circulation exchanges <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> for oxygen in the lungs through the process of <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">respiration</a>. The systemic circulation then transports oxygen to the body and returns carbon dioxide and relatively deoxygenated blood to the heart for transfer to the lungs.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> The <a href="#Right_heart">right heart</a> collects deoxygenated blood from two large veins, the <a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava" title="Superior vena cava">superior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava" title="Inferior vena cava">inferior</a> <a href="/wiki/Venae_cavae" title="Venae cavae">venae cavae</a>. Blood collects in the right and left atrium continuously.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> The superior vena cava drains blood from above the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a> and empties into the upper back part of the right atrium. The inferior vena cava drains the blood from below the diaphragm and empties into the back part of the atrium below the opening for the superior vena cava. Immediately above and to the middle of the opening of the inferior vena cava is the opening of the thin-walled coronary sinus.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Coronary_sinus" title="Coronary sinus">coronary sinus</a> returns deoxygenated blood from the myocardium to the right atrium. The blood collects in the right atrium. When the right atrium contracts, the blood is pumped through the <a href="/wiki/Tricuspid_valve" title="Tricuspid valve">tricuspid valve</a> into the right ventricle. As the right ventricle contracts, the tricuspid valve closes and the blood is pumped into the pulmonary trunk through the pulmonary valve. The pulmonary trunk divides into pulmonary arteries and progressively smaller arteries throughout the lungs, until it reaches <a href="/wiki/Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">capillaries</a>. As these pass by <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveoli</a> carbon dioxide is <a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">exchanged</a> for oxygen. This happens through the passive process of <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a>. In the <a href="#Left_heart">left heart</a>, oxygenated blood is returned to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins. It is then pumped into the left ventricle through the <a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve" title="Mitral valve">mitral valve</a> and into the aorta through the aortic valve for systemic circulation. The aorta is a large artery that branches into many smaller arteries, <a href="/wiki/Arteriole" title="Arteriole">arterioles</a>, and ultimately capillaries. In the capillaries, oxygen and nutrients from blood are supplied to body cells for metabolism, and exchanged for carbon dioxide and waste products.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> Capillary blood, now deoxygenated, travels into <a href="/wiki/Venule" title="Venule">venules</a> and veins that ultimately collect in the superior and inferior vena cavae, and into the right heart. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cardiac_cycle">Cardiac cycle</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_cycle" title="Cardiac cycle">Cardiac cycle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Systole" title="Systole">Systole</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diastole" title="Diastole">Diastole</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2027_Phases_of_the_Cardiac_Cycle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2027_Phases_of_the_Cardiac_Cycle.jpg/220px-2027_Phases_of_the_Cardiac_Cycle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2027_Phases_of_the_Cardiac_Cycle.jpg/330px-2027_Phases_of_the_Cardiac_Cycle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2027_Phases_of_the_Cardiac_Cycle.jpg/440px-2027_Phases_of_the_Cardiac_Cycle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2013" data-file-height="2192" /></a><figcaption>The cardiac cycle as correlated to the ECG</figcaption></figure> The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events in which the heart contracts and relaxes with every heartbeat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyton_&_Hall2011105–107-16">[10]</a> The period of time during which the ventricles contract, forcing blood out into the aorta and main pulmonary artery, is known as <a href="/wiki/Systole" title="Systole">systole</a>, while the period during which the ventricles relax and refill with blood is known as <a href="/wiki/Diastole" title="Diastole">diastole</a>. The atria and ventricles work in concert, so in systole when the ventricles are contracting, the atria are relaxed and collecting blood. When the ventricles are relaxed in diastole, the atria contract to pump blood to the ventricles. This coordination ensures blood is pumped efficiently to the body.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> At the beginning of the cardiac cycle, the ventricles are relaxing. As they do so, they are filled by blood passing through the open <a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve" title="Mitral valve">mitral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tricuspid_valve" title="Tricuspid valve">tricuspid</a> valves. After the ventricles have completed most of their filling, the atria contract, forcing further blood into the ventricles and priming the pump. Next, the ventricles start to contract. As the pressure rises within the cavities of the ventricles, the mitral and tricuspid valves are forced shut. As the pressure within the ventricles rises further, exceeding the pressure with the aorta and pulmonary arteries, the aortic and pulmonary valves open. Blood is ejected from the heart, causing the pressure within the ventricles to fall. Simultaneously, the atria refill as blood flows into the right atrium through the superior and <a href="/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava" title="Inferior vena cava">inferior vena cavae</a>, and into the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. Finally, when the pressure within the ventricles falls below the pressure within the aorta and pulmonary arteries, the aortic and pulmonary valves close. The ventricles start to relax, the mitral and tricuspid valves open, and the cycle begins again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyton_&_Hall2011105–107-16">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cardiac_output">Cardiac output</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_output" title="Cardiac output">Cardiac output</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2029_Cardiac_Cycle_vs_Heart_Sounds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/2029_Cardiac_Cycle_vs_Heart_Sounds.jpg/220px-2029_Cardiac_Cycle_vs_Heart_Sounds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/2029_Cardiac_Cycle_vs_Heart_Sounds.jpg/330px-2029_Cardiac_Cycle_vs_Heart_Sounds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/2029_Cardiac_Cycle_vs_Heart_Sounds.jpg/440px-2029_Cardiac_Cycle_vs_Heart_Sounds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="1219" /></a><figcaption>The x-axis reflects time with a recording of the heart sounds. The y-axis represents pressure.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a></figcaption></figure> Cardiac output (CO) is a measurement of the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle (stroke volume) in one minute. This is calculated by multiplying the stroke volume (SV) by the beats per minute of the heart rate (HR). So that: CO = SV x HR.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> The cardiac output is normalized to body size through <a href="/wiki/Body_surface_area" title="Body surface area">body surface area</a> and is called the <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_index" title="Cardiac index">cardiac index</a>. The average cardiac output, using an average stroke volume of about 70mL, is 5.25 L/min, with a normal range of 4.0–8.0 L/min.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> The stroke volume is normally measured using an <a href="/wiki/Echocardiogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Echocardiogram">echocardiogram</a> and can be influenced by the size of the heart, physical and mental condition of the individual, <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_contractility" title="Myocardial contractility">contractility</a>, duration of contraction, <a href="/wiki/Preload_(cardiology)" title="Preload (cardiology)">preload</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afterload" title="Afterload">afterload</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Preload_(cardiology)" title="Preload (cardiology)">Preload</a> refers to the filling pressure of the atria at the end of diastole, when the ventricles are at their fullest. A main factor is how long it takes the ventricles to fill: if the ventricles contract more frequently, then there is less time to fill and the preload will be less.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> Preload can also be affected by a person's blood volume. The force of each contraction of the heart muscle is proportional to the preload, described as the <a href="/wiki/Frank-Starling_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank-Starling mechanism">Frank-Starling mechanism</a>. This states that the force of contraction is directly proportional to the initial length of muscle fiber, meaning a ventricle will contract more forcefully, the more it is stretched.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyton_&_Hall2011110–113-47">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Afterload" title="Afterload">Afterload</a>, or how much pressure the heart must generate to eject blood at systole, is influenced by <a href="/wiki/Vascular_resistance" title="Vascular resistance">vascular resistance</a>. It can be influenced by narrowing of the heart valves (<a href="/wiki/Stenosis" title="Stenosis">stenosis</a>) or contraction or relaxation of the peripheral blood vessels.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> The strength of heart muscle contractions controls the stroke volume. This can be influenced positively or negatively by agents termed <a href="/wiki/Inotropes" class="mw-redirect" title="Inotropes">inotropes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BERRY2010-48">[41]</a> These agents can be a result of changes within the body, or be given as drugs as part of treatment for a medical disorder, or as a form of <a href="/wiki/Life_support" title="Life support">life support</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">intensive care units</a>. Inotropes that increase the force of contraction are "positive" inotropes, and include <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic</a> agents such as <a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">adrenaline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noradrenaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Noradrenaline">noradrenaline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OH2010-49">[42]</a> "Negative" inotropes decrease the force of contraction and include <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">calcium channel blockers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BERRY2010-48">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrical_conduction">Electrical conduction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conduction_system_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conduction system of the heart">Electrical conduction system of the heart</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ECG_principle_slow.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/ECG_principle_slow.gif/275px-ECG_principle_slow.gif" decoding="async" width="275" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/ECG_principle_slow.gif/413px-ECG_principle_slow.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/ECG_principle_slow.gif/550px-ECG_principle_slow.gif 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Transmission of a <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential" title="Cardiac action potential">cardiac action potential</a> through the heart's conduction system</figcaption></figure> The normal rhythmical heart beat, called <a href="/wiki/Sinus_rhythm" title="Sinus rhythm">sinus rhythm</a>, is established by the heart's own pacemaker, the <a href="/wiki/Sinoatrial_node" title="Sinoatrial node">sinoatrial node</a> (also known as the sinus node or the SA node). Here an electrical signal is created that travels through the heart, causing the heart muscle to contract. The sinoatrial node is found in the upper part of the <a href="/wiki/Right_atrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Right atrium">right atrium</a> near to the junction with the superior vena cava.<a href="#cite_note-50">[43]</a> The electrical signal generated by the sinoatrial node travels through the right atrium in a radial way that is not completely understood. It travels to the left atrium via <a href="/wiki/Bachmann%27s_bundle" title="Bachmann's bundle">Bachmann's bundle</a>, such that the muscles of the left and right atria contract together.<a href="#cite_note-51">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[46]</a> The signal then travels to the <a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_node" title="Atrioventricular node">atrioventricular node</a>. This is found at the bottom of the right atrium in the <a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_septum" title="Atrioventricular septum">atrioventricular septum</a>, the boundary between the right atrium and the left ventricle. The septum is part of the <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_skeleton" title="Cardiac skeleton">cardiac skeleton</a>, tissue within the heart that the electrical signal cannot pass through, which forces the signal to pass through the atrioventricular node only.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> The signal then travels along the <a href="/wiki/Bundle_of_His" title="Bundle of His">bundle of His</a> to left and right <a href="/wiki/Bundle_branches" title="Bundle branches">bundle branches</a> through to the ventricles of the heart. In the ventricles the signal is carried by specialized tissue called the <a href="/wiki/Purkinje_fibers" title="Purkinje fibers">Purkinje fibers</a> which then transmit the electric charge to the heart muscle.<a href="#cite_note-54">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ConductionsystemoftheheartwithouttheHeart-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ConductionsystemoftheheartwithouttheHeart-en.svg/275px-ConductionsystemoftheheartwithouttheHeart-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ConductionsystemoftheheartwithouttheHeart-en.svg/413px-ConductionsystemoftheheartwithouttheHeart-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ConductionsystemoftheheartwithouttheHeart-en.svg/550px-ConductionsystemoftheheartwithouttheHeart-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2446" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>Conduction system of the heart</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heart_rate">Heart rate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">Heart rate</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Emily%27s_racing_heartbeat.wav" title="File:Emily's racing heartbeat.wav">A racing heartbeat</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="88" data-mwtitle="Emily's_racing_heartbeat.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Emily%27s_racing_heartbeat.wav/Emily%27s_racing_heartbeat.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Emily%27s_racing_heartbeat.wav/Emily%27s_racing_heartbeat.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Emily%27s_racing_heartbeat.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Heart sounds of a 16 year old girl immediately after running, with a heart rate of 186 BPM.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_SA_Node_Tracing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2020_SA_Node_Tracing.jpg/220px-2020_SA_Node_Tracing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2020_SA_Node_Tracing.jpg/330px-2020_SA_Node_Tracing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2020_SA_Node_Tracing.jpg/440px-2020_SA_Node_Tracing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1667" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The prepotential is due to a slow influx of sodium ions until the threshold is reached followed by a rapid depolarisation and repolarisation. The prepotential accounts for the membrane reaching threshold and initiates the spontaneous depolarisation and contraction of the cell; there is no resting potential.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a></figcaption></figure> The normal <a href="/wiki/Resting_heart_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Resting heart rate">resting heart rate</a> is called the <a href="/wiki/Sinus_rhythm" title="Sinus rhythm">sinus rhythm</a>, created and sustained by the <a href="/wiki/Sinoatrial_node" title="Sinoatrial node">sinoatrial node</a>, a group of pacemaking cells found in the wall of the right atrium. Cells in the sinoatrial node do this by creating an <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potential</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential" title="Cardiac action potential">cardiac action potential</a> is created by the movement of specific <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a> into and out of the pacemaker cells. The action potential then spreads to nearby cells.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyton_&_Hall2011115–120-55">[48]</a> When the sinoatrial cells are resting, they have a negative charge on their membranes. A rapid influx of <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> ions causes the membrane's charge to become positive; this is called <a href="/wiki/Depolarisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Depolarisation">depolarisation</a> and occurs spontaneously.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> Once the cell has a sufficiently high charge, the sodium channels close and <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> ions then begin to enter the cell, shortly after which <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> begins to leave it. All the ions travel through <a href="/wiki/Ion_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion channels">ion channels</a> in the membrane of the sinoatrial cells. The potassium and calcium start to move out of and into the cell only once it has a sufficiently high charge, and so are called <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_calcium_channel" title="Voltage-gated calcium channel">voltage-gated</a>. Shortly after this, the calcium channels close and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium channels">potassium channels</a> open, allowing potassium to leave the cell. This causes the cell to have a negative resting charge and is called <a href="/wiki/Repolarization" title="Repolarization">repolarisation</a>. When the membrane potential reaches approximately −60 mV, the potassium channels close and the process may begin again.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> The ions move from areas where they are concentrated to where they are not. For this reason sodium moves into the cell from outside, and potassium moves from within the cell to outside the cell. Calcium also plays a critical role. Their influx through slow channels means that the sinoatrial cells have a prolonged "plateau" phase when they have a positive charge. A part of this is called the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_refractory_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute refractory period">absolute refractory period</a>. Calcium ions also combine with the regulatory protein <a href="/wiki/Troponin_C" title="Troponin C">troponin C</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Troponin_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Troponin complex">troponin complex</a> to enable <a href="/wiki/Muscle_contraction" title="Muscle contraction">contraction</a> of the cardiac muscle, and separate from the protein to allow relaxation.<a href="#cite_note-davis-56">[49]</a> The adult resting heart rate ranges from 60 to 100 bpm. The resting heart rate of a <a href="/wiki/Neonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonate">newborn</a> can be 129 beats per minute (bpm) and this gradually decreases until maturity.<a href="#cite_note-57">[50]</a> An athlete's heart rate can be lower than 60 bpm. During exercise the rate can be 150 bpm with maximum rates reaching from 200 to 220 bpm.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Influences">Influences</h4></div> The normal <a href="/wiki/Sinus_rhythm" title="Sinus rhythm">sinus rhythm</a> of the heart, giving the resting heart rate, is influenced by a number of factors. The <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_centre" title="Cardiovascular centre">cardiovascular centres</a> in the brainstem control the sympathetic and parasympathetic influences to the heart through the vagus nerve and sympathetic trunk.<a href="#cite_note-GUYTONHALL2005-58">[51]</a> These cardiovascular centres receive input from a series of receptors including <a href="/wiki/Baroreceptor" title="Baroreceptor">baroreceptors</a>, sensing the stretching of blood vessels and <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">chemoreceptors</a>, sensing the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and its pH. Through a series of reflexes these help regulate and sustain blood flow.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> Baroreceptors are stretch receptors located in the <a href="/wiki/Aortic_sinus" title="Aortic sinus">aortic sinus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carotid_body" title="Carotid body">carotid bodies</a>, the venae cavae, and other locations, including pulmonary vessels and the right side of the heart itself. Baroreceptors fire at a rate determined by how much they are stretched,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyton_&_Hall2011208-59">[52]</a> which is influenced by blood pressure, level of physical activity, and the relative distribution of blood. With increased pressure and stretch, the rate of baroreceptor firing increases, and the cardiac centers decrease sympathetic stimulation and increase parasympathetic stimulation. As pressure and stretch decrease, the rate of baroreceptor firing decreases, and the cardiac centers increase sympathetic stimulation and decrease parasympathetic stimulation.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> There is a similar reflex, called the atrial reflex or <a href="/wiki/Bainbridge_reflex" title="Bainbridge reflex">Bainbridge reflex</a>, associated with varying rates of blood flow to the atria. Increased venous return stretches the walls of the atria where specialized baroreceptors are located. However, as the atrial baroreceptors increase their rate of firing and as they stretch due to the increased blood pressure, the cardiac center responds by increasing sympathetic stimulation and inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation to increase heart rate. The opposite is also true.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> Chemoreceptors present in the carotid body or adjacent to the aorta in an aortic body respond to the blood's oxygen, carbon dioxide levels. Low oxygen or high carbon dioxide will stimulate firing of the receptors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuyton_&_Hall2011212-60">[53]</a> Exercise and fitness levels, age, body temperature, <a href="/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate" title="Basal metabolic rate">basal metabolic rate</a>, and even a person's emotional state can all affect the heart rate. High levels of the hormones <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a>, norepinephrine, and <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">thyroid hormones</a> can increase the heart rate. The levels of electrolytes including calcium, potassium, and sodium can also influence the speed and regularity of the heart rate; <a href="/wiki/Hypoxemia" title="Hypoxemia">low blood oxygen</a>, low <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a> may increase it.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases">Diseases</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Doctors_stethoscope_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Doctors_stethoscope_1.jpg/230px-Doctors_stethoscope_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Doctors_stethoscope_1.jpg/345px-Doctors_stethoscope_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Doctors_stethoscope_1.jpg/460px-Doctors_stethoscope_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1761" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The stethoscope is used for <a href="/wiki/Auscultation" title="Auscultation">auscultation</a> of the heart, and is one of the most iconic symbols for <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>. A number of diseases can be detected primarily by listening for <a href="/wiki/Heart_murmur" title="Heart murmur">heart murmurs</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:2113ab_Atherosclerosis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/2113ab_Atherosclerosis.jpg/230px-2113ab_Atherosclerosis.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/2113ab_Atherosclerosis.jpg/345px-2113ab_Atherosclerosis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/2113ab_Atherosclerosis.jpg/460px-2113ab_Atherosclerosis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1965" data-file-height="1065" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">Atherosclerosis</a> is a condition affecting the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a>. If the <a href="/wiki/Coronary_arteries" title="Coronary arteries">coronary arteries</a> are affected, <a href="/wiki/Angina_pectoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Angina pectoris">angina pectoris</a> may result or at worse a <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular diseases</a>, which include diseases of the heart, are the leading cause of death worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-WHOfacts-61">[54]</a> The majority of cardiovascular disease is noncommunicable and related to lifestyle and other factors, becoming more prevalent with ageing.<a href="#cite_note-WHOfacts-61">[54]</a> Heart disease is a major cause of death, accounting for an average of 30% of all deaths in 2008, globally.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_CVD_2013-18">[12]</a> This rate varies from a lower 28% to a high 40% in <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harrisons-19">[13]</a> Doctors that specialise in the heart are called <a href="/wiki/Cardiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiologist">cardiologists</a>. Many other medical professionals are involved in treating diseases of the heart, including <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">doctors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiothoracic surgeon">cardiothoracic surgeons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intensivist" title="Intensivist">intensivists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Allied_health_profession" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied health profession">allied health practitioners</a> including <a href="/wiki/Physiotherapist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiotherapist">physiotherapists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dietician" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietician">dieticians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ischemic_heart_disease">Ischemic heart disease</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">Coronary artery disease</a></div> Coronary artery disease, also known as ischemic heart disease, is caused by <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a>—a build-up of fatty material along the inner walls of the arteries. These fatty deposits known as atherosclerotic plaques <a href="/wiki/Stenosis" title="Stenosis">narrow</a> the coronary arteries, and if severe may reduce blood flow to the heart.<a href="#cite_note-WHFdiseases-63">[56]</a> If a narrowing (or stenosis) is relatively minor then the patient may not experience any symptoms. Severe narrowings may cause chest pain (<a href="/wiki/Angina" title="Angina">angina</a>) or breathlessness during exercise or even at rest. The thin covering of an atherosclerotic plaque can rupture, exposing the fatty centre to the circulating blood. In this case a clot or thrombus can form, blocking the artery, and restricting blood flow to an area of heart muscle causing a myocardial infarction (a heart attack) or <a href="/wiki/Unstable_angina" title="Unstable angina">unstable angina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison's20111501-64">[57]</a> In the worst case this may cause <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a>, a sudden and utter loss of output from the heart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2010554-65">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>, uncontrolled <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, smoking and high <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> can all increase the risk of developing atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease.<a href="#cite_note-WHOfacts-61">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHFdiseases-63">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heart_failure">Heart failure</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">Heart failure</a></div> Heart failure is defined as a condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the demands of the body.<a href="#cite_note-:2-66">[59]</a> Patients with <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a> may experience breathlessness especially when lying flat, as well as ankle swelling, known as <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_edema" title="Peripheral edema">peripheral oedema</a>. Heart failure is the result of many diseases affecting the heart, but is most commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">ischemic heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease" title="Valvular heart disease">valvular heart disease</a>, or high blood pressure. Less common causes include various <a href="/wiki/Cardiomyopathy" title="Cardiomyopathy">cardiomyopathies</a>. Heart failure is frequently associated with weakness of the heart muscle in the ventricles (systolic heart failure), but can also be seen in patients with heart muscle that is strong but stiff (diastolic heart failure). The condition may affect the left ventricle (causing predominantly breathlessness), the right ventricle (causing predominantly swelling of the legs and an elevated <a href="/wiki/Jugular_venous_pressure" title="Jugular venous pressure">jugular venous pressure</a>), or both ventricles. Patients with heart failure are at higher risk of developing dangerous heart rhythm disturbances or <a href="/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart arrhythmia">arrhythmias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-66">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cardiomyopathies">Cardiomyopathies</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cardiomyopathy" title="Cardiomyopathy">Cardiomyopathy</a></div>Cardiomyopathies are diseases affecting the muscle of the heart. Some cause abnormal thickening of the heart muscle (<a href="/wiki/Hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy" title="Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy">hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</a>), some cause the heart to abnormally expand and weaken (<a href="/wiki/Dilated_cardiomyopathy" title="Dilated cardiomyopathy">dilated cardiomyopathy</a>), some cause the heart muscle to become stiff and unable to fully relax between contractions (<a href="/wiki/Restrictive_cardiomyopathy" title="Restrictive cardiomyopathy">restrictive cardiomyopathy</a>) and some make the heart prone to abnormal heart rhythms (<a href="/wiki/Arrhythmogenic_cardiomyopathy" title="Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy">arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy</a>). These conditions are often genetic and can be <a href="/wiki/Inherited_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Inherited disease">inherited</a>, but some such as dilated cardiomyopathy may be caused by damage from toxins such as alcohol. Some cardiomyopathies such as hypertrophic cardiomopathy are linked to a higher risk of sudden cardiac death, particularly in athletes.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> Many cardiomyopathies can lead to heart failure in the later stages of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-:2-66">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Valvular_heart_disease">Valvular heart disease</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease" title="Valvular heart disease">Valvular heart disease</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitral_Valve_Prolapse.wav" title="File:Mitral Valve Prolapse.wav">Mitral Valve Prolapse murmur</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_6" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="12" data-mwtitle="Mitral_Valve_Prolapse.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/Mitral_Valve_Prolapse.wav/Mitral_Valve_Prolapse.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/Mitral_Valve_Prolapse.wav/Mitral_Valve_Prolapse.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Mitral_Valve_Prolapse.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Heart sounds of a 16 year old girl diagnosed with mitral valve prolapse and mitral regurgitation. Auscultating her heart, a systolic murmur and click is heard. Recorded with the stethoscope over the mitral valve.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div>Healthy heart valves allow blood to flow easily in one direction, and prevent it from flowing in the other direction. A diseased heart valve may have a narrow opening (<a href="/wiki/Stenosis" title="Stenosis">stenosis</a>), that restricts the flow of blood in the forward direction. A valve may otherwise be leaky, allowing blood to leak in the reverse direction (<a href="/wiki/Regurgitation_(circulation)" title="Regurgitation (circulation)">regurgitation</a>). Valvular heart disease may cause breathlessness, blackouts, or chest pain, but may be asymptomatic and only detected on a routine examination by hearing abnormal heart sounds or a <a href="/wiki/Heart_murmur" title="Heart murmur">heart murmur</a>. In the developed world, valvular heart disease is most commonly caused by degeneration secondary to old age, but may also be caused by infection of the heart valves (<a href="/wiki/Endocarditis" title="Endocarditis">endocarditis</a>). In some parts of the world <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_Heart_Disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheumatic Heart Disease">rheumatic heart disease</a> is a major cause of valvular heart disease, typically leading to mitral or aortic stenosis and caused by the body's immune system reacting to a <a href="/wiki/Group_A_streptococcal_infection" title="Group A streptococcal infection">streptococcal</a> throat infection.<a href="#cite_note-:4-67">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2010612–613-68">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cardiac_arrhythmias">Cardiac arrhythmias</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arrhythmia" title="Arrhythmia">Arrhythmia</a></div> While in the healthy heart, waves of electrical impulses originate in the <a href="/wiki/Sinoatrial_node" title="Sinoatrial node">sinus node</a> before spreading to the rest of the atria, the <a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_node" title="Atrioventricular node">atrioventricular node</a>, and finally the ventricles (referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Sinus_rhythm" title="Sinus rhythm">normal sinus rhythm</a>), this normal rhythm can be disrupted. Abnormal heart rhythms or arrhythmias may be asymptomatic or may cause palpitations, blackouts, or breathlessness. Some types of arrhythmia such as <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a> increase the long term risk of <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-69">[62]</a> Some arrhythmias cause the heart to beat abnormally slowly, referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">bradycardia</a> or bradyarrhythmia. This may be caused by an <a href="/wiki/Sick_sinus_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sick sinus syndrome">abnormally slow sinus node</a> or damage within the cardiac conduction system (<a href="/wiki/Heart_block" title="Heart block">heart block</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:1-70">[63]</a> In other arrhythmias the heart may beat abnormally rapidly, referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a> or tachyarrhythmia. These arrhythmias can take many forms and can originate from different structures within the heart—some arise from the atria (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Atrial_flutter" title="Atrial flutter">atrial flutter</a>), some from the atrioventricular node (e.g. <a href="/wiki/AV_nodal_reentrant_tachycardia" title="AV nodal reentrant tachycardia">AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia</a>) whilst others arise from the ventricles (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardia" title="Ventricular tachycardia">ventricular tachycardia</a>). Some tachyarrhythmias are caused by scarring within the heart (e.g. some forms of <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardia" title="Ventricular tachycardia">ventricular tachycardia</a>), others by an irritable focus (e.g. focal <a href="/wiki/Atrial_tachycardia" title="Atrial tachycardia">atrial tachycardia</a>), while others are caused by additional abnormal conduction tissue that has been present since birth (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Wolff%E2%80%93Parkinson%E2%80%93White_syndrome" title="Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome">Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome</a>). The most dangerous form of heart racing is <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_fibrillation" title="Ventricular fibrillation">ventricular fibrillation</a>, in which the ventricles quiver rather than contract, and which if untreated is rapidly fatal.<a href="#cite_note-71">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pericardial_disease">Pericardial disease</h4></div> The sac which surrounds the heart, called the pericardium, can become inflamed in a condition known as <a href="/wiki/Pericarditis" title="Pericarditis">pericarditis</a>. This condition typically causes chest pain that may spread to the back, and is often caused by a viral infection (<a href="/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis" title="Infectious mononucleosis">glandular fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">cytomegalovirus</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Coxsackievirus" title="Coxsackievirus">coxsackievirus</a>). Fluid can build up within the pericardial sac, referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Pericardial_effusion" title="Pericardial effusion">pericardial effusion</a>. Pericardial effusions often occur secondary to pericarditis, kidney failure, or tumours, and frequently do not cause any symptoms. However, large effusions or effusions which accumulate rapidly can compress the heart in a condition known as <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_tamponade" title="Cardiac tamponade">cardiac tamponade</a>, causing breathlessness and potentially fatal low blood pressure. Fluid can be removed from the pericardial space for diagnosis or to relieve tamponade using a syringe in a procedure called <a href="/wiki/Pericardiocentesis" title="Pericardiocentesis">pericardiocentesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2010638–639-72">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Congenital_heart_disease">Congenital heart disease</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Congenital_heart_defect" title="Congenital heart defect">Congenital heart defect</a></div> Some people are born with hearts that are abnormal and these abnormalities are known as congenital heart defects. They may range from the relatively minor (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Patent_foramen_ovale" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent foramen ovale">patent foramen ovale</a>, arguably a variant of normal) to serious life-threatening abnormalities (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Hypoplastic_left_heart_syndrome" title="Hypoplastic left heart syndrome">hypoplastic left heart syndrome</a>). Common abnormalities include those that affect the heart muscle that separates the two side of the heart (a "hole in the heart", e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_septal_defect" title="Ventricular septal defect">ventricular septal defect</a>). Other defects include those affecting the heart valves (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Aortic_stenosis" title="Aortic stenosis">congenital aortic stenosis</a>), or the main blood vessels that lead from the heart (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Coarctation_of_the_aorta" title="Coarctation of the aorta">coarctation of the aorta</a>). More complex syndromes are seen that affect more than one part of the heart (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tetralogy_of_Fallot" title="Tetralogy of Fallot">Tetralogy of Fallot</a>). Some congenital heart defects allow blood that is low in oxygen that would normally be returned to the lungs to instead be pumped back to the rest of the body. These are known as <a href="/wiki/Cyanotic_heart_defect" title="Cyanotic heart defect">cyanotic congenital heart defects</a> and are often more serious. Major congenital heart defects are often picked up in childhood, shortly after birth, or even before a child is born (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Transposition_of_the_great_vessels" title="Transposition of the great vessels">transposition of the great arteries</a>), causing breathlessness and a lower rate of growth. More minor forms of congenital heart disease may remain undetected for many years and only reveal themselves in adult life (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Atrial_septal_defect" title="Atrial septal defect">atrial septal defect</a>).<a href="#cite_note-73">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison's20111458–65-74">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Channelopathies">Channelopathies</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Channelopathy" title="Channelopathy">Channelopathy</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Channelopathies" class="mw-redirect" title="Channelopathies">Channelopathies</a> can be categorized based on the organ system they affect. In the cardiovascular system, the electrical impulse required for each heart beat is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_gradient" title="Electrochemical gradient">electrochemical gradient</a> of each heart cell. Because the beating of the heart depends on the proper movement of ions across the surface membrane, cardiac ion channelopathies form a major group of heart diseases.<a href="#cite_note-75">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[69]</a> Cardiac ion channelopathies may explain some of the cases of <a href="/wiki/Sudden_death_syndrome" title="Sudden death syndrome">sudden death syndrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudden_arrhythmic_death_syndrome" title="Sudden arrhythmic death syndrome">sudden arrhythmic death syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Skinner-77">[70]</a> Long QT syndrome is the most common form of cardiac channelopathy. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_QT_syndrome" title="Long QT syndrome">Long QT syndrome</a> (LQTS) – Mostly hereditary. On EKG can be observed as longer corrected QT interval (QTc). Characterized by fainting, sudden, life-threatening heart rhythm disturbances – <a href="/wiki/Torsades_de_pointes" title="Torsades de pointes">Torsades de pointes</a> type ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation and risk of sudden cardiac death.<a href="#cite_note-78">[71]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_QT_syndrome" title="Short QT syndrome">Short QT syndrome</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catecholaminergic_polymorphic_ventricular_tachycardia" title="Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia">Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia</a> (CPVT).<a href="#cite_note-79">[72]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_cardiac_conduction_defect" title="Progressive cardiac conduction defect">Progressive cardiac conduction defect</a> (PCCD).<a href="#cite_note-80">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_early_repolarization" title="Benign early repolarization">Early repolarisation syndrome</a> (BER) – common in younger and active people, especially men, because it is affected by higher <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> levels, which cause increased potassium currents, which further causes an elevation of the <a href="/wiki/J-point" class="mw-redirect" title="J-point">J-point</a> on the EKG. In very rare cases, it can lead to ventricular fibrillation and death.<a href="#cite_note-81">[74]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brugada_syndrome" title="Brugada syndrome">Brugada syndrome</a> – a genetic disorder characterized by an abnormal EKG and is one of the most common causes of sudden cardiac death in young men.<a href="#cite_note-82">[75]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h3></div> Heart disease is diagnosed by the taking of a <a href="/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">medical history</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_examination" title="Cardiac examination">cardiac examination</a>, and further investigations, including <a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">blood tests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echocardiogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Echocardiogram">echocardiograms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrocardiograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrocardiograms">electrocardiograms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_imaging" title="Cardiac imaging">imaging</a>. Other invasive procedures such as <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_catheterisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac catheterisation">cardiac catheterisation</a> can also play a role.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2010527–534-83">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examination">Examination</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_examination" title="Cardiac examination">Cardiac examination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heart_sounds" title="Heart sounds">Heart sounds</a></div> The cardiac examination includes inspection, feeling the chest with the hands (<a href="/wiki/Palpation" title="Palpation">palpation</a>) and listening with a stethoscope (<a href="/wiki/Auscultation" title="Auscultation">auscultation</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Davidsons2010_1-84">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2010522–536-85">[78]</a> It involves assessment of <a href="/wiki/Medical_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical sign">signs</a> that may be visible on a person's hands (such as <a href="/wiki/Splinter_haemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Splinter haemorrhage">splinter haemorrhages</a>), joints and other areas. A person's pulse is taken, usually at the <a href="/wiki/Radial_artery" title="Radial artery">radial artery</a> near the wrist, in order to assess for the rhythm and strength of the pulse. The <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> is taken, using either a manual or automatic <a href="/wiki/Sphygmomanometer" title="Sphygmomanometer">sphygmomanometer</a> or using <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure#Invasive" title="Blood pressure">a more invasive measurement</a> from within the artery. Any elevation of the <a href="/wiki/Jugular_vein" title="Jugular vein">jugular venous pulse</a> is noted. A person's <a href="/wiki/Chest" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest">chest</a> is felt for any transmitted vibrations from the heart, and then listened to with a stethoscope. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heart_sounds">Heart sounds</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apikal4D.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Apikal4D.gif/220px-Apikal4D.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Apikal4D.gif/330px-Apikal4D.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Apikal4D.gif/440px-Apikal4D.gif 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Echocardiography#Three-dimensional_echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">3D echocardiogram</a> showing the mitral valve (right), tricuspid and mitral valves (top left) and aortic valve (top right). The closure of the heart valves causes the <a href="/wiki/Heart_sounds" title="Heart sounds">heart sounds</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:HROgg.ogg" title="File:HROgg.ogg">Normal heart sounds</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_7" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="20" data-mwtitle="HROgg.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/HROgg.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/HROgg.ogg/HROgg.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Normal heart sounds as heard with a <a href="/wiki/Stethoscope" title="Stethoscope">stethoscope</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Typically, healthy hearts have only two audible <a href="/wiki/Heart_sounds" title="Heart sounds">heart sounds</a>, called S1 and S2. The <a href="/wiki/First_heart_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="First heart sound">first heart sound</a> S1, is the sound created by the closing of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular contraction and is normally described as "lub". The <a href="/wiki/Second_heart_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Second heart sound">second heart sound</a>, S2, is the sound of the semilunar valves closing during ventricular diastole and is described as "dub".<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> Each sound consists of two components, reflecting the slight difference in time as the two valves close.<a href="#cite_note-TC2014-86">[79]</a> S2 may <a href="/wiki/Split_S2" title="Split S2">split</a> into two distinct sounds, either as a result of inspiration or different valvular or cardiac problems.<a href="#cite_note-TC2014-86">[79]</a> Additional heart sounds may also be present and these give rise to <a href="/wiki/Gallop_rhythm" title="Gallop rhythm">gallop rhythms</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Third_heart_sound" title="Third heart sound">third heart sound</a>, S3 usually indicates an increase in ventricular blood volume. A <a href="/wiki/Fourth_heart_sound" title="Fourth heart sound">fourth heart sound</a> S4 is referred to as an atrial gallop and is produced by the sound of blood being forced into a stiff ventricle. The combined presence of S3 and S4 give a quadruple gallop.<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heart_murmur" title="Heart murmur">Heart murmurs</a> are abnormal heart sounds which can be either related to disease or benign, and there are several kinds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2010556–559-87">[80]</a> There are normally two heart sounds, and abnormal heart sounds can either be extra sounds, or "murmurs" related to the flow of blood between the sounds. Murmurs are graded by volume, from 1 (the quietest), to 6 (the loudest), and evaluated by their relationship to the heart sounds, position in the cardiac cycle, and additional features such as their radiation to other sites, changes with a person's position, the frequency of the sound as determined by the side of the <a href="/wiki/Stethoscope" title="Stethoscope">stethoscope</a> by which they are heard, and site at which they are heard loudest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2010556–559-87">[80]</a> Murmurs may be caused by <a href="/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease" title="Valvular heart disease">damaged heart valves</a> or congenital heart disease such as <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_septal_defect" title="Ventricular septal defect">ventricular septal defects</a>, or may be heard in normal hearts. A different type of sound, a <a href="/wiki/Pericardial_friction_rub" title="Pericardial friction rub">pericardial friction rub</a> can be heard in cases of pericarditis where the inflamed membranes can rub together. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blood_tests">Blood tests</h4></div> Blood tests play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of many cardiovascular conditions. <a href="/wiki/Troponin" title="Troponin">Troponin</a> is a sensitive <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">biomarker</a> for a heart with insufficient blood supply. It is released 4–6 hours after injury and usually peaks at about 12–24 hours.<a href="#cite_note-OH2010-49">[42]</a> Two tests of troponin are often taken—one at the time of initial presentation and another within 3–6 hours,<a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a> with either a high level or a significant rise being diagnostic. A test for <a href="/wiki/Brain_natriuretic_peptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain natriuretic peptide">brain natriuretic peptide</a> (BNP) can be used to evaluate for the presence of heart failure, and rises when there is increased demand on the left ventricle. These tests are considered <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">biomarkers</a> because they are highly specific for cardiac disease.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2010531-89">[82]</a> Testing for the <a href="/wiki/CK-MB" class="mw-redirect" title="CK-MB">MB form of creatine kinase</a> provides information about the heart's blood supply, but is used less frequently because it is less specific and sensitive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison's20111534-90">[83]</a> Other blood tests are often taken to help understand a person's general health and risk factors that may contribute to heart disease. These often include a <a href="/wiki/Full_blood_count" class="mw-redirect" title="Full blood count">full blood count</a> investigating for <a href="/wiki/Anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaemia">anaemia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basic_metabolic_panel" title="Basic metabolic panel">basic metabolic panel</a> that may reveal any disturbances in electrolytes. A <a href="/wiki/Coagulation_screen" title="Coagulation screen">coagulation screen</a> is often required to ensure that the right level of anticoagulation is given. <a href="/wiki/Lipid_profile" title="Lipid profile">Fasting lipids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fasting_blood_glucose" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasting blood glucose">fasting blood glucose</a> (or an <a href="/wiki/HbA1c" class="mw-redirect" title="HbA1c">HbA1c</a> level) are often ordered to evaluate a person's <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> and diabetes status, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2010521–640-91">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electrocardiogram">Electrocardiogram</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">Electrocardiography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2028_Cardiac_Cycle_vs_Electrocardiogram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/2028_Cardiac_Cycle_vs_Electrocardiogram.jpg/220px-2028_Cardiac_Cycle_vs_Electrocardiogram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/2028_Cardiac_Cycle_vs_Electrocardiogram.jpg/330px-2028_Cardiac_Cycle_vs_Electrocardiogram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/2028_Cardiac_Cycle_vs_Electrocardiogram.jpg/440px-2028_Cardiac_Cycle_vs_Electrocardiogram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Cardiac cycle shown against ECG</figcaption></figure> Using surface electrodes on the body, it is possible to record the electrical activity of the heart. This tracing of the electrical signal is the electrocardiogram (ECG) or (EKG). An ECG is a <a href="/wiki/Bedside_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedside test">bedside test</a> and involves the placement of ten leads on the body. This produces a "12 lead" ECG (three extra leads are calculated mathematically, and one lead is <a href="/wiki/Ground_(electricity)" title="Ground (electricity)">electrically ground</a>, or earthed).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2010528–530-92">[85]</a> There are five prominent features on the ECG: the <a href="/wiki/P_wave_(electrocardiography)" title="P wave (electrocardiography)">P wave</a> (atrial depolarisation), the <a href="/wiki/QRS_complex" title="QRS complex">QRS complex</a> (ventricular depolarisation)<a href="#cite_note-93">[h]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/T_wave" title="T wave">T wave</a> (ventricular repolarisation).<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> As the heart cells contract, they create a current that travels through the heart. A downward deflection on the ECG implies cells are becoming more positive in charge ("depolarising") in the direction of that lead, whereas an upward inflection implies cells are becoming more negative ("repolarising") in the direction of the lead. This depends on the position of the lead, so if a wave of depolarising moved from left to right, a lead on the left would show a negative deflection, and a lead on the right would show a positive deflection. The ECG is a useful tool in detecting <a href="/wiki/Arrythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrythmia">rhythm disturbances</a> and in detecting insufficient blood supply to the heart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2010528–530-92">[85]</a> Sometimes abnormalities are suspected, but not immediately visible on the ECG. <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_stress_test" title="Cardiac stress test">Testing when exercising</a> can be used to provoke an abnormality or an ECG can be worn for a longer period such as a 24-hour <a href="/wiki/Holter_monitor" title="Holter monitor">Holter monitor</a> if a suspected rhythm abnormality is not present at the time of assessment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2010528–530-92">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imaging">Imaging</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_imaging" title="Cardiac imaging">Cardiac imaging</a></div> Several <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">imaging</a> methods can be used to assess the anatomy and function of the heart, including <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a> (<a href="/wiki/Echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">echocardiography</a>), <a href="/wiki/Angiography" title="Angiography">angiography</a>, <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT</a>, <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">PET, scans</a>. An echocardiogram is an ultrasound of the heart used to measure the heart's function, assess for valve disease, and look for any abnormalities. Echocardiography can be conducted by a probe on the chest (<a href="/wiki/Transthoracic_echocardiogram" title="Transthoracic echocardiogram">transthoracic</a>), or by a probe in the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transesophageal_echocardiogram" title="Transesophageal echocardiogram">transesophageal</a>). A typical echocardiography report will include information about the width of the valves noting any <a href="/wiki/Stenosis" title="Stenosis">stenosis</a>, whether there is any backflow of blood (<a href="/wiki/Regurgitation_(circulation)" title="Regurgitation (circulation)">regurgitation</a>) and information about the blood volumes at the end of systole and diastole, including an <a href="/wiki/Ejection_fraction" title="Ejection fraction">ejection fraction</a>, which describes how much blood is ejected from the left and right ventricles after systole. Ejection fraction can then be obtained by dividing the volume ejected by the heart (stroke volume) by the volume of the filled heart (end-diastolic volume).<a href="#cite_note-94">[86]</a> Echocardiograms can also be conducted under circumstances when the body is more stressed, in order to examine for signs of lack of blood supply. This <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_stress_test" title="Cardiac stress test">cardiac stress test</a> involves either direct exercise, or where this is not possible, injection of a drug such as <a href="/wiki/Dobutamine" title="Dobutamine">dobutamine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2010522–536-85">[78]</a> CT scans, <a href="/wiki/Chest_X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest X-rays">chest X-rays</a> and other forms of imaging can help evaluate the heart's size, evaluate for signs of <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_oedema" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary oedema">pulmonary oedema</a>, and indicate whether there is <a href="/wiki/Pericardial_effusion" title="Pericardial effusion">fluid around the heart</a>. They are also useful for evaluating the aorta, the major blood vessel which leaves the heart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2010522–536-85">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3></div> Diseases affecting the heart can be treated by a variety of methods including lifestyle modification, drug treatment, and surgery. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ischemic_heart_disease_2">Ischemic heart disease</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">Coronary artery disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery" title="Coronary artery bypass surgery">Coronary artery bypass surgery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coronary_stent" title="Coronary stent">Coronary stent</a></div>Narrowings of the coronary arteries (ischemic heart disease) are treated to relieve symptoms of chest pain caused by a partially narrowed artery (angina pectoris), to minimise heart muscle damage when an artery is completely occluded (<a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a>), or to prevent a myocardial infarction from occurring. Medications to improve angina symptoms include <a href="/wiki/Medical_use_of_nitroglycerin" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical use of nitroglycerin">nitroglycerin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">beta blockers</a>, and calcium channel blockers, while preventative treatments include <a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug" title="Antiplatelet drug">antiplatelets</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">statins</a>, lifestyle measures such as stopping smoking and weight loss, and treatment of risk factors such as high blood pressure and diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-95">[87]</a> In addition to using medications, narrowed heart arteries can be treated by expanding the narrowings or redirecting the flow of blood to bypass an obstruction. This may be performed using a <a href="/wiki/Percutaneous_coronary_intervention" title="Percutaneous coronary intervention">percutaneous coronary intervention</a>, during which narrowings can be expanded by passing small balloon-tipped wires into the coronary arteries, inflating the balloon to expand the narrowing, and sometimes leaving behind a metal scaffold known as a stent to keep the artery open.<a href="#cite_note-:0-96">[88]</a> If the narrowings in coronary arteries are unsuitable for treatment with a percutaneous coronary intervention, open surgery may be required. A <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery" title="Coronary artery bypass surgery">coronary artery bypass graft</a> can be performed, whereby a blood vessel from another part of the body (the <a href="/wiki/Great_saphenous_vein" title="Great saphenous vein">saphenous vein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radial_artery" title="Radial artery">radial artery</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Internal_thoracic_artery" title="Internal thoracic artery">internal mammary artery</a>) is used to redirect blood from a point before the narrowing (typically the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a>) to a point beyond the obstruction.<a href="#cite_note-:0-96">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2010585–588,_614–623-97">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Valvular_heart_disease_2">Valvular heart disease</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Artificial_heart_valve" title="Artificial heart valve">Artificial heart valve</a></div>Diseased heart valves that have become abnormally narrow or abnormally leaky may require surgery. This is traditionally performed as an open surgical procedure to replace the damaged heart valve with a tissue or metallic <a href="/wiki/Artificial_heart_valve" title="Artificial heart valve">prosthetic valve</a>. In some circumstances, the <a href="/wiki/Tricuspid_valve" title="Tricuspid valve">tricuspid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve" title="Mitral valve">mitral</a> valves can be repaired <a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve_repair" title="Mitral valve repair">surgically</a>, avoiding the need for a valve replacement. Heart valves can also be treated percutaneously, using techniques that share many similarities with percutaneous coronary intervention. <a href="/wiki/Transcatheter_Aortic_Valve_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement">Transcatheter aortic valve replacement</a> is increasingly used for patients consider very high risk for open valve replacement.<a href="#cite_note-:4-67">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cardiac_arrhythmias_2">Cardiac arrhythmias</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart arrhythmia">Heart arrhythmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiofrequency_ablation" title="Radiofrequency ablation">Radiofrequency ablation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker" title="Artificial cardiac pacemaker">Artificial cardiac pacemaker</a></div>Abnormal heart rhythms (<a href="/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart arrhythmia">arrhythmias</a>) can be treated using antiarrhythmic drugs. These may work by manipulating the flow of electrolytes across the cell membrane (such as <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">calcium channel blockers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">sodium channel blockers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">amiodarone</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Digoxin" title="Digoxin">digoxin</a>), or modify the autonomic nervous system's effect on the heart (<a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">beta blockers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">atropine</a>). In some arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation which increase the risk of stroke, this risk can be reduced using anticoagulants such as <a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">warfarin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Novel_oral_anticoagulants" class="mw-redirect" title="Novel oral anticoagulants">novel oral anticoagulants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-69">[62]</a> If medications fail to control an arrhythmia, another treatment option may be <a href="/wiki/Catheter_ablation" title="Catheter ablation">catheter ablation</a>. In these procedures, wires are passed from a <a href="/wiki/Femoral_vein" title="Femoral vein">vein</a> or <a href="/wiki/Femoral_artery" title="Femoral artery">artery</a> in the leg to the heart to find the abnormal area of tissue that is causing the arrhythmia. The abnormal tissue can be intentionally damaged, or ablated, by <a href="/wiki/Radiofrequency_ablation" title="Radiofrequency ablation">heating</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cryoablation" title="Cryoablation">freezing</a> to prevent further heart rhythm disturbances. Whilst the majority of arrhythmias can be treated using minimally invasive catheter techniques, some arrhythmias (particularly <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a>) can also be treated using open or <a href="/wiki/Thoracoscopy" title="Thoracoscopy">thoracoscopic</a> surgery, either at the time of other cardiac surgery or as a standalone procedure. A <a href="/wiki/Cardioversion" title="Cardioversion">cardioversion</a>, whereby an electric shock is used to stun the heart out of an abnormal rhythm, may also be used. Cardiac devices in the form of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker" title="Artificial cardiac pacemaker">pacemakers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Defibrillation" title="Defibrillation">implantable defibrillators</a> may also be required to treat arrhythmias. Pacemakers, comprising a small battery powered generator implanted under the skin and one or more leads that extend to the heart, are most commonly used to treat abnormally <a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">slow heart rhythms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-70">[63]</a> Implantable defibrillators are used to treat serious life-threatening rapid heart rhythms. These devices monitor the heart, and if dangerous heart racing is detected can automatically deliver a shock to restore the heart to a normal rhythm. Implantable defibrillators are most commonly used in patients with heart failure, <a href="/wiki/Cardiomyopathy" title="Cardiomyopathy">cardiomyopathies</a>, or inherited arrhythmia syndromes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heart_failure_2">Heart failure</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">Heart failure</a></div>As well as addressing the underlying cause for a patient's heart failure (most commonly <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">ischemic heart disease</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>), the mainstay of heart failure treatment is with medication. These include drugs to prevent fluid from accumulating in the lungs by increasing the amount of urine a patient produces (<a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">diuretics</a>), and drugs that attempt to preserve the pumping function of the heart (<a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">beta blockers</a>, <a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antimineralocorticoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimineralocorticoid">mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:2-66">[59]</a> In some patients with heart failure, a specialised pacemaker known as <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_resynchronization_therapy" title="Cardiac resynchronization therapy">cardiac resynchronisation therapy</a> can be used to improve the heart's pumping efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-:1-70">[63]</a> These devices are frequently combined with a defibrillator. In very severe cases of heart failure, a small pump called a <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_assist_device" title="Ventricular assist device">ventricular assist device</a> may be implanted which supplements the heart's own pumping ability. In the most severe cases, a <a href="/wiki/Heart_transplantation" title="Heart transplantation">cardiac transplant</a> may be considered.<a href="#cite_note-:2-66">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_vinci,_Heart_and_its_Blood_Vessels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Heart_and_its_Blood_Vessels.jpg/220px-Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Heart_and_its_Blood_Vessels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Heart_and_its_Blood_Vessels.jpg/330px-Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Heart_and_its_Blood_Vessels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Heart_and_its_Blood_Vessels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>Heart and its blood vessels, by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, 15th century</figcaption></figure> Humans have known about the heart since ancient times, although its precise function and anatomy were not clearly understood.<a href="#cite_note-USYD2016-98">[90]</a> From the primarily religious views of earlier societies towards the heart, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> are considered to have been the primary seat of scientific understanding of the heart in the ancient world.<a href="#cite_note-Anaemia2010-99">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Katz2008-100">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aird2011-101">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> considered the heart to be the organ responsible for creating blood; <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> considered the heart as the source of circulating blood and <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> noted blood circulating cyclically from the body through the heart to the lungs.<a href="#cite_note-Anaemia2010-99">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aird2011-101">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Erasistratos" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasistratos">Erasistratos</a> (304–250 BCE) noted the heart as a pump, causing dilation of blood vessels, and noted that arteries and veins both radiate from the heart, becoming progressively smaller with distance, although he believed they were filled with air and not blood. He also discovered the heart valves.<a href="#cite_note-Anaemia2010-99">[91]</a> The Greek physician <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> (2nd century CE) knew blood vessels carried blood and identified venous (dark red) and arterial (brighter and thinner) blood, each with distinct and separate functions.<a href="#cite_note-Anaemia2010-99">[91]</a> Galen, noting the heart as the hottest organ in the body, concluded that it provided heat to the body.<a href="#cite_note-Aird2011-101">[93]</a> The heart did not pump blood around, the heart's motion sucked blood in during diastole and the blood moved by the pulsation of the arteries themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Aird2011-101">[93]</a> Galen believed the arterial blood was created by venous blood passing from the left ventricle to the right through 'pores' between the ventricles.<a href="#cite_note-USYD2016-98">[90]</a> Air from the lungs passed from the lungs via the pulmonary artery to the left side of the heart and created arterial blood.<a href="#cite_note-Aird2011-101">[93]</a> These ideas went unchallenged for almost a thousand years.<a href="#cite_note-USYD2016-98">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aird2011-101">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-modern">Pre-modern</h3></div> The earliest descriptions of the <a href="/wiki/Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">coronary</a> and pulmonary circulation systems can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Commentary_on_Anatomy_in_Avicenna%27s_Canon" title="Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon">Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon</a>, published in 1242 by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Michelakis-102">[94]</a> In his manuscript, al-Nafis wrote that blood passes through the pulmonary circulation instead of moving from the right to the left ventricle as previously believed by Galen.<a href="#cite_note-West2008-103">[95]</a> His work was later translated into <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Alpago" title="Andrea Alpago">Andrea Alpago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[96]</a> In Europe, the teachings of Galen continued to dominate the academic community and his doctrines were adopted as the official canon of the Church. <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius" title="Andreas Vesalius">Andreas Vesalius</a> questioned some of Galen's beliefs of the heart in <a href="/wiki/De_humani_corporis_fabrica" class="mw-redirect" title="De humani corporis fabrica">De humani corporis fabrica</a> (1543), but his <a href="/wiki/Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">magnum opus</a> was interpreted as a challenge to the authorities and he was subjected to a number of attacks.<a href="#cite_note-west2014-105">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Servetus" title="Michael Servetus">Michael Servetus</a> wrote in <a href="/wiki/Christianismi_Restitutio" title="Christianismi Restitutio">Christianismi Restitutio</a> (1553) that blood flows from one side of the heart to the other via the lungs.<a href="#cite_note-west2014-105">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animated_Heart_-_Old_Textbook_style.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Animated_Heart_-_Old_Textbook_style.gif/220px-Animated_Heart_-_Old_Textbook_style.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Animated_Heart_-_Old_Textbook_style.gif/330px-Animated_Heart_-_Old_Textbook_style.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Animated_Heart_-_Old_Textbook_style.gif/440px-Animated_Heart_-_Old_Textbook_style.gif 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption>Animated heart</figcaption></figure> A breakthrough in understanding the flow of blood through the heart and body came with the publication of <a href="/wiki/Exercitatio_Anatomica_de_Motu_Cordis_et_Sanguinis_in_Animalibus" title="Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus">De Motu Cordis</a> (1628) by the English physician <a href="/wiki/William_Harvey" title="William Harvey">William Harvey</a>. Harvey's book completely describes the systemic circulation and the mechanical force of the heart, leading to an overhaul of the Galenic doctrines.<a href="#cite_note-Aird2011-101">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Frank_(physiologist)" title="Otto Frank (physiologist)">Otto Frank</a> (1865–1944) was a German physiologist; among his many published works are detailed studies of this important heart relationship. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Starling" title="Ernest Starling">Ernest Starling</a> (1866–1927) was an important English physiologist who also studied the heart. Although they worked largely independently, their combined efforts and similar conclusions have been recognized in the name "<a href="/wiki/Frank%E2%80%93Starling_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank–Starling mechanism">Frank–Starling mechanism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-CNX2014-14">[8]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Purkinje_fibers" title="Purkinje fibers">Purkinje fibers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bundle_of_His" title="Bundle of His">bundle of His</a> were discovered as early as the 19th century, their specific role in the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conduction_system_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conduction system of the heart">electrical conduction system of the heart</a> remained unknown until <a href="/wiki/Sunao_Tawara" title="Sunao Tawara">Sunao Tawara</a> published his monograph, titled <a href="/wiki/Das_Reizleitungssystem_des_S%C3%A4ugetierherzens" title="Das Reizleitungssystem des Säugetierherzens">Das Reizleitungssystem des Säugetierherzens</a>, in 1906. Tawara's discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_node" title="Atrioventricular node">atrioventricular node</a> prompted <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Keith" title="Arthur Keith">Arthur Keith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Flack" title="Martin Flack">Martin Flack</a> to look for similar structures in the heart, leading to their discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Sinoatrial_node" title="Sinoatrial node">sinoatrial node</a> several months later. These structures form the anatomical basis of the electrocardiogram, whose inventor, <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a>, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-106">[98]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Heart_transplantation" title="Heart transplantation">heart transplant</a> in a human ever performed was by <a href="/wiki/James_Hardy_(surgeon)" title="James Hardy (surgeon)">James Hardy</a> in 1964, using a chimpanzee heart, but the patient died within 2 hours.<a href="#cite_note-107">[99]</a> The first human to human heart transplantation was performed in 1967 by the South African surgeon <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard" title="Christiaan Barnard">Christiaan Barnard</a> at <a href="/wiki/Groote_Schuur_Hospital" title="Groote Schuur Hospital">Groote Schuur Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[101]</a> This marked an important milestone in <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">cardiac surgery</a>, capturing the attention of both the medical profession and the world at large. However, long-term survival rates of patients were initially very low. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Washkansky" title="Louis Washkansky">Louis Washkansky</a>, the first recipient of a donated heart, died 18 days after the operation while other patients did not survive for more than a few weeks.<a href="#cite_note-110">[102]</a> The American surgeon <a href="/wiki/Norman_Shumway" title="Norman Shumway">Norman Shumway</a> has been credited for his efforts to improve transplantation techniques, along with pioneers <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lower_(surgeon)" title="Richard Lower (surgeon)">Richard Lower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Demikhov" title="Vladimir Demikhov">Vladimir Demikhov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Kantrowitz" title="Adrian Kantrowitz">Adrian Kantrowitz</a>. As of March 2000, more than 55,000 heart transplantations have been performed worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-111">[103]</a> The first successful transplant of a heart from a <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">genetically modified</a> pig to a human in which the patient lived for a longer time, was performed January 7, 2022 in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> by heart surgeon <a href="/wiki/Bartley_P._Griffith" title="Bartley P. Griffith">Bartley P. Griffith</a>, recipient was David Bennett (57) this successfully extended his life until 8 March 2022 (1 month and 30 days).<a href="#cite_note-112">[104]</a> By the middle of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">heart disease</a> had surpassed infectious disease as the leading cause of death in the United States, and it is currently the leading cause of deaths worldwide. Since 1948, the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Framingham_Heart_Study" title="Framingham Heart Study">Framingham Heart Study</a> has shed light on the effects of various influences on the heart, including diet, exercise, and common medications such as aspirin. Although the introduction of <a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">beta blockers</a> has improved the management of chronic heart failure, the disease continues to be an enormous medical and societal burden, with 30 to 40% of patients dying within a year of receiving the diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-113">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_symbol" title="Heart symbol">Heart symbol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blood#Cultural_and_religious_beliefs" title="Blood">Blood § Cultural and religious beliefs</a></div> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid blue; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: right; float: right; margin-right: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var( --color-base ); text-align: center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F34.png?6be6f" height="17" title="F34" alt="F34" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: navajowhite; color:black; border-bottom: 1px solid peru; padding: 0.5em">jb (F34) "heart" in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Heart_coraz%C3%B3n.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Heart_coraz%C3%B3n.svg/100px-Heart_coraz%C3%B3n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Heart_coraz%C3%B3n.svg/150px-Heart_coraz%C3%B3n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Heart_coraz%C3%B3n.svg/200px-Heart_coraz%C3%B3n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="130" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Common <a href="/wiki/Heart_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart (symbol)">heart symbol</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%D0%93%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8.png/100px-%D0%93%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%D0%93%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8.png/150px-%D0%93%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/%D0%93%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8.png 2x" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="175" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Letter <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:ღ">ღ</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian script">Georgian script</a> is often used as a "heart" symbol.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%BF%83-bigseal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%E5%BF%83-bigseal.svg/100px-%E5%BF%83-bigseal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%E5%BF%83-bigseal.svg/150px-%E5%BF%83-bigseal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%E5%BF%83-bigseal.svg/200px-%E5%BF%83-bigseal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">seal script</a> glyph for "heart" (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> sim)</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amaranthe_-_Wacken_Open_Air_2018-2480.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Amaranthe_-_Wacken_Open_Air_2018-2480.jpg/220px-Amaranthe_-_Wacken_Open_Air_2018-2480.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Amaranthe_-_Wacken_Open_Air_2018-2480.jpg/330px-Amaranthe_-_Wacken_Open_Air_2018-2480.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Amaranthe_-_Wacken_Open_Air_2018-2480.jpg/440px-Amaranthe_-_Wacken_Open_Air_2018-2480.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4480" data-file-height="5981" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elize_Ryd" title="Elize Ryd">Elize Ryd</a> making a heart sign at a concert in 2018</figcaption></figure> As one of the vital organs, the heart was long identified as the center of the entire body, the seat of life, or emotion, or reason, will, intellect, purpose or the mind.<a href="#cite_note-WATKINS-114">[106]</a> The heart is an emblematic symbol in many religions, signifying "truth, conscience or moral courage in many religions—the temple or throne of God in Islamic and <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a> thought; the divine centre, or <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">atman</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Third_eye" title="Third eye">third eye</a> of transcendent wisdom in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>; the diamond of purity and essence of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> centre of understanding."<a href="#cite_note-WATKINS-114">[106]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, the word for heart, lev, is used in these meanings, as the seat of emotion, the mind, and referring to the anatomical organ. It is also connected in function and symbolism to the stomach.<a href="#cite_note-115">[107]</a> An important part of the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian soul">soul</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian religion</a> was thought to be the heart, or ib. The ib or metaphysical heart was believed to be formed from one drop of blood from the child's mother's heart, taken at conception.<a href="#cite_note-116">[108]</a> To ancient Egyptians, the heart was the seat of <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thought</a>, will, and <a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">intention</a>. This is evidenced by <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> expressions which incorporate the word ib, such as Awi-ib for "happy" (literally, "long of heart"), Xak-ib for "estranged" (literally, "truncated of heart").<a href="#cite_note-117">[109]</a> In Egyptian religion, the heart was the key to the afterlife. It was conceived as surviving death in the nether world, where it gave evidence for, or against, its possessor. The heart was therefore not removed from the body during mummification, and was believed to be the center of intelligence and feeling, and needed in the afterlife.<a href="#cite_note-118">[110]</a> It was thought that the heart was examined by <a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a> and a variety of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities" title="Ancient Egyptian deities">deities</a> during the Weighing of the Heart ceremony. If the heart weighed more than the feather of <a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a>, which symbolized the ideal standard of behavior. If the scales balanced, it meant the heart's possessor had lived a just life and could enter the afterlife; if the heart was heavier, it would be devoured by the monster <a href="/wiki/Ammit" title="Ammit">Ammit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[111]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> character for "heart", 心, derives from a comparatively realistic depiction of a heart (indicating the heart chambers) in <a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">seal script</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[112]</a> The Chinese word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83#Mandarin" class="extiw" title="wikt:心">xīn</a> also takes the metaphorical meanings of "mind", "intention", or "core", and is often translated as "heart-mind" as the ancient Chinese believed the heart was the center of human cognition.<a href="#cite_note-121">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heart_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Heart (Chinese medicine)">In Chinese medicine</a>, the heart is seen as the center of <a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">神 shén</a> "spirit, consciousness".<a href="#cite_note-122">[114]</a> The heart is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a>, governs the <a href="/wiki/Zang-fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zang-fu">six organs and five viscera</a>, and belongs to fire in the five elements.<a href="#cite_note-123">[115]</a> The Sanskrit word for heart is hṛd or hṛdaya, found in the oldest surviving Sanskrit text, the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>. In Sanskrit, it may mean both the anatomical object and "mind" or "soul", representing the seat of emotion. Hrd may be a cognate of the word for heart in Greek, Latin, and English.<a href="#cite_note-124">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[117]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical</a> philosophers and scientists, including <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, considered the heart the seat of thought, <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a>, or emotion, often disregarding the brain as contributing to those functions.<a href="#cite_note-126">[118]</a> The identification of the heart as the seat of <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotions</a> in particular is due to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> physician <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>, who also located the seat of the passions in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, and the seat of reason in the brain.<a href="#cite_note-127">[119]</a> The heart also played a role in the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> system of belief. The most common form of human sacrifice practiced by the Aztecs was heart-extraction. The Aztec believed that the heart (tona) was both the seat of the individual and a fragment of the Sun's heat (istli). To this day, the Nahua consider the Sun to be a heart-soul (tona-tiuh): "round, hot, pulsating".<a href="#cite_note-128">[120]</a> Indigenous leaders from Alaska to Australia came together in 2020 to deliver a message to the world that humanity needs to shift from the mind to the heart, and let our heart be in charge of what we do.<a href="#cite_note-:5-129">[121]</a> The message was made into a film, which highlighted that humanity must open their hearts to restore balance to the world.<a href="#cite_note-130">[122]</a> Kumu Sabra Kauka, a Hawaiian studies educator and tradition bearer summed up the message of the film saying "Listen to your heart. Follow your path. May it be clear, and for the good of all."<a href="#cite_note-:5-129">[121]</a> The film was led by Illarion Merculieff from the <a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a> (Unangan) tribe. Merculieff has written that Unangan Elders referred to the heart as a "source of wisdom", "a deeper portal of profound interconnectedness and awareness that exists between humans and all living things".<a href="#cite_note-131">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[124]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, there has been a long tradition of veneration of the heart, stemming from worship of the wounds of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> which gained prominence from the mid sixteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-133">[125]</a> This tradition influenced the development of the medieval Christian <a href="/wiki/Catholic_devotions" title="Catholic devotions">devotion</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Heart of Jesus">Sacred Heart of Jesus</a> and the parallel veneration of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Immaculate Heart of Mary">Immaculate Heart of Mary</a>, made popular by <a href="/wiki/John_Eudes" title="John Eudes">John Eudes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[126]</a> There are also many references to the heart in the Christian Bible, including "Blessed are the pure in heart, for they will see God",<a href="#cite_note-135">[127]</a> "Above all else, guard your heart, for everything you do flows from it",<a href="#cite_note-136">[128]</a> "For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also",<a href="#cite_note-137">[129]</a> "For as a man thinks in his heart, so shall he be."<a href="#cite_note-138">[130]</a> The expression of a <a href="/wiki/Broken_heart" title="Broken heart">broken heart</a> is a cross-cultural reference to <a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">grief</a> for a lost one or to unfulfilled <a href="/wiki/Romantic_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic love">romantic love</a>. The notion of "<a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a>'s arrows" is ancient, due to <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, but while Ovid describes Cupid as wounding his victims with his arrows, it is not made explicit that it is the heart that is wounded. The familiar iconography of Cupid shooting little <a href="/wiki/Heart_shape" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart shape">heart symbols</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> theme that became tied to <a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WATKINS-114">[106]</a> In certain <a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans-New Guinea languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Foi_language" title="Foi language">Foi</a> and Momoona, the heart and seat of emotions are <a href="/wiki/Colexification" title="Colexification">colexified</a>, meaning they share the same word.<a href="#cite_note-139">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3></div> Animal hearts are widely consumed as a type of <a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">offal</a>. As they are almost entirely muscle, they are high in protein. They are often included in dishes with other internal organs, for example in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">pan-Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Kokoretsi" title="Kokoretsi">kokoretsi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicken_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken (food)">Chicken</a> hearts are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Giblets" title="Giblets">giblets</a>, and are often grilled on skewers; examples of this are <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Yakitori" title="Yakitori">hāto yakitori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian</a> <a href="/wiki/Churrasco" title="Churrasco">churrasco de coração</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Satay" title="Satay">chicken heart satay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[132]</a> They can also be pan-fried, as in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_mixed_grill" title="Jerusalem mixed grill">Jerusalem mixed grill</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian cuisine</a>, they can be used, finely chopped, as part of <a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">stuffing</a> for chicken.<a href="#cite_note-141">[133]</a> Many recipes combined them with other giblets, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican</a> pollo en menudencias<a href="#cite_note-142">[134]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a> ragu iz kurinyikh potrokhov.<a href="#cite_note-143">[135]</a> The hearts of beef, pork, and mutton can generally be interchanged in recipes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As heart is a hard-working muscle, it makes for "firm and rather dry" meat,<a href="#cite_note-144">[136]</a> so is generally slow-cooked. Another way of dealing with toughness is to <a href="/wiki/Julienning" title="Julienning">julienne</a> the meat, as in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> stir-fried heart.<a href="#cite_note-145">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a> heart is valued for its high meat quality and low price, being commonly disregarded in conventional meat pricing. It can be cut into <a href="/wiki/Steaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Steaks">steaks</a>, comparable in quality to the more expensive cuts of meat from the same animal, though it is distinguished by a lack of a discernible grain. It was historically eaten in the United States as a cost-saving measure, but is today also eaten as an independently desirable ingredient.<a href="#cite_note-146">[138]</a> Beef heart may be grilled or braised.<a href="#cite_note-joy-147">[139]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian</a> <a href="/wiki/Anticuchos" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticuchos">anticuchos de corazón</a>, barbecued beef hearts are grilled after being tenderized through long <a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">marination</a> in a spice and vinegar mixture. An <a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a> recipe for "mock goose" is actually braised stuffed beef heart.<a href="#cite_note-148">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a> heart can be stewed, poached, braised,<a href="#cite_note-149">[141]</a> or made into sausage. The <a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese</a> oret is a sort of <a href="/wiki/Blood_sausage" title="Blood sausage">blood sausage</a> made with pig heart and blood. A <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> recipe for cœur de porc à l'orange is made of braised heart with an orange sauce. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertebrates">Vertebrates</h3></div> The size of the heart varies among the different animal <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">groups</a>, with hearts in <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> ranging from those of the smallest mice (12 mg) to the blue whale (600 kg).<a href="#cite_note-150">[142]</a> In vertebrates, the heart lies in the middle of the ventral part of the body, surrounded by a <a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">pericardium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hyman1992-151">[143]</a> which in some fish may be connected to the <a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">peritoneum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[144]</a> In all vertebrates, the heart has an asymmetric orientation, almost always on the left side. According to one theory, this is caused by a <a href="/wiki/Axial_twist_theory" title="Axial twist theory">developmental axial twist</a> in the early embryo.<a href="#cite_note-Lussanet2012-153">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-lussanet2019-154">[146]</a> The sinoatrial node is found in all <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniotes</a> but not in more primitive vertebrates. In these animals, the muscles of the heart are relatively continuous, and the sinus venosus coordinates the beat, which passes in a wave through the remaining chambers. Since the sinus venosus is incorporated into the right atrium in amniotes, it is likely <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> with the SA node. In teleosts, with their vestigial sinus venosus, the main centre of coordination is, instead, in the atrium. The rate of heartbeat varies enormously between different species, ranging from around 20 beats per minute in <a href="/wiki/Codfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Codfish">codfish</a> to around 600 in <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a><a href="#cite_note-VB-155">[147]</a> and up to 1,200 bpm in the <a href="/wiki/Ruby-throated_hummingbird" title="Ruby-throated hummingbird">ruby-throated hummingbird</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Double_circulatory_systems">Double circulatory systems</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Reptile#Circulation" title="Reptile">Reptile § Circulation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Snake#Internal_organs" title="Snake">Snake § Internal organs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copy_of_Ap_Bio_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Copy_of_Ap_Bio_2.svg/220px-Copy_of_Ap_Bio_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Copy_of_Ap_Bio_2.svg/330px-Copy_of_Ap_Bio_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Copy_of_Ap_Bio_2.svg/440px-Copy_of_Ap_Bio_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>A cross section of a three-chambered adult amphibian heart. Note the single ventricle. The purple regions represent areas where mixing of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood occurs. <div><ol><li>Pulmonary vein</li><li>Left atrium</li><li>Right atrium</li><li>Ventricle</li><li>Conus arteriosus</li><li>Sinus venosus</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> Adult <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> have a <a href="/wiki/Double_circulatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Double circulatory system">double circulatory system</a>, meaning a circulatory system divided into arterial and venous parts. However, the heart itself is not completely separated into two sides. Instead, it is separated into three chambers—two atria and one ventricle. Blood returning from both the systemic circulation and the lungs is returned, and blood is pumped simultaneously into the systemic circulation and the lungs. The double system allows blood to circulate to and from the lungs which deliver oxygenated blood directly to the heart.<a href="#cite_note-GRIMM2015-157">[149]</a> In reptiles, other than <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>, the heart is usually situated around the middle of the thorax. In terrestrial and arboreal snakes, it is usually located nearer to the head; in aquatic species the heart is more centrally located.<a href="#cite_note-Seymour-158">[150]</a> There is a heart with three chambers: two atria and one ventricle. The form and function of these hearts are different from mammalian hearts due to the fact that snakes have an elongated body, and thus are affected by different environmental factors. In particular, the snake's heart relative to the position in their body has been influenced greatly by gravity. Therefore, snakes that are larger in size tend to have a higher <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> due to gravitational change.<a href="#cite_note-Seymour-158">[150]</a> The ventricle is incompletely separated into two-halves by a wall (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/septum" class="extiw" title="wikt:septum">septum</a>), with a considerable gap near the pulmonary artery and aortic openings. In most reptilian species, there appears to be little, if any, mixing between the bloodstreams, so the aorta receives, essentially, only oxygenated blood.<a href="#cite_note-VB-155">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-GRIMM2015-157">[149]</a> The exception to this rule is <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a>, which have a four-chambered heart.<a href="#cite_note-COLVILLE2015-159">[151]</a> In the heart of <a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">lungfish</a>, the septum extends partway into the ventricle. This allows for some degree of separation between the de-oxygenated bloodstream destined for the lungs and the oxygenated stream that is delivered to the rest of the body. The absence of such a division in living amphibian species may be partly due to the amount of respiration that occurs through the skin; thus, the blood returned to the heart through the venae cavae is already partially oxygenated. As a result, there may be less need for a finer division between the two bloodstreams than in lungfish or other <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a>. Nonetheless, in at least some species of amphibian, the spongy nature of the ventricle does seem to maintain more of a separation between the bloodstreams. Also, the original valves of the <a href="/wiki/Conus_arteriosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Conus arteriosus">conus arteriosus</a> have been replaced by a spiral valve that divides it into two parallel parts, thereby helping to keep the two bloodstreams separate.<a href="#cite_note-VB-155">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_division">Full division</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">Archosaurs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">crocodilians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> show complete separation of the heart into two pumps for a total of four heart chambers; it is thought that the four-chambered heart of archosaurs evolved independently from that of mammals. In crocodilians, there is a small opening, the <a href="/wiki/Foramen_of_Panizza" title="Foramen of Panizza">foramen of Panizza</a>, at the base of the arterial trunks and there is some degree of mixing between the blood in each side of the heart, during a dive underwater;<a href="#cite_note-nonimportantshunt1-160">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-nonimportantshunt2-161">[153]</a> thus, only in birds and mammals are the two streams of blood—those to the pulmonary and systemic circulations—permanently kept entirely separate by a physical barrier.<a href="#cite_note-VB-155">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish">Fish</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fish_anatomy#Heart" title="Fish anatomy">Fish anatomy § Heart</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_chamber_heart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Two_chamber_heart.svg/220px-Two_chamber_heart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Two_chamber_heart.svg/330px-Two_chamber_heart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Two_chamber_heart.svg/440px-Two_chamber_heart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Blood flow through the fish heart: sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and outflow tract</div></figcaption></figure> The heart evolved no less than 380 million years ago in <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-380m-162">[154]</a> Fish have what is often described as a two-chambered heart,<a href="#cite_note-Jurd2004-163">[155]</a> consisting of one atrium to receive blood and one ventricle to pump it.<a href="#cite_note-Ostrander2000-164">[156]</a> However, the fish heart has entry and exit compartments that may be called chambers, so it is also sometimes described as three-chambered<a href="#cite_note-Ostrander2000-164">[156]</a> or four-chambered,<a href="#cite_note-Farrell2011-165">[157]</a> depending on what is counted as a chamber. The atrium and ventricle are sometimes considered "true chambers", while the others are considered "accessory chambers".<a href="#cite_note-Shukla-166">[158]</a> Primitive fish have a four-chambered heart, but the chambers are arranged sequentially so that this primitive heart is quite unlike the four-chambered hearts of mammals and birds. The first chamber is the <a href="/wiki/Sinus_venosus" title="Sinus venosus">sinus venosus</a>, which collects deoxygenated blood from the body through the <a href="/wiki/Hepatic_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic vein">hepatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_vein_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cardinal vein (disambiguation)">cardinal veins</a>. From here, blood flows into the atrium and then to the powerful muscular ventricle where the main pumping action will take place. The fourth and final chamber is the <a href="/wiki/Conus_arteriosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Conus arteriosus">conus arteriosus</a>, which contains several valves and sends blood to the ventral aorta. The ventral aorta delivers blood to the gills where it is oxygenated and flows, through the <a href="/wiki/Descending_aorta" title="Descending aorta">dorsal aorta</a>, into the rest of the body. (In <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a>, the ventral aorta has divided in two; one half forms the <a href="/wiki/Ascending_aorta" title="Ascending aorta">ascending aorta</a>, while the other forms the pulmonary artery).<a href="#cite_note-VB-155">[147]</a> In the adult fish, the four chambers are not arranged in a straight row but instead form an S-shape, with the latter two chambers lying above the former two. This relatively simple pattern is found in <a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartilaginous fish">cartilaginous fish</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Ray-finned_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray-finned fish">ray-finned fish</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Teleost" title="Teleost">teleosts</a>, the conus arteriosus is very small and can more accurately be described as part of the aorta rather than of the heart proper. The conus arteriosus is not present in any <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniotes</a>, presumably having been absorbed into the ventricles over the course of evolution. Similarly, while the sinus venosus is present as a vestigial structure in some reptiles and birds, it is otherwise absorbed into the right atrium and is no longer distinguishable.<a href="#cite_note-VB-155">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invertebrates">Invertebrates</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Structural_organization_of_the_heart_of_the_mosquito_Anopheles_gambiae_-_image.ppat.v08.i11.g001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Structural_organization_of_the_heart_of_the_mosquito_Anopheles_gambiae_-_image.ppat.v08.i11.g001.png/220px-Structural_organization_of_the_heart_of_the_mosquito_Anopheles_gambiae_-_image.ppat.v08.i11.g001.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Structural_organization_of_the_heart_of_the_mosquito_Anopheles_gambiae_-_image.ppat.v08.i11.g001.png/330px-Structural_organization_of_the_heart_of_the_mosquito_Anopheles_gambiae_-_image.ppat.v08.i11.g001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Structural_organization_of_the_heart_of_the_mosquito_Anopheles_gambiae_-_image.ppat.v08.i11.g001.png/440px-Structural_organization_of_the_heart_of_the_mosquito_Anopheles_gambiae_-_image.ppat.v08.i11.g001.png 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>The tube-like heart (green) of the mosquito <a href="/wiki/Anopheles_gambiae" title="Anopheles gambiae">Anopheles gambiae</a> extends horizontally across the body, interlinked with the diamond-shaped <a href="/wiki/Insect_wing#Muscles" title="Insect wing">wing muscles</a> (also green) and surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">pericardial cells</a> (red). Blue depicts <a href="/wiki/Cell_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell nuclei">cell nuclei</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthropod_body_struct_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Arthropod_body_struct_01.png" decoding="async" width="199" height="61" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="61" /></a><figcaption>Basic <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropod</a> body structure – heart shown in red</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropods</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Mollusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusk">mollusks</a> have an open circulatory system. In this system, deoxygenated blood collects around the heart in cavities (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sinus" class="extiw" title="wikt:sinus">sinuses</a>). This blood slowly permeates the heart through many small one-way channels. The heart then pumps the blood into the <a href="/wiki/Hemocoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemocoel">hemocoel</a>, a cavity between the organs. The heart in arthropods is typically a muscular tube that runs the length of the body, under the back and from the base of the head. Instead of blood the circulatory fluid is <a href="/wiki/Haemolymph" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemolymph">haemolymph</a> which carries the most commonly used <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_pigment" title="Respiratory pigment">respiratory pigment</a>, copper-based <a href="/wiki/Haemocyanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemocyanin">haemocyanin</a> as the oxygen transporter. Haemoglobin is only used by a few arthropods.<a href="#cite_note-SOLOMON2010-167">[159]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cephalopod_systemic_heart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cephalopod_systemic_heart.svg/220px-Cephalopod_systemic_heart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cephalopod_systemic_heart.svg/330px-Cephalopod_systemic_heart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cephalopod_systemic_heart.svg/440px-Cephalopod_systemic_heart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopod</a> heart</figcaption></figure> In some other invertebrates such as <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a>, the circulatory system is not used to transport oxygen and so is much reduced, having no veins or arteries and consisting of two connected tubes. Oxygen travels by diffusion and there are five small muscular vessels that connect these vessels that contract at the front of the animals that can be thought of as "hearts".<a href="#cite_note-SOLOMON2010-167">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">Squids and other cephalopods</a> have two "gill hearts" also known as <a href="/wiki/Branchial_heart" title="Branchial heart">branchial hearts</a>, and one "systemic heart".<a href="#cite_note-168">[160]</a> The branchial hearts have two atria and one ventricle each, and pump to the <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a>, whereas the systemic heart pumps to the body.<a href="#cite_note-169">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Prosser1991-170">[162]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> Only the <a href="/wiki/Chordates" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordates">chordates</a> (including vertebrates) and the <a href="/wiki/Hemichordates" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemichordates">hemichordates</a> have a central "heart", which is a vesicle formed from the thickening of the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> and contracts to pump blood. This suggests a presence of it in the last <a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">common ancestor of these groups</a> (may have been lost in the <a href="/wiki/Echinoderms" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinoderms">echinoderms</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0451_Heart_Anterior.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The human heart viewed from the front"><img alt="The human heart viewed from the front" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Blausen_0451_Heart_Anterior.png/132px-Blausen_0451_Heart_Anterior.png" decoding="async" width="132" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Blausen_0451_Heart_Anterior.png/198px-Blausen_0451_Heart_Anterior.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Blausen_0451_Heart_Anterior.png/264px-Blausen_0451_Heart_Anterior.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The human heart viewed from the front</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0456_Heart_Posterior.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The human heart viewed from behind"><img alt="The human heart viewed from behind" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Blausen_0456_Heart_Posterior.png/132px-Blausen_0456_Heart_Posterior.png" decoding="async" width="132" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Blausen_0456_Heart_Posterior.png/198px-Blausen_0456_Heart_Posterior.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Blausen_0456_Heart_Posterior.png/264px-Blausen_0456_Heart_Posterior.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The human heart viewed from behind</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0260_CoronaryVessels_Anterior.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The coronary circulation"><img alt="The coronary circulation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Blausen_0260_CoronaryVessels_Anterior.png/132px-Blausen_0260_CoronaryVessels_Anterior.png" decoding="async" width="132" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Blausen_0260_CoronaryVessels_Anterior.png/198px-Blausen_0260_CoronaryVessels_Anterior.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Blausen_0260_CoronaryVessels_Anterior.png/264px-Blausen_0260_CoronaryVessels_Anterior.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">coronary circulation</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2008_Internal_Anatomy_of_the_HeartN.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frontal section of the human heart"><img alt="Frontal section of the human heart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/2008_Internal_Anatomy_of_the_HeartN.jpg/172px-2008_Internal_Anatomy_of_the_HeartN.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/2008_Internal_Anatomy_of_the_HeartN.jpg/257px-2008_Internal_Anatomy_of_the_HeartN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/2008_Internal_Anatomy_of_the_HeartN.jpg/343px-2008_Internal_Anatomy_of_the_HeartN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="1159" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frontal section of the human heart</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide2aaaaaa.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="An anatomical specimen of the heart"><img alt="An anatomical specimen of the heart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Slide2aaaaaa.JPG/160px-Slide2aaaaaa.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Slide2aaaaaa.JPG/240px-Slide2aaaaaa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Slide2aaaaaa.JPG/320px-Slide2aaaaaa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An anatomical specimen of the heart</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_Heart_and_Circulatory_System.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Heart illustration with circulatory system"><img alt="Heart illustration with circulatory system" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Human_Heart_and_Circulatory_System.png/180px-Human_Heart_and_Circulatory_System.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Human_Heart_and_Circulatory_System.png/270px-Human_Heart_and_Circulatory_System.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Human_Heart_and_Circulatory_System.png/360px-Human_Heart_and_Circulatory_System.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Heart illustration with circulatory system</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Animated_Heart.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Animated heart 3D model rendered in computer"><img alt="Animated heart 3D model rendered in computer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Animated_Heart.gif/120px-Animated_Heart.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Animated_Heart.gif/180px-Animated_Heart.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Animated_Heart.gif/240px-Animated_Heart.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Animated heart 3D model rendered in computer</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> From the heart to the body </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Arteries that contain deoxygenated blood, from the heart to the lungs </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Supplying blood to the heart itself </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> From the body to the heart </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Veins containing oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Veins that drain blood from the cardiac tissue itself </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Note the muscles do not cause the valves to open. The pressure difference between the blood in the atria and the ventricles does this. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Depolarisation of the ventricles occurs concurrently, but is not significant enough to be detected on an ECG.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2010528–530-92">[85]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> This article incorporates text from the <a href="/wiki/CC_BY" class="mw-redirect" title="CC BY">CC BY</a> book: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnx.org/contents/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@6.27@6.27">OpenStax College, Anatomy & Physiology. OpenStax CNX. 30 July 2014.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMoran2013" class="citation cs2">Moran, Michael E. 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New York: Kaplan Pub. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4195-5281-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4195-5281-6"><bdi>978-1-4195-5281-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504211756/https://books.google.com/books?id=hP7n4Rki02EC&pg=PA154">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CSET+%3A+California+Subject+Examinations+for+Teachers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=154&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Kaplan+Pub.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4195-5281-6&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=C.+Roebuck&rft.au=Brainerd%2C+Lee+Wherry&rft.au=Lee%2C+Rodney&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1jjMzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2008960-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2008960_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy2008960_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGray's_Anatomy2008">Gray's Anatomy 2008</a>, p. 960. </li> <li id="cite_note-CNX2014-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-59">bh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-60">bi</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-61">bj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-62">bk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-63">bl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-64">bm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-65">bn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNX2014_14-66">bo</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetts2013" class="citation book cs1">Betts, J. 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J Diagn Med Sonography. 6 (3): 151–157. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.860.9613">10.1.1.860.9613</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F875647939000600306">10.1177/875647939000600306</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:72955922">72955922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Diagn+Med+Sonography&rft.atitle=Embryonic+Heart+Rate+and+Age&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=151-157&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.860.9613%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A72955922%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F875647939000600306&rft.aulast=DuBose&rft.aufirst=T.J.&rft.au=Cunyus%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fetal_Sonography-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Fetal_Sonography_45-0">^</a> DuBose, T.J. 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Clinical Pharmacist. 2: 395. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128052534/http://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/learning/learning-article/use-of-inotropes-in-critical-care/11049283.article">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Pharmacist&rft.atitle=Use+of+inotropes+in+critical+care&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=395&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=McKenzie%2C+Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pharmaceutical-journal.com%2Flearning%2Flearning-article%2Fuse-of-inotropes-in-critical-care%2F11049283.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OH2010-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OH2010_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OH2010_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBersten,_Andrew2013" class="citation book cs1">Bersten, Andrew (2013). 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The word was also transcribed by <a href="/wiki/E._A._Wallis_Budge" title="E. A. Wallis Budge">Wallis Budge</a> as Ab. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2014" class="citation book cs1">Allen, James P. (2014). Middle Egyptian : an introduction to the language and culture of hieroglyphs (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 453, 465. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-66328-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-66328-2"><bdi>978-1-107-66328-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Egyptian+%3A+an+introduction+to+the+language+and+culture+of+hieroglyphs&rft.pages=453%2C+465&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-66328-2&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/mummies/story/page3.html">"Mummification"</a>. www.ancientegypt.co.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ancientegypt.co.uk&rft.atitle=Mummification&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientegypt.co.uk%2Fmummies%2Fstory%2Fpage3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2001" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, John H. (2001). Death and the afterlife in ancient Egypt. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 35–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-79164-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-79164-7"><bdi>978-0-226-79164-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+and+the+afterlife+in+ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=35-38&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-226-79164-7&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiguiMattos2000" class="citation book cs1">Xigui, Qiu; Mattos, Gilbert L (2000). Chinese writing = Wenzi-xue-gaiyao. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China [u.a.] p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55729-071-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55729-071-7"><bdi>978-1-55729-071-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+writing+%3D+Wenzi-xue-gaiyao&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Society+for+the+Study+of+Early+China+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55729-071-7&rft.aulast=Xigui&rft.aufirst=Qiu&rft.au=Mattos%2C+Gilbert+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> MDBG online dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=%E5%BF%83">"心"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161004224839/http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=%E5%BF%83">Archived</a> 4 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2007" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Flaws, Bob (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKNrg-gG3pgC&pg=PA47">Statements of fact in traditional Chinese medicine</a> (3rd ed.). Boulder, Colo.: Blue Poppy Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-936185-52-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-936185-52-1"><bdi>978-0-936185-52-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414025301/https://books.google.com/books?id=tKNrg-gG3pgC&pg=PA47">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statements+of+fact+in+traditional+Chinese+medicine&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colo.&rft.pages=47&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Blue+Poppy+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-936185-52-1&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Flaws%2C+Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtKNrg-gG3pgC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWisemanYe1998" class="citation book cs1">Wiseman, Nigel; Ye, Feng (1998). A practical dictionary of Chinese medicine (1st ed.). Brookline, MA: Paradigm Publications. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-912111-54-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-912111-54-4"><bdi>978-0-912111-54-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+practical+dictionary+of+Chinese+medicine&rft.place=Brookline%2C+MA&rft.pages=260&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Paradigm+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-912111-54-4&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.au=Ye%2C+Feng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellmer,_Sven2004" class="citation cs2">Sellmer, Sven (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b2qPLswTCSIC&pg=PA71">"The Heart in the Ŗg veda"</a>, in Piotr Balcerowicz; Marek Mejor (eds.), Essays in Indian Philosophy, Religion and Literature, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, pp. 71–83, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1978-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1978-8"><bdi>978-81-208-1978-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206085205/https://books.google.com/books?id=b2qPLswTCSIC&pg=PA71">archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Heart+in+the+%C5%96g+veda&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Indian+Philosophy%2C+Religion+and+Literature&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=71-83&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1978-8&rft.au=Sellmer%2C+Sven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db2qPLswTCSIC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanman1996" class="citation book cs1">Lanman, Charles Rockwell (1996). A Sanskrit reader : text and vocabulary and notes (repr ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1363-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1363-2"><bdi>978-81-208-1363-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit+reader+%3A+text+and+vocabulary+and+notes&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=287&rft.edition=repr&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1363-2&rft.aulast=Lanman&rft.aufirst=Charles+Rockwell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160814220201/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/parts/book3.html">On the Parts of Animals</a>. book 3, ch. 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/parts/book3.html">the original</a> on 14 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Parts+of+Animals&rft.pages=book+3%2C+ch.+4&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.adelaide.edu.au%2Fa%2Faristotle%2Fparts%2Fbook3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> (<a href="/wiki/De_Partibus_Animalium" class="mw-redirect" title="De Partibus Animalium">De partibus animalium</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>, De usu partium corporis humani ("The Use of the Parts of the Human Body"), book 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Sandstrom, Alan (1991) Corn is Our Blood. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 239–240. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-2403-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-2403-2">0-8061-2403-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-earth-day-indigenous-idCAKBN2221G7">"'Listen to your heart': Indigenous elders channel tough love in Earth Day film"</a>. Reuters. 20 April 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=%27Listen+to+your+heart%27%3A+Indigenous+elders+channel+tough+love+in+Earth+Day+film&rft.date=2020-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-earth-day-indigenous-idCAKBN2221G7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomweavers.world/prophecy">"Prophecy"</a>. Wisdom Weavers of the World. Retrieved 20 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wisdom+Weavers+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Prophecy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomweavers.world%2Fprophecy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNature2017" class="citation web cs1">Nature, Center for Humans and (16 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humansandnature.org/out-of-the-head-into-the-heart-the-way-of-the-human-being/">"Out of the Head, Into the Heart: The Way of the Human Being"</a>. Center for Humans and Nature. Retrieved 20 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Humans+and+Nature&rft.atitle=Out+of+the+Head%2C+Into+the+Heart%3A+The+Way+of+the+Human+Being&rft.date=2017-06-16&rft.aulast=Nature&rft.aufirst=Center+for+Humans+and&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumansandnature.org%2Fout-of-the-head-into-the-heart-the-way-of-the-human-being%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBioneers2019" class="citation web cs1">Bioneers (22 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioneers.org/the-indigenous-art-of-following-wisdom-from-the-heart-ze0z1903/">"The Indigenous Art of Following Wisdom from the Heart"</a>. Bioneers. Retrieved 20 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bioneers&rft.atitle=The+Indigenous+Art+of+Following+Wisdom+from+the+Heart&rft.date=2019-03-22&rft.au=Bioneers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbioneers.org%2Fthe-indigenous-art-of-following-wisdom-from-the-heart-ze0z1903%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurian2001" class="citation book cs1">Kurian G (2001). "Sacred Heart of Jesus". Nelson's Dictionary of Christianity: The Authoritative Resource on the Christian World. Thomas Nelson Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4185-3981-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4185-3981-8"><bdi>978-1-4185-3981-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sacred+Heart+of+Jesus&rft.btitle=Nelson%27s+Dictionary+of+Christianity%3A+The+Authoritative+Resource+on+the+Christian+World&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-4185-3981-8&rft.aulast=Kurian&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2013" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Tom Devonshire Jones; Linda Murray; Peter (2013). "Heart". The Oxford dictionary of christian art and architecture (2nd ed.). Corby: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968027-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968027-6"><bdi>978-0-19-968027-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heart&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+dictionary+of+christian+art+and+architecture&rft.place=Corby&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-968027-6&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Tom+Devonshire+Jones%3B+Linda+Murray%3B+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%205%3A8&version=NIV">"Bible Gateway passage: Matthew 5:8 – New International Version"</a>. Bible Gateway. Retrieved 19 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+Matthew+5%3A8+%E2%80%93+New+International+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DMatthew%25205%253A8%26version%3DNIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Proverbs%204%3A23&version=NIV">"Bible Gateway passage: Proverbs 4:23 – New International Version"</a>. Bible Gateway. Retrieved 19 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+Proverbs+4%3A23+%E2%80%93+New+International+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DProverbs%25204%253A23%26version%3DNIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%206%3A21&version=NIV">"Bible Gateway passage: Matthew 6:21 – New International Version"</a>. Bible Gateway. Retrieved 22 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+Matthew+6%3A21+%E2%80%93+New+International+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DMatthew%25206%253A21%26version%3DNIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Proverbs%2023%3A7&version=NKJV">"Bible Gateway passage: Proverbs 23:7 – New King James Version"</a>. Bible Gateway. Retrieved 19 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+Proverbs+23%3A7+%E2%80%93+New+King+James+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DProverbs%252023%253A7%26version%3DNKJV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawleyHammarström" class="citation book cs1">Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald. The Trans New Guinea family. p. 125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trans+New+Guinea+family&rft.pages=125&rft.aulast=Pawley&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Hammarstr%C3%B6m%2C+Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Indonesia Magazine, 25 (1994), p. 67 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Abdennour, Samia (2010) "Firakh mahshiya wi mihammara", recipe 117, Egyptian Cooking: And Other Middle Eastern Recipes, American University in Cairo Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/977-424-926-7" title="Special:BookSources/977-424-926-7">977-424-926-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Diana_Kennedy" title="Diana Kennedy">Kennedy, Diana</a> (2013) My Mexico: A Culinary Odyssey with Recipes, University of Texas Press. p. 100. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-74840-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-74840-X">0-292-74840-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Sacharow, Alla (1993) Classic Russian Cuisine: A Magnificent Selection of More Than 400 Traditional Recipes. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55970-174-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55970-174-9">1-55970-174-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRombauerBeckerBecker1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irma_S._Rombauer" title="Irma S. Rombauer">Rombauer, Irma S.</a>; Becker, Marion Rombauer; Becker, Ethan (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joyofcooking400romb">The Joy of Cooking</a>. The Bobbs-Merrill Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joyofcooking400romb/page/508">508</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-604570-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-604570-4"><bdi>978-0-02-604570-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Joy+of+Cooking&rft.pages=508&rft.pub=The+Bobbs-Merrill+Company&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-02-604570-4&rft.aulast=Rombauer&rft.aufirst=Irma+S.&rft.au=Becker%2C+Marion+Rombauer&rft.au=Becker%2C+Ethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjoyofcooking400romb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Schwabe, Calvin W. (1979) Unmentionable Cuisine, University of Virginia Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-1162-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-1162-1">0-8139-1162-1</a>, p. 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Gray, Melissa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2012/10/25/163618582/beef-heart-an-unexpected-meal-that-spans-generations">"Beef Heart: An Unexpected Meal That Spans Generations"</a>, NPR, 25 October 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-joy-147"><a href="#cite_ref-joy_147-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Irma_S._Rombauer" title="Irma S. Rombauer">Rombauer, Irma S.</a> and Rombauer Becker, Marion (1975) <a href="/wiki/The_Joy_of_Cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="The Joy of Cooking">The Joy of Cooking</a>, p. 508 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Torode, John (2009) Beef: And Other Bovine Matters, Taunton Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-60085-126-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-60085-126-6">1-60085-126-6</a>, p. 230 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Milsom, Jennie (2009) The Connoisseur's Guide to Meat. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 171. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4027-7050-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4027-7050-2">1-4027-7050-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Dobson, Geoffrey P (August 2003). "On Being the Right Size: Heart Design, Mitochondrial Efficiency and Lifespan Potential". Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 30 (8): 590–597. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1440-1681.2003.03876.x">10.1046/j.1440-1681.2003.03876.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12890185">12890185</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41815414">41815414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+and+Experimental+Pharmacology+and+Physiology&rft.atitle=On+Being+the+Right+Size%3A+Heart+Design%2C+Mitochondrial+Efficiency+and+Lifespan+Potential&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=590-597&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41815414%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12890185&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1440-1681.2003.03876.x&rft.aulast=Dobson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyman1992-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Hyman1992_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyman,_L._Henrietta1992" class="citation book cs1">Hyman, L. Henrietta (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VKlWjdOkiMwC&pg=PA448">Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 448–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-87013-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-87013-7"><bdi>978-0-226-87013-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206001900/https://books.google.com/books?id=VKlWjdOkiMwC&pg=PA448">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hyman%27s+Comparative+Vertebrate+Anatomy&rft.pages=448-&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-226-87013-7&rft.au=Hyman%2C+L.+Henrietta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVKlWjdOkiMwC%26pg%3DPA448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuttleworth,_Trevor_J.1988" class="citation book cs1">Shuttleworth, Trevor J., ed. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4VLoCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">Physiology of Elasmobranch Fishes</a>. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-73336-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-73336-9"><bdi>978-3-642-73336-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414054657/https://books.google.com/books?id=4VLoCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physiology+of+Elasmobranch+Fishes&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-3-642-73336-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4VLoCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lussanet2012-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Lussanet2012_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_LussanetOsse2012" class="citation journal cs1">de Lussanet, Marc H.E.; Osse, Jan W.M. (2012). "An ancestral axial twist explains the contralateral forebrain and the optic chiasm in vertebrates". Animal Biology. 62 (2): 193–216. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1003.1872">1003.1872</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157075611X617102">10.1163/157075611X617102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1570-7555">1570-7555</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7399128">7399128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Biology&rft.atitle=An+ancestral+axial+twist+explains+the+contralateral+forebrain+and+the+optic+chiasm+in+vertebrates&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=193-216&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1003.1872&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7399128%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1570-7555&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157075611X617102&rft.aulast=de+Lussanet&rft.aufirst=Marc+H.E.&rft.au=Osse%2C+Jan+W.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lussanet2019-154"><a href="#cite_ref-lussanet2019_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Lussanet2019" class="citation journal cs1">de Lussanet, M.H.E. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557252">"Opposite asymmetries of face and trunk and of kissing and hugging, as predicted by the axial twist hypothesis"</a>. PeerJ. 7: e7096. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.7096">10.7717/peerj.7096</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557252">6557252</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31211022">31211022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PeerJ&rft.atitle=Opposite+asymmetries+of+face+and+trunk+and+of+kissing+and+hugging%2C+as+predicted+by+the+axial+twist+hypothesis&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=e7096&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6557252%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31211022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7717%2Fpeerj.7096&rft.aulast=de+Lussanet&rft.aufirst=M.H.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6557252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VB-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VB_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VB_155-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VB_155-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VB_155-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VB_155-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VB_155-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomerParsons1977" class="citation book cs1">Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. 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Philadelphia: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 437–442. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-910284-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-910284-5"><bdi>978-0-03-910284-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vertebrate+Body&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=437-442&rft.pub=Holt-Saunders+International&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-03-910284-5&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Sherwood&rft.au=Parsons%2C+Thomas+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne1998" class="citation book cs1">Osborne, June (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rubythroatedhumm0000osbo/page/14">The Ruby-Throated Hummingbird</a>. University of Texas Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rubythroatedhumm0000osbo/page/14">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76047-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76047-9"><bdi>978-0-292-76047-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ruby-Throated+Hummingbird&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-292-76047-9&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=June&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frubythroatedhumm0000osbo%2Fpage%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRIMM2015-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GRIMM2015_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRIMM2015_157-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimmLamontTranquilliGreene2015" class="citation book cs1">Grimm, Kurt A.; Lamont, Leigh A.; Tranquilli, William J.; Greene, Stephen A.; Robertson, Sheilah A. 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John Wiley & Sons. p. 418. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-52620-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-52620-0"><bdi>978-1-118-52620-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206212053/https://books.google.com/books?id=WG9uBwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veterinary+Anesthesia+and+Analgesia&rft.pages=418&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-118-52620-0&rft.aulast=Grimm&rft.aufirst=Kurt+A.&rft.au=Lamont%2C+Leigh+A.&rft.au=Tranquilli%2C+William+J.&rft.au=Greene%2C+Stephen+A.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Sheilah+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWG9uBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seymour-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seymour_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seymour_158-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour1987" class="citation journal cs1">Seymour, Roger S. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F27.1.97">"Scaling of Cardiovascular Physiology in Snakes"</a>. Integrative and Comparative Biology. 27 (1): 97–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F27.1.97">10.1093/icb/27.1.97</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-7063">1540-7063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Integrative+and+Comparative+Biology&rft.atitle=Scaling+of+Cardiovascular+Physiology+in+Snakes&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-109&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F27.1.97&rft.issn=1540-7063&rft.aulast=Seymour&rft.aufirst=Roger+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficb%252F27.1.97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-COLVILLE2015-159"><a href="#cite_ref-COLVILLE2015_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColvilleBassert2015" class="citation book cs1">Colville, Thomas P.; Bassert, Joanna M. 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Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 547. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-35620-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-35620-6"><bdi>978-0-323-35620-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206110844/https://books.google.com/books?id=9DMwBwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+Anatomy+and+Physiology+for+Veterinary+Technicians&rft.pages=547&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-323-35620-6&rft.aulast=Colville&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rft.au=Bassert%2C+Joanna+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9DMwBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nonimportantshunt1-160"><a href="#cite_ref-nonimportantshunt1_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCriggJohansen1987" class="citation journal cs1">Crigg, Gordon; Johansen, Kjell (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:9269/_Crocodylus_poro.pdf">"Cardiovascular Dynamics in Crocodylus Porosus Breathing Air And During Voluntary Aerobic Dives"</a> (PDF). Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 157 (3): 381–392. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00693365">10.1007/BF00693365</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28733499">28733499</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828102937/https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/data/UQ_9269/_Crocodylus_poro.pdf?Expires=1630146664&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJKNBJ4MJBJNC6NLQ&Signature=KyKofJBI4oqlJwIFGuf6sY5Y9iqjzCyhkCo7ZN0mWF1e2rird4irPgGfFpXZ-KA91HxOYNgUd2KPb9x4npGjFTRCcMBOU~DwZ9UZf~NZt4zJhhEbAzKghtgVGp6f1q9XSda~v0UEiKJMALjnOK0dIDAuYRjsrGq8JoCs7zDtamTncowHlU3UmtSKbXOdJH6OwFSjhv7pp7t-mNJT28Cfx8F9sV0W1NH~Fu5UyMJQlfodQC00jL-86iSEKMqUXO-86L6I5SFANGQVl7qSNNwO1yL~f6BzXVWS6jSbDlcJ3soZt-tQrL3VqYZfhFQEJuYbFif-ijW2A~cJML0SujYkrA__">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2021. 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The Journal of Experimental Biology. 199 (2): 359–365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.199.2.359">10.1242/jeb.199.2.359</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9317958">9317958</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150303181815/http://jeb.biologists.org/content/199/2/359.full.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2015. 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Garland Science. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85996-325-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85996-325-8"><bdi>978-1-85996-325-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206110614/https://books.google.com/books?id=i9YwWhkHOs4C&pg=PA134">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Instant+Notes+Animal+Biology&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85996-325-8&rft.aulast=Jurd&rft.aufirst=Richard+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di9YwWhkHOs4C%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ostrander2000-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrander2000_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostrander2000_164-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrander2000" class="citation book cs1">Ostrander, Gary Kent (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hp4YSFiSD0IC&pg=PT154">The Laboratory Fish</a>. Elsevier. pp. 154–155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-529650-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-529650-2"><bdi>978-0-12-529650-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206074402/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hp4YSFiSD0IC&pg=PT154">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Laboratory+Fish&rft.pages=154-155&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-12-529650-2&rft.aulast=Ostrander&rft.aufirst=Gary+Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHp4YSFiSD0IC%26pg%3DPT154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farrell2011-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Farrell2011_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell,_Anthony_P2011" class="citation book cs1">Farrell, Anthony P, ed. 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"A congenital malformation of the systemic heart complex in Sepia officinalis L. (Cephalopoda)". Helgoländer Meeresunters. 52, 29–40 (1998). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02908733">10.1007/BF02908733</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729081825/https://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/Invertebrates/Facts/cephalopods/default.cfm">"Meet our animals"</a>. Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/Invertebrates/facts/cephalopods/default.cfm">the original</a> on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+National+Zoological+Park&rft.atitle=Meet+our+animals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalzoo.si.edu%2FAnimals%2FInvertebrates%2Ffacts%2Fcephalopods%2Fdefault.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prosser1991-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Prosser1991_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaddProsser1991" class="citation book cs1">Ladd, Prosser C (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7fQvbFlQBaQC&pg=PA537">Comparative Animal Physiology, Environmental and Metabolic Animal Physiology</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 537–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-85767-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-85767-9"><bdi>978-0-471-85767-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206215610/https://books.google.com/books?id=7fQvbFlQBaQC&pg=PA537">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Animal+Physiology%2C+Environmental+and+Metabolic+Animal+Physiology&rft.pages=537-&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-471-85767-9&rft.au=Ladd&rft.au=Prosser%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7fQvbFlQBaQC%26pg%3DPA537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuyton_&_Hall2011" class="citation book cs1">Hall, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guyton-and-hall-textbook-of-medical-physiology-pdfdrive.com/">Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology</a> (12th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-4574-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-4574-8"><bdi>978-1-4160-4574-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guyton+and+Hall+Textbook+of+Medical+Physiology&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=Saunders%2FElsevier&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-4574-8&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguyton-and-hall-textbook-of-medical-physiology-pdfdrive.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison's2011" class="citation book cs1">Longo, Dan; Fauci, Anthony; Kasper, Dennis; Hauser, Stephen; Jameson, J.; Loscalzo, Joseph (2011). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (18th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-174889-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-174889-6"><bdi>978-0-07-174889-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harrison%27s+Principles+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-07-174889-6&rft.aulast=Longo&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Fauci%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Kasper%2C+Dennis&rft.au=Hauser%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Jameson%2C+J.&rft.au=Loscalzo%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray's_Anatomy2008" class="citation book cs1">Susan Standring; Neil R. Borley; et al., eds. (2008). Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice (40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8089-2371-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8089-2371-8"><bdi>978-0-8089-2371-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gray%27s+anatomy+%3A+the+anatomical+basis+of+clinical+practice&rft.place=London&rft.edition=40th&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8089-2371-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson's2010" class="citation book cs1">Nicki R. Colledge; Brian R. Walker; Stuart H. Ralston, eds. (2010). Davidson's principles and practice of medicine (21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-3085-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-3085-7"><bdi>978-0-7020-3085-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Davidson%27s+principles+and+practice+of+medicine&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.edition=21st&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone%2FElsevier&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7020-3085-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Heart at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Heart" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Heart">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Heart" class="extiw" title="c:Heart">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Heart" class="extiw" title="q:Heart">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Heart" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Heart">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Heart" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Heart">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Heart" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Heart">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-59944889">Transplantation of pig heart to human. BBC, 11 Jan 2022.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NeuLxMXxR40">Heart surgeon Bartley P Griffith talks about the unique transplant of pig heart to human.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hhw/hhw_pumping.html">What Is the Heart?</a> – NIH</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vhlab.umn.edu/atlas/index.shtml">Atlas of Human Cardiac Anatomy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anatomyguy.com/middle-mediastinum-and-heart-review/">Dissection review of the anatomy of the Human Heart including vessels, internal and external features</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/thorax0/heartdev/main_fra.html">Prenatal human heart development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biology-pages.info/A/AnimalHearts.html">Animal hearts: fish, squid</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003c1bh">The Heart</a>, BBC Radio 4 interdisciplinary discussion with David Wootton, Fay Bound Alberti & Jonathan Sawday (In Our Time, 1 June 2006)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Heart">"Heart" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 129–134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heart&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=129-134&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeart" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_heart" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heart_anatomy" title="Template:Heart anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heart_anatomy" title="Template talk:Heart anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heart_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heart anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_heart" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">heart</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Base of the heart">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apex_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Apex of the heart">apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcus_(morphology)" title="Sulcus (morphology)">sulci</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_sulcus" title="Coronary sulcus">coronary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interatrial_sulcus" title="Interatrial sulcus">interatrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_interventricular_sulcus" title="Anterior interventricular sulcus">anterior interventricular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_interventricular_sulcus" title="Posterior interventricular sulcus">posterior interventricular</a></li></ul></li> <li>borders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_border_of_heart" title="Right border of heart">right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_margin_of_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Left margin of heart">left</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">atria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interatrial_septum" title="Interatrial septum">interatrial septum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectinate_muscles" title="Pectinate muscles">pectinate muscles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_sulcus_(heart)" title="Terminal sulcus (heart)">terminal sulcus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">ventricles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interventricular_septum" title="Interventricular septum">interventricular septum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabeculae_carneae" title="Trabeculae carneae">trabeculae carneae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordae_tendineae" title="Chordae tendineae">chordae tendineae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papillary_muscle" title="Papillary muscle">papillary muscle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">valves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusps_of_heart_valves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusps of heart valves">cusps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_septum" title="Atrioventricular septum">atrioventricular septum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_skeleton" title="Cardiac skeleton">cardiac skeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intervenous_tubercle" title="Intervenous tubercle">intervenous tubercle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chambers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Right_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Right heart">Right heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Venae_cavae" title="Venae cavae">venae cavae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronary_sinus" title="Coronary sinus">coronary sinus</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Right_atrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Right atrium">right atrium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Right_atrial_appendage" class="mw-redirect" title="Right atrial appendage">atrial appendage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fossa_ovalis_(heart)" title="Fossa ovalis (heart)">fossa ovalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limbus_of_fossa_ovalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbus of fossa ovalis">limbus of fossa ovalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crista_terminalis" title="Crista terminalis">crista terminalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valve_of_inferior_vena_cava" title="Valve of inferior vena cava">valve of inferior vena cava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valve_of_coronary_sinus" title="Valve of coronary sinus">valve of coronary sinus</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Tricuspid_valve" title="Tricuspid valve">tricuspid valve</a> → <a href="/wiki/Right_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Right ventricle">right ventricle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Infundibulum_(heart)" title="Infundibulum (heart)">infundibulum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moderator_band_(heart)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderator band (heart)">moderator band/septomarginal trabecula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crista_supraventricularis" title="Crista supraventricularis">crista supraventricularis</a>), → <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_valve" title="Pulmonary valve">pulmonary valve</a> → (<a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulation</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Left_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Left heart">Left heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_vein" title="Pulmonary vein">pulmonary veins</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Left_atrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Left atrium">left atrium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Left_atrial_appendage" class="mw-redirect" title="Left atrial appendage">atrial appendage</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve" title="Mitral valve">mitral valve</a> → <a href="/wiki/Left_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Left ventricle">left ventricle</a> → <a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve" title="Aortic valve">aortic valve</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aortic_sinus" title="Aortic sinus">aortic sinus</a>) → (<a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic circulation</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocardium" title="Endocardium">Endocardium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">heart valves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">Myocardium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_conduction_system_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conduction system of the heart">Conduction system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_pacemaker" title="Cardiac pacemaker">cardiac pacemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinoatrial_node" title="Sinoatrial node">SA node</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachmann%27s_bundle" title="Bachmann's bundle">Bachmann's bundle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_node" title="Atrioventricular node">AV node</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_of_His" title="Bundle of His">bundle of His</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_branches" title="Bundle branches">bundle branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purkinje_fibers" title="Purkinje fibers">Purkinje fibers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">Pericardial cavity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericardial_sinus" title="Pericardial sinus">pericardial sinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">Pericardium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_pericardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous pericardium">fibrous pericardium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sternopericardial_ligaments" title="Sternopericardial ligaments">sternopericardial ligaments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serous_pericardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Serous pericardium">serous pericardium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epicardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicardium">epicardium/visceral layer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fold_of_left_vena_cava" title="Fold of left vena cava">fold of left vena cava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blood supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">Coronary circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_arteries" title="Coronary arteries">Coronary arteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physiology_of_the_cardiovascular_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cardiovascular_physiology" title="Template:Cardiovascular physiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cardiovascular_physiology" title="Template talk:Cardiovascular physiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cardiovascular_physiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cardiovascular physiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physiology_of_the_cardiovascular_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_physiology" title="Cardiovascular physiology">Physiology of the cardiovascular system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_output" title="Cardiac output">Cardiac output</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_cycle" title="Cardiac cycle">Cardiac cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_output" title="Cardiac output">Cardiac output</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">Heart rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_volume" title="Stroke volume">Stroke volume</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_volume" title="Stroke volume">Stroke volume</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/End-diastolic_volume" title="End-diastolic volume">End-diastolic volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-systolic_volume" title="End-systolic volume">End-systolic volume</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afterload" title="Afterload">Afterload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preload_(cardiology)" title="Preload (cardiology)">Preload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank%E2%80%93Starling_law" title="Frank–Starling law">Frank–Starling law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_function_curve" title="Cardiac function curve">Cardiac function curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venous_return_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous return curve">Venous return curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiggers_diagram" title="Wiggers diagram">Wiggers diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_volume_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure volume diagram">Pressure volume diagram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">Ultrasound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)#Dimensions" title="Ventricle (heart)">Fractional shortening</a> = (<a href="/wiki/End-diastolic_dimension" class="mw-redirect" title="End-diastolic dimension">End-diastolic dimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-systolic_dimension" class="mw-redirect" title="End-systolic dimension">End-systolic dimension</a>) / End-diastolic dimension</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve_area_calculation" title="Aortic valve area calculation">Aortic valve area calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejection_fraction" title="Ejection fraction">Ejection fraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_index" title="Cardiac index">Cardiac index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_atrial_volume" title="Left atrial volume">Left atrial volume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">Heart rate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_pacemaker" title="Cardiac pacemaker">Cardiac pacemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronotropic" title="Chronotropic">Chronotropic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">Heart rate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromotropic" title="Dromotropic">Dromotropic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nerve_conduction_velocity" title="Nerve conduction velocity">Conduction velocity</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inotrope" title="Inotrope">Inotropic</a> (Contractility)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathmotropic" title="Bathmotropic">Bathmotropic</a> (Excitability)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitropy" title="Lusitropy">Lusitropic</a> (Relaxation)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_conduction_system_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conduction system of the heart">Conduction system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_electrophysiology" title="Cardiac electrophysiology">Cardiac electrophysiology</a></li> <li>Action potential <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential" title="Cardiac action potential">cardiac </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_action_potential" title="Atrial action potential">atrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_action_potential" title="Ventricular action potential">ventricular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_refractory_period" title="Effective refractory period">Effective refractory period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacemaker_potential" title="Pacemaker potential">Pacemaker potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">Electrocardiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P_wave_(electrocardiography)" title="P wave (electrocardiography)">P wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PR_interval" title="PR interval">PR interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QRS_complex" title="QRS complex">QRS complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QT_interval" title="QT interval">QT interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ST_segment" title="ST segment">ST segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_wave" title="T wave">T wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_wave" title="U wave">U wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexaxial_reference_system" title="Hexaxial reference system">Hexaxial reference system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chamber pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_venous_pressure" title="Central venous pressure">Central venous</a></li> <li>Right <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_atrial_pressure" title="Right atrial pressure">atrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_ventricular_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Right ventricular pressure">ventricular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary artery pressure">pulmonary artery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_wedge_pressure" title="Pulmonary wedge pressure">wedge</a></li></ul></li> <li>Left <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_wedge_pressure" title="Pulmonary wedge pressure">atrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_ventricular_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Left ventricular pressure">ventricular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_pressure" title="Aortic pressure">Aortic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_remodeling" title="Ventricular remodeling">Ventricular remodeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Vascular system</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Hemodynamics" title="Hemodynamics">hemodynamics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemodynamics" title="Hemodynamics">Blood flow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compliance_(physiology)" title="Compliance (physiology)">Compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_resistance" title="Vascular resistance">Vascular resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse" title="Pulse">Pulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfusion" title="Perfusion">Perfusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">Blood pressure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_pressure" title="Pulse pressure">Pulse pressure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systole" title="Systole">Systolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diastole" title="Diastole">Diastolic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_arterial_pressure" title="Mean arterial pressure">Mean arterial pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugular_venous_pressure" title="Jugular venous pressure">Jugular venous pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_venous_pressure" title="Portal venous pressure">Portal venous pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_closing_pressure" title="Critical closing pressure">Critical closing pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_physiology#Regulation_of_blood_pressure" title="Cardiovascular physiology">Regulation of BP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroreflex" title="Baroreflex">Baroreflex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinin%E2%80%93kallikrein_system" title="Kinin–kallikrein system">Kinin–kallikrein system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">Renin–angiotensin system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">Vasoconstrictors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">Vasodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoregulation" title="Autoregulation">Autoregulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myogenic_mechanism" title="Myogenic mechanism">Myogenic mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubuloglomerular_feedback" title="Tubuloglomerular feedback">Tubuloglomerular feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_autoregulation" title="Cerebral autoregulation">Cerebral autoregulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraganglion" title="Paraganglion">Paraganglia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_body" title="Aortic body">Aortic body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_body" title="Carotid body">Carotid body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomus_cell" title="Glomus cell">Glomus cell</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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