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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Exposure Notification</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Exposure_Notifications.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Exposure_Notifications.png/220px-Exposure_Notifications.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Exposure_Notifications.png/330px-Exposure_Notifications.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Exposure_Notifications.png/440px-Exposure_Notifications.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">April 10, 2020 (2020-04-10)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Digital_contact_tracing" title="Digital contact tracing">Digital contact tracing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Compatible hardware</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> & <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> smartphones</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Physical range</th><td class="infobox-data">~10 m (33 ft)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The (Google/Apple) Exposure Notification System (GAEN)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[a]</a> is a framework and protocol specification developed by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Digital_contact_tracing" title="Digital contact tracing">digital contact tracing</a> during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. When used by health authorities, it augments more traditional <a href="/wiki/Contact_tracing" title="Contact tracing">contact tracing</a> techniques by automatically logging close approaches among notification system users using <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> or <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>. Exposure Notification is a decentralized reporting protocol built on a combination of <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Low_Energy" title="Bluetooth Low Energy">Bluetooth Low Energy</a> technology and privacy-preserving <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a>. It is an opt-in feature within <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_app" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 app">COVID-19 apps</a> developed and published by authorized health authorities.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNET_4-10-2020-12">[11]</a> Unveiled on April 10, 2020, it was made available on iOS on May 20, 2020 as part of the <a href="/wiki/IOS_13" title="IOS 13">iOS 13</a>.5 update<a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[12]</a> and on December 14, 2020 as part of the <a href="/wiki/IOS_12" title="IOS 12">iOS 12</a>.5 update for older iPhones.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> On Android, it was added to devices via a <a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Services" title="Google Play Services">Google Play Services</a> update, supporting all versions since <a href="/wiki/Android_Marshmallow" title="Android Marshmallow">Android Marshmallow</a>. The Apple/Google protocol is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Decentralized_Privacy-Preserving_Proximity_Tracing" title="Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing">Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing</a> (DP-3T) protocol created by the European DP-3T consortium and the <a href="/wiki/TCN_Protocol" title="TCN Protocol">Temporary Contact Number</a> (TCN) protocol by <a href="/wiki/Covid_Watch" title="Covid Watch">Covid Watch</a>, but is implemented at the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> level, which allows for more efficient operation as a background <a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Since May 2020, a variant of the DP-3T protocol is supported by the Exposure Notification Interface.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> Other protocols are constrained in operation because they are not privileged over normal <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">apps</a>. This leads to issues, particularly on iOS devices where digital contact tracing apps running in the background experience significantly degraded performance.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-21">[20]</a> The joint approach is also designed to maintain interoperability between Android and iOS devices, which constitute nearly all of the market. The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">ACLU</a> stated the approach "appears to mitigate the worst privacy and centralization risks, but there is still room for improvement".<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> In late April, Google and Apple shifted the emphasis of the naming of the system, describing it as an "exposure notification service", rather than "contact tracing" system.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_specification">Technical specification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exposure_Notification&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Technical specification">edit</a>]</div> Digital contact tracing protocols typically have two major responsibilities: encounter logging and infection reporting.<a href="#cite_note-:5-20">[19]</a> Exposure Notification only involves encounter logging which is a decentralized architecture. The majority of infection reporting is centralized in individual app implementations.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> To handle encounter logging, the system uses <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_LE" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth LE">Bluetooth Low Energy</a> to send tracking messages to nearby devices running the protocol to discover encounters with other people. The tracking messages contain unique identifiers that are encrypted with a secret daily key held by the sending device. These identifiers change every 15–20 minutes as well as Bluetooth <a href="/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">MAC address</a> in order to prevent tracking of clients by malicious third parties through observing static identifiers over time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The sender's daily encryption keys are generated using a random number generator.<a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[24]</a> Devices record received messages, retaining them locally for 14 days. If a user tests positive for infection, the last 14 days of their daily encryption keys can be uploaded to a central server, where it is then broadcast to all devices on the network. The method through which daily encryption keys are transmitted to the central server and broadcast is defined by individual app developers. The Google-developed reference implementation calls for a health official to request a <a href="/wiki/One-time_password" title="One-time password">one-time</a> verification code (VC) from a verification server, which the user enters into the encounter logging app. This causes the app to obtain a cryptographically signed certificate, which is used to authorize the submission of keys to the central reporting server.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> The received keys are then provided to the protocol, where each client individually searches for matches in their local encounter history. If a match meeting certain risk parameters is found, the app notifies the user of potential exposure to the infection.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Google and Apple intend to use the received signal strength (<a href="/wiki/RSSI" class="mw-redirect" title="RSSI">RSSI</a>) of the beacon messages as a source to infer proximity.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> RSSI and other signal metadata will also be encrypted to resist deanonymization attacks.<a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Version_1.0">Version 1.0</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exposure_Notification&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Version 1.0">edit</a>]</div> To generate encounter identifiers, first a persistent 32-byte private Tracing Key (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle tk}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> <mi>k</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle tk}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/79a71baf00b541077a86d074bf571d700813f714" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.051ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle tk}">) is generated by a client. From this a 16 byte Daily Tracing Key is derived using the algorithm <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle dtk_{i}=HKDF(tk,NULL,{\text{'CT-DTK'}}||D_{i},16)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mi>K</mi> <mi>D</mi> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mi>k</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mi>U</mi> <mi>L</mi> <mi>L</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>'CT-DTK'</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mn>16</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle dtk_{i}=HKDF(tk,NULL,{\text{'CT-DTK'}}||D_{i},16)}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/946743bb5784fd94ecb908b6895fdcd853fc0769" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:45.962ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle dtk_{i}=HKDF(tk,NULL,{\text{'CT-DTK'}}||D_{i},16)}">, where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle HKDF({\text{Key, Salt, Data, OutputLength}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mi>K</mi> <mi>D</mi> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Key, Salt, Data, OutputLength</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle HKDF({\text{Key, Salt, Data, OutputLength}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/111113db44f9e0a9333e56ae95974fb80a2141e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:40.998ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle HKDF({\text{Key, Salt, Data, OutputLength}})}"> is a <a href="/wiki/HKDF" title="HKDF">HKDF</a> function using SHA-256, and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9f07b53d3212e08ca316a536c8aac0bbefa79ee1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.724ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D_{i}}"> is the day number for the 24-hour window the broadcast is in starting from Unix Epoch Time. These generated keys are later sent to the central reporting server should a user become infected.<a href="#cite_note-:9-29">[28]</a> From the daily tracing key a 16-byte temporary Rolling Proximity Identifier is generated every 10 minutes with the algorithm <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle RPI_{i,j}={\text{Truncate}}(HMAC(dtk_{i},{\text{'CT-RPI'}}||TIN_{j}),16)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mi>P</mi> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Truncate</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mi>M</mi> <mi>A</mi> <mi>C</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>'CT-RPI'</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mi>I</mi> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mn>16</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle RPI_{i,j}={\text{Truncate}}(HMAC(dtk_{i},{\text{'CT-RPI'}}||TIN_{j}),16)}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ff4c8e326724b4fb77276f83d658240623eb0af5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:55.4ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle RPI_{i,j}={\text{Truncate}}(HMAC(dtk_{i},{\text{'CT-RPI'}}||TIN_{j}),16)}">, where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle HMAC({\text{Key, Data}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mi>M</mi> <mi>A</mi> <mi>C</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Key, Data</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle HMAC({\text{Key, Data}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/26f43ec3229a1ef2bd642bf3aabf8508c4573ef4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.125ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle HMAC({\text{Key, Data}})}"> is a <a href="/wiki/HMAC" title="HMAC">HMAC</a> function using SHA-256, and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle TIN_{j}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> <mi>I</mi> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle TIN_{j}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d5fb4643dfeb645ec1355dd4f9e406e83260a245" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.584ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle TIN_{j}}"> is the time interval number, representing a unique index for every 10 minute period in a 24-hour day. The Truncate function returns the first 16 bytes of the HMAC value. When two clients come within proximity of each other they exchange and locally store the current <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle RPI_{i,j}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mi>P</mi> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle RPI_{i,j}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f7e0e8305a48339f0e3c54f178e14436f06df178" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.467ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle RPI_{i,j}}"> as the encounter identifier.<a href="#cite_note-:9-29">[28]</a> Once a registered health authority has confirmed the infection of a user, the user's Daily Tracing Key for the past 14 days is uploaded to the central reporting server. Clients then download this report and individually recalculate every Rolling Proximity Identifier used in the report period, matching it against the user's local encounter log. If a matching entry is found, then contact has been established and the app presents a notification to the user warning them of potential infection.<a href="#cite_note-:9-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Version_1.1">Version 1.1</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exposure_Notification&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Version 1.1">edit</a>]</div> Unlike version 1.0 of the protocol, version 1.1 does not use a persistent tracing key, rather every day a new random 16-byte Temporary Exposure Key (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle tek_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> <mi>e</mi> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle tek_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dab771d6bf455c3a82d5b2fde5b0010440f736a9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.934ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle tek_{i}}">) is generated. This is analogous to the daily tracing key from version 1.0. Here <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}"> denotes the time is discretized in 10 minute intervals starting from Unix Epoch Time. From this two 128-bit keys are calculated, the Rolling Proximity Identifier Key (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle RPIK_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mi>P</mi> <mi>I</mi> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle RPIK_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd75a27119a516a8cb35896587cfab15d2070e17" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.454ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle RPIK_{i}}">) and the Associated Encrypted Metadata Key (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle AEMK_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mi>E</mi> <mi>M</mi> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle AEMK_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6650f56a57bd08062ca1b3348b060462d119c8f2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.734ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle AEMK_{i}}">). <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle RPIK_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mi>P</mi> <mi>I</mi> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle RPIK_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd75a27119a516a8cb35896587cfab15d2070e17" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.454ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle RPIK_{i}}"> is calculated with the algorithm <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle RPIK_{i}=HKDF(tek_{i},NULL,{\text{'EN-RPIK'}},16)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mi>P</mi> <mi>I</mi> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mi>K</mi> <mi>D</mi> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mi>e</mi> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mi>U</mi> <mi>L</mi> <mi>L</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>'EN-RPIK'</mtext> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mn>16</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle RPIK_{i}=HKDF(tek_{i},NULL,{\text{'EN-RPIK'}},16)}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/05f0169e67e60f96a254bad77a5a6e20b2567a27" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:47.864ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle RPIK_{i}=HKDF(tek_{i},NULL,{\text{'EN-RPIK'}},16)}">, and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle AEMK_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mi>E</mi> <mi>M</mi> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle AEMK_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6650f56a57bd08062ca1b3348b060462d119c8f2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.734ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle AEMK_{i}}"> using the algorithm<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle AEMK_{i}=HKDF(tek_{i},NULL,{\text{'EN-AEMK'}},16)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mi>E</mi> <mi>M</mi> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mi>K</mi> <mi>D</mi> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mi>e</mi> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mi>U</mi> <mi>L</mi> <mi>L</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>'EN-AEMK'</mtext> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mn>16</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle AEMK_{i}=HKDF(tek_{i},NULL,{\text{'EN-AEMK'}},16)}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b7932c25b287905cb48cde6161343c68eda9f743" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:50.468ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle AEMK_{i}=HKDF(tek_{i},NULL,{\text{'EN-AEMK'}},16)}">.<a href="#cite_note-:7-30">[29]</a> From these values a temporary Rolling Proximity Identifier (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle RPI_{i,j}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mi>P</mi> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle RPI_{i,j}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f7e0e8305a48339f0e3c54f178e14436f06df178" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.467ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle RPI_{i,j}}">) is generated every time the BLE <a href="/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">MAC address</a> changes, roughly every 15–20 minutes. The following algorithm is used: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle RPI_{i,j}=AES128(RPIK_{i},{\text{'EN-RPI'}}||{\mathtt {0x000000000000}}||ENIN_{j})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mi>P</mi> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mi>E</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mn>128</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mi>P</mi> <mi>I</mi> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>'EN-RPI'</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn mathvariant="monospace">0</mn> <mi mathvariant="monospace">x</mi> <mn mathvariant="monospace">000000000000</mn> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>E</mi> <mi>N</mi> <mi>I</mi> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle RPI_{i,j}=AES128(RPIK_{i},{\text{'EN-RPI'}}||{\mathtt {0x000000000000}}||ENIN_{j})}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1050957bcd44112af0ca867399f9831d6af369cd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:65.357ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle RPI_{i,j}=AES128(RPIK_{i},{\text{'EN-RPI'}}||{\mathtt {0x000000000000}}||ENIN_{j})}">, where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle AES128({\text{Key, Data}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mi>E</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mn>128</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Key, Data</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle AES128({\text{Key, Data}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ca3d5c921a0f2b818e7879fbfca56a967fcabf9a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.615ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle AES128({\text{Key, Data}})}"> is an <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard" title="Advanced Encryption Standard">AES</a> cryptography function with a 128-bit key, the data is one 16-byte block, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle j}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>j</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle j}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2f461e54f5c093e92a55547b9764291390f0b5d0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.027ex; width:0.985ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle j}"> denotes the Unix Epoch Time at the moment the roll occurs, and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ENIN_{j}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mi>N</mi> <mi>I</mi> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ENIN_{j}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/62b6079928e11ad8bbdbe79392b2e848b3b8cfda" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.787ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ENIN_{j}}"> is the corresponding 10-minute interval number. Next, additional Associated Encrypted Metadata is encrypted. What the metadata represents is not specified, likely to allow the later expansion of the protocol. The following algorithm is used: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{Associated Encrypted Metadata}}_{i,j}=AES128\_CTR(AEMK_{i},RPI_{i,j},{\text{Metadata}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Associated Encrypted Metadata</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mi>E</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mn>128</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">_</mi> <mi>C</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mi>E</mi> <mi>M</mi> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mi>P</mi> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Metadata</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{Associated Encrypted Metadata}}_{i,j}=AES128\_CTR(AEMK_{i},RPI_{i,j},{\text{Metadata}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3e8380065ab6295ae57ba9b7ae967df91b3277c0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:80.99ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Associated Encrypted Metadata}}_{i,j}=AES128\_CTR(AEMK_{i},RPI_{i,j},{\text{Metadata}})}">, where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle AES128\_CTR({\text{Key, IV, Data}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mi>E</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mn>128</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">_</mi> <mi>C</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Key, IV, Data</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle AES128\_CTR({\text{Key, IV, Data}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a43b06bb98d24b404b4ff27e0b51b56f1b87ef53" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:30.755ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle AES128\_CTR({\text{Key, IV, Data}})}"> denotes AES encryption with a 128-bit key in CTR mode. The Rolling Proximity Identifier and the Associated Encrypted Metadata are then combined and broadcast using BLE. Clients exchange and log these payloads.<a href="#cite_note-:7-30">[29]</a> Once a registered health authority has confirmed the infection of a user, the user's Temporary Exposure Keys <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle tek_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> <mi>e</mi> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle tek_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dab771d6bf455c3a82d5b2fde5b0010440f736a9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.934ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle tek_{i}}"> and their respective interval numbers <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}"> for the past 14 days are uploaded to the central reporting server. Clients then download this report and individually recalculate every Rolling Proximity Identifier starting from interval number <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}">, matching it against the user's local encounter log. If a matching entry is found, then contact has been established and the app presents a notification to the user warning them of potential infection.<a href="#cite_note-:7-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Version_1.2">Version 1.2</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exposure_Notification&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Version 1.2">edit</a>]</div> Version 1.2 of the protocol is identical to version 1.1, only introducing minor terminology changes.<a href="#cite_note-:7-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privacy">Privacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exposure_Notification&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Privacy">edit</a>]</div> Preservation of <a href="/wiki/Digital_privacy" title="Digital privacy">privacy</a> was referred to as a major component of the protocol; it is <a href="/wiki/Data_anonymization" title="Data anonymization">designed</a> so that no <a href="/wiki/Personally_Identifiable_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Personally Identifiable Information">personally identifiable information</a> can be obtained about the user or their device.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNET_4-10-2020-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Apps implementing Exposure Notification are only allowed to collect personal information from users on a voluntary basis.<a href="#cite_note-:2-34">[33]</a> Consent must be obtained by the user to enable the system or publicize a positive result through the system, and apps using the system are prohibited from collecting location data.<a href="#cite_note-:14-35">[34]</a> As an additional measure, the companies stated that it would <a href="/wiki/Sunset_provision" title="Sunset provision">sunset</a> the protocol by-region once they determine that it is "no longer needed".<a href="#cite_note-newton-2020-04-14-36">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> showed concerns the protocol was vulnerable to "linkage attacks", where sufficiently capable third parties who had recorded beacon traffic may retroactively be able to turn this information into tracking information, for only areas in which they had already recorded beacons, for a limited time segment and for only users who have disclosed their COVID-19 status, once a device's set of daily encryption keys have been revealed.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> On April 16, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> started the process of assessing the proposed system for compatibility with privacy and data protection laws, including the <a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">General Data Protection Regulation</a> (GDPR).<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> On April 17, 2020, the UK's <a href="/wiki/Information_Commissioner%27s_Office" title="Information Commissioner's Office">Information Commissioner's Office</a>, a supervisory authority for data protection, published an opinion analyzing both Exposure Notification and the <a href="/wiki/Decentralized_Privacy-Preserving_Proximity_Tracing" title="Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing">Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing</a> protocol, stating that the systems are "aligned with the principles of data protection by design and by default" (as mandated by the GDPR).<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deployment">Deployment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exposure_Notification&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Deployment">edit</a>]</div> Exposure Notification is compatible with Android devices supporting <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Low_Energy" title="Bluetooth Low Energy">Bluetooth Low Energy</a> and running <a href="/wiki/Android_6.0_Marshmallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Android 6.0 Marshmallow">Android 6.0 "Marshmallow"</a> and newer with <a href="/wiki/Google_Mobile_Services" title="Google Mobile Services">Google Mobile Services</a>. It is serviced via updates to <a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Services" title="Google Play Services">Google Play Services</a>, ensuring compatibility with the majority of Android devices released outside of Mainland China, and not requiring it to be integrated into Android firmware updates (which would hinder deployment by relying on individual <a href="/wiki/OEMs" class="mw-redirect" title="OEMs">OEMs</a>). It is not compatible with devices that do not have GMS, such as <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> devices released since May 2019.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> On iOS, EN is serviced via operating system updates.<a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[12]</a> It was first introduced as part of <a href="/wiki/IOS_13" title="IOS 13">iOS 13.5</a> on May 20, 2020.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-:24-43">[42]</a> In December 2020, Apple released iOS 12.5, which <a href="/wiki/Backporting" title="Backporting">backported</a> EN support to iPhone models that cannot be upgraded to iOS 13, including <a href="/wiki/IPhone_6" title="IPhone 6">iPhone 6</a> and older.<a href="#cite_note-:24-43">[42]</a> Exposure Notification apps may only be released by public health authorities. To discourage fragmentation, each country will typically be restricted to one app, although Apple and Google stated that they would accommodate regionalized approaches if a country elects to do so.<a href="#cite_note-:14-35">[34]</a> Apple and Google released reference implementations for apps utilizing the system, which can be used as a base.<a href="#cite_note-:14-35">[34]</a> On September 1, 2020, the consortium announced "Exposure Notifications Express" (EN Express), a system designed to ease adoption of the protocol by health authorities by removing the need to develop an app themselves. Under this system, a health authority provides parameters specific to their implementation (such as thresholds, branding, messaging, and key servers), which is then processed to generate the required functionality. On Android, this data is used to generate an app, and a configuration profile that can also be deployed to users via Google Play Services without a dedicated app.<a href="#cite_note-:25-44">[43]</a> On iOS, the functionality is integrated directly at the system level on iOS 13.7 and newer without a dedicated app.<a href="#cite_note-:15-45">[44]</a> The last information update on the “Exposure Notification Systems” partnership was a year end review issued by Google in December 2020:<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> "we plan to keep you updated here with new information again next year". Nothing has however been issued on the one year anniversary of the launch of the “Exposure Notification Interface” API in spite of important changes on the pandemic front such as vaccination, <a href="/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2" title="Variants of SARS-CoV-2">variants</a>, digital health passports, app adoption challenges as well as growing interest for tracking QR codes (and notifying from that basis) on a mostly airborne transmitted virus.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research?</a>] The Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) published document has not been revised since May 2020.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Basic support remains provided through the apps store released by authorized public health agencies, including enforcement of the personal privacy protection framework as demonstrated on the UK NHS challenge in support of their contact tracers.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> In June 2021, Google faced allegations that it had automatically downloaded Massachusetts' "MassNotify" app to Android devices without user consent. Google clarified that it had not actually downloaded the app to user devices, and that Google Play Services was being used to deploy an EN Express configuration profile that would allow it to be enabled via the Google Settings app without needing to download a separate app.<a href="#cite_note-:25-44">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exposure_Notification&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Adoption">edit</a>]</div> As of May 21, at least 22 countries had received access to the protocol.<a href="#cite_note-:2-34">[33]</a> Switzerland and Austria were among the first to back the protocol.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> On April 26, after initially backing <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Privacy-Preserving_Proximity_Tracing" title="Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing">PEPP-PT</a>, Germany announced it would back Exposure Notification,<a href="#cite_note-reuters-2020-04-26-50">[49]</a> followed shortly after by Ireland <a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> and Italy.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Despite already adopting the centralised <a href="/wiki/BlueTrace" title="BlueTrace">BlueTrace</a> protocol,<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Australia's <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health (Australia)">Department of Health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_Transformation_Agency" title="Digital Transformation Agency">Digital Transformation Agency</a> were investigating whether the protocol could be implemented to overcome limitations of its <a href="/wiki/COVIDSafe" title="COVIDSafe">COVIDSafe</a> app.<a href="#cite_note-:2-34">[33]</a> On May 25, Switzerland became the first country to launch an app leveraging the protocol, <a href="/wiki/SwissCovid" title="SwissCovid">SwissCovid</a>, beginning with a small pilot group.<a href="#cite_note-:10-54">[53]</a> In England, the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service_(England)" title="National Health Service (England)">National Health Service</a> (NHS) trialed both an <a href="/wiki/NHS_COVID-19" title="NHS COVID-19">in-house app</a> on a centralized platform developed by its <a href="/wiki/NHSX" title="NHSX">NHSX</a> division, and a second app using Exposure Notification.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> On June 18, the NHS announced that it would focus on using Exposure Notification to complement manual contact tracing, citing tests on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> showing that it had better cross-device compatibility (and would also be compatible with other European approaches), but that its distance calculations were not as reliable as the centralized version of the app,<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> an issue which was later rectified.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> Later, it was stated that the app would be supplemented by <a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">QR codes</a> at venues.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> A study of the impact of Exposure Notification in England and Wales estimated that it averted 8,700 (95% <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">confidence interval</a> 4,700–13,500) deaths out of the 32,500 recorded from its introduction on 24 September 2020 to 31 December 2020.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> Canada launched its COVID Alert app, co-developed in partnership with <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Limited" title="BlackBerry Limited">BlackBerry Limited</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shopify" title="Shopify">Shopify</a>,<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> on July 31 in Ontario.<a href="#cite_note-:13-62">[61]</a> As of February 2022, only around 57,000 positive cases had been reported via the app, leading some critics to dismiss it as a failure.<a href="#cite_note-:52-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-:72-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-:42-65">[64]</a> In May 2020, <a href="/wiki/Covid_Watch" title="Covid Watch">Covid Watch</a> launched the first calibration and beta testing pilot of the GAEN APIs in the United States at the University of Arizona.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> In Aug 2020, the app launched publicly for a phased roll-out in the state of Arizona.<a href="#cite_note-news.arizona.edu-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Covid_Watch_Arizona-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-play.google.com-70">[69]</a> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Public_Health_Laboratories" title="Association of Public Health Laboratories">Association of Public Health Laboratories</a> (APHL) stated in July 2020 that it was working with Apple, Google, and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> on a national reporting server for use with the protocol, which it stated would ease adoption and interoperability between states.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-45">[44]</a> In August 2020, Google stated that at least 20 U.S. states had expressed interest in using the protocol. In <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alabama" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Alabama">Alabama</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Department_of_Public_Health" title="Alabama Department of Public Health">Alabama Department of Public Health</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_at_Birmingham" title="University of Alabama at Birmingham">University of Alabama at Birmingham</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_System" title="University of Alabama System">University of Alabama System</a> deployed the "GuideSafe" app for university students returning to campus, which includes Exposure Notification features.<a href="#cite_note-:11-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> On August 5, the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Health" title="Virginia Department of Health">Virginia Department of Health</a> released its "COVIDWise" app — making it the first U.S. state to release an Exposure Notification-based app for the general public.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-76">[75]</a> North Dakota and Wyoming released an EN app known as "Care19 Alert", developed by ProudCrowd and using the APHL server (the app is a spin-off from an existing location logging application it had developed, based on one it had developed primarily for use by students travelling to attend college football away games).<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Maryland, Nevada, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. have announced plans to use EN Express.<a href="#cite_note-:15-45">[44]</a> In September, Delaware, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania all adopted "COVID Alert" apps developed by NearForm, which are based on its <a href="/wiki/COVID_Tracker_Ireland" title="COVID Tracker Ireland">COVID Tracker Ireland</a> app.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-80">[79]</a> Later that month, the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Institute_of_Public_Health" title="Norwegian Institute of Public Health">Norwegian Institute of Public Health</a> announced that it would lead development of an Exposure Notification-based app for the country, which replaces a centralized app that had ceased operations in June 2020 after the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Data_Protection_Authority" title="Norwegian Data Protection Authority">Norwegian Data Protection Authority</a> ruled that it violated privacy laws.<a href="#cite_note-:19-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-:20-82">[81]</a> In Nov 2020, Bermuda launched the Wehealth Bermuda app developed by Wehealth, a Public Benefit Corporation, which was based on the Covid Watch app released in Arizona.<a href="#cite_note-:26-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-:27-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-:28-85">[84]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Region/State </th> <th>Name </th> <th data-sort-type="date">Announced/Released </th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> </td> <td>Stopp Corona App </td> <td>June 26, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td>Coronavírus-SUS </td> <td>July 31, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> </td> <td>Wehealth Bermuda </td> <td>Nov 24, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:26-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-:27-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-:28-85">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td>Coronalert </td> <td>October 1, 2020 (public) </td> <td>September 2, 2020 (Pilot phase) <a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/COVID_Alert" title="COVID Alert">COVID Alert</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="July 31, 2020">July 31, 2020 </td> <td>Available in New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Quebec, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-90">[89]</a> Alberta and British Columbia have declined its use.<a href="#cite_note-:17-90">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </td> <td>eRouška (eMask) </td> <td>September 17, 2020 </td> <td>Since version 2.1<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </td> <td>Smittestop </td> <td>June 18, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> </td> <td>Hoia </td> <td>August 20, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> </td> <td>Koronavilkku </td> <td>August 31, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Corona-Warn-App" title="Corona-Warn-App">Corona-Warn-App</a> </td> <td>June 16, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> </td> <td>BEAT Covid Gibraltar </td> <td>June 18, 2020 </td> <td>Based on <a href="/wiki/COVID_Tracker_Ireland" title="COVID Tracker Ireland">COVID Tracker Ireland</a> and will interoperate with it.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-20200910-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-beatcovid-98">[97]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> </td> <td>Rakning C-19 </td> <td>May 12, 2021 </td> <td>GEAN implementation activated in May 2021, replaced previous version of app which used GPS tracking stored on-device launched in April 2020.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/COVID_Tracker_Ireland" title="COVID Tracker Ireland">COVID Tracker Ireland</a> </td> <td>July 7, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-20200730-102">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Immuni" title="Immuni">Immuni</a> </td> <td>June 1, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td>COCOA </td> <td>June 19, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> </td> <td>Jersey COVID Alert </td> <td>September 21, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </td> <td>Apturi Covid </td> <td>May 29, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> </td> <td>Ma3an </td> <td>July 16, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td>CoronaMelder </td> <td>October 10, 2020 (full release) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td> <td>NZ COVID Tracer </td> <td>December 10, 2020 (full release) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </td> <td>Smittestopp </td> <td>December 21, 2020 </td> <td>Replaced a version of the app that was suspended earlier in the year due to scrutiny from the local <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Data_Protection_Authority" title="Norwegian Data Protection Authority">Norwegian Data Protection Authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:19-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-:20-82">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/StaySafe.ph" title="StaySafe.ph">StaySafe.ph</a> </td> <td>March 29, 2021 </td> <td>GAEN implementation activated in April 2021 <a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>ProteGO Safe </td> <td>June 9, 2020 </td> <td>Update to existing encounter logging app.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </td> <td>STAYAWAY COVID </td> <td>August 28, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gosuslugi" title="Gosuslugi">Gosuslugi</a>. Covid Tracker </td> <td>November 23, 2020 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.minsvyaz.gosuslugi.exposurenotificationdroid">https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.minsvyaz.gosuslugi.exposurenotificationdroid</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </td> <td>COVID Alert SA </td> <td>September 1, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td>Radar COVID </td> <td data-sort-value="June 30, 2020">June 30, 2020 (beta test) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SwissCovid" title="SwissCovid">SwissCovid</a> </td> <td>May 26, 2020 (pilot phase) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:10-54">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%A4%E8%B7%9D%E9%9B%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臺灣社交距離 (page does not exist)">臺灣社交距離</a> </td> <td>May 3, 2021 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> </td> <td>Thai Covid Alert </td> <td>April 26, 2022 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/NHS_COVID-19" title="NHS COVID-19">NHS COVID-19</a> </td> <td>September 24, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:51-117">[116]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> </td> <td>StopCOVID NI </td> <td>July 30, 2020 </td> <td>Interoperates with <a href="/wiki/COVID_Tracker_Ireland" title="COVID Tracker Ireland">COVID Tracker Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-20200730-102">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> </td> <td>Protect Scotland </td> <td>September 11, 2020 </td> <td>Based on <a href="/wiki/COVID_Tracker_Ireland" title="COVID Tracker Ireland">COVID Tracker Ireland</a> and will interoperate with it.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-20200910-97">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="25"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama"><img alt="Alabama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> </td> <td>GuideSafe </td> <td>August 3, 2020 </td> <td>Targeting <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_System" title="University of Alabama System">University of Alabama</a> students as part of a larger program under the same name.<a href="#cite_note-:11-72">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska"><img alt="Alaska" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/21px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/33px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/43px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> </td> <td>Alaska COVID ENX </td> <td>January 20, 2022 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona"><img alt="Arizona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Covid_Watch" title="Covid Watch">Covid Watch</a> </td> <td>May 28, 2020 (attenuation and dynamic risk testing) August 19, 2020 (released) </td> <td>Targeting <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a> in a phased roll-out for the state of Arizona.<a href="#cite_note-news.arizona.edu-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Covid_Watch_Arizona-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-play.google.com-70">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California"><img alt="California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td>CA Notify </td> <td>December 10, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:22-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-120">[119]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado"><img alt="Colorado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> </td> <td>CO Exposure Notifications </td> <td>October 25, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut"><img alt="Connecticut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/19px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/29px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/38px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="260" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> </td> <td>COVID Alert CT </td> <td>November 12, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware"><img alt="Delaware" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/23px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/35px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/45px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> </td> <td>COVID Alert DE </td> <td>September 15, 2020 </td> <td>Based on <a href="/wiki/COVID_Tracker_Ireland" title="COVID Tracker Ireland">COVID Tracker Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:18-80">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam"><img alt="Guam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Guam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Guam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Guam.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="396" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> </td> <td>Guam Covid Alert </td> <td>September 10, 2020 </td> <td>Based on the PathCheck Foundation's GAEN Mobile project </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii"><img alt="Hawaii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> </td> <td>Aloha Safe Alert </td> <td>November 11, 2020 </td> <td>Based on the PathCheck Foundation's GAEN Mobile project </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana"><img alt="Louisiana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7040" data-file-height="4556" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> </td> <td>COVID Defense </td> <td>January 22, 2021 </td> <td>Based on the PathCheck Foundation's GAEN Mobile project <a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland"><img alt="Maryland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> </td> <td>MD COVID Alert </td> <td>October 10, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts"><img alt="Massachusetts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/35px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/46px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /></a><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> </td> <td>MassNotify </td> <td> </td> <td>Uses EN Express.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan"><img alt="Michigan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> </td> <td>MI COVID Alert </td> <td>October 15, 2020 (<a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a> pilot) November 9, 2020 (statewide) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota"><img alt="Minnesota" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/23px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/35px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/46px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> </td> <td>COVIDaware MN </td> <td>November 23, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri"><img alt="Missouri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/23px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/35px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/46px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> </td> <td>MO/Notify </td> <td>July 29, 2021 </td> <td>Targeting <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a> in a phased roll-out for the state of Missouri.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey"><img alt="New Jersey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> </td> <td>COVID Alert NJ </td> <td>September 30, 2020 </td> <td>Based on <a href="/wiki/COVID_Tracker_Ireland" title="COVID Tracker Ireland">COVID Tracker Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:18-80">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)"><img alt="New York (state)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td>COVID Alert NY </td> <td>September 30, 2020 </td> <td>Based on <a href="/wiki/COVID_Tracker_Ireland" title="COVID Tracker Ireland">COVID Tracker Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:18-80">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina"><img alt="North Carolina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </td> <td>SlowCOVIDNC </td> <td>September 22, 2020 </td> <td>The app was shut down on or before August 19, 2022.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota"><img alt="North Dakota" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/31px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/41px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="921" /></a> <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> </td> <td>Care19 Alert </td> <td>August 13, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania"><img alt="Pennsylvania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/41px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td>COVID Alert PA </td> <td>September 24, 2020 </td> <td>Based on <a href="/wiki/COVID_Tracker_Ireland" title="COVID Tracker Ireland">COVID Tracker Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:18-80">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah"><img alt="Utah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/23px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/35px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/46px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="432" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> </td> <td>UT Exposure Notifications </td> <td>February 16, 2021 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia"><img alt="Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td>COVIDWise </td> <td>August 5, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:12-76">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)"><img alt="Washington (state)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/23px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/35px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/46px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="658" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> </td> <td>WA Notify </td> <td>November 30, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin"><img alt="Wisconsin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> </td> <td>WI Exposure Notification </td> <td>December 23, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming"><img alt="Wyoming" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/22px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/33px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/43px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> </td> <td>Care19 Alert </td> <td>August 14, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> </td> <td>Coronavirus UY </td> <td>June 15, 2020 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exposure_Notification&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alternatives">edit</a>]</div> Some countries, such as France, have pursued centralized approaches to digital contact tracing, in order to maintain records of personal information that can be used to assist in investigating cases.<a href="#cite_note-:6-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> The French government asked Apple in April 2020 to allow apps to perform Bluetooth operations in the background, which would allow the government to create its own system independent of Exposure Notification.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> On August 9, the Canadian province of Alberta announced plans to migrate to the EN-based COVID Alert from its BlueTrace-based ABTraceTogether app.<a href="#cite_note-:16-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> This did not occur, and on November 6 <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Alberta" title="Premier of Alberta">Premier of Alberta</a> <a href="/wiki/Jason_Kenney" title="Jason Kenney">Jason Kenney</a> announced that the province would not do so, arguing that ABTraceTogether was "from our view, simply a better and more effective public health tool", and that they would be required to phase out ABTraceTogether if they did switch.<a href="#cite_note-:21-146">[145]</a> British Columbia has also declined to adopt COVID Alert, with provincial health officer <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Henry" title="Bonnie Henry">Bonnie Henry</a> stating that COVID Alert was too "non-specific".<a href="#cite_note-:21-146">[145]</a> Australia's officials have stated its <a href="/wiki/COVIDSafe" title="COVIDSafe">COVIDSafe</a>, which is based on Singapore's <a href="/wiki/BlueTrace" title="BlueTrace">BlueTrace</a>, will not be shifting from manual intervention.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> In the United States, states such as California and Massachusetts declined to use the technology, opting for manual contact tracing.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> California later reversed course and adopted the system in December 2020.<a href="#cite_note-:22-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-120">[119]</a> Chinese vendor <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> (which cannot include Google software on its current Android products due to U.S. sanctions) added a OS-level DP-3T API known as "Contact Shield" to its Huawei Mobile Services stack in June 2020, which the company states is intended to be interoperable with Exposure Notification.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exposure_Notification&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> The system is referred to as Exposure Notification or ExposureNotification by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and Exposure Notifications or the Exposure Notifications System (ENS) by <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> It was originally announced as the Privacy-Preserving Contact Tracing Project.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exposure_Notification&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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Retrieved 2020-10-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=xda-developers&rft.atitle=Huawei+releases+its+%22Contact+Shield%22+API+for+COVID-19+contact+tracing&rft.date=2020-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xda-developers.com%2Fhuawei-hms-core-contact-shield-api-covid-19-contact-tracing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExposure+Notification" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exposure_Notification&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/covid19/exposurenotifications/">Official website</a> (Google)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/exposure-notification/">Official website</a> (Apple)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/04/apple-and-google-partner-on-covid-19-contact-tracing-technology/">Announcement</a> (Apple)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.google/documents/57/Overview_of_COVID-19_Contact_Tracing_Using_BLE.pdf">Overview presentation</a> (Google)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/covid19/contacttracing/">Technical specifications</a> (Apple)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://covid19-static.cdn-apple.com/applications/covid19/current/static/contact-tracing/pdf/ExposureNotification-FAQv1.0.pdf">Exposure Notification: Frequently Asked Questions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426210251/https://covid19-static.cdn-apple.com/applications/covid19/current/static/contact-tracing/pdf/ExposureNotification-FAQv1.0.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-04-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Apple/Google)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Apple_Inc." style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apple_Inc." title="Template:Apple Inc."><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apple_Inc." title="Template talk:Apple Inc."><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apple_Inc." title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apple Inc."><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Apple_Inc." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Apple_Inc." title="History of Apple Inc.">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Apple_Inc." title="Outline of Apple Inc.">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Apple Inc. products">Timeline of products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_practices_of_Apple" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental practices of Apple">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_of_Apple_Inc." title="Marketing of Apple Inc.">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_supply_chain" title="Apple supply chain">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_and_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple and unions">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._products" title="Category:Apple Inc. products">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._hardware" title="Category:Apple Inc. hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Mac</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IMac" title="IMac">iMac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IMac_Pro" title="IMac Pro">Pro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacBook" title="MacBook">MacBook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacBook_Air" title="MacBook Air">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacBook_Pro" title="MacBook Pro">Pro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Mini" title="Mac Mini">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Studio" title="Mac Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Pro" title="Mac Pro">Pro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPod_Classic" title="IPod Classic">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPod_Mini" title="IPod Mini">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPod_Nano" title="IPod Nano">Nano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPod_Shuffle" title="IPod Shuffle">Shuffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch" title="IPod Touch">Touch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_hardware" title="IPhone hardware">Hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_iPhone" title="History of the iPhone">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_iPhone_models" title="List of iPhone models">iPhone models</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Mini" title="IPad Mini">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Air" class="mw-redirect" title="IPad Air">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Pro" title="IPad Pro">Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_iPad_accessories" title="List of iPad accessories">Accessories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/AirPods" title="AirPods">AirPods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AirPods_Pro" title="AirPods Pro">Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirPods_Max" title="AirPods Max">Max</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_SIM" title="Apple SIM">Apple SIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirTag" title="AirTag">AirTag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Electronics" title="Beats Electronics">Beats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Pill" title="Beats Pill">Pill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomePod" title="HomePod">HomePod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HomePod_Mini" title="HomePod Mini">Mini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon" title="Apple silicon">Silicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV" title="Apple TV">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Vision_Pro" title="Apple Vision Pro">Vision Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Watch" title="Apple Watch">Watch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._software" title="Category:Apple Inc. software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Operatingsystems" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_operating_systems" title="List of Apple operating systems">Operating systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> / <a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_iPhone_models" title="List of iPhone models">iPhones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_iPad_models" title="List of iPad models">iPads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_version_history" title="IOS version history">iOS history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_version_history" title="IPadOS version history">iPadOS history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-installed_iOS_apps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-installed iOS apps">Apps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS Server">Server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CarPlay" title="CarPlay">CarPlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classroom_(Apple)" title="Classroom (Apple)">Classroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomeKit" title="HomeKit">HomeKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Foundation" title="Core Foundation">Core Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer_Tools" title="Apple Developer Tools">Developer Tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FileMaker" title="FileMaker">FileMaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Cut_Pro" title="Final Cut Pro">Final Cut Pro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_Cut_Pro_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Cut Pro X">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor_(software)" title="Compressor (software)">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_(software)" title="Motion (software)">Motion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_Pro" title="Logic Pro">Logic Pro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MainStage_(software)" title="MainStage (software)">MainStage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILife" title="ILife">iLife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMovie" title="IMovie">iMovie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhoto" title="IPhoto">iPhoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWork" title="IWork">iWork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keynote_(presentation_software)" title="Keynote (presentation software)">Keynote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_(spreadsheet)" title="Numbers (spreadsheet)">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pages_(word_processor)" title="Pages (word processor)">Pages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SceneKit" title="SceneKit">SceneKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shazam_(music_app)" title="Shazam (music app)">Shazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._services" title="Category:Apple Inc. services">Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Card" title="Apple Card">Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Pay" title="Apple Pay">Pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Wallet" title="Apple Wallet">Wallet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Arcade" title="Apple Arcade">Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music" title="Apple Music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music_1" title="Apple Music 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Music" title="Beats Music">Beats Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music_Up_Next" title="Apple Music Up Next">Up Next</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music_Festival" title="Apple Music Festival">Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Radio" title="ITunes Radio">iTunes Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_(app)" title="Music (app)">App</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_News" title="Apple News">News</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newsstand_(software)" title="Newsstand (software)">Newsstand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Podcasts" title="Apple Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_app" title="Apple TV app">TV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV%2B" title="Apple TV+">+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_TV%2B_original_programming" title="List of Apple TV+ original programming">originals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLS_Season_Pass" title="MLS Season Pass">MLS Season Pass</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkie-Talkie_(Apple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walkie-Talkie (Apple)">Walkie-Talkie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage">iMessage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IChat" title="IChat">iChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">App</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Center" title="Game Center">Game Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retail and digital sales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/App_Store_(Apple)" title="App Store (Apple)">App Store</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">macOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Connect" title="ITunes Connect">Connect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Store" title="Apple Store">Store</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Fifth_Avenue" title="Apple Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppleCare%2B" title="AppleCare+">AppleCare+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Authorized_Service_Provider" title="Apple Authorized Service Provider">AASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_certification_programs" title="Apple certification programs">Certifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_Bar" title="Genius Bar">Genius Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProCare" title="ProCare">ProCare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_to_One_(Apple)" title="One to One (Apple)">One to One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Account" title="Apple Account">Apple Account</a> (formerly Apple ID) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_in_with_Apple" title="Sign in with Apple">Sign in with Apple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_One" title="Apple One">One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer" title="Apple Developer">Developer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IAd" title="IAd">iAd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TestFlight" title="TestFlight">TestFlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Developers_Conference" title="Worldwide Developers Conference">WWDC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICloud" title="ICloud">iCloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MobileMe" title="MobileMe">MobileMe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Find_My" title="Find My">Find My</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_(Apple)" title="Fitness (Apple)">Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photos_(Apple)" title="Photos (Apple)">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Maps" title="Apple Maps">Maps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flyover_(Apple_Maps)" title="Flyover (Apple Maps)">Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_Around_(Apple)" title="Look Around (Apple)">Look Around</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._subsidiaries" title="Category:Apple Inc. subsidiaries">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anobit" title="Anobit">Anobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_IMC" title="Apple IMC">Apple IMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Studios" title="Apple Studios">Apple Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Electronics" title="Beats Electronics">Beats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beddit" title="Beddit">Beddit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braeburn_Capital" title="Braeburn Capital">Braeburn Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claris" title="Claris">Claris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._acquisitions" title="Category:Apple Inc. acquisitions">Acquisitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple" title="List of mergers and acquisitions by Apple">Completed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anobit" title="Anobit">Anobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AuthenTec" title="AuthenTec">AuthenTec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Electronics" title="Beats Electronics">Beats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beddit" title="Beddit">Beddit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIS_Records" title="BIS Records">BIS Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cue_(search_engine)" title="Cue (search engine)">Cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EditGrid" title="EditGrid">EditGrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emagic" title="Emagic">Emagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FingerWorks" title="FingerWorks">FingerWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsity" title="Intrinsity">Intrinsity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InVisage_Technologies" title="InVisage Technologies">InVisage Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Keyboard_Company" title="The Keyboard Company">The Keyboard Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_(website)" title="Lala (website)">Lala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaio" title="Metaio">Metaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothing_Real" title="Nothing Real">Nothing Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P.A._Semi" title="P.A. Semi">P.A. Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_Computing_Corporation" title="Power Computing Corporation">Power Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PrimeSense" title="PrimeSense">PrimeSense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shazam_(music_app)" title="Shazam (music app)">Shazam Entertainment Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_(app)" title="Texture (app)">Texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topsy_Labs" title="Topsy Labs">Topsy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Potential <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_acquisition_of_Disney_by_Apple" title="Potential acquisition of Disney by Apple">Disney</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._partnerships" title="Category:Apple Inc. partnerships">Partnerships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaleida_Labs" title="Kaleida Labs">Kaleida Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akamai_Technologies" title="Akamai Technologies">Akamai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm_Holdings" title="Arm Holdings">Arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiDi" title="DiDi">DiDi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Ocean" title="Digital Ocean">Digital Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFund" title="IFund">iFund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagination_Technologies" title="Imagination Technologies">Imagination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockstar_Consortium" title="Rockstar Consortium">Rockstar Consortium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc._advertising" title="Apple Inc. advertising">Advertising</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/1984_(advertisement)" title="1984 (advertisement)">1984</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Think_different" title="Think different">Think different</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Get_a_Mac" title="Get a Mac">Get a Mac</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPod_advertising" title="IPod advertising">iPod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_Red" title="Product Red">Product Red</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ecosystem" title="Apple ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_Inc._media_events" title="List of Apple Inc. media events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Apple_Inc." title="Criticism of Apple Inc.">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple%27s_EU_tax_dispute" title="Apple's EU tax dispute">Tax</a></li></ul></li> <li>Headquarters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Campus">Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Park" title="Apple Park">Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_University" title="Apple University">University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc._design_motifs" title="Apple Inc. design motifs">Design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Industrial_Design_Group" title="Apple Industrial Design Group">IDg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typography_of_Apple_Inc." title="Typography of Apple Inc.">Typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designed_by_Apple_in_California" title="Designed by Apple in California">Book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Apple_Inc." title="History of Apple Inc.">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_codenames" title="List of Apple codenames">Codenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_FileWare" title="Apple FileWare">Apple FileWare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_community" title="Apple community">Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppleMasters" title="AppleMasters">AppleMasters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litigation_involving_Apple_Inc." title="Litigation involving Apple Inc.">Litigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Apple_(2024)" title="United States v. Apple (2024)">Antitrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Tech_Employee_Antitrust_Litigation" title="High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation">Non-recruiting agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Apple_(2012)" title="United States v. Apple (2012)">Price-fixing ebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI%E2%80%93Apple_encryption_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI–Apple encryption dispute">FBI encryption dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Games_v._Apple" title="Epic Games v. Apple">Epic Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_app_approvals" title="IOS app approvals">iOS app approvals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_and_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple and unions">Unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppleToo" title="AppleToo">#AppleToo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_depictions_of_Steve_Jobs" title="List of depictions of Steve Jobs">Depictions of Steve Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_on_Apple_devices" title="Linux on Apple devices">Linux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Linux" title="Asahi Linux">Asahi Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPodLinux" title="IPodLinux">iPodLinux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_car_project" title="Apple car project">Car project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._executives" title="Category:Apple Inc. executives">Executives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Cook" title="Tim Cook">Tim Cook</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Williams_(Apple)" title="Jeff Williams (Apple)">Jeff Williams</a> (COO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Maestri" title="Luca Maestri">Luca Maestri</a> (CFO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_L._Adams" class="mw-redirect" title="Katherine L. Adams">Katherine Adams</a> (General Counsel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_Cue" title="Eddy Cue">Eddy Cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Federighi" title="Craig Federighi">Craig Federighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Ge_Mahe" title="Isabel Ge Mahe">Isabel Ge Mahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Giannandrea" title="John Giannandrea">John Giannandrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_P._Jackson" title="Lisa P. Jackson">Lisa Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Joswiak" title="Greg Joswiak">Greg Joswiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabih_Khan" title="Sabih Khan">Sabih Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deirdre_O%27Brien" title="Deirdre O'Brien">Deirdre O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Riccio" title="Dan Riccio">Dan Riccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Schiller" title="Phil Schiller">Phil Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johny_Srouji" title="Johny Srouji">Johny Srouji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ternus" title="John Ternus">John Ternus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(Apple)" title="Michael Scott (Apple)">Michael Scott</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Markkula" title="Mike Markkula">Mike Markkula</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sculley" title="John Sculley">John Sculley</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Spindler" title="Michael Spindler">Michael Spindler</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Amelio" title="Gil Amelio">Gil Amelio</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jony_Ive" title="Jony Ive">Jony Ive</a> (CDO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Ahrendts" title="Angela Ahrendts">Angela Ahrendts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_D._Anderson" title="Fred D. Anderson">Fred D. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Browett" title="John Browett">John Browett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrino_De_Luca" title="Guerrino De Luca">Guerrino De Luca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deneve" title="Paul Deneve">Paul Deneve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Eisenstat" title="Al Eisenstat">Al Eisenstat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Fadell" title="Tony Fadell">Tony Fadell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Forstall" title="Scott Forstall">Scott Forstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Hancock" title="Ellen Hancock">Ellen Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_R._Heinen" title="Nancy R. Heinen">Nancy R. Heinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Johnson_(businessman)" title="Ron Johnson (businessman)">Ron Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nagel" title="David Nagel">David Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Oppenheimer" title="Peter Oppenheimer">Peter Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Papermaster" title="Mark Papermaster">Mark Papermaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Rubinstein" title="Jon Rubinstein">Jon Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Serlet" title="Bertrand Serlet">Bertrand Serlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Sewell" title="Bruce Sewell">Bruce Sewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sina_Tamaddon" title="Sina Tamaddon">Sina Tamaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avie_Tevanian" title="Avie Tevanian">Avie Tevanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Directors_of_Apple_Inc." title="Category:Directors of Apple Inc.">Board of directors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_D._Levinson" title="Arthur D. Levinson">Arthur D. Levinson</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Cook" title="Tim Cook">Tim Cook</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Bell" title="James A. Bell">James A. Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Gorsky" title="Alex Gorsky">Alex Gorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Jung" title="Andrea Jung">Andrea Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Sugar" title="Ronald Sugar">Ronald D. Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Wagner" title="Susan Wagner">Susan L. Wagner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Markkula" title="Mike Markkula">Mike Markkula</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sculley" title="John Sculley">John Sculley</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Amelio" title="Gil Amelio">Gil Amelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_D._Anderson" title="Fred D. Anderson">Fred D. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Campbell_(business_executive)" title="Bill Campbell (business executive)">Bill Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Drexler" title="Mickey Drexler">Mickey Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Eisenstat" title="Al Eisenstat">Al Eisenstat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Ellison" title="Larry Ellison">Larry Ellison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Iger" title="Bob Iger">Robert A. Iger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delano_Lewis" title="Delano Lewis">Delano Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rock" title="Arthur Rock">Arthur Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(Apple)" title="Michael Scott (Apple)">Michael Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Spindler" title="Michael Spindler">Michael Spindler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_S._Woolard_Jr." title="Edgar S. Woolard Jr.">Edgar S. Woolard Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_York_(businessman)" title="Jerry York (businessman)">Jerry York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Wayne" title="Ronald Wayne">Ronald Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate discontinued products, services, or defunct companies.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc." title="Category:Apple Inc.">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Google" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Google_LLC" title="Template:Google LLC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Google_LLC" title="Template talk:Google LLC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Google_LLC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Google LLC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Google" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Google" title="History of Google">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Android_apps_by_Google" title="List of Android apps by Google">List of Android apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Google_Easter_eggs" title="List of Google Easter eggs">List of Easter eggs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Google_April_Fools%27_Day_jokes" title="List of Google April Fools' Day jokes">April Fools' Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Alphabet" title="List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet">List of mergers and acquisitions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Company" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Company</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Ads" title="Google Ads">Ads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_AI" title="Google AI">AI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Brain" title="Google Brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">DeepMind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Android_devices" title="Booting process of Android devices">booting process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_recovery_mode" title="Android recovery mode">recovery mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_software_development" title="Android software development">software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_version_history" title="Android version history">version history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_China" title="Google China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goojje" title="Goojje">Goojje</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Chrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Glass" title="Google Glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google.org" title="Google.org">Google.org</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Crisis_Response" title="Google Crisis Response">Crisis Response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Public_Alerts" title="Google Public Alerts">Public Alerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RechargeIT" title="RechargeIT">RechargeIT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Health" title="Google Health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pixel" title="Google Pixel">Pixel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Search</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Google_Search" title="Timeline of Google Search">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_Labs" title="Sidewalk Labs">Sidewalk Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Energy" title="Google Energy">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_YouTube" title="History of YouTube">History</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Me_at_the_zoo" title="Me at the zoo">Me at the zoo</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_YouTube" title="Social impact of YouTube">Social impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTuber" title="YouTuber">YouTuber</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Google_employees" title="Category:Google employees">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Bharat" title="Krishna Bharat">Krishna Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Dean" title="Jeff Dean">Jeff Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Doerr" title="John Doerr">John Doerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Ghemawat" title="Sanjay Ghemawat">Sanjay Ghemawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Hennessy" title="John L. Hennessy">John L. Hennessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urs_H%C3%B6lzle" title="Urs Hölzle">Urs Hölzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_Kamangar" title="Salar Kamangar">Salar Kamangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Mather" title="Ann Mather">Ann Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Mulally" title="Alan Mulally">Alan Mulally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Osterloh" title="Rick Osterloh">Rick Osterloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundar_Pichai" title="Sundar Pichai">Sundar Pichai</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Porat" title="Ruth Porat">Ruth Porat</a> (CFO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajen_Sheth" title="Rajen Sheth">Rajen Sheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Varian" title="Hal Varian">Hal Varian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_Mohan" title="Neal Mohan">Neal Mohan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Bechtolsheim" title="Andy Bechtolsheim">Andy Bechtolsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a> (Founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cheriton" title="David Cheriton">David Cheriton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Cutts" title="Matt Cutts">Matt Cutts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Drummond_(businessman)" title="David Drummond (businessman)">David Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Eustace" title="Alan Eustace">Alan Eustace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timnit_Gebru" title="Timnit Gebru">Timnit Gebru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omid_Kordestani" title="Omid Kordestani">Omid Kordestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Otellini" title="Paul Otellini">Paul Otellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a> (Founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pichette" title="Patrick Pichette">Patrick Pichette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Shriram" title="Ram Shriram">Ram Shriram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit_Singhal" title="Amit Singhal">Amit Singhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_M._Tilghman" title="Shirley M. Tilghman">Shirley M. Tilghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Whetstone" title="Rachel Whetstone">Rachel Whetstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Wojcicki" title="Susan Wojcicki">Susan Wojcicki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Real estate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/111_Eighth_Avenue" title="111 Eighth Avenue">111 Eighth Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androidland" title="Androidland">Androidland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_barges" title="Google barges">Barges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binoculars_Building" title="Binoculars Building">Binoculars Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Saint_Giles" title="Central Saint Giles">Central Saint Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Market" title="Chelsea Market">Chelsea Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrome_Zone" title="Chrome Zone">Chrome Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_data_centers" title="Google data centers">Data centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googleplex" title="Googleplex">Googleplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayfield_Mall" title="Mayfield Mall">Mayfield Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_57" title="Pier 57">Pier 57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_Toronto" title="Sidewalk Toronto">Sidewalk Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Terminal" title="St. John's Terminal">St. John's Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Space" title="YouTube Space">YouTube Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Theater" title="YouTube Theater">YouTube Theater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Fonts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croscore_fonts" title="Croscore fonts">Croscore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noto_fonts" title="Noto fonts">Noto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_Sans" title="Product Sans">Product Sans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roboto" title="Roboto">Roboto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_logo" title="Google logo">Logo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Doodle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doodle_Champion_Island_Games" title="Doodle Champion Island Games">Doodle Champion Island Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Cat_Academy" title="Magic Cat Academy">Magic Cat Academy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_Design" title="Material Design">Material Design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Android <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Developer_Challenge" title="Android Developer Challenge">Developer Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Developer_Day" title="Android Developer Day">Developer Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Developer_Lab" title="Android Developer Lab">Developer Lab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Code-in" title="Google Code-in">Code-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Code_Jam" title="Google Code Jam">Code Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Developer_Day" title="Google Developer Day">Developer Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Developers_Live" title="Google Developers Live">Developers Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doodle4Google" title="Doodle4Google">Doodle4Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Day" title="G-Day">G-Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_I/O" title="Google I/O">I/O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_(company)" title="Jigsaw (company)">Jigsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Stories" title="Living Stories">Living Stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Lunar_X_Prize" title="Google Lunar X Prize">Lunar XPRIZE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Mapathon" title="Google Mapathon">Mapathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Science_Fair" title="Google Science Fair">Science Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Summer_of_Code" title="Google Summer of Code">Summer of Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talks_at_Google" class="mw-redirect" title="Talks at Google">Talks at Google</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">YouTube</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Awards" title="YouTube Awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN/YouTube_presidential_debates" title="CNN/YouTube presidential debates">CNN/YouTube presidential debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Comedy_Week" title="YouTube Comedy Week">Comedy Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Live" title="YouTube Live">Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Music_Awards" title="YouTube Music Awards">Music Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Space_Lab" title="YouTube Space Lab">Space Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Symphony_Orchestra" title="YouTube Symphony Orchestra">Symphony Orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects and initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Side_project_time" title="Side project time">20% project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_120" title="Area 120">Area 120</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reply_(Google)" title="Reply (Google)">Reply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tables_(Google)" title="Tables (Google)">Tables</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_ATAP" title="Google ATAP">ATAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Business_Groups" title="Google Business Groups">Business Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM/Google_Cloud_Computing_University_Initiative" title="IBM/Google Cloud Computing University Initiative">Computing University Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Data_Liberation_Front" title="Google Data Liberation Front">Data Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Transfer_Project" title="Data Transfer Project">Data Transfer Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Developer_Expert" title="Google Developer Expert">Developer Expert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Digital_Garage" title="Google Digital Garage">Digital Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_News_Initiative" title="Digital News Initiative">Digital News Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Unlocked" title="Digital Unlocked">Digital Unlocked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(search_engine)" title="Dragonfly (search engine)">Dragonfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Founders%27_Award" title="Google Founders' Award">Founders' Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Free_Zone" title="Google Free Zone">Free Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Get_Your_Business_Online" title="Google Get Your Business Online">Get Your Business Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_for_Education" title="Google for Education">Google for Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_for_Startups" title="Google for Startups">Google for Startups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Labs" title="Google Labs">Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Galaxy" title="Liquid Galaxy">Liquid Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Made_with_Code" title="Made with Code">Made with Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_M%C4%81ori" title="Google Māori">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_News_Lab" title="Google News Lab">News Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Nightingale" title="Project Nightingale">Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectives_and_key_results" title="Objectives and key results">Objectives and key results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_PowerMeter" title="Google PowerMeter">PowerMeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_Sandbox" title="Privacy Sandbox">Privacy Sandbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Artificial_Intelligence_Lab" title="Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab">Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RechargeIT" title="RechargeIT">RechargeIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Shield" title="Project Shield">Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Silicon_Initiative" title="Google Silicon Initiative">Silicon Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solve_for_X" title="Solve for X">Solve for X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Starline" title="Project Starline">Starline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Student_Ambassador_Program" title="Google Student Ambassador Program">Student Ambassador Program</a></li> <li>Submarine communications cables <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunant_(submarine_communications_cable)" title="Dunant (submarine communications cable)">Dunant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper_(submarine_communications_cable)" title="Grace Hopper (submarine communications cable)">Grace Hopper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Sunroof" title="Project Sunroof">Sunroof</a></li> <li>YouTube <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Creator_Awards" title="YouTube Creator Awards">Creator Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Next_Lab_and_Audience_Development_Group" title="YouTube Next Lab and Audience Development Group">Next Lab and Audience Development Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Original_Channel_Initiative" title="YouTube Original Channel Initiative">Original Channel Initiative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Zero" title="Project Zero">Zero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Google" title="Criticism of Google">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Google_data_breach" title="2018 Google data breach">2018 data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Google_walkouts" title="2018 Google walkouts">2018 walkouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Workers_Union" title="Alphabet Workers Union">Alphabet Workers Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Google" title="Censorship by Google">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeGoogle" title="DeGoogle">DeGoogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(search_engine)" title="Dragonfly (search engine)">Dragonfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FairSearch" title="FairSearch">FairSearch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google%27s_Ideological_Echo_Chamber" title="Google's Ideological Echo Chamber">"Ideological Echo Chamber" memo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_litigation" title="Google litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_Google" title="Privacy concerns with Google">Privacy concerns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View_privacy_concerns" title="Google Street View privacy concerns">Street View</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_tech_bus_protests" title="San Francisco tech bus protests">San Francisco tech bus protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_services_outages" title="Google services outages">Services outages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone_patent_wars" title="Smartphone patent wars">Smartphone patent wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_worker_organization" title="Google worker organization">Worker organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Google#YouTube" title="Criticism of Google">YouTube</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Korean_YouTube_backdoor_advertising_controversy" title="2020 Korean YouTube backdoor advertising controversy">Back advertisement controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Google#YouTube" title="Censorship by Google">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_copyright_issues" title="YouTube copyright issues">Copyright issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_copyright_strike" title="YouTube copyright strike">Copyright strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsagate" title="Elsagate">Elsagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures_scandal" title="Fantastic Adventures scandal">Fantastic Adventures scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_headquarters_shooting" title="YouTube headquarters shooting">Headquarters shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Kohistan_video_case" title="2012 Kohistan video case">Kohistan video case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_Innocence_of_Muslims" title="Reactions to Innocence of Muslims">Reactions to Innocence of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Slovenian_YouTube_incident" title="2011 Slovenian YouTube incident">Slovenian government incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Development" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Google_Developers" title="Google Developers">Development</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Automotive" title="Android Automotive">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_OS" title="Glass OS">Glass OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Go" title="Android Go">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLinux" title="GLinux">gLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goobuntu" title="Goobuntu">Goobuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Things" title="Android Things">Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_TV" title="Android TV">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wear_OS" title="Wear OS">Wear OS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChromiumOS" title="ChromiumOS">ChromiumOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neverware" title="Neverware">Neverware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuchsia_(operating_system)" title="Fuchsia (operating system)">Fuchsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_TV_(operating_system)" title="Google TV (operating system)">TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libraries/ frameworks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALTS" title="ALTS">ALTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerated_Mobile_Pages" title="Accelerated Mobile Pages">AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_(web_framework)" title="Angular (web framework)">Angular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AngularJS" title="AngularJS">JS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARCore" title="ARCore">ARCore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_APIs" title="Google APIs">APIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockly" title="Blockly">Blockly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chart_API" title="Google Chart API">Chart API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Charts" title="Google Charts">Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogflow" title="Dialogflow">Dialogflow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Exposure Notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Pair" title="Fast Pair">Fast Pair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Learning_of_Cohorts" title="Federated Learning of Cohorts">Federated Learning of Cohorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_File_System" title="Google File System">File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FlatBuffers" title="FlatBuffers">FlatBuffers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutter_(software)" title="Flutter (software)">Flutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gears_(software)" title="Gears (software)">Gears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRPC" title="GRPC">gRPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gson" title="Gson">Gson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Guava" title="Google Guava">Guava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Guice" title="Google Guice">Guice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guetzli" title="Guetzli">Guetzli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_JAX" title="Google JAX">JAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GVisor" title="GVisor">gVisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MapReduce" title="MapReduce">MapReduce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_(standard)" title="Matter (standard)">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Mobile_Services" title="Google Mobile Services">Mobile Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Neural_Machine_Translation" title="Google Neural Machine Translation">Neural Machine Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSocial" title="OpenSocial">OpenSocial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pack" title="Google Pack">Pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_(library)" title="Polymer (library)">Polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_Buffers" title="Protocol Buffers">Protocol Buffers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reqwireless" title="Reqwireless">Reqwireless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Shell" title="Google Shell">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skia_Graphics_Engine" title="Skia Graphics Engine">Skia Graphics Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tango_(platform)" title="Tango (platform)">Tango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Test" title="Google Test">Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WaveNet" title="WaveNet">WaveNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weave_(protocol)" title="Weave (protocol)">Weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Accelerator" title="Google Web Accelerator">Web Accelerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_App_Engine" title="Google App Engine">App Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppJet" title="AppJet">AppJet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Apps_Script" title="Google Apps Script">Apps Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Cloud Platform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anvato" title="Anvato">Anvato</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebase" title="Firebase">Firebase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firebase_Cloud_Messaging" title="Firebase Cloud Messaging">Cloud Messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crashlytics" title="Crashlytics">Crashlytics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_IP_Solutions" title="Global IP Solutions">Global IP Solutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Low_Bitrate_Codec" title="Internet Low Bitrate Codec">Internet Low Bitrate Codec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec" title="Internet Speech Audio Codec">Internet Speech Audio Codec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gridcentric,_Inc." title="Gridcentric, Inc.">Gridcentric, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITA_Software" title="ITA Software">ITA Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubernetes" title="Kubernetes">Kubernetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LevelDB" title="LevelDB">LevelDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neatx" title="Neatx">Neatx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_IDX" title="Project IDX">Project IDX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SageTV" title="SageTV">SageTV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apigee" title="Apigee">Apigee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigtable" title="Bigtable">Bigtable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitium" title="Bitium">Bitium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_Security" title="Chronicle Security">Chronicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VirusTotal" title="VirusTotal">VirusTotal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Compute_Engine" title="Google Compute Engine">Compute Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Connect" title="Google Cloud Connect">Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Dataflow" title="Google Cloud Dataflow">Dataflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Datastore" title="Google Cloud Datastore">Datastore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaggle" title="Kaggle">Kaggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looker_(company)" title="Looker (company)">Looker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandiant" title="Mandiant">Mandiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Messaging" title="Google Cloud Messaging">Messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbitera" title="Orbitera">Orbitera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Shell" title="Google Cloud Shell">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stackdriver" title="Stackdriver">Stackdriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Storage" title="Google Cloud Storage">Storage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Fuzzy_Lop_(software)" title="American Fuzzy Lop (software)">American Fuzzy Lop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Cloud_to_Device_Messaging" title="Android Cloud to Device Messaging">Android Cloud to Device Messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Debug_Bridge" title="Android Debug Bridge">Android Debug Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Studio" title="Android Studio">Android Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_App_Maker" title="Google App Maker">App Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_App_Runtime_for_Chrome" title="Google App Runtime for Chrome">App Runtime for Chrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppSheet" title="AppSheet">AppSheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazel_(software)" title="Bazel (software)">Bazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome_Frame" title="Google Chrome Frame">Chrome Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Closure_Tools" title="Google Closure Tools">Closure Tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cpplint" title="Cpplint">Cpplint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Data_Protocol" title="Google Data Protocol">Data Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Gadgets" title="Google Gadgets">Gadgets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_(software)" title="Gerrit (software)">Gerrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GYP_(software)" title="GYP (software)">GYP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Kythe" title="Google Kythe">Kythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Lighthouse" title="Google Lighthouse">Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_App_Inventor" title="MIT App Inventor">MIT App Inventor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Mashup_Editor" title="Google Mashup Editor">Mashup Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Native_Client" title="Google Native Client">Native Client</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Optimize" title="Google Optimize">Optimize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenRefine" title="OpenRefine">OpenRefine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OR-Tools" title="OR-Tools">OR-Tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_PageSpeed_Tools" title="Google PageSpeed Tools">PageSpeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Plugin_for_Eclipse" title="Google Plugin for Eclipse">Plugin for Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Programmable_Search_Engine" title="Google Programmable Search Engine">Programmable Search Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Public_DNS" title="Google Public DNS">Public DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReCAPTCHA" title="ReCAPTCHA">reCAPTCHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema.org" title="Schema.org">Schema.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Search_Console" title="Google Search Console">Search Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitemaps" title="Sitemaps">Sitemaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Swiffy" title="Google Swiffy">Swiffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesseract_(software)" title="Tesseract (software)">Tesseract (software)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trendalyzer" title="Trendalyzer">Trendalyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisBug" title="VisBug">VisBug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol" title="Google Wave Federation Protocol">Wave Federation Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Toolkit" title="Google Web Toolkit">Web Toolkit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Search algorithms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Hummingbird" title="Google Hummingbird">Hummingbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PageRank" title="PageRank">PageRank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PageRank_algorithm_in_biochemistry" title="PageRank algorithm in biochemistry">applications in biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_matrix" title="Google matrix">Matrix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Panda" title="Google Panda">Panda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Penguin" title="Google Penguin">Penguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pigeon" title="Google Pigeon">Pigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RankBrain" title="RankBrain">RankBrain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BERT_(language_model)" title="BERT (language model)">BERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BigQuery" title="BigQuery">BigQuery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome_Experiments" title="Google Chrome Experiments">Chrome Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutter_(American_company)" title="Flutter (American company)">Flutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(language_model)" title="Gemini (language model)">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googlebot" title="Googlebot">Googlebot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_Markup_Language" title="Keyhole Markup Language">Keyhole Markup Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaMDA" title="LaMDA">LaMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Location_Code" title="Open Location Code">Open Location Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PaLM" title="PaLM">PaLM</a></li> <li>Programming languages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caja_project" title="Caja project">Caja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_(programming_language)" title="Carbon (programming language)">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawzall_(programming_language)" title="Sawzall (programming language)">Sawzall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewdle" title="Viewdle">Viewdle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webdriver_Torso" title="Webdriver Torso">Webdriver Torso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Server" title="Google Web Server">Web Server</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_App_Bundle" title="Android App Bundle">AAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apk_(file_format)" title="Apk (file format)">APK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On2_Technologies" title="On2 Technologies">On2 Technologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VP3" title="VP3">VP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP6" title="VP6">VP6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP8" title="VP8">VP8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libvpx" title="Libvpx">libvpx</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP9" title="VP9">VP9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebM" title="WebM">WebM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebP" title="WebP">WebP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Open_Font_Format" title="Web Open Font Format">WOFF2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Google_products" title="List of Google products">Products</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Currents_(news_app)" title="Google Currents (news app)">Currents (news app)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Throttle_Games" title="Green Throttle Games">Green Throttle Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owlchemy_Labs" title="Owlchemy Labs">Owlchemy Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_(company)" title="Oyster (company)">Oyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PaperofRecord.com" title="PaperofRecord.com">PaperofRecord.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Podcasts" title="Google Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick,_Draw!" title="Quick, Draw!">Quick, Draw!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Santa_Tracker" title="Google Santa Tracker">Santa Tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songza" title="Songza">Songza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Stadia" title="Google Stadia">Stadia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stadia_games" title="List of Stadia games">games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Studios" title="Typhoon Studios">Typhoon Studios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_TV_(service)" title="Google TV (service)">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vevo" title="Vevo">Vevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Video" title="Google Video">Video</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Play</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Books" title="Google Play Books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Games" title="Google Play Games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-downloaded_Google_Play_applications" title="List of most-downloaded Google Play applications">most downloaded apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Music" title="Google Play Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Newsstand" title="Google Play Newsstand">Newsstand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Pass" title="Google Play Pass">Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Services" title="Google Play Services">Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BandPage" title="BandPage">BandPage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_BrandConnect" title="YouTube BrandConnect">BrandConnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_ID" title="Content ID">Content ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Instant" title="YouTube Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Kids" title="YouTube Kids">Kids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Music" title="YouTube Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_(YouTube_channel)" title="YouTube (YouTube channel)">Official channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Premium" title="YouTube Premium">Premium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_YouTube_Premium_original_programming" title="List of YouTube Premium original programming">original programming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Rewind" title="YouTube Rewind">YouTube Rewind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RightsFlow" title="RightsFlow">RightsFlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Select" title="YouTube Select">Select</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Shorts" title="YouTube Shorts">Shorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Studio" title="YouTube Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_TV" title="YouTube TV">TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Allo" title="Google Allo">Allo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bump_(application)" title="Bump (application)">Bump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Buzz" title="Google Buzz">Buzz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chat" title="Google Chat">Chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Contacts" title="Google Contacts">Contacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Currents_(social_app)" title="Google Currents (social app)">Currents (social app)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodgeball_(service)" title="Dodgeball (service)">Dodgeball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Duo" title="Google Duo">Duo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Fi_Wireless" title="Google Fi Wireless">Fi Wireless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Friend_Connect" title="Google Friend Connect">Friend Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gizmo5" title="Gizmo5">Gizmo5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gmail" title="History of Gmail">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbox_by_Gmail" title="Inbox by Gmail">Inbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmail_interface" title="Gmail interface">Interface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Groups" title="Google Groups">Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Hangouts" title="Google Hangouts">Hangouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Helpouts" title="Google Helpouts">Helpouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_IME" title="Google IME">IME</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Japanese_Input" title="Google Japanese Input">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pinyin" title="Google Pinyin">Pinyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaiku" title="Jaiku">Jaiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marratech" title="Marratech">Marratech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meebo" title="Meebo">Meebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Meet" title="Google Meet">Meet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Messages" title="Google Messages">Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Moderator" title="Google Moderator">Moderator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotonic_Software" title="Neotonic Software">Neotonic Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkut" title="Orkut">Orkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postini" title="Postini">Postini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest_Visual" title="Quest Visual">Quest Visual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Word_Lens" title="Word Lens">Word Lens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Schemer" title="Google Schemer">Schemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Spaces" title="Google Spaces">Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparrow_(email_client)" title="Sparrow (email client)">Sparrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Talk" title="Google Talk">Talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Translate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Translator_Toolkit" title="Google Translator Toolkit">Translator Toolkit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Voice" title="Google Voice">Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOOG-411" title="GOOG-411">Voice Local Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Wave" title="Google Wave">Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Search</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aardvark_(search_engine)" title="Aardvark (search engine)">Aardvark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Alerts" title="Google Alerts">Alerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Answers" title="Google Answers">Answers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Base" title="Google Base">Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeatThatQuote.com" title="BeatThatQuote.com">BeatThatQuote.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Blog_Search" title="Google Blog Search">Blog Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Books_Ngram_Viewer" title="Google Books Ngram Viewer">Ngram Viewer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Code_Search" title="Google Code Search">Code Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Commons" title="Data Commons">Data Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Dataset_Search" title="Google Dataset Search">Dataset Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Dictionary" title="Google Dictionary">Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Directory" title="Google Directory">Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Fast_Flip" title="Google Fast Flip">Fast Flip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Flu_Trends" title="Google Flu Trends">Flu Trends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Finance" title="Google Finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Goggles" title="Google Goggles">Goggles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google.by" title="Google.by">Google.by</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Images" title="Google Images">Images</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Image_Labeler" title="Google Image Labeler">Image Labeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Image_Swirl" title="Google Image Swirl">Image Swirl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaltix" title="Kaltix">Kaltix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Knowledge_Graph" title="Google Knowledge Graph">Knowledge Graph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freebase_(database)" title="Freebase (database)">Freebase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaweb" title="Metaweb">Metaweb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Like.com" title="Like.com">Like.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_News" title="Google News">News</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_News_Archive" title="Google News Archive">Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_News_%26_Weather" title="Google News & Weather">Weather</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Patents" title="Google Patents">Patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Cards" title="People Cards">People Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Personalized_Search" title="Google Personalized Search">Personalized Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Public_Data_Explorer" title="Google Public Data Explorer">Public Data Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Questions_and_Answers" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Questions and Answers">Questions and Answers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SafeSearch" title="SafeSearch">SafeSearch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_SearchWiki" title="Google SearchWiki">Searchwiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Shopping" title="Google Shopping">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Catalogs" title="Google Catalogs">Catalogs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Express" title="Google Express">Express</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Squared" title="Google Squared">Squared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_(website)" title="Tenor (website)">Tenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Travel" title="Google Travel">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Flights" title="Google Flights">Flights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Trends" title="Google Trends">Trends</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Insights_for_Search" title="Google Insights for Search">Insights for Search</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Voice_Search" title="Google Voice Search">Voice Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDYL_(search_engine)" title="WDYL (search engine)">WDYL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoxon" title="Endoxon">Endoxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ImageAmerica" title="ImageAmerica">ImageAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Maps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Latitude" title="Google Latitude">Latitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Map_Maker" title="Google Map Maker">Map Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps_Navigation" title="Google Maps Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps_pin" title="Google Maps pin">Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View" title="Google Street View">Street View</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View_coverage" title="Google Street View coverage">Coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_View_Trusted" title="Street View Trusted">Trusted</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waze" title="Waze">Waze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where_Is_My_Train" title="Where Is My Train">Where Is My Train</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business and finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Ad_Manager" title="Google Ad Manager">Ad Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AdMob" title="AdMob">AdMob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Ads" title="Google Ads">Ads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adscape" title="Adscape">Adscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_AdSense" title="Google AdSense">AdSense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Attribution" title="Google Attribution">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BebaPay" title="BebaPay">BebaPay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Checkout" title="Google Checkout">Checkout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Contributor" title="Google Contributor">Contributor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DoubleClick" title="DoubleClick">DoubleClick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Affiliate_Network" title="Google Affiliate Network">Affiliate Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invite_Media" title="Invite Media">Invite Media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Analytics" title="Google Analytics">Marketing Platform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Analytics" title="Google Analytics">Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looker_Studio" title="Looker Studio">Looker Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urchin_(software)" title="Urchin (software)">Urchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pay_(mobile_app)" title="Google Pay (mobile app)">Pay (mobile app)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Wallet" title="Google Wallet">Wallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pay_(payment_method)" title="Google Pay (payment method)">Pay (payment method)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pay_Send" title="Google Pay Send">Send</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tez_(software)" title="Tez (software)">Tez</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostRank" title="PostRank">PostRank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Primer" title="Google Primer">Primer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcard" title="Softcard">Softcard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire_Interactive" title="Wildfire Interactive">Wildfire Interactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widevine" title="Widevine">Widevine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization and productivity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Bookmarks" title="Google Bookmarks">Bookmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Browser_Sync" title="Google Browser Sync">Browser Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Calendar" title="Google Calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Search" title="Google Cloud Search">Cloud Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Desktop" title="Google Desktop">Desktop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Drive" title="Google Drive">Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etherpad" title="Etherpad">Etherpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fflick" title="Fflick">fflick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Files_(Google)" title="Files (Google)">Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGoogle" title="IGoogle">iGoogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamboard" title="Jamboard">Jamboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Notebook" title="Google Notebook">Notebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NotebookLM" title="NotebookLM">NotebookLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_One" title="Google One">One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Photos" title="Google Photos">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quickoffice" title="Quickoffice">Quickoffice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Quick_Search_Box" title="Google Quick Search Box">Quick Search Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Surveys" title="Google Surveys">Surveys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Sync" title="Google Sync">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Tasks" title="Google Tasks">Tasks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Toolbar" title="Google Toolbar">Toolbar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Google_Docs_Editors" title="Google Docs Editors">Docs Editors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Docs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Drawings" title="Google Drawings">Drawings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Forms" title="Google Forms">Forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Fusion_Tables" title="Google Fusion Tables">Fusion Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Keep" title="Google Keep">Keep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Sheets" title="Google Sheets">Sheets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Slides" title="Google Slides">Slides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Sites" title="Google Sites">Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Vids" title="Google Vids">Vids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apture" title="Apture">Apture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blogger_(service)" title="Blogger (service)">Blogger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyra_Labs" title="Pyra Labs">Pyra Labs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Domains" title="Google Domains">Domains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeedBurner" title="FeedBurner">FeedBurner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_One_Pass" title="Google One Pass">One Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Page_Creator" title="Google Page Creator">Page Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Sites" title="Google Sites">Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Designer" title="Google Web Designer">Web Designer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Classroom" title="Google Classroom">Classroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper_(mobile_app)" title="Grasshopper (mobile app)">Grasshopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_(Google)" title="Socratic (Google)">Socratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photomath" title="Photomath">Photomath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read_Along" title="Read Along">Read Along</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toontastic_3D" title="Toontastic 3D">Toontastic 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Workspace" title="Google Workspace">Workspace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Workspace_Marketplace" title="Google Workspace Marketplace">Marketplace</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Account" title="Google Account">Account</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Dashboard" title="Google Dashboard">Dashboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Takeout" title="Google Takeout">Takeout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Auto" title="Android Auto">Android Auto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Beam" title="Android Beam">Android Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Arts_%26_Culture" title="Google Arts & Culture">Arts & Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Assistant" title="Google Assistant">Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Authenticator" title="Google Authenticator">Authenticator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZygoteBody" title="ZygoteBody">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BufferBox" title="BufferBox">BufferBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Building_Maker" title="Google Building Maker">Building Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BumpTop" title="BumpTop">BumpTop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cast" title="Google Cast">Cast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Print" title="Google Cloud Print">Cloud Print</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdsource_(app)" title="Crowdsource (app)">Crowdsource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Wellbeing" title="Digital Wellbeing">Digital Wellbeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Expeditions" title="Google Expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Family_Link" title="Google Family Link">Family Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Find_My_Device" title="Find My Device">Find My Device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Fit" title="Google Fit">Fit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Fonts" title="Google Fonts">Google Fonts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gboard" title="Gboard">Gboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(chatbot)" title="Gemini (chatbot)">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Gesture_Search" title="Google Gesture Search">Gesture Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impermium" title="Impermium">Impermium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knol" title="Knol">Knol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Lively" title="Google Lively">Lively</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_Transcribe" title="Live Transcribe">Live Transcribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyTracks" title="MyTracks">MyTracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearby_Share" title="Nearby Share">Nearby Share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Now" title="Google Now">Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Offers" title="Google Offers">Offers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Opinion_Rewards" title="Google Opinion Rewards">Opinion Rewards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Person_Finder" title="Google Person Finder">Person Finder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly_(website)" title="Poly (website)">Poly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Question_Hub" title="Google Question Hub">Question Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_Share" title="Quick Share">Quick Share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Reader" title="Google Reader">Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Safe_Browsing" title="Google Safe Browsing">Safe Browsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Sidewiki" title="Google Sidewiki">Sidewiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SlickLogin" title="SlickLogin">SlickLogin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_Amplifier" title="Sound Amplifier">Sound Amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_Recognition_%26_Synthesis" title="Speech Recognition & Synthesis">Speech Recognition & Synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Station" title="Google Station">Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Store" title="Google Store">Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkBack" title="TalkBack">TalkBack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt_Brush" title="Tilt Brush">Tilt Brush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_URL_Shortener" title="Google URL Shortener">URL Shortener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_Access" title="Voice Access">Voice Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavii" title="Wavii">Wavii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Light" title="Google Web Light">Web Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_WiFi" title="Google WiFi">WiFi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Chrome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome_App" title="Google Chrome App">Apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Game" title="Dinosaur Game">Dinosaur Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenBorder" title="GreenBorder">GreenBorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrome_Remote_Desktop" title="Chrome Remote Desktop">Remote Desktop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrome_Web_Store" title="Chrome Web Store">Web Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)" title="V8 (JavaScript engine)">V8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Images and photography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Camera" title="Pixel Camera">Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Lens" title="Google Lens">Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapseed" title="Snapseed">Snapseed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nik_Software" title="Nik Software">Nik Software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramio" title="Panoramio">Panoramio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Photos" title="Google Photos">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picasa" title="Picasa">Picasa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picasa_Web_Albums" title="Picasa Web Albums">Web Albums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picnik" title="Picnik">Picnik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Hardware" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Hardware</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Smartphones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Dev_Phone" title="Android Dev Phone">Android Dev Phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_One" title="Android One">Android One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_One" title="Nexus One">Nexus One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_S" title="Nexus S">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Nexus" title="Galaxy Nexus">Galaxy Nexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_4" title="Nexus 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_5" title="Nexus 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_6" title="Nexus 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_5X" title="Nexus 5X">5X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_6P" title="Nexus 6P">6P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Google_Nexus_smartphones" title="Comparison of Google Nexus smartphones">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pixel" title="Google Pixel">Pixel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_(1st_generation)" title="Pixel (1st generation)">Pixel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_2" title="Pixel 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_3" title="Pixel 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_3a" title="Pixel 3a">3a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_4" title="Pixel 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_4a" title="Pixel 4a">4a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_5" title="Pixel 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_5a" title="Pixel 5a">5a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_6" title="Pixel 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_6a" title="Pixel 6a">6a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_7" title="Pixel 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_7a" title="Pixel 7a">7a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Fold" title="Pixel Fold">Fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_8" title="Pixel 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_8a" title="Pixel 8a">8a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_9" title="Pixel 9">Pixel 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_9_Pro_Fold" title="Pixel 9 Pro Fold">Pixel 9 Pro Fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Google_Pixel_smartphones" title="Comparison of Google Pixel smartphones">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Google_Play_edition_devices" title="List of Google Play edition devices">Play Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Ara" title="Project Ara">Project Ara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laptops and tablets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromebook" title="Chromebook">Chromebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_7_(2012)" title="Nexus 7 (2012)">7 (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_7_(2013)" title="Nexus 7 (2013)">7 (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_10" title="Nexus 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_9" title="Nexus 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Google_Nexus_tablets" title="Comparison of Google Nexus tablets">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pixel" title="Google Pixel">Pixel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromebook_Pixel" title="Chromebook Pixel">Chromebook Pixel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixelbook" title="Pixelbook">Pixelbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixelbook_Go" title="Pixelbook Go">Pixelbook Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_C" title="Pixel C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Slate" title="Pixel Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Tablet" title="Pixel Tablet">Tablet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wearables</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fitbit" title="Fitbit">Fitbit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Fitbit_products" title="List of Fitbit products">List of products</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Buds" title="Pixel Buds">Pixel Buds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Watch" title="Pixel Watch">Pixel Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Watch_2" title="Pixel Watch 2">Pixel Watch 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Watch_3" title="Pixel Watch 3">Pixel Watch 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Iris" title="Project Iris">Project Iris</a> (unreleased)</li> <li>Virtual reality <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cardboard" title="Google Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Contact_Lens" title="Google Contact Lens">Contact Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Daydream" title="Google Daydream">Daydream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Glass" title="Google Glass">Glass</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromebit" title="Chromebit">Chromebit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromebox" title="Chromebox">Chromebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Clips" title="Google Clips">Clips</a></li> <li>Digital media players <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromecast" title="Chromecast">Chromecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Player" title="Nexus Player">Nexus Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Q" title="Nexus Q">Nexus Q</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dropcam" title="Dropcam">Dropcam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Galaxy" title="Liquid Galaxy">Liquid Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Nest" title="Google Nest">Nest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Nest_(smart_speakers)" title="Google Nest (smart speakers)">Smart Speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nest_Thermostat" title="Nest Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nest_Wifi" title="Nest Wifi">Wifi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_OnHub" title="Google OnHub">OnHub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Visual_Core" title="Pixel Visual Core">Pixel Visual Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Search_Appliance" title="Google Search Appliance">Search Appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sycamore_processor" title="Sycamore processor">Sycamore processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Tensor" title="Google Tensor">Tensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Tensor Processing Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_Security_Key" title="Titan Security Key">Titan Security Key</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Google_litigation" title="Template:Google litigation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Google_litigation" title="Template talk:Google litigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Google_litigation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Google litigation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Litigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Google_litigation" title="Google litigation">Litigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advertising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feldman_v._Google,_Inc." title="Feldman v. Google, Inc.">Feldman v. Google, Inc.</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescuecom_Corp._v._Google_Inc." title="Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc.">Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc.</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_v._Google,_Inc." title="Goddard v. Google, Inc.">Goddard v. Google, Inc.</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone_Ltd._v._Google,_Inc." title="Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc.">Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc.</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google,_Inc._v._American_Blind_%26_Wallpaper_Factory,_Inc." title="Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc.">Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc.</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedi_Blue" title="Jedi Blue">Jedi Blue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antitrust</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antitrust_cases_against_Google_by_the_European_Union" title="Antitrust cases against Google by the European Union">European Union</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Tech_Employee_Antitrust_Litigation" title="High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation">United States v. Adobe Systems, Inc., Apple Inc., Google Inc., Intel Corporation, Intuit, Inc., and Pixar</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_Javeed,_Sukarma_Thapar,_Aaqib_Javeed_vs._Google_LLC_and_Ors." title="Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors.">Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors.</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Google_LLC_(2020)" title="United States v. Google LLC (2020)">United States v. Google LLC</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Google_LLC_(2023)" title="United States v. Google LLC (2023)">United States v. Google LLC</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectual property</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_10,_Inc._v._Amazon.com,_Inc." title="Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.">Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.</a> and A9.com Inc. and Google Inc. (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viacom_International_Inc._v._YouTube,_Inc." title="Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.">Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp." title="Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a>(2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc." title="Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.">Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_v._Google,_Inc." title="Field v. Google, Inc.">Field v. Google, Inc.</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America,_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone_patent_wars" title="Smartphone patent wars">Smartphone patent wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Privacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Bank_v._Google,_Inc." title="Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc.">Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc.</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibnick_v._Google,_Inc." title="Hibnick v. Google, Inc.">Hibnick v. Google, Inc.</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Google_Inc." title="United States v. Google Inc.">United States v. Google Inc.</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_the_German_Federal_Court_of_Justice_on_Google%27s_autocomplete_function" title="Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function">Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joffe_v._Google,_Inc." title="Joffe v. Google, Inc.">Joffe v. Google, Inc.</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosley_v_SARL_Google" title="Mosley v SARL Google">Mosley v SARL Google</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Spain_v_AEPD_and_Mario_Costeja_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González">Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_v._Gaos" title="Frank v. Gaos">Frank v. Gaos</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garcia_v._Google,_Inc." title="Garcia v. Google, Inc.">Garcia v. Google, Inc.</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v_Defteros" title="Google LLC v Defteros">Google LLC v Defteros</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Games_v._Google" title="Epic Games v. Google">Epic Games v. Google</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalez_v._Google_LLC" title="Gonzalez v. Google LLC">Gonzalez v. Google LLC</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Google_litigation" title="Category:Google litigation">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms and phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_be_evil" title="Don't be evil">Don't be evil</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayglers" title="Gayglers">Gayglers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_(verb)" title="Google (verb)">Google (verb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_bombing" title="Google bombing">Google bombing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_Google_bombs_in_the_2004_U.S._presidential_election" title="Political Google bombs in the 2004 U.S. presidential election">2004 U.S. presidential election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_effect" title="Google effect">Google effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googlefight" title="Googlefight">Googlefight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_hacking" title="Google hacking">Google hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googleshare" title="Googleshare">Googleshare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_tax" title="Google tax">Google tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googlewhack" title="Googlewhack">Googlewhack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googlization" title="Googlization">Googlization</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Illegal_flower_tribute" title="Illegal flower tribute">Illegal flower tribute</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooting_(Android)" title="Rooting (Android)">Rooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_engine_manipulation_effect" title="Search engine manipulation effect">Search engine manipulation effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitelink" title="Sitelink">Sitelink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_reliability_engineering" title="Site reliability engineering">Site reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_poop" title="YouTube poop">YouTube poop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Documentary_films_about_Google" title="Category:Documentary films about Google">Documentaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_(film)" title="AlphaGo (film)">AlphaGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Behind_the_Screen" title="Google Behind the Screen">Google: Behind the Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps_Road_Trip" title="Google Maps Road Trip">Google Maps Road Trip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_and_the_World_Brain" title="Google and the World Brain">Google and the World Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Creepy_Line" title="The Creepy Line">The Creepy Line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Google" title="Category:Books about Google">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Hacks" title="Google Hacks">Google Hacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Google_Story" title="The Google Story">The Google Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Volume_One" title="Google Volume One">Google Volume One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googled:_The_End_of_the_World_as_We_Know_It" title="Googled: The End of the World as We Know It">Googled: The End of the World as We Know It</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_Google_Works" title="How Google Works">How Google Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27m_Feeling_Lucky_(book)" title="I'm Feeling Lucky (book)">I'm Feeling Lucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_the_Plex" title="In the Plex">In the Plex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Google_Book" title="The Google Book">The Google Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_MANIAC" title="The MANIAC">The MANIAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Feud" title="Google Feud">Google Feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Me_(film)" title="Google Me (film)">Google Me (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Me_(Kim_Zolciak_song)" title="Google Me (Kim Zolciak song)">"Google Me" (Kim Zolciak song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Me_(Teyana_Taylor_song)" title="Google Me (Teyana Taylor song)">"Google Me" (Teyana Taylor song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid%3F" title="Is Google Making Us Stupid?">Is Google Making Us Stupid?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proceratium_google" title="Proceratium google">Proceratium google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Nathanson:_Live_at_Google" title="Matt Nathanson: Live at Google">Matt Nathanson: Live at Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Billion_Dollar_Code" title="The Billion Dollar Code">The Billion Dollar Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Internship" title="The Internship">The Internship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where_on_Google_Earth_is_Carmen_Sandiego%3F" title="Where on Google Earth is Carmen Sandiego?">Where on Google Earth is Carmen Sandiego?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Attention_Is_All_You_Need" title="Attention Is All You Need">Attention Is All You Need</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ElgooG" title="ElgooG">elgooG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictions_of_the_end_of_Google" title="Predictions of the end of Google">Predictions of the end</a></li> <li><a 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