CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Control of fire by early humans - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"11b3568d-a345-4623-966e-cda2b4ad5b44","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Control_of_fire_by_early_humans","wgTitle":"Control of fire by early humans","wgCurRevisionId":1256207554,"wgRevisionId":1256207554,"wgArticleId":14205251,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from May 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from May 2018","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2023","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020", "Webarchive template wayback links","Fire","History of inventions","Human evolution","Paleolithic"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Control_of_fire_by_early_humans","wgRelevantArticleId":14205251,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Control_of_fire","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[], "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q912205","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage" :"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Control of fire by early humans - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Control_of_fire_by_early_humans rootpage-Control_of_fire_by_early_humans skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Control+of+fire+by+early+humans" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Control+of+fire+by+early+humans" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Control+of+fire+by+early+humans" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Control+of+fire+by+early+humans" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Control_of_fire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_of_fire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Control of fire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_of_fire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower_Paleolithic_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_Paleolithic_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lower Paleolithic evidence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lower_Paleolithic_evidence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lower Paleolithic evidence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lower_Paleolithic_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Paleolithic_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Paleolithic_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Middle Paleolithic evidence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Middle_Paleolithic_evidence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Middle Paleolithic evidence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Middle_Paleolithic_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_East_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_Subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Indian Subcontinent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_human_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_human_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Impact on human evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact_on_human_evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact on human evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_human_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_innovation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_innovation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cultural innovation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_innovation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uses_of_fire_by_early_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_of_fire_by_early_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Uses of fire by early humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses_of_fire_by_early_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tool_and_weapon_making" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tool_and_weapon_making"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Tool and weapon making</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tool_and_weapon_making-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_ceramics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_ceramics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Art and ceramics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_ceramics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_development_and_nighttime_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_development_and_nighttime_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Social development and nighttime activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_development_and_nighttime_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_cooking_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_cooking_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The cooking hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_cooking_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changes_to_diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_to_diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Changes to diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_to_diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Biological changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Control of fire by early humans</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تاريخ النار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ النار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominiu_del_fueu_polos_primeros_humanos" title="Dominiu del fueu polos primeros humanos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dominiu del fueu polos primeros humanos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otkri%C4%87e_vatre" title="Otkriće vatre – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Otkriće vatre" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domini_del_foc_pels_primers_humans" title="Domini del foc pels primers humans – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Domini del foc pels primers humans" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovl%C3%A1dnut%C3%AD_ohn%C4%9B_prvn%C3%ADmi_lidmi" title="Ovládnutí ohně prvními lidmi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ovládnutí ohně prvními lidmi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidlige_menneskers_kontrol_over_ild" title="Tidlige menneskers kontrol over ild – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tidlige menneskers kontrol over ild" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrollierte_Nutzung_des_Feuers_durch_den_Menschen" title="Kontrollierte Nutzung des Feuers durch den Menschen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kontrollierte Nutzung des Feuers durch den Menschen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticaci%C3%B3n_del_fuego" title="Domesticación del fuego – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Domesticación del fuego" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fajroregado" title="Fajroregado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fajroregado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehen_gizakien_suaren_kontrola" title="Lehen gizakien suaren kontrola – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lehen gizakien suaren kontrola" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="چیرگی انسان نخستین بر آتش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چیرگی انسان نخستین بر آتش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_du_feu" title="Domestication du feu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Domestication du feu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio_do_lume_polos_primeiros_humanos" title="Dominio do lume polos primeiros humanos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dominio do lume polos primeiros humanos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9D%B8%EB%A5%98%EC%9D%98_%EB%B6%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%9D%B4%EC%9A%A9" title="초기 인류의 불의 이용 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초기 인류의 불의 이용" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengendalian_api_oleh_manusia_purba" title="Pengendalian api oleh manusia purba – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengendalian api oleh manusia purba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticazione_del_fuoco" title="Domesticazione del fuoco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Domesticazione del fuoco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A9" title="שימוש האדם הקדמון באש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שימוש האדם הקדמון באש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ადრეული ადამიანების მიერ ცეცხლის მართვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ადრეული ადამიანების მიერ ცეცხლის მართვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potestas_ignis" title="Potestas ignis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Potestas ignis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D2%AF%D0%BC%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%81_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3_%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Эртний хүмүүс галыг удирдах – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эртний хүмүүс галыг удирдах" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menselijke_vuurbeheersing" title="Menselijke vuurbeheersing – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Menselijke vuurbeheersing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E3%81%AE%E3%83%92%E3%83%88%E5%B1%9E%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E7%81%AB%E3%81%AE%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8" title="初期のヒト属による火の利用 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="初期のヒト属による火の利用" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestritge_del_fu%C3%B2c" title="Mestritge del fuòc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mestritge del fuòc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="د لومړیو انسانانو له خوا د اور کنټرول – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د لومړیو انسانانو له خوا د اور کنټرول" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controle_do_fogo_pelos_primeiros_humanos" title="Controle do fogo pelos primeiros humanos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Controle do fogo pelos primeiros humanos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlul_focului_de_c%C4%83tre_primii_oameni" title="Controlul focului de către primii oameni – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Controlul focului de către primii oameni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Освоение огня древними людьми – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Освоение огня древними людьми" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrolli_i_zjarrit_nga_njer%C3%ABzit_e_hersh%C3%ABm" title="Kontrolli i zjarrit nga njerëzit e hershëm – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kontrolli i zjarrit nga njerëzit e hershëm" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Control of fire by early humans" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadzor_nad_ognjem_zgodnjih_ljudi" title="Nadzor nad ognjem zgodnjih ljudi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nadzor nad ognjem zgodnjih ljudi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otkri%C4%87e_vatre" title="Otkriće vatre – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Otkriće vatre" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varhaisihmisen_tulenk%C3%A4ytt%C3%B6" title="Varhaisihmisen tulenkäyttö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Varhaisihmisen tulenkäyttö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidiga_m%C3%A4nniskor_och_eld" title="Tidiga människor och eld – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tidiga människor och eld" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lk_insanlar_taraf%C4%B1ndan_ate%C5%9Fin_kontrol%C3%BC" title="İlk insanlar tarafından ateşin kontrolü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İlk insanlar tarafından ateşin kontrolü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Освоєння вогню первісними людьми – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Освоєння вогню первісними людьми" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BB%83m_so%C3%A1t_l%E1%BB%ADa_b%E1%BB%9Fi_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_ti%E1%BB%81n_s%E1%BB%AD" title="Kiểm soát lửa bởi người tiền sử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kiểm soát lửa bởi người tiền sử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AF%B9%E7%81%AB%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8" title="早期人类对火个使用 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="早期人类对火个使用" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AF%B9%E7%81%AB%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8" title="早期人类对火的使用 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="早期人类对火的使用" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q912205#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&oldid=1256207554" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&id=1256207554&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FControl_of_fire_by_early_humans"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FControl_of_fire_by_early_humans"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q912205" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Control of fire">Control of fire</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aspect of human history</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Control of fire" redirects here. For the process of suppressing or extinguishing a fire, see <a href="/wiki/Fire_control" title="Fire control">Fire control</a>. For components that assist weapon systems, see <a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>control of fire by early humans</b> was a critical technology enabling the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">Fire</a> provided a source of <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">warmth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">lighting</a>, protection from <a href="/wiki/Predators" class="mw-redirect" title="Predators">predators</a> (especially at night), a way to create more advanced <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> tools, and a method for <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a> food. These cultural advances allowed human geographic dispersal, cultural innovations, and changes to diet and behavior. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Fire_making" title="Fire making">creating fire</a> allowed human activity to continue into the dark and colder hours of the evening. </p><p>Claims for the earliest definitive evidence of control of fire by a member of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i> range from 1.7 to 2.0 million years ago (<a href="/wiki/Year#mya" title="Year">Mya</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-James_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence for the "microscopic traces of wood ash" as controlled use of fire by <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i>, beginning roughly 1 million years ago, has wide scholarly support.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the earliest known traces of controlled fire were found at the <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Jacob_Bridge" title="Daughters of Jacob Bridge">Daughters of Jacob Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and dated to ~790,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the site, archaeologists also found the oldest <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="which includes, mainly, heated fish teeth from the deep cave">likely evidence</span> of controlled use of fire to <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cook</a> food ~780,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some studies suggest cooking started ~1.8 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Flint blades burned in fires roughly 300,000 years ago were found near fossils of early but not entirely modern <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fire was used regularly and systematically by early modern humans to heat treat <a href="/wiki/Silcrete" title="Silcrete">silcrete</a> stone to increase its flake-ability for the purpose of toolmaking approximately 164,000 years ago at the South African site of <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle_Point" title="Pinnacle Point">Pinnacle Point</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of widespread control of fire by <a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern humans">anatomically modern humans</a> dates to approximately 125,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-beyondveg_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beyondveg-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Control_of_fire">Control of fire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Control of fire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/How_%28and_when%29_did_humans_first_make_fire.webm/220px-seek%3D9.8-How_%28and_when%29_did_humans_first_make_fire.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="864" data-mwtitle="How_(and_when)_did_humans_first_make_fire.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:How_(and_when)_did_humans_first_make_fire.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/How_%28and_when%29_did_humans_first_make_fire.webm/How_%28and_when%29_did_humans_first_make_fire.webm.480p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:09.800" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/How_%28and_when%29_did_humans_first_make_fire.webm/How_%28and_when%29_did_humans_first_make_fire.webm.720p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:09.800" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/How_%28and_when%29_did_humans_first_make_fire.webm#t=00:00:09.800" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/How_%28and_when%29_did_humans_first_make_fire.webm/How_%28and_when%29_did_humans_first_make_fire.webm.1080p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:09.800" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/How_%28and_when%29_did_humans_first_make_fire.webm/How_%28and_when%29_did_humans_first_make_fire.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov#t=00:00:09.800" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/How_%28and_when%29_did_humans_first_make_fire.webm/How_%28and_when%29_did_humans_first_make_fire.webm.240p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:09.800" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/How_%28and_when%29_did_humans_first_make_fire.webm/How_%28and_when%29_did_humans_first_make_fire.webm.360p.vp9.webm#t=00:00:09.800" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/How_%28and_when%29_did_humans_first_make_fire.webm/How_%28and_when%29_did_humans_first_make_fire.webm.360p.webm#t=00:00:09.800" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHow_%28and_when%29_did_humans_first_make_fire.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHow_%28and_when%29_did_humans_first_make_fire.webm&lang=nl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>How (and when) did humans first make fire? - archaeologist Andrew Sorensen (<a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The use and control of fire was a gradual process proceeding through more than one stage. One was a change in habitat, from dense forest, where wildfires were rare but difficult to escape, to <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> (mixed grass/woodland) where wildfires were common but easier to survive. Such a change may have occurred about 3 million years ago, when the savanna expanded in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> due to cooler and drier climate.<sup id="cite_ref-PruetzHerzog2017_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PruetzHerzog2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ParkerKeefe2016_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParkerKeefe2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next stage involved interaction with burned landscapes and <a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">foraging</a> in the wake of wildfires, as observed in various wild animals.<sup id="cite_ref-PruetzHerzog2017_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PruetzHerzog2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ParkerKeefe2016_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParkerKeefe2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the African savanna, animals that preferentially forage in recently burned areas include savanna chimpanzees (a variety of <i><a href="/wiki/Pan_troglodytes_verus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan troglodytes verus">Pan troglodytes verus</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-PruetzHerzog2017_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PruetzHerzog2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gowlett2016_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gowlett2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vervet_monkey" title="Vervet monkey">vervet monkeys</a> (<i>Cercopithecus aethiops</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-HerzogParker2014_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HerzogParker2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a variety of birds, some of which also hunt insects and small vertebrates in the wake of grass fires.<sup id="cite_ref-Gowlett2016_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gowlett2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burton2011_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burton2011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next step would be to make some use of residual hot spots that occur in the wake of wildfires. For example, foods found in the wake of wildfires tend to be either burned or undercooked. This might have provided incentives to place undercooked foods on a hotspot or to pull food out of the fire if it was in danger of getting burned. This would require familiarity with fire and its behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-GowlettBrink2017_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GowlettBrink2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ParkerKeefe2016_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParkerKeefe2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early step in the control of fire would have been transporting it from burned to unburned areas and lighting them on fire, providing advantages in food acquisition.<sup id="cite_ref-ParkerKeefe2016_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParkerKeefe2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maintaining a fire over an extended period of time, as for a season (such as the dry season), may have led to the development of base campsites. Building a <a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearth</a> or other fire enclosure such as a circle of stones would have been a later development.<sup id="cite_ref-Chazan2017_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chazan2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ability to make fire, generally with a friction device with hardwood rubbing against softwood (as in a <a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">bow drill</a>), was a later development.<sup id="cite_ref-PruetzHerzog2017_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PruetzHerzog2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each of these stages could occur at different intensities, ranging from occasional or "<a href="/wiki/Opportunism#Biological" title="Opportunism">opportunistic</a>" to "habitual" to "obligate" (unable to survive without it).<sup id="cite_ref-ParkerKeefe2016_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParkerKeefe2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chazan2017_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chazan2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lower_Paleolithic_evidence">Lower Paleolithic evidence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lower Paleolithic evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table id="Container" role="presentation" class="nomobile toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:solid;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em;overflow:hidden;min-width:29.95em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" id="Title" style="padding:1em 1em 0 1em"><div style="background-color:#77bb77;padding:0 0.2em 0 0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Hominin timeline</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" id="Navbox" style="padding:0;margin:0 1em 0 0;text-align:right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_timeline" title="Template:Human timeline"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_timeline" title="Template talk:Human timeline"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human timeline"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:50em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:50.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−10 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:47.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:45.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−9 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:42.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:40.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−8 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:37.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:35.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−7 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:32.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−6 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:25.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−5 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:15.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−3 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:10.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:7.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:-0.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">0 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:13em;height:50em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#FFE4F1"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#936a00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:26.665em;height:23.335em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:-0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-11.667em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1231500821">@supports(writing-mode:vertical-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-text{letter-spacing:-0.12em;line-height:1em;text-orientation:upright;writing-mode:vertical-lr;width:1em}}</style><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Miocene</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#f1c309;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:12.900em;height:13.765em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:-0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.883em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#c1e0c1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.058em;height:12.841em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.75em;left:-0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.421em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:14.000em;height:36.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-6.7em;left:-0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-18.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a></b></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:48.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:46.500em;height:1.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0.6em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.500em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Samburupithecus" title="Samburupithecus">Samburupithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:44.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0.2em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Ouranopithecus" title="Ouranopithecus">Ouranopithecus</a></span></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ouranopithecus_turkae" title="Ouranopithecus turkae">Ou. turkae</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ouranopithecus_macedoniensis" title="Ouranopithecus macedoniensis">Ou. macedoniensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:39.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.1em;left:0.4em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Chororapithecus" title="Chororapithecus">Chororapithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.000em;height:10.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-1.75em;left:-0.2em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-5.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Oreopithecus" title="Oreopithecus">Oreopithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:39.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.75em;left:-0.4em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Sivapithecus" title="Sivapithecus">Sivapithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:34.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:34.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2em;left:0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus">Graecopithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:29.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:-1.5em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:29.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2.5em;left:0.15em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">O. praegens</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">O. tugenensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:22.000em;height:6.850em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-3.75em;left:-0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.425em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></span></b></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:27.700em;height:1.150em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.75em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.575em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">Ar. kadabba</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:21.500em;height:1.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.500em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">Ar. ramidus</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.000em;height:16.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:3em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-8.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></span></b></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">Au. africanus</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Au. afarensis</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">Au. anamensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#DCEEFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:8.250em;height:5.750em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.9em;left:-0.5em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.875em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">H. habilis</a></span></b></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">H. rudolfensis</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">Au. garhi</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#FFE4F1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.570em;height:9.430em;left:3.900em;width:9.100em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.5em;left:-1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.715em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">H. erectus</a></span></b></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">H. antecessor</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">H. ergaster</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">Au. sediba</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#FFE4F1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.000em;height:2.500em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.000em;height:2.500em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1em;left:-0.2em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.500em;left:3.900em;width:9.100em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:-0.7em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.750em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern human">Homo sapiens</a></span></b></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:0.200em;left:1.300em;width:3.900em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.100em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.200em;height:1.050em;left:2.600em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.8em;left:2.6em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.525em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a></span></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.200em;height:0.370em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.185em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.200em;height:0.370em;left:2.600em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.4em;left:2.8em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.185em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a></span></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.000em;height:8.500em;left:11.700em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:11.05em;height:50em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:50.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution#Hominidae" title="Timeline of human evolution">Earlier apes</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:45.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Gorilla%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gorilla–human last common ancestor">Gorilla split</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:42.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Chimpanzee split</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:35.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism">Earliest bipedal</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:29.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">Earliest sign of <i>Ardipithecus</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:22.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">Earliest sign of <i>Australopithecus</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:17.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age#Beginning_of_the_Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Earliest stone tools</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:14.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/LD_350-1" title="LD 350-1">Earliest sign of<br /> <i>Homo</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:10.600em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Early_expansions_of_hominins_out_of_Africa" title="Early expansions of hominins out of Africa">Dispersal beyond Africa</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:9.550em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Earliest language</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:8.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Earliest fire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cooking#History" title="Cooking">cooking</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:1.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.6em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Rock_art#East_Asia" title="Rock art">Earliest rock art</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.625em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Clothing#Origin_and_history" title="Clothing">Earliest clothes</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.250em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.4em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Modern humans</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto;font-size:100%;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin-top:21.000em"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;text-align:left;top:0.25em;left:-5em;width:8.8em"><div style="position:relative;width:auto;z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; font-size:110%"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">H o m i n i d s</a></span></b></span></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto;font-size:100%;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin-top:3.000em"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;text-align:left;top:3.25em;left:-5em;width:8.8em"><div style="position:relative;width:auto;z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"><b><span style="font-size:85%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">P a r a n t h r o p u s</a></span></span></b></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:26.8em"><div style="float:left;font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">million years ago</a>)</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most of the evidence of controlled use of fire during the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a> is uncertain and has limited scholarly support.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the evidence is inconclusive because other plausible explanations, such as natural processes, exist for the findings.<sup id="cite_ref-James_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Findings support that the earliest known controlled use of fire took place in <a href="/wiki/Wonderwerk_Cave" title="Wonderwerk Cave">Wonderwerk Cave</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, 1.0 Mya.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Findings from Wonderwerk provide the earliest evidence for controlled use of fire. Intact sediments were analyzed using micromorphological analysis. Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (mFTIR) yielded evidence, in the form of burned bones and ashed plant remains, that burning took place at the site 1.0 Mya.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>East African sites, such as <a href="/wiki/Chesowanja" title="Chesowanja">Chesowanja</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baringo" title="Lake Baringo">Lake Baringo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koobi_Fora" title="Koobi Fora">Koobi Fora</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olorgesailie" title="Olorgesailie">Olorgesailie</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, show possible evidence that fire was controlled by early humans.<sup id="cite_ref-James_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Chesowanja, archaeologists found red clay <a href="/wiki/Clast" class="mw-redirect" title="Clast">clasts</a> dated to 1.4 Mya. These clasts must have been heated to 400 °C (750 °F) to harden. However, tree stumps burned in bush fires in East Africa produce clasts, which, when broken by erosion, are like those described at Chesownja. Controlled use of fire at Chesowanja is unproven.<sup id="cite_ref-James_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Koobi Fora, sites show evidence of control of fire by <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> at 1.5 Mya with findings of reddened sediment that could come from heating at 200–400 °C (400–750 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-James_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of possible human control of fire, found at <a href="/wiki/Swartkrans" title="Swartkrans">Swartkrans</a>, South Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> includes burned bones, including ones with hominin-inflicted cut marks, along with <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a> and bone tools.<sup id="cite_ref-James_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This site shows some of the earliest evidence of carnivorous behavior in <i>H. erectus</i>. A "hearth-like depression" that could have been used to burn bones was found in Olorgesailie, Kenya. However, it did not contain any <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, and no signs of fire have been observed. Some microscopic charcoal was found, but it could have resulted from a natural brush fire.<sup id="cite_ref-James_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Gadeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadeb">Gadeb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, fragments of <a href="/wiki/Tuff#Welded_tuff" title="Tuff">welded tuff</a> that appeared to have been burned were found in Locality 8E but refiring of the rocks might have occurred due to local volcanic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-James_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Awash" title="Middle Awash">Middle Awash</a> River Valley, cone-shaped depressions of reddish clay were found that could have been formed by temperatures of 200 °C (400 °F). These features, thought to have been created by burning tree stumps, were hypothesized to have been produced by early hominids lighting tree stumps so they could have fire away from their habitation site. This view is not widely accepted, though.<sup id="cite_ref-James_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burned stones were found in Awash Valley, but volcanic welded tuff is found in the area, which could explain the burned stones.<sup id="cite_ref-James_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Burned flints discovered near <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Irhoud" title="Jebel Irhoud">Jebel Irhoud</a>, Morocco, <a href="/wiki/Thermoluminescence_dating" title="Thermoluminescence dating">dated by thermoluminescence</a> to around 300,000 years old, were discovered in the same sedimentary layer as skulls of early <i>Homo sapiens.</i> Paleoanthropologist <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Hublin" title="Jean-Jacques Hublin">Jean-Jacques Hublin</a> believes the flints were used as spear tips and left in fires used by the early humans for cooking food.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmer_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Xihoudu" title="Xihoudu">Xihoudu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shanxi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanxi Province">Shanxi Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the black, blue, and grayish-green discoloration of mammalian bones found at the site illustrates evidence of burning by early hominids. In 1985, at a parallel site in China, Yuanmou in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan Province">Yunnan Province</a>, archaeologists found blackened mammal bones that date back to 1.7 Mya.<sup id="cite_ref-James_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A site at <a href="/wiki/Bnot_Ya%27akov_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bnot Ya'akov Bridge">Bnot Ya'akov Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, has been claimed to show that <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">H. erectus</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">H. ergaster</a></i> controlled fires between 790,000 and 690,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rincon_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rincon-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An AI-powered spectroscopy helped researchers unearth evidence of the use of fire dating 800,000 and 1 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-israel_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-israel-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an article published in June 2022,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> researchers from Weizmann Institute of Science, along with researchers at the University of Toronto and Hebrew University of Jerusalem described the use of deep learning models to analyze heat exposure of 26 flint tools that were found in 1970s at the Evron Quarry in the northwest of Israel. The results showed the tools were heated up to 600°C.<sup id="cite_ref-israel_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-israel-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Trinil" title="Trinil">Trinil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, burned wood has been found in layers that carried <i>H. erectus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Java_Man#Control_of_fire" title="Java Man">Java Man</a>) fossils dating from 830,000 to 500,000 BP.<sup id="cite_ref-James_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The burned wood has been claimed to indicate the use of fire by early hominids. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Paleolithic_evidence">Middle Paleolithic evidence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Middle Paleolithic evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa_2">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Makapansgat" title="Makapansgat">Cave of Hearths</a> in South Africa has burn deposits, which date from 700,000 to 200,000 BP, as do various other sites such as Montagu Cave (200,000 to 58,000 BP) and the <a href="/wiki/Klasies_River_Mouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Klasies River Mouth">Klasies River Mouth</a> (130,000 to 120,000 BP).<sup id="cite_ref-James_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strong evidence comes from <a href="/wiki/Kalambo_Falls" title="Kalambo Falls">Kalambo Falls</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, where several artifacts related to the use of fire by humans have been recovered, including charred logs, charcoal, carbonized grass stems and plants, and wooden implements, which may have been hardened by fire. The site has been dated through <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> to 180,000 BP, through <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_dating" title="Amino acid dating">amino-acid racemization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-James_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fire was used for <a href="/wiki/Heat_treating" title="Heat treating">heat treatment</a> of <a href="/wiki/Silcrete" title="Silcrete">silcrete</a> stones to increase their workability before they were <a href="/wiki/Knapped" class="mw-redirect" title="Knapped">knapped</a> into tools by <a href="/wiki/Stillbay" title="Stillbay">Stillbay</a> culture in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Stillbay sites date back from 164,000 to 72,000 years ago, with the heat treatment of stone beginning by about 164,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_2">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhoukoudian_Caves_July2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Zhoukoudian_Caves_July2004.jpg/220px-Zhoukoudian_Caves_July2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Zhoukoudian_Caves_July2004.jpg/330px-Zhoukoudian_Caves_July2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Zhoukoudian_Caves_July2004.jpg/440px-Zhoukoudian_Caves_July2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zhoukoudian" title="Zhoukoudian">Zhoukoudian</a> Caves, a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> and an early site of human use of fire in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Evidence at <a href="/wiki/Zhoukoudian" title="Zhoukoudian">Zhoukoudian</a> cave in China suggests control of fire as early as 460,000 to 230,000 BP.<sup id="cite_ref-beyondveg_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beyondveg-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fire in Zhoukoudian is suggested by the presence of burned bones, burned chipped-stone artifacts, charcoal, ash, and hearths alongside <i>H. erectus</i> fossils in Layer 10, the earliest archaeological horizon at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-James_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zhoukoudian_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhoukoudian-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This evidence comes from Locality 1, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a> site, where several bones were found to be uniformly black to grey. The bone extracts were determined to be characteristic of burned bone rather than manganese staining. These residues also showed <a href="/wiki/IR_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="IR spectroscopy">IR spectra</a> for oxides, and a turquoise bone was reproduced in the laboratory by heating some of the other bones found in Layer 10. The same effect might have been at the site due to natural heating, as the effect was produced on white, yellow, and black bones.<sup id="cite_ref-zhoukoudian_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhoukoudian-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Layer 10 is ash with biologically produced silicon, aluminum, iron, and potassium, but wood ash remnants such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:siliceous" class="extiw" title="wikt:en:siliceous">siliceous</a> aggregates are missing. Among these are possible hearths "represented by finely laminated silt and clay interbedded with reddish-brown and yellow-brown fragments of organic matter, locally mixed with limestone fragments and dark brown finely laminated silt, clay, and organic matter."<sup id="cite_ref-zhoukoudian_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhoukoudian-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site itself does not show that fires were made in Zhoukoudian, but the association of blackened bones with <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a> artifacts at least shows that humans did control fire at the time of the habitation of the Zhoukoudian cave.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_East_2">Middle East</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the Amudian site of <a href="/wiki/Qesem_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Qesem Cave">Qesem Cave</a>, near the city of <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Kfar Qasim">Kfar Qasim</a>, Israel, evidence exists of the regular use of fire from before 382,000 BP to around 200,000 BP, at the end of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Pleistocene">Lower Pleistocene</a>. Large quantities of burned bone and moderately heated soil lumps were found, and the cut marks found on the bones suggest that butchering and prey-defleshing took place near fireplaces.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, hominins living in Qesem cave managed to heat their flint to varying temperatures before <a href="/wiki/Knapping" title="Knapping">knapping</a> it into different tools.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_Subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Indian Subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest evidence for controlled fire use by humans on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, dating to between 50,000 and 55,000 years ago, comes from the Main Belan archaeological site, located in the <a href="/wiki/Belan_River" title="Belan River">Belan River</a> valley in <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JhaSamratSanyal2021_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JhaSamratSanyal2021-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multiple sites in Europe, such as <a href="/wiki/Torralba_and_Ambrona_(archaeological_site)" title="Torralba and Ambrona (archaeological site)">Torralba and Ambrona</a>, Spain, and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Est%C3%A8ve-Janson" title="Saint-Estève-Janson">St. Esteve-Janson</a>, France, have also shown evidence of the use of fire by later versions of <i>H. erectus</i>. The oldest has been found in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> at the site of <a href="/wiki/Beeches_Pit" title="Beeches Pit">Beeches Pit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>; uranium series dating and <a href="/wiki/Thermoluminescence_dating" title="Thermoluminescence dating">thermoluminescence dating</a> place the use of fire at 415,000 BP.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9rtessz%C5%91l%C5%91s" title="Vértesszőlős">Vértesszőlős</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, while no charcoal has been found, burned bones have been discovered dating from c. 350,000 years ago. At <a href="/wiki/Torralba_(site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Torralba (site)">Torralba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambrona" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrona">Ambrona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, objects such as <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a> stone tools, remains of large mammals such as extinct elephants, charcoal, and wood were discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-James_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Terra_Amata_(archaeological_site)" title="Terra Amata (archaeological site)">Terra Amata</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, there is a fireplace with ashes (dated between 380,000 BP and 230,000 BP). At <a href="/wiki/Saint-Est%C3%A8ve-Janson" title="Saint-Estève-Janson">Saint-Estève-Janson</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, there is evidence of five hearths and reddened earth in the Escale Cave; these hearths have been dated to 200,000 BP.<sup id="cite_ref-James_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence for <a href="/wiki/Fire_making" title="Fire making">fire making</a> dates to at least the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a>, with dozens of <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> <a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">hand axes</a> from France exhibiting <a href="/wiki/Use-wear_analysis" title="Use-wear analysis">use-wear</a> traces suggesting these tools were struck with the mineral <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a> to produce sparks around 50,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_human_evolution">Impact on human evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Impact on human evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_innovation">Cultural innovation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cultural innovation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uses_of_fire_by_early_humans">Uses of fire by early humans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Uses of fire by early humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The discovery of fire came to provide a wide variety of uses for early <a href="/wiki/Hominids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominids">hominids</a>. Its warmth kept them alive during low nighttime temperatures in colder environments, allowing geographic expansion from <a href="/wiki/Tropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropic">tropical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subtropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropic">subtropical</a> climates to <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> areas. Its blaze warded off predatory animals, especially in the dark.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fire also played a major role in changing food habits. <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> allowed a significant increase in meat consumption and calorie intake.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was soon discovered that meat could also be dried and smoked by fire, preserving it for lean seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fire was even used in manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tools</a> for hunting and butchering.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hominids also learned that starting bush fires to burn large areas could increase land fertility and clear terrain to make hunting easier.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence shows that early hominids were able to corral and trap prey animals by means of fire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Fire was used to clear out caves prior to living in them, helping to begin the use of shelter.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The many uses of fire may have led to specialized social roles, such as the separation of cooking from hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The control of fire enabled important changes in human behavior, health, energy expenditure, and geographic expansion. Hominids could move into much colder regions that would have previously been uninhabitable after the loss of body hair. Evidence of more complex management to change <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a> can be found as far back as 200,000 to 100,000 years ago at a minimum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tool_and_weapon_making">Tool and weapon making</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tool and weapon making"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fire allowed major innovations in tool and weapon manufacture. Evidence dating to roughly 164,000 years ago indicates that early humans in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> during the Middle Stone Age used fire to alter the mechanical properties of tool materials applying heat treatment to a fine-grained rock called <a href="/wiki/Silcrete" title="Silcrete">silcrete</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heated rocks were then tempered into crescent-shaped blades or arrowheads for hunting and butchering prey. This may have been the first time that <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">bow and arrow</a> were used for hunting, with far-ranging impact.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Art_and_ceramics">Art and ceramics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Art and ceramics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fire was used in the creation of art. Archaeologists have discovered several 1- to 10-inch <a href="/wiki/Venus_figurines" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus figurines">Venus figurine</a> statues in Europe dating to the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a>, several carved from stone and ivory, others shaped from <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> and then fired. These are some of the earliest examples of <a href="/wiki/Ceramics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramics">ceramics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fire was also commonly used to create <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>. Although pottery was formerly thought to have begun with the Neolithic around 10,000 years ago, scientists in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> discovered pottery fragments in the <a href="/wiki/Xianrendong" class="mw-redirect" title="Xianrendong">Xianrendong</a> Cave that were about 20,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic Age">Neolithic Age</a> and agricultural revolution about 10,000 years ago, pottery became far more common and widespread, often carved and painted with simple linear designs and geometric shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_development_and_nighttime_activity">Social development and nighttime activity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Social development and nighttime activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fire was an important factor in expanding and developing societies of early hominids. One impact fire might have had was <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a>. The power to make and wield fire may have conferred prestige and social position.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fire also led to a lengthening of daytime activities, and allowed more nighttime activities.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of large hearths indicate that the majority of nighttime was spent around the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increased social interaction from gathering around the fire may have fostered the development of language.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another effect of fire use on hominid societies was that it required larger groups to work together to maintain the fire, finding fuel, portioning it onto the fire, and re-igniting it when necessary. These larger groups might have included older individuals such as grandparents, who helped to care for children. Ultimately, fire had a significant influence on the size and social interactions of early hominid communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Exposure to artificial light during later hours of the day changed humans' <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythms</a>, contributing to a longer waking day.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern human's waking day is 16 hours, while many mammals are only awake for half as many hours.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, humans are most awake during the early evening hours, while other primates' days begin at dawn and end at sundown. Many of these behavioral changes can be attributed to the control of fire and its impact on daylight extension.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_cooking_hypothesis">The cooking hypothesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The cooking hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cooking hypothesis proposes the idea that the ability to cook allowed for the brain size of hominids to increase over time. This idea was first presented by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> in the article "<a href="/wiki/The_Part_Played_by_Labour_in_the_Transition_from_Ape_to_Man" title="The Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man">The Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man</a>" and later recapitulated in the book <i><a href="/wiki/Catching_Fire:_How_Cooking_Made_Us_Human" title="Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human">Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wrangham" title="Richard Wrangham">Richard Wrangham</a> and then in a book by <a href="/wiki/Suzana_Herculano-Houzel" title="Suzana Herculano-Houzel">Suzana Herculano-Houzel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics of the hypothesis argue that cooking with controlled fire was insufficient to start the increasing brain size trend. </p><p>The cooking hypothesis gains support by comparing the nutrients in <a href="/wiki/Raw_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw food">raw food</a> to the much more easily digested nutrients in cooked food, as in an examination of protein ingestion from raw vs. cooked egg.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists have found that among several primates, the restriction of feeding to raw foods during daylight hours limits the metabolic energy available.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i> was able to break through the limit by cooking food to shorten their feeding times and be able to absorb more nutrients to accommodate the increasing need for energy.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, scientists argue that the <i>Homo</i> species was also able to obtain nutrients like <a href="/wiki/Docosahexaenoic_acid" title="Docosahexaenoic acid">docosahexaenoic acid</a> from algae that were especially beneficial and critical for brain evolution, and the detoxification of food by the cooking process enabled early humans to access these resources.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides the brain, other human organs also demand a high <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During human evolution, the body-mass proportion of different organs changed to allow brain expansion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Changes_to_diet">Changes to diet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Changes to diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the advent of fire, the hominid diet was limited to mostly plant parts composed of simple sugars and <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> such as seeds, flowers, and fleshy fruits. Parts of the plant such as stems, mature leaves, enlarged roots, and tubers would have been inaccessible as a food source due to the indigestibility of raw <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>. Cooking, however, made starchy and fibrous foods edible and greatly increased the diversity of other foods available to early humans. Toxin-containing foods including seeds and similar carbohydrate sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Cyanogenic_glycosides" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanogenic glycosides">cyanogenic glycosides</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Linseed" class="mw-redirect" title="Linseed">linseed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>, were incorporated into their diets as cooking rendered them nontoxic.<sup id="cite_ref-diet_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diet-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cooking could also kill <a href="/wiki/Human_parasite" title="Human parasite">parasites</a>, reduce the amount of energy required for chewing and digestion, and release more nutrients from plants and meat. Due to the difficulty of chewing raw meat and digesting tough proteins (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a>) and carbohydrates, the development of cooking served as an effective mechanism to efficiently process meat and allow for its consumption in larger quantities. With its high caloric density and content of important nutrients, meat thus became a staple in the diet of early humans.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By increasing digestibility, cooking allowed <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">hominids</a> to maximize the energy gained from consuming foods. Studies show that caloric intake from cooking starches improves 12-35% and 45-78% for protein. As a result of the increases in net energy gain from food consumption, survival and reproductive rates in hominids increased.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through lowering food toxicity and increasing nutritive yield, cooking allowed for an earlier weaning age, permitting females to have more children.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, too, it facilitated population growth. </p><p>It has been proposed that the use of fire for cooking caused <a href="/wiki/Environmental_toxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental toxin">environmental toxins</a> to accumulate in the placenta, which led to a species-wide taboo on <a href="/wiki/Human_placentophagy" title="Human placentophagy">human placentophagy</a> around the time of the mastery of fire. Placentophagy is common in other primates.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biological_changes">Biological changes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Biological changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before their use of fire, the hominid species had large <a href="/wiki/Premolar" title="Premolar">premolars</a>, which were used to chew harder foods, such as large seeds. In addition, due to the shape of the molar cusps, the diet is inferred to have been more leaf- or fruit-based. Probably in response to consuming cooked foods, the molar teeth of <i>H. erectus</i> gradually shrank, suggesting that their diet had changed from tougher foods such as crisp root vegetables to softer cooked foods such as meat.<sup id="cite_ref-crunchy_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crunchy-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooked foods further selected for the differentiation of their teeth and eventually led to a decreased jaw volume with a variety of smaller teeth in hominids. Today, a smaller jaw volume and teeth size of humans is seen in comparison to other primates.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the increased digestibility of many cooked foods, less digestion was needed to procure the necessary nutrients. As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> and organs in the <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">digestive system</a> decreased in size. This is in contrast to other primates, where a larger digestive tract is needed for fermentation of long carbohydrate chains. Thus, humans evolved from the large colons and tracts that are seen in other primates to smaller ones.<sup id="cite_ref-thought_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thought-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Wrangham, control of fire allowed hominids to sleep on the ground and in caves instead of trees and led to more time being spent on the ground. This may have contributed to the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Bipedalism" title="Bipedalism">bipedalism</a>, as such an ability became increasingly necessary for human activity.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism">Criticism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics of the hypothesis argue that while a linear increase in brain volume of the genus <i>Homo</i> is seen over time, adding fire control and cooking does not add anything meaningful to the data. Species such as <i>H. ergaster</i> existed with large brain volumes during time periods with little to no evidence of fire for cooking. Little variation exists in the brain sizes of <i>H. erectus</i> dated from periods of weak and strong evidence for cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An experiment involving mice fed raw versus cooked meat found that cooking meat did not increase the amount of calories taken up by mice, leading to the study's conclusion that the energetic gain is the same, if not greater, in raw meat diets than cooked meats.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies such as this and others have led to criticisms of the hypothesis that state that the increases in human brain-size occurred well before the advent of cooking due to a shift away from the consumption of nuts and berries to the consumption of meat.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other anthropologists argue that the evidence suggests that cooking fires began in earnest only 250,000 BP, when ancient hearths, earth ovens, burned animal bones, and flint appear across Europe and the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10206901_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10206901-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/32px-Tree_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/48px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/64px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_hypothesis" title="Savannah hypothesis">Savannah hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft_of_fire" title="Theft of fire">Theft of fire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-James-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-James_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJames1989" class="citation journal cs1">James, Steven R. (February 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151212084645/http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/Publications/Hearths/Hominid%20Use%20of%20Fire%20in%20the%20Lower%20and%20Middle%20Pleistocene.pdf">"Hominid Use of Fire in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene: A Review of the Evidence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 1–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F203705">10.1086/203705</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146473957">146473957</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/Publications/Hearths/Hominid%20Use%20of%20Fire%20in%20the%20Lower%20and%20Middle%20Pleistocene.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Hominid+Use+of+Fire+in+the+Lower+and+Middle+Pleistocene%3A+A+Review+of+the+Evidence&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-26&rft.date=1989-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F203705&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146473957%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Steven+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.ksu.edu.sa%2Farchaeology%2FPublications%2FHearths%2FHominid%2520Use%2520of%2520Fire%2520in%2520the%2520Lower%2520and%2520Middle%2520Pleistocene.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuke" class="citation web cs1">Luke, Kim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/04/120402162548.htm">"Evidence That Human Ancestors Used Fire One Million Years Ago"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2013</span>. <q>An international team led by the University of Toronto and Hebrew University has identified the earliest known evidence of the use of fire by human ancestors. Microscopic traces of wood ash, alongside animal bones and stone tools, were found in a layer dated to one million years ago</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evidence+That+Human+Ancestors+Used+Fire+One+Million+Years+Ago&rft.aulast=Luke&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2012%2F04%2F120402162548.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernaGoldbergHorwitzBrink2012" class="citation journal cs1">Berna, Francesco; Goldberg, Paul; Horwitz, Liora Kolska; Brink, James; Holt, Sharon; Bamford, Marion; Chazan, Michael (15 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3356665">"Microstratigraphic evidence of in situ fire in the Acheulean strata of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape province, South Africa"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>109</b> (20): E1215–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1117620109">10.1073/pnas.1117620109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3356665">3356665</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22474385">22474385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Microstratigraphic+evidence+of+in+situ+fire+in+the+Acheulean+strata+of+Wonderwerk+Cave%2C+Northern+Cape+province%2C+South+Africa&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=E1215-20&rft.date=2012-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3356665%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22474385&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1117620109&rft.aulast=Berna&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Paul&rft.au=Horwitz%2C+Liora+Kolska&rft.au=Brink%2C+James&rft.au=Holt%2C+Sharon&rft.au=Bamford%2C+Marion&rft.au=Chazan%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3356665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoren-InbarAlpersonKislevSimchoni2004" class="citation journal cs1">Goren-Inbar, Naama; Alperson, Nira; Kislev, Mordechai E.; Simchoni, Orit; Melamed, Yoel; Ben-Nun, Adi; Werker, Ella (30 April 2004). "Evidence of Hominin Control of Fire at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel". <i>Science</i>. <b>304</b> (5671): 725–727. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...304..725G">2004Sci...304..725G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1095443">10.1126/science.1095443</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15118160">15118160</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8444444">8444444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+Hominin+Control+of+Fire+at+Gesher+Benot+Ya%27aqov%2C+Israel&rft.volume=304&rft.issue=5671&rft.pages=725-727&rft.date=2004-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8444444%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...304..725G&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1095443&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15118160&rft.aulast=Goren-Inbar&rft.aufirst=Naama&rft.au=Alperson%2C+Nira&rft.au=Kislev%2C+Mordechai+E.&rft.au=Simchoni%2C+Orit&rft.au=Melamed%2C+Yoel&rft.au=Ben-Nun%2C+Adi&rft.au=Werker%2C+Ella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenfrewBahn2012" class="citation book cs1">Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul (2012). <i>Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice</i> (6th ed.). Thames & Hudson. p. 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28976-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28976-1"><bdi>978-0-500-28976-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology%3A+Theories%2C+Methods%2C+and+Practice&rft.pages=254&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-500-28976-1&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Bahn%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/12/05/homo-naledi-fire-evolution/">"Ancient human relative used fire, surprising discoveries suggest"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ancient+human+relative+used+fire%2C+surprising+discoveries+suggest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fscience%2F2022%2F12%2F05%2Fhomo-naledi-fire-evolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoharAlperson-AfilGoren-InbarPrévost2022" class="citation journal cs1">Zohar, Irit; Alperson-Afil, Nira; Goren-Inbar, Naama; Prévost, Marion; Tütken, Thomas; Sisma-Ventura, Guy; Hershkovitz, Israel; Najorka, Jens (December 2022). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365369121">"Evidence for the cooking of fish 780,000 years ago at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel"</a></span>. <i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>6</b> (12): 2016–2028. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatEE...6.2016Z">2022NatEE...6.2016Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-022-01910-z">10.1038/s41559-022-01910-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-334X">2397-334X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36376603">36376603</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253522354">253522354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+the+cooking+of+fish+780%2C000+years+ago+at+Gesher+Benot+Ya%27aqov%2C+Israel&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2016-2028&rft.date=2022-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253522354%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatEE...6.2016Z&rft.issn=2397-334X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-022-01910-z&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36376603&rft.aulast=Zohar&rft.aufirst=Irit&rft.au=Alperson-Afil%2C+Nira&rft.au=Goren-Inbar%2C+Naama&rft.au=Pr%C3%A9vost%2C+Marion&rft.au=T%C3%BCtken%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Sisma-Ventura%2C+Guy&rft.au=Hershkovitz%2C+Israel&rft.au=Najorka%2C+Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F365369121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrgan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Organ, Chris (22 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3167533">"Phylogenetic rate shifts in feeding time during the evolution of Homo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PNAS">PNAS</a></i>. <b>108</b> (35): 14555–14559. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..10814555O">2011PNAS..10814555O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1107806108">10.1073/pnas.1107806108</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3167533">3167533</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21873223">21873223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+rate+shifts+in+feeding+time+during+the+evolution+of+Homo&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=14555-14559&rft.date=2011-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3167533%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21873223&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1107806108&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PNAS..10814555O&rft.aulast=Organ&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3167533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentsen2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bentsen, Silje (27 October 2020). "Fire Use". <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190854584.013.52">10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-085458-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-085458-4"><bdi>978-0-19-085458-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Fire+Use&rft.date=2020-10-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190854584.013.52&rft.isbn=978-0-19-085458-4&rft.aulast=Bentsen&rft.aufirst=Silje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimmer-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zimmer_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zimmer_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2017" class="citation news cs1">Zimmer, Carl (7 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/07/science/human-fossils-morocco.html">"Oldest Fossils of Homo Sapiens Found in Morocco, Altering History of Our Species"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Oldest+Fossils+of+Homo+Sapiens+Found+in+Morocco%2C+Altering+History+of+Our+Species&rft.date=2017-06-07&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F06%2F07%2Fscience%2Fhuman-fossils-morocco.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownMareanHerriesJacobs2009" class="citation cs2">Brown, Kyle S.; Marean, Curtis W.; Herries, Andy I.R.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Tribolo, Chantal; Braun, David; Roberts, David L.; Meyer, Michael C.; Bernatchez, J. (14 August 2009), "Fire as an Engineering Tool of Early Modern Humans", <i>Science</i>, <b>325</b> (5942): 859–862, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...325..859B">2009Sci...325..859B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1175028">10.1126/science.1175028</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11422%2F11102">11422/11102</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19679810">19679810</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43916405">43916405</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Fire+as+an+Engineering+Tool+of+Early+Modern+Humans&rft.volume=325&rft.issue=5942&rft.pages=859-862&rft.date=2009-08-14&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11422%2F11102&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43916405%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...325..859B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19679810&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1175028&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Kyle+S.&rft.au=Marean%2C+Curtis+W.&rft.au=Herries%2C+Andy+I.R.&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Zenobia&rft.au=Tribolo%2C+Chantal&rft.au=Braun%2C+David&rft.au=Roberts%2C+David+L.&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Michael+C.&rft.au=Bernatchez%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beyondveg-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beyondveg_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beyondveg_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beyondveg.com/nicholson-w/hb/hb-interview2c.shtml">"First Control of Fire by Human Beings – How Early?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Control+of+Fire+by+Human+Beings+%E2%80%93+How+Early%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beyondveg.com%2Fnicholson-w%2Fhb%2Fhb-interview2c.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PruetzHerzog2017-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PruetzHerzog2017_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PruetzHerzog2017_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PruetzHerzog2017_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PruetzHerzog2017_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPruetzHerzog2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pruetz, Jill D.; Herzog, Nicole M. (2017). "Savanna Chimpanzees at Fongoli, Senegal, Navigate a Fire Landscape". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>58</b>: S000. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F692112">10.1086/692112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3204">0011-3204</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148782684">148782684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Savanna+Chimpanzees+at+Fongoli%2C+Senegal%2C+Navigate+a+Fire+Landscape&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=S000&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148782684%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0011-3204&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F692112&rft.aulast=Pruetz&rft.aufirst=Jill+D.&rft.au=Herzog%2C+Nicole+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ParkerKeefe2016-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ParkerKeefe2016_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ParkerKeefe2016_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ParkerKeefe2016_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ParkerKeefe2016_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ParkerKeefe2016_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkerKeefeHerzogO'connell2016" class="citation journal cs1">Parker, Christopher H.; Keefe, Earl R.; Herzog, Nicole M.; O'connell, James F.; Hawkes, Kristen (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301252297">"The pyrophilic primate hypothesis"</a>. <i>Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 54–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fevan.21475">10.1002/evan.21475</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1060-1538">1060-1538</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27061034">27061034</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22744464">22744464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Anthropology%3A+Issues%2C+News%2C+and+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+pyrophilic+primate+hypothesis&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=54-63&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=1060-1538&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22744464%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27061034&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fevan.21475&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Christopher+H.&rft.au=Keefe%2C+Earl+R.&rft.au=Herzog%2C+Nicole+M.&rft.au=O%27connell%2C+James+F.&rft.au=Hawkes%2C+Kristen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F301252297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gowlett2016-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gowlett2016_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gowlett2016_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowlett2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gowlett, J. A. J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4874402">"The discovery of fire by humans: a long and convoluted process"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>371</b> (1696): 20150164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2015.0164">10.1098/rstb.2015.0164</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8436">0962-8436</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4874402">4874402</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27216521">27216521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+fire+by+humans%3A+a+long+and+convoluted+process&rft.volume=371&rft.issue=1696&rft.pages=20150164&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4874402%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8436&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27216521&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2015.0164&rft.aulast=Gowlett&rft.aufirst=J.+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4874402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HerzogParker2014-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HerzogParker2014_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzogParkerKeefeCoxworth2014" class="citation journal cs1">Herzog, Nicole M.; Parker, Christopher H.; Keefe, Earl R.; Coxworth, James; Barrett, Alan; Hawkes, Kristen (2014). "Fire and home range expansion: A behavioral response to burning among savanna dwelling vervet monkeys (Chlorocebusaethiops)". <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>. <b>154</b> (4): 554–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.22550">10.1002/ajpa.22550</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9483">0002-9483</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24889076">24889076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Fire+and+home+range+expansion%3A+A+behavioral+response+to+burning+among+savanna+dwelling+vervet+monkeys+%28Chlorocebusaethiops%29&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=554-60&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0002-9483&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24889076&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.22550&rft.aulast=Herzog&rft.aufirst=Nicole+M.&rft.au=Parker%2C+Christopher+H.&rft.au=Keefe%2C+Earl+R.&rft.au=Coxworth%2C+James&rft.au=Barrett%2C+Alan&rft.au=Hawkes%2C+Kristen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burton2011-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burton2011_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton2011" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Frances D. (29 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z2K7_I1zKhwC&pg=PT12">"2"</a>. <i>Fire: The Spark That Ignited Human Evolution</i>. UNM Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-4648-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-4648-3"><bdi>978-0-8263-4648-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2&rft.btitle=Fire%3A+The+Spark+That+Ignited+Human+Evolution&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=UNM+Press&rft.date=2011-09-29&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-4648-3&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Frances+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz2K7_I1zKhwC%26pg%3DPT12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GowlettBrink2017-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GowlettBrink2017_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowlettBrinkCarisHoare2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gowlett, J. A. J.; Brink, J. S.; Caris, Adam; Hoare, Sally; Rucina, S. M. (2017). "Evidence of Burning from Bushfires in Southern and East Africa and Its Relevance to Hominin Evolution". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>58</b> (S16): S206–S216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F692249">10.1086/692249</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3204">0011-3204</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164509111">164509111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+Burning+from+Bushfires+in+Southern+and+East+Africa+and+Its+Relevance+to+Hominin+Evolution&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=S16&rft.pages=S206-S216&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164509111%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0011-3204&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F692249&rft.aulast=Gowlett&rft.aufirst=J.+A.+J.&rft.au=Brink%2C+J.+S.&rft.au=Caris%2C+Adam&rft.au=Hoare%2C+Sally&rft.au=Rucina%2C+S.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chazan2017-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chazan2017_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chazan2017_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChazan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Chazan, Michael (2017). "Toward a Long Prehistory of Fire". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>58</b>: S000. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F691988">10.1086/691988</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3204">0011-3204</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149271414">149271414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Toward+a+Long+Prehistory+of+Fire&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=S000&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149271414%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0011-3204&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F691988&rft.aulast=Chazan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowlett2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gowlett, J. A. J. (23 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4874402">"The discovery of fire by humans: a long and convoluted process"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>371</b> (1696): 20150164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2015.0164">10.1098/rstb.2015.0164</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4874402">4874402</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27216521">27216521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+fire+by+humans%3A+a+long+and+convoluted+process&rft.volume=371&rft.issue=1696&rft.pages=20150164&rft.date=2016-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4874402%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27216521&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2015.0164&rft.aulast=Gowlett&rft.aufirst=J.+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4874402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Renfrew and Bahn (2004). <i>Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice</i> (Fourth Edition). Thames and Hudson, p. 341</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rincon-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rincon_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRincon2004" class="citation news cs1">Rincon, Paul (29 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3670017.stm">"Early human fire skills revealed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Early+human+fire+skills+revealed&rft.date=2004-04-29&rft.aulast=Rincon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F3670017.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-israel-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-israel_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-israel_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/06/220627100154.htm">"The heat is on: Traces of fire uncovered dating back at least 800,000 years: Using advanced AI techniques, researchers discover one of the earliest pieces of evidence for the use of fire"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=The+heat+is+on%3A+Traces+of+fire+uncovered+dating+back+at+least+800%2C000+years%3A+Using+advanced+AI+techniques%2C+researchers+discover+one+of+the+earliest+pieces+of+evidence+for+the+use+of+fire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2022%2F06%2F220627100154.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStepkaAzuriHorwitzChazan2022" class="citation journal cs1">Stepka, Zane; Azuri, Ido; Horwitz, Liora Kolska; Chazan, Michael; Natalio, Filipe (21 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9231470">"Hidden signatures of early fire at Evron Quarry (1.0 to 0.8 Mya)"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>119</b> (25): e2123439119. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PNAS..11923439S">2022PNAS..11923439S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2123439119">10.1073/pnas.2123439119</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9231470">9231470</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35696581">35696581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Hidden+signatures+of+early+fire+at+Evron+Quarry+%281.0+to+0.8+Mya%29&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=e2123439119&rft.date=2022-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9231470%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PNAS..11923439S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35696581&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2123439119&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Stepka&rft.aufirst=Zane&rft.au=Azuri%2C+Ido&rft.au=Horwitz%2C+Liora+Kolska&rft.au=Chazan%2C+Michael&rft.au=Natalio%2C+Filipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9231470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownMareanHerriesJacobs2009" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, KS; Marean, CW; Herries, AI; Jacobs, Z; Tribolo, C; Braun, D; Roberts, DL; Meyer, MC; Bernatchez, J (2009). "Fire As an Engineering Tool of Early Modern Humans". <i>Science</i>. <b>325</b> (5942): 859–62. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...325..859B">2009Sci...325..859B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1175028">10.1126/science.1175028</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11422%2F11102">11422/11102</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19679810">19679810</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43916405">43916405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Fire+As+an+Engineering+Tool+of+Early+Modern+Humans&rft.volume=325&rft.issue=5942&rft.pages=859-62&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11422%2F11102&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43916405%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...325..859B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19679810&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1175028&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=KS&rft.au=Marean%2C+CW&rft.au=Herries%2C+AI&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Z&rft.au=Tribolo%2C+C&rft.au=Braun%2C+D&rft.au=Roberts%2C+DL&rft.au=Meyer%2C+MC&rft.au=Bernatchez%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2009" class="citation journal cs1">Webb, J. Domanski M. (2009). "Fire and Stone". <i>Science</i>. <b>325</b> (5942): 820–21. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...325..820W">2009Sci...325..820W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1178014">10.1126/science.1178014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19679799">19679799</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206521911">206521911</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Fire+and+Stone&rft.volume=325&rft.issue=5942&rft.pages=820-21&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1178014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206521911%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19679799&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...325..820W&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=J.+Domanski+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Callaway. E. (13 August 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17604-earliest-fired-knives-improved-stone-age-tool-kit.html">Earliest fired knives improved stone age tool kit</a> New Scientist, online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zhoukoudian-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zhoukoudian_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zhoukoudian_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zhoukoudian_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinerQ._XuP._GoldbergJ._Liu1998" class="citation journal cs1">Weiner, S.; Q. Xu; P. Goldberg; J. Liu; O. Bar-Yosef (1998). "Evidence for the Use of Fire at Zhoukoudian, China". <i>Science</i>. <b>281</b> (5374): 251–53. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Sci...281..251W">1998Sci...281..251W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.281.5374.251">10.1126/science.281.5374.251</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9657718">9657718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+the+Use+of+Fire+at+Zhoukoudian%2C+China&rft.volume=281&rft.issue=5374&rft.pages=251-53&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9657718&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.281.5374.251&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Sci...281..251W&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Q.+Xu&rft.au=P.+Goldberg&rft.au=J.+Liu&rft.au=O.+Bar-Yosef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarkanasShahack-GrossAyalon2007" class="citation journal cs1">Karkanas P, Shahack-Gross R, Ayalon A, et al. (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/archaeology/info/ran_barkai/HabitualUseofFireJHE2007.pdf">"Evidence for habitual use of fire at the end of the Lower Paleolithic: site-formation processes at Qesem Cave, Israel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>J. Hum. Evol</i>. <b>53</b> (2): 197–212. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JHumE..53..197K">2007JHumE..53..197K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2007.04.002">10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.04.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17572475">17572475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Hum.+Evol.&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+habitual+use+of+fire+at+the+end+of+the+Lower+Paleolithic%3A+site-formation+processes+at+Qesem+Cave%2C+Israel&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=197-212&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17572475&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2007.04.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JHumE..53..197K&rft.aulast=Karkanas&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Shahack-Gross%2C+R&rft.au=Ayalon%2C+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tau.ac.il%2Fhumanities%2Farchaeology%2Finfo%2Fran_barkai%2FHabitualUseofFireJHE2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgamAzuriPinkasGopher2020" class="citation journal cs1">Agam, Aviad; Azuri, Ido; Pinkas, Iddo; Gopher, Avi; Natalio, Filipe (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.springernature.com/getResource/Full%20text%3A%2041562_2020_Article_955.pdf?token=IULUvIufpS8AXE43riPpExKrcZMUcwpHIO0w4yhOno61RnG9Vz6%2Fr7GCrI5AcBi92o1n3tikPjKFkiYotkHNpNM75Zwrwg1JnULfD6ql3lbB4%2B2k4SPGekWdBGLFLq2puCh%2FZ3DLB4IVSRfpmhKqIEBM6VRi4TYfMGfmPXWr3JRHuW%2Fj5Wod1fsOibZcggI%2B6R1Se4bGQnT7HNP7lnlhp40M0VnqSPp7kwO%2Fuk2bUqy4COccDRtTVCPDgs7U4YSWRA6eUNeoCaxT6qM4JD785x3MLr9Sg3IyUT768TYA36RHaIKwhpKR5msxE9Z7qNrUmSnxANKxcm2QxaNEzOo9fA%3D%3D">"Estimating temperatures of heated Lower Palaeolithic flint artefacts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature Human Behaviour</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 221–228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41562-020-00955-z">10.1038/s41562-020-00955-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33020589">33020589</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222160202">222160202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Human+Behaviour&rft.atitle=Estimating+temperatures+of+heated+Lower+Palaeolithic+flint+artefacts&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=221-228&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222160202%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33020589&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41562-020-00955-z&rft.aulast=Agam&rft.aufirst=Aviad&rft.au=Azuri%2C+Ido&rft.au=Pinkas%2C+Iddo&rft.au=Gopher%2C+Avi&rft.au=Natalio%2C+Filipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.springernature.com%2FgetResource%2FFull%2520text%253A%252041562_2020_Article_955.pdf%3Ftoken%3DIULUvIufpS8AXE43riPpExKrcZMUcwpHIO0w4yhOno61RnG9Vz6%252Fr7GCrI5AcBi92o1n3tikPjKFkiYotkHNpNM75Zwrwg1JnULfD6ql3lbB4%252B2k4SPGekWdBGLFLq2puCh%252FZ3DLB4IVSRfpmhKqIEBM6VRi4TYfMGfmPXWr3JRHuW%252Fj5Wod1fsOibZcggI%252B6R1Se4bGQnT7HNP7lnlhp40M0VnqSPp7kwO%252Fuk2bUqy4COccDRtTVCPDgs7U4YSWRA6eUNeoCaxT6qM4JD785x3MLr9Sg3IyUT768TYA36RHaIKwhpKR5msxE9Z7qNrUmSnxANKxcm2QxaNEzOo9fA%253D%253D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JhaSamratSanyal2021-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JhaSamratSanyal2021_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJhaSamratSanyal2021" class="citation journal cs1">Jha, Deepak Kumar; Samrat, Rahul; Sanyal, Prasanta (15 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S003101822030599X">"The first evidence of controlled use of fire by prehistoric humans during the Middle Paleolithic phase from the Indian subcontinent"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>562</b>: 110151. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PPP...56210151J">2021PPP...56210151J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2020.110151">10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.110151</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229392002">229392002</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=The+first+evidence+of+controlled+use+of+fire+by+prehistoric+humans+during+the+Middle+Paleolithic+phase+from+the+Indian+subcontinent&rft.volume=562&rft.pages=110151&rft.date=2021-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A229392002%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2020.110151&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021PPP...56210151J&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=Deepak+Kumar&rft.au=Samrat%2C+Rahul&rft.au=Sanyal%2C+Prasanta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS003101822030599X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreece2006" class="citation journal cs1">Preece, R. C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjqs.1043">"Humans in the Hoxnian: habitat, context and fire use at Beeches Pit, West Stow, Suffolk, UK"</a>. <i>Journal of Quaternary Science</i>. <b>21</b> (5): 485–96. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JQS....21..485P">2006JQS....21..485P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjqs.1043">10.1002/jqs.1043</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Quaternary+Science&rft.atitle=Humans+in+the+Hoxnian%3A+habitat%2C+context+and+fire+use+at+Beeches+Pit%2C+West+Stow%2C+Suffolk%2C+UK&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=485-96&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjqs.1043&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JQS....21..485P&rft.aulast=Preece&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fjqs.1043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorensenClaudSoressi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sorensen, A. C.; Claud, E.; Soressi, M. (19 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6053370">"Neandertal fire-making technology inferred from microwear analysis"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 10065. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatSR...810065S">2018NatSR...810065S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-018-28342-9">10.1038/s41598-018-28342-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6053370">6053370</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30026576">30026576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Neandertal+fire-making+technology+inferred+from+microwear+analysis&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10065&rft.date=2018-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6053370%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatSR...810065S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30026576&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-018-28342-9&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Sorensen&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rft.au=Claud%2C+E.&rft.au=Soressi%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6053370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/2013/may/09-archaeologists-find-earliest-evidence-of-humans-cooking-with-fire">"Archaeologists Find Earliest Evidence of Humans Cooking With Fire | DiscoverMagazine.com"</a>. <i>Discover Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discover+Magazine&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+Find+Earliest+Evidence+of+Humans+Cooking+With+Fire+%7C+DiscoverMagazine.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovermagazine.com%2F2013%2Fmay%2F09-archaeologists-find-earliest-evidence-of-humans-cooking-with-fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenna" class="citation web cs1">McKenna, Ryan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fubini.swarthmore.edu/~ENVS2/S2007/rmckenn1/FirstEssay.htm">"Fire and It's [<i>sic</i>] Value to Early Man"</a>. <i>fubini.Swarthmore.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fubini.Swarthmore.edu&rft.atitle=Fire+and+It%27s%26%2332%3B%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B+Value+to+Early+Man&rft.aulast=McKenna&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffubini.swarthmore.edu%2F~ENVS2%2FS2007%2Frmckenn1%2FFirstEssay.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/when-did-man-discover-fire-ancestors-modern-humans-used-fire-350000-years-ago-new-1758607">"When Did Man Discover Fire? Ancestors of Modern Humans Used Fire 350,000 Years Ago, New Study Suggests"</a>. <i>International Business Times</i>. 15 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=When+Did+Man+Discover+Fire%3F+Ancestors+of+Modern+Humans+Used+Fire+350%2C000+Years+Ago%2C+New+Study+Suggests&rft.date=2014-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fwhen-did-man-discover-fire-ancestors-modern-humans-used-fire-350000-years-ago-new-1758607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellomo1994" class="citation journal cs1">Bellomo, Randy V. (1 July 1994). "Methods of determining early hominid behavioral activities associated with the controlled use of fire at FxJj 20 Main, Koobi Fora, Kenva". <i>Journal of Human Evolution</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 173–195. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994JHumE..27..173B">1994JHumE..27..173B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjhev.1994.1041">10.1006/jhev.1994.1041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Evolution&rft.atitle=Methods+of+determining+early+hominid+behavioral+activities+associated+with+the+controlled+use+of+fire+at+FxJj+20+Main%2C+Koobi+Fora%2C+Kenva&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=173-195&rft.date=1994-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjhev.1994.1041&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994JHumE..27..173B&rft.aulast=Bellomo&rft.aufirst=Randy+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashburn2013" class="citation book cs1">Washburn, S. L. (11 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aTNUAQAAQBAJ&q=early%20human%20hunting%20with%20fire&pg=PA176"><i>Social Life of Early Man</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-54361-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-54361-6"><bdi>978-1-136-54361-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Life+of+Early+Man&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-11&rft.isbn=978-1-136-54361-6&rft.aulast=Washburn&rft.aufirst=S.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaTNUAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dearly%2520human%2520hunting%2520with%2520fire%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYin2016" class="citation news cs1">Yin, Steph (5 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/09/science/fire-smoke-evolution-tuberculosis.html">"Smoke, Fire and Human Evolution"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Smoke%2C+Fire+and+Human+Evolution&rft.date=2016-08-05&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Yin&rft.aufirst=Steph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F08%2F09%2Fscience%2Ffire-smoke-evolution-tuberculosis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelagnesSchmidtDouzeWurz2016" class="citation journal cs1">Delagnes, Anne; Schmidt, Patrick; Douze, Katja; Wurz, Sarah; Bellot-Gurlet, Ludovic; Conard, Nicholas J.; Nickel, Klaus G.; Niekerk, Karen L. van; Henshilwood, Christopher S. (19 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5070848">"Early Evidence for the Extensive Heat Treatment of Silcrete in the Howiesons Poort at Klipdrift Shelter (Layer PBD, 65 ka), South Africa"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>11</b> (10): e0163874. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1163874D">2016PLoSO..1163874D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0163874">10.1371/journal.pone.0163874</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5070848">5070848</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27760210">27760210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Early+Evidence+for+the+Extensive+Heat+Treatment+of+Silcrete+in+the+Howiesons+Poort+at+Klipdrift+Shelter+%28Layer+PBD%2C+65+ka%29%2C+South+Africa&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e0163874&rft.date=2016-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5070848%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PLoSO..1163874D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27760210&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0163874&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Delagnes&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Douze%2C+Katja&rft.au=Wurz%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Bellot-Gurlet%2C+Ludovic&rft.au=Conard%2C+Nicholas+J.&rft.au=Nickel%2C+Klaus+G.&rft.au=Niekerk%2C+Karen+L.+van&rft.au=Henshilwood%2C+Christopher+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5070848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uib.no/en/news/101760/early-humans-used-innovative-heating-techniques">"Humans used fire earlier than previously known | University of Bergen"</a>. <i>www.uib.no</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uib.no&rft.atitle=Humans+used+fire+earlier+than+previously+known+%7C+University+of+Bergen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uib.no%2Fen%2Fnews%2F101760%2Fearly-humans-used-innovative-heating-techniques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennett" class="citation web cs1">Jennett, Karen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.txstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10877/3202/fulltext.pdf">"Female Figurines of the Upper Paleolithic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>TxState.Edu</i>. Texas State University, San Marcos<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TxState.Edu&rft.atitle=Female+Figurines+of+the+Upper+Paleolithic&rft.aulast=Jennett&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.txstate.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10877%2F3202%2Ffulltext.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161108111906/http://popular-archaeology.com/issue/june-2012/article/the-earliest-known-pottery">"The Earliest Known Pottery"</a>. Popular Archaeology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://popular-archaeology.com/issue/june-2012/article/the-earliest-known-pottery">the original</a> on 8 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+Known+Pottery&rft.pub=Popular+Archaeology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpopular-archaeology.com%2Fissue%2Fjune-2012%2Farticle%2Fthe-earliest-known-pottery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamoureux" class="citation web cs1">Lamoureux, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sourcinginnovation.com/archaeology/Arch05.htm">"What we know of early human society & behavior"</a>. <i>Sourcing Innovation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sourcing+Innovation&rft.atitle=What+we+know+of+early+human+society+%26+behavior&rft.aulast=Lamoureux&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sourcinginnovation.com%2Farchaeology%2FArch05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbarGambleGowlett2016" class="citation book cs1">Dunbar, R. I. M.; Gamble, Clive; Gowlett, J. A. J. (13 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VEakAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA277"><i>Lucy to Language: The Benchmark Papers</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965259-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965259-4"><bdi>978-0-19-965259-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lucy+to+Language%3A+The+Benchmark+Papers&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2016-11-13&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965259-4&rft.aulast=Dunbar&rft.aufirst=R.+I.+M.&rft.au=Gamble%2C+Clive&rft.au=Gowlett%2C+J.+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVEakAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowlett2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gowlett, J. a. J. (5 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4874402">"The discovery of fire by humans: a long and convoluted process"</a>. <i>Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B</i>. <b>371</b> (1696): 20150164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2015.0164">10.1098/rstb.2015.0164</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8436">0962-8436</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4874402">4874402</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27216521">27216521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phil.+Trans.+R.+Soc.+B&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+fire+by+humans%3A+a+long+and+convoluted+process&rft.volume=371&rft.issue=1696&rft.pages=20150164&rft.date=2016-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4874402%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8436&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27216521&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2015.0164&rft.aulast=Gowlett&rft.aufirst=J.+a.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4874402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiessner2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wiessner, Polly W. (30 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4191796">"Embers of society: Firelight talk among the Ju/'hoansi Bushmen"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>111</b> (39): 14027–14035. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1404212111">10.1073/pnas.1404212111</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4191796">4191796</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25246574">25246574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Embers+of+society%3A+Firelight+talk+among+the+Ju%2F%27hoansi+Bushmen&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=14027-14035&rft.date=2014-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4191796%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25246574&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1404212111&rft.aulast=Wiessner&rft.aufirst=Polly+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4191796&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerculano-Houzel2016" class="citation book cs1">Herculano-Houzel, Suzana (2016). <i>Human AdvantageA New Understanding of How Our Brain Became Remarkable – MIT Press Scholarship</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7551%2Fmitpress%2F9780262034258.001.0001">10.7551/mitpress/9780262034258.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03425-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03425-8"><bdi>978-0-262-03425-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+AdvantageA+New+Understanding+of+How+Our+Brain+Became+Remarkable+%E2%80%93+MIT+Press+Scholarship&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7551%2Fmitpress%2F9780262034258.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-262-03425-8&rft.aulast=Herculano-Houzel&rft.aufirst=Suzana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvenepoelGeypensLuypaertsHiele1998" class="citation journal cs1">Evenepoel, Pieter; Geypens, Benny; Luypaerts, Anja; Hiele, Martin; Ghoos, Yvo; Rutgeerts, Paul (1 October 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F128.10.1716">"Digestibility of Cooked and Raw Egg Protein in Humans as Assessed by Stable Isotope Techniques"</a>. <i>The Journal of Nutrition</i>. <b>128</b> (10): 1716–1722. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjn%2F128.10.1716">10.1093/jn/128.10.1716</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3166">0022-3166</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9772141">9772141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Digestibility+of+Cooked+and+Raw+Egg+Protein+in+Humans+as+Assessed+by+Stable+Isotope+Techniques&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1716-1722&rft.date=1998-10-01&rft.issn=0022-3166&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9772141&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjn%2F128.10.1716&rft.aulast=Evenepoel&rft.aufirst=Pieter&rft.au=Geypens%2C+Benny&rft.au=Luypaerts%2C+Anja&rft.au=Hiele%2C+Martin&rft.au=Ghoos%2C+Yvo&rft.au=Rutgeerts%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjn%252F128.10.1716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFonseca-AzevedoHerculano-Houzel2012" class="citation journal cs1">Fonseca-Azevedo, Karina; Herculano-Houzel, Suzana (6 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3494886">"Metabolic constraint imposes tradeoff between body size and number of brain neurons in human evolution"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>109</b> (45): 18571–18576. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PNAS..10918571F">2012PNAS..10918571F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1206390109">10.1073/pnas.1206390109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3494886">3494886</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23090991">23090991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Metabolic+constraint+imposes+tradeoff+between+body+size+and+number+of+brain+neurons+in+human+evolution&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=18571-18576&rft.date=2012-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3494886%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PNAS..10918571F&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23090991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1206390109&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Fonseca-Azevedo&rft.aufirst=Karina&rft.au=Herculano-Houzel%2C+Suzana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3494886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAielloWheeler1995" class="citation journal cs1">Aiello, Leslie C.; Wheeler, Peter (1 January 1995). "The Expensive-Tissue Hypothesis: The Brain and the Digestive System in Human and Primate Evolution". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 199–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F204350">10.1086/204350</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2744104">2744104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144317407">144317407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Expensive-Tissue+Hypothesis%3A+The+Brain+and+the+Digestive+System+in+Human+and+Primate+Evolution&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=199-221&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144317407%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2744104%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F204350&rft.aulast=Aiello&rft.aufirst=Leslie+C.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradbury2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bradbury, Joanne (10 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257695">"Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA): An Ancient Nutrient for the Modern Human Brain"</a>. <i>Nutrients</i>. <b>3</b> (5): 529–554. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu3050529">10.3390/nu3050529</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257695">3257695</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22254110">22254110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrients&rft.atitle=Docosahexaenoic+Acid+%28DHA%29%3A+An+Ancient+Nutrient+for+the+Modern+Human+Brain&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=529-554&rft.date=2011-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3257695%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22254110&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fnu3050529&rft.aulast=Bradbury&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3257695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diet-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diet_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahl1984" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ann_B._Stahl" title="Ann B. Stahl">Stahl, Ann Brower</a> (April 1984). "Hominid Dietary Selection Before Fire". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 151–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F203106">10.1086/203106</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84337150">84337150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Hominid+Dietary+Selection+Before+Fire&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=151-168&rft.date=1984-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F203106&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84337150%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stahl&rft.aufirst=Ann+Brower&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luca, F., G.H. Perry, and A. Di Rienzo. "Evolutionary Adaptations to Dietary Changes." <i>Annual Review of Nutrition</i>. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 21 August 2010. Weborn 14 November 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWranghamCarmody2010" class="citation journal cs1">Wrangham, Richard W.; Carmody, Rachel Naomi (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/8944723/human_adaptation_to_the_control.pdf?sequence=1">"Human adaptation to the control of fire"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Evolutionary Anthropology</i>. <b>19</b> (5): 187–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fevan.20275">10.1002/evan.20275</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34878981">34878981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Human+adaptation+to+the+control+of+fire&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=187-199&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fevan.20275&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34878981%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wrangham&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft.au=Carmody%2C+Rachel+Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdash.harvard.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1%2F8944723%2Fhuman_adaptation_to_the_control.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Lieberman, <i>L'histoire du corps humain</i>, JC Lattès, 2015, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungBenyshekLienard2012" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Sharon M.; Benyshek, Daniel C.; Lienard, Pierre (May 2012). "The Conspicuous Absence of Placenta Consumption in Human Postpartum Females: The Fire Hypothesis". <i>Ecology of Food and Nutrition</i>. <b>51</b> (3): 198–217. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EcoFN..51..198Y">2012EcoFN..51..198Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03670244.2012.661349">10.1080/03670244.2012.661349</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22632060">22632060</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1279726">1279726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology+of+Food+and+Nutrition&rft.atitle=The+Conspicuous+Absence+of+Placenta+Consumption+in+Human+Postpartum+Females%3A+The+Fire+Hypothesis&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=198-217&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03670244.2012.661349&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1279726%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22632060&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012EcoFN..51..198Y&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Sharon+M.&rft.au=Benyshek%2C+Daniel+C.&rft.au=Lienard%2C+Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crunchy-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crunchy_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViegas2005" class="citation news cs1">Viegas, Jennifer (22 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2005/11/22/1514032.htm">"Homo erectus ate crunchy food"</a>. <i>News in Science</i>. abc.net.au<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+in+Science&rft.atitle=Homo+erectus+ate+crunchy+food&rft.date=2005-11-22&rft.aulast=Viegas&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fscience%2Farticles%2F2005%2F11%2F22%2F1514032.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219092405/http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo/homo_2.htm">"Early Human Evolution: Homo ergaster and erectus"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo/homo_2.htm">the original</a> on 19 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Human+Evolution%3A+Homo+ergaster+and+erectus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanthro.palomar.edu%2Fhomo%2Fhomo_2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickrell2005" class="citation web cs1">Pickrell, John (19 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7035-human-dental-chaos-linked-to-evolution-of-cooking.html">"Human 'dental chaos' linked to evolution of cooking"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+%27dental+chaos%27+linked+to+evolution+of+cooking&rft.date=2005-02-19&rft.aulast=Pickrell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn7035-human-dental-chaos-linked-to-evolution-of-cooking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thought-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thought_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbons2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbons, Ann (15 June 2007). "Food for Thought". <i>Science</i>. <b>316</b> (5831): 1558–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.316.5831.1558">10.1126/science.316.5831.1558</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17569838">17569838</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9071168">9071168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Food+for+Thought&rft.volume=316&rft.issue=5831&rft.pages=1558-60&rft.date=2007-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9071168%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17569838&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.316.5831.1558&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler" class="citation news cs1">Adler, Jerry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/why-fire-makes-us-human-72989884/?no-ist">"Why Fire Makes Us Human"</a>. <i>Smithsonian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Why+Fire+Makes+Us+Human&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fscience-nature%2Fwhy-fire-makes-us-human-72989884%2F%3Fno-ist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornélio2016" class="citation journal cs1">Cornélio, Alianda; et al. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4842772">"Human Brain Expansion during Evolution Is Independent of Fire Control and Cooking"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Neuroscience</i>. <b>10</b>: 167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnins.2016.00167">10.3389/fnins.2016.00167</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4842772">4842772</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27199631">27199631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Human+Brain+Expansion+during+Evolution+Is+Independent+of+Fire+Control+and+Cooking&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=167&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4842772%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27199631&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnins.2016.00167&rft.aulast=Corn%C3%A9lio&rft.aufirst=Alianda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4842772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/99legacy/6-14-1999a.html">"Meat-eating was essential for human evolution, says UC Berkeley anthropologist specializing in diet"</a>. 14 June 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meat-eating+was+essential+for+human+evolution%2C+says+UC+Berkeley+anthropologist+specializing+in+diet&rft.date=1999-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberkeley.edu%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Freleases%2F99legacy%2F6-14-1999a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2007" class="citation journal cs1">Mann, Neil (15 August 2007). "Meat in the human diet: An anthropological perspective". <i>Nutrition & Dietetics</i>. <b>64</b> (Supplement s4): 102–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1747-0080.2007.00194.x">10.1111/j.1747-0080.2007.00194.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrition+%26+Dietetics&rft.atitle=Meat+in+the+human+diet%3A+An+anthropological+perspective&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=Supplement+s4&rft.pages=102-107&rft.date=2007-08-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1747-0080.2007.00194.x&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10206901-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10206901_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennisi1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Pennisi" title="Elizabeth Pennisi">Pennisi, Elizabeth</a> (26 March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cogweb.ucla.edu/Abstracts/Pennisi_99.html">"Human evolution: Did Cooked Tubers Spur the Evolution of Big Brains?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>283</b> (5410): 2004–2005. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.283.5410.2004">10.1126/science.283.5410.2004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10206901">10206901</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39775701">39775701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Human+evolution%3A+Did+Cooked+Tubers+Spur+the+Evolution+of+Big+Brains%3F&rft.volume=283&rft.issue=5410&rft.pages=2004-2005&rft.date=1999-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39775701%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10206901&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.283.5410.2004&rft.aulast=Pennisi&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcogweb.ucla.edu%2FAbstracts%2FPennisi_99.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+of+fire+by+early+humans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aeon.co/magazine/science/how-our-pact-with-fire-made-us-what-we-are/">How our pact with fire made us what we are</a>" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906012250/http://aeon.co/magazine/science/how-our-pact-with-fire-made-us-what-we-are/">Archived</a> 6 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—Article by Stephen J Pyne</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive">Human Timeline (Interactive)</a> – <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian</a> (August 2016).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fire" title="Template:Fire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fire" title="Template talk:Fire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">Fire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_fires" title="Category:Lists of fires">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Control of fire by early humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fires" title="List of fires">Historic fires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_use_of_fire_in_ecosystems" title="Native American use of fire in ecosystems">Native American use of fire in ecosystems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chain_reaction" title="Chain reaction">Chain reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_explosion" title="Dust explosion">Dust explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_piston" title="Fire piston">Fire piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection" title="Fire protection">Fire protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">Pyrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_combustion" title="Spontaneous combustion">Spontaneous combustion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">Fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">Heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame" title="Flame">Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">Smoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual fires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fires_by_type" title="Category:Fires by type">By type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fires_by_country" title="Category:Fires by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fires_by_year" title="Category:Fires by year">By year</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">Death by burning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromanias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_pyromaniac" title="Child pyromaniac">Child</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">Firefighter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_preta" title="Terra preta">Terra preta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Flame_Research_Foundation" title="International Flame Research Foundation">International Flame Research Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Combustion_Institute" title="The Combustion Institute">The Combustion Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildfires" title="List of wildfires">List of wildfires</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backdraft" title="Backdraft">Backdraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">Firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_whirl" title="Fire whirl">Fire whirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_lava" title="Blue lava">Blue lava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash" title="Ash">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_making" title="Fire making">Fire making</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fire" title="Category:Fire">Category</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fire" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fire">Commons</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Fire" class="extiw" title="wikt:Fire">Wiktionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Firelighting" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Firelighting" title="Template:Firelighting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Firelighting" title="Template talk:Firelighting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Firelighting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Firelighting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Firelighting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fire_making" title="Fire making">Firelighting</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campfire" title="Campfire">Campfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">Bonfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firelighting" title="Glossary of firelighting">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ember" title="Ember">Ember</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_triangle" title="Fire triangle">Fire triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">Firewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_(fire)" title="Spark (fire)">Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinder" title="Tinder">Tinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_ash" title="Wood ash">Wood ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood fuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firelighting" title="Glossary of firelighting">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoignition_temperature" title="Autoignition temperature">Autoignition temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firelighting#Friction" class="mw-redirect" title="Firelighting">Friction fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_ignition_energy" title="Minimum ignition energy">Minimum ignition energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smouldering" title="Smouldering">Smouldering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early starters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_glass" title="Burning glass">Burning glass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Spark_Lighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar Spark Lighter">Solar Spark Lighter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_drill_(tool)" title="Fire drill (tool)">Fire drill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_drill" title="Hand drill">Hand drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_drill" title="Pump drill">Pump drill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_piston" title="Fire piston">Fire piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_striker" title="Fire striker">Fire striker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern starters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowtorch" title="Blowtorch">Blowtorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrocerium" title="Ferrocerium">Ferrocerium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighter" title="Lighter">Lighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match" title="Match">Match</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_match" title="Black match">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_match" title="Electric match">Electric</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Char_cloth" title="Char cloth">Char cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuckmuck" title="Chuckmuck">Chuckmuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_stick" title="Feather stick">Feather stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_pan" title="Fire pan">Fire pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_pit" title="Fire pit">Fire pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire ring">Fire ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matchbook" title="Matchbook">Matchbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matchbox" title="Matchbox">Matchbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_(fireworks)" title="Punk (fireworks)">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinderbox" title="Tinderbox">Tinderbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch" title="Torch">Torch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Control of fire by early humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firem%27n_Chit" title="Firem'n Chit">Firem'n Chit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_use_of_fire_in_ecosystems" title="Native American use of fire in ecosystems">Native American use of fire in ecosystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_cooking" title="Outdoor cooking">Outdoor cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">Pyrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_skills" title="Survival skills">Survival skills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_evolution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_evolution" title="Template:Human evolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_evolution" title="Template talk:Human evolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_evolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human evolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_evolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Human evolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_taxonomy" title="Human taxonomy">Taxonomy</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">Last common ancestors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Chimpanzee–human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorilla%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gorilla–human last common ancestor">Gorilla–human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangutan%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Orangutan–human last common ancestor">Orangutan–human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbon%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gibbon–human last common ancestor">Gibbon–human</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australopithecine" title="Australopithecine">Australopithecines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenyanthropus" title="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">A. kadabba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">A. ramidus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">A. afarensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">A. africanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">A. anamensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_bahrelghazali" title="Australopithecus bahrelghazali">A. bahrelghazali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_deyiremeda" title="Australopithecus deyiremeda">A. deyiremeda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">A. garhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">A. sediba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus_aethiopicus" title="Paranthropus aethiopicus">P. aethiopicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus_boisei" title="Paranthropus boisei">P. boisei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus_robustus" title="Paranthropus robustus">P. robustus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Humans and<br />proto-humans<br />(<i>Homo</i>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proto-humans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_gautengensis" title="Homo gautengensis">H. gautengensis</a></i> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">H. habilis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_naledi" title="Homo naledi">H. naledi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">H. rudolfensis</a></i> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penghu_1" title="Penghu 1">H. tsaichangensis</a></i> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">H. e. erectus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dmanisi_hominins" title="Dmanisi hominins">H. e. georgicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lantian_Man" title="Lantian Man">H. e. lantianensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Man" title="Nanjing Man">H. e. nankinensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">H. e. pekinensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solo_Man" title="Solo Man">H. e. soloensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tautavel_Man" title="Tautavel Man">H. e. tautavelensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuanmou_Man" title="Yuanmou Man">H. e. yuanmouensis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Archaic_humans" title="Archaic humans">Archaic humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">H. antecessor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">H. ergaster</a></i> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">H. floresiensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_longi" title="Homo longi">H. longi</a></i> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_luzonensis" title="Homo luzonensis">H. luzonensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">H. neanderthalensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_rhodesiensis" title="Homo rhodesiensis">H. rhodesiensis</a></i> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Modern humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Homo_sapiens" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_human" title="Early modern human"><i>H. s. sapiens</i> (archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Irhoud" title="Jebel Irhoud">Jebel Irhoud</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herto_Man" title="Herto Man">H. s. idaltu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cro-Magnon" title="Cro-Magnon">Cro-Magnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manot_1" title="Manot 1">Manot people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam_Pa_Ling_Cave" title="Tam Pa Ling Cave">Tam Pa Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Deer_Cave_people" title="Red Deer Cave people">Red Deer Cave people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Ancestors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i> → <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> (→ <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">Homo antecessor</a></i>)<sup>?</sup> → <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i> → <i>archaic Homo sapiens</i> → <i><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_hypothesis" title="Gathering hypothesis">Gathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_running_hypothesis" title="Endurance running hypothesis">Endurance running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Aquatic ape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_humans" title="Sexual selection in humans">Sexual selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-domestication#In_humans" title="Self-domestication">Self-domestication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Diet <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_cooking_hypothesis">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expensive_tissue_hypothesis" title="Expensive tissue hypothesis">Expensive tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis#Diet" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Shore-based</a></li></ul></li> <li>Drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drunken_monkey_hypothesis" title="Drunken monkey hypothesis">Drunken monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_models_of_human_drug_use" title="Evolutionary models of human drug use">Evolutionary models of human drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoned_ape_theory" title="Stoned ape theory">Stoned ape theory</a></li></ul></li> <li>Behavior <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killer_ape_theory" title="Killer ape theory">Killer ape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_eye_hypothesis" title="Cooperative eye hypothesis">Cooperative eye</a></li></ul></li> <li>Life history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandmother_hypothesis" title="Grandmother hypothesis">Grandmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_hypothesis" title="Patriarch hypothesis">Patriarch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_bipedalism_in_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of bipedalism in humans">Bipedalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism">Skeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_evolution_in_humans" title="Muscular evolution in humans">Muscles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_skin_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of skin color">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_and_heat_adaptations_in_humans" title="Cold and heat adaptations in humans">Thermoregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_speech" title="Origin of speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_human_intelligence" title="Evolution of human intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_division_of_labour#Hypotheses_for_the_evolutionary_origins_of_SDL" title="Sexual division of labour">Gender roles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of modern humans">Origin of modern humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Recent African origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiregional_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Multiregional origin of modern humans">Multiregional origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbreeding_between_archaic_and_modern_humans" title="Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans">Archaic admixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">Early migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution">Human evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Human prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_timeline" title="Template:Human timeline">Human timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_evolution_theorists" title="Category:Human evolution theorists">Theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_evolution_books" title="Category:Human evolution books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_evolution_fossils" title="List of human evolution fossils">Fossils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Human evolutionary developmental biology">Human evolutionary developmental biology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_evolution" title="Category:Human evolution">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_evolution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human evolution">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&oldid=1256207554">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&oldid=1256207554</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fire" title="Category:Fire">Fire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_inventions" title="Category:History of inventions">History of inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_evolution" title="Category:Human evolution">Human evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paleolithic" title="Category:Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2024">Articles with dead external links from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2018" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2018">Use dmy dates from May 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_January_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2023">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 November 2024, at 20:00<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Control_of_fire_by_early_humans&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-78f4c97c5d-lfrfk","wgBackendResponseTime":229,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.885","walltime":"1.099","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9315,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":361932,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6290,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":295604,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 888.166 1 -total"," 46.65% 414.340 1 Template:Reflist"," 27.69% 245.900 37 Template:Cite_journal"," 12.80% 113.657 1 Template:Human_timeline"," 12.35% 109.712 1 Template:Graphical_timeline"," 6.36% 56.521 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.68% 50.430 11 Template:Cite_web"," 4.85% 43.098 1 Template:Fire"," 4.74% 42.122 2 Template:Navbox"," 3.97% 35.262 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.504","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9516061,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-565d46677b-c7cjq","timestamp":"20241128122548","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Control of fire by early humans","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q912205","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q912205","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-11-12T05:16:02Z","dateModified":"2024-11-08T20:00:09Z","headline":"aspect of human history"}</script> </body> </html>