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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Operations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_War_(1876–1877)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_War_(1876–1877)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>First War (1876–1877)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_War_(1876–1877)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_War_(1877–1878)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_War_(1877–1878)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Second War (1877–1878)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_War_(1877–1878)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Serbian–Ottoman Wars (1876–1878)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_(1876%E2%80%931878)" title="الحروب الصربية التركية (1876–1878) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحروب الصربية التركية (1876–1878)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%AF_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B9_1876-1878" title="Σερβοτουρκικοί πόλεμοι 1876-1878 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σερβοτουρκικοί πόλεμοι 1876-1878" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1-%D5%B9%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6-%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_(1876-1878)" title="Սերբա-չեռնոգորյան-թուրքական պատերազմներ (1876-1878) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սերբա-չեռնոգորյան-թուրքական պատերազմներ (1876-1878)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Serbia%E2%80%93Utsmaniyah_(1876%E2%80%931878)" title="Perang Serbia–Utsmaniyah (1876–1878) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Serbia–Utsmaniyah (1876–1878)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_serbo-turche_(1876-1878)" title="Guerre serbo-turche (1876-1878) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerre serbo-turche (1876-1878)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%E2%80%93%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA%27%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_(1876%E2%80%931878)" title="המלחמה הסרבית–עות'מאנית (1876–1878) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המלחמה הסרבית–עות'מאנית (1876–1878)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%97-%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_(1876-1878)" title="სერბეთ-ოსმალეთის ომები (1876-1878) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სერბეთ-ოსმალეთის ომები (1876-1878)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1876-1878)" title="Османлиско-српска војна (1876-1878) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Османлиско-српска војна (1876-1878)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usmonli-serb_urushi" title="Usmonli-serb urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Usmonli-serb urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_S%C3%A9rvio-Otomana_(1876%E2%80%931878)" title="Guerra Sérvio-Otomana (1876–1878) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Sérvio-Otomana (1876–1878)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сербско-черногорско-турецкая война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сербско-черногорско-турецкая война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_(1876%E2%80%941878)" title="Српско-турски ратови (1876—1878) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Српско-турски ратови (1876—1878)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1-S%C4%B1rp_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1_(1876-1878)" title="Osmanlı-Sırp Savaşı (1876-1878) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Osmanlı-Sırp Savaşı (1876-1878)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сербсько-чорногорсько-турецька війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сербсько-чорногорсько-турецька війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E2%80%94%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="塞爾維亞—土耳其戰爭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塞爾維亞—土耳其戰爭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Two conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Principality of Serbia from 1876 to 1878</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other Serbo-Ottoman wars, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_conflicts" title="List of Serbian–Ottoman conflicts">List of Serbian–Ottoman conflicts</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Serbian–Ottoman Wars (1876–1878)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bitka_za_moravac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bitka_za_moravac.jpg/300px-Bitka_za_moravac.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bitka_za_moravac.jpg/450px-Bitka_za_moravac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bitka_za_moravac.jpg/600px-Bitka_za_moravac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="475" /></a></span><br />Battle of <a href="/wiki/Moravac" title="Moravac">Moravac</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>30 June 1876 – 3 March 1878<br />(1 year, 8 months and 3 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Serbia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Serbian victory </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Albanians,_1877%E2%80%931878" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878">Expulsion of Albanians</a> and Turks from Serbia.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">De jure</a></i> independence of Serbia from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Serbia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="563" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Montenegro"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Russia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></span></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg/22px-Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg/33px-Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg/44px-Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="155" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Volunteers" class="mw-redirect" title="Volunteers">Volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt"><img alt="Khedivate of Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Albanian_Provisional_Government_(Jun-Nov_1912).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Albanian_Provisional_Government_%28Jun-Nov_1912%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Albanian_Provisional_Government_%28Jun-Nov_1912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Albanian_Provisional_Government_%28Jun-Nov_1912%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Albanian_Provisional_Government_%28Jun-Nov_1912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Albanian_Provisional_Government_%28Jun-Nov_1912%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Albanian_Provisional_Government_%28Jun-Nov_1912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="789" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Bashi_Bazouk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashi Bazouk"> volunteers</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia"><img alt="Principality of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="563" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Zach" title="František Zach">František Zach</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia"><img alt="Principality of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="563" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Horvatovi%C4%87" title="Đura Horvatović">Đura Horvatović</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia"><img alt="Principality of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="563" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mihailo_Ili%C4%87" title="Mihailo Ilić">Mihailo Ilić</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia"><img alt="Principality of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="563" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ranko_Alimpi%C4%87" title="Ranko Alimpić">Ranko Alimpić</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia"><img alt="Principality of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="563" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Milojko_Le%C5%A1janin" title="Milojko Lešjanin">Milojko Lešjanin</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Chernyayev" title="Mikhail Chernyayev">Mikhail Chernyayev</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClkerim_Nadir_Pasha" title="Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha">Abdülkerim Nadir</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Osman_Nuri_Pasha" title="Osman Nuri Pasha">Osman Nuri</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_H%C3%BCsn%C3%BC_Pa%C5%9Fa" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa">Süleyman Hüsnü</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Ali_Pasha_(marshal)" title="Mehmed Ali Pasha (marshal)">Mehmed Ali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 130,000 with 160 guns<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 153,000 with 192 guns<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/First_Serbian-Ottoman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Serbian-Ottoman War">First Serbian-Ottoman War</a>: 6,000 killed, 9,500 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Serbian-Ottoman_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Serbian-Ottoman War (page does not exist)">Second Serbian-Ottoman War</a>: 5,410 dead and wounded<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (708 killed, 1,534 died, missing 159, wounded 2,999)<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/First_Serbian-Ottoman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Serbian-Ottoman War">First Serbian-Ottoman War</a>: 1,000+ killed,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> several thousand wounded<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Serbian-Ottoman_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Serbian-Ottoman War (page does not exist)">Second Serbian-Ottoman War</a>: 1,750 taken prisoner<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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<p><i><b>Eastern front</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Veliki_Izvor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Veliki Izvor (page does not exist)">Veliki Izvor</a> (1876)</li></ul> <p><i><b>Southern front</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%A0umatovac" title="Battle of Šumatovac">Šumatovac</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrovac" title="Battle of Adrovac">Adrovac</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Krevet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Krevet (page does not exist)">Krevet</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Veliki_%C5%A0iljegovac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Veliki Šiljegovac (page does not exist)">Veliki Šiljegovac</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_%C4%90unis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Đunis (page does not exist)">Đunis</a> (1876)</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Serbian–Ottoman War (page does not exist)">Second Serbian–Ottoman War</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pirot_(1877)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Pirot (1877) (page does not exist)">Pirot</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ni%C5%A1_(1877)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Niš (1877) (page does not exist)">Niš</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vranje" title="Battle of Vranje">Vranje</a> (1878)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Serbian–Ottoman Wars</b> (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: <span lang="sr">Српско-османски ратови</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Serbian" title="Romanization of Serbian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Serbian-language romanization"><i lang="sr-Latn">Srpsko-osmanski ratovi</i></span>), also known as the <b>Serbian–Turkish Wars</b> or <b>Serbian Wars for Independence</b> (<span title="Serbian-language text"><span lang="sr">Српски ратови за независност, Srpski ratovi za nezavisnost</span></span>), were two consequent wars (1876–1877 and 1877–1878), fought between the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality of Serbia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. In conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Principality of Montenegro</a>, Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 30 June 1876. By the intervention of major European powers, ceasefire was concluded in autumn, and the <a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Conference" title="Constantinople Conference">Constantinople Conference</a> was organized. Peace was signed on 28 February 1877 on the basis of <i><a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">status quo ante bellum</a></i>. After a brief period of formal peace, Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 11 December 1877. Renewed hostilities lasted until February 1878. </p><p>At the beginning of the conflict, the Serbian army was poorly trained and ill-equipped, unlike the troops of the Ottoman Empire. The offensive objectives the Serbian army sought to accomplish were overly ambitious for such a force, and they suffered a number of defeats that resulted from poor planning and chronically being spread too thin. This allowed Ottoman forces to repel the initial attacks of the Serbian army and drive them back. During the autumn of 1876, the Ottoman Empire continued their successful offensive which culminated in a victory on the heights above <a href="/wiki/%C4%90unis" title="Đunis">Đunis</a>. During the second conflict, between 13 December 1877 and 5 February 1878, Serbian troops regrouped with help from <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a>, who fought their own <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War</a>. The Serbs formed five corps and attacked Ottoman troops to the south, taking the cities of <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pirot" title="Pirot">Pirot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leskovac" title="Leskovac">Leskovac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vranje" title="Vranje">Vranje</a> one after another. The war coincided with the <a href="/wiki/April_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="April Uprising">Bulgarian uprising</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1876%E2%80%931878)" title="Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)">Montenegrin–Ottoman War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War</a>, which together are known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a> of the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch1999115_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch1999115-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_the_opposing_forces">Background and the opposing forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and the opposing forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1875, a <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_uprising_(1875%E2%80%931877)" title="Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)">revolt of Serbs</a> broke out in <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a>, a province of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, which soon spread to other regions of the <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayet of Bosnia">Vilayet of Bosnia</a>, and in the spring of 1876 an uprising of Christian population also broke out in <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_April_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian April uprising">Bulgaria</a>. Although the Ottoman Empire quickly suppressed the revolt in Bulgaria, the fighting in Herzegovina and Bosnia continued to drag on. In the same time, political instability in Turkish capital culminated on 30 May (1876) when sultan <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdülaziz">Abdülaziz</a> was deposed and replaced with <a href="/wiki/Murad_V" title="Murad V">Murad V</a>. Taking advantage of the opportunity, the two semi-independent principalities of Serbia and Montenegro opted for independence and declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 18 June 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forces">Forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbian_military_camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Serbian_military_camp.jpg/200px-Serbian_military_camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Serbian_military_camp.jpg/300px-Serbian_military_camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Serbian_military_camp.jpg/400px-Serbian_military_camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption>Serbian military camp during the war in 1876.</figcaption></figure> <p>The main Serbian army under Commander-in-Chief <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Chernyayev" title="Mikhail Chernyayev">Mikhail Chernyayev</a>, a Russian general, concentrated at the Southern fortress of <a href="/wiki/Aleksinac" title="Aleksinac">Aleksinac</a>. It consisted of three Serbian divisions and a variety of volunteer formations totaling about 45,000 men. In the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Milojko_Le%C5%A1janin" title="Milojko Lešjanin">Milojko Lešjanin</a> based at <a href="/wiki/Zaje%C4%8Dar" title="Zaječar">Zaječar</a> commanded an infantry division (6,000) with cavalry support and the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Legion" title="Bulgarian Legion">Bulgarian Legion</a> (2,000). In the west there were two weak divisions (3,500 each), one in the southwest at <a href="/wiki/U%C5%BEice" title="Užice">Užice</a> commanded by <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Zach" title="František Zach">František Zach</a> and one in the northwest at <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0abac" title="Šabac">Šabac</a> commanded by <a href="/wiki/Ranko_Alimpi%C4%87" title="Ranko Alimpić">Ranko Alimpić</a>. The main rifle was the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Peabody_rifle" title="Serbian Peabody rifle">Peabody M.1870</a> which had a performance similar to the <a href="/wiki/M1867_Russian_Krnka" title="M1867 Russian Krnka">M1867 Russian Krnka</a>. Whilst the Peabody was the best weapon available to Serbian troops many had to make do with the erratic <a href="/wiki/Green_percussion_rifle" title="Green percussion rifle">M.1867 Serbian Green conversion</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Breech-loading_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breech-loading weapon">breechloaders</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">muzzleloaders</a> (about 39,000 <a href="/wiki/Russian_musket_model_1845" title="Russian musket model 1845">Russian musket model 1845/63</a> and 7,000 <a href="/wiki/Francotte_rifle_model_1849/56" title="Francotte rifle model 1849/56">Belgian rifle model 1849/56</a>). Officers were armed with <a href="/wiki/Francotte" title="Francotte">Francotte</a> <a href="/wiki/Revolver_m/1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolver m/1871">Revolver m/1871</a>. Artillery batteries contained a variety of mostly bronze guns almost all inferior to the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupps</a>. There were very few cavalry squadrons reflecting the nature of the terrain and those which existed were poorly equipped. At that time Serbia was accepting all volunteers; there were many volunteers from different countries, including Russians, Bulgarians, Italian followers of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> and Prussian officers, and also Englishmen, Frenchmen, Greeks, Romanians and Poles. The biggest detachments were those of the Russians and Bulgarians. During the war of 1876–1877, on the initiative of Garibaldi, a detachment was created consisting of several hundreds of Italian volunteers. Russian volunteer detachments formally independent of the Russian state stood up in defense of Serbia. The biggest number of Russian volunteers fought in the Timok-Morava Army, their number reaching around 2,200, out of which there were 650 officers and 300 medical personnel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The main Ottoman army was based at <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> under Abdul Kerim with 50,000 men plus irregulars (<i><a href="/wiki/Bashi-bazouk" title="Bashi-bazouk">bashi-bazouk</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>. There was a garrison at the border fortress of <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a> commanded by <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Ali_Pasha_(marshal)" title="Mehmed Ali Pasha (marshal)">Mehmed Ali</a> with 8,000 men. At <a href="/wiki/Vidin" title="Vidin">Vidin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osman_Nuri_Pasha" title="Osman Nuri Pasha">Osman Nuri</a> had 23,000 men. In the west, in the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Bosnia" title="Sanjak of Bosnia">Sanjak of Bosnia</a>, there were small garrisons at <a href="/wiki/Bijeljina" title="Bijeljina">Bijeljina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zvornik" title="Zvornik">Zvornik</a> with a larger force (12,000 mostly Egyptians) organized in three infantry regiments under the command of Hosni Rashid Pasha (Egyptian Army) and Dervish Pasha<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2017)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> and Mehmed Ali<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2017)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup>. Substantial numbers of Redif troops were called up for this war mostly armed with former British <a href="/wiki/Snider-Enfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Snider-Enfield">Sniders</a>. The superior <a href="/wiki/Peabody%E2%80%93Martini" class="mw-redirect" title="Peabody–Martini">Peabody–Martini</a> was becoming more widely available and was certainly used by the Egyptian troops. Krupp breechloaders are most frequently mentioned although there must have been significant numbers of bronze guns. Ottoman troops performed well during the war albeit badly officered and inadequately supplied.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:602px"><div style="position:relative;width:600px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbia_location_map_1876.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1"><img alt="1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Serbia_location_map_1876.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="856" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="428" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.222%;left:39.043%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Belgrade"><img alt="Belgrade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ruin.svg/8px-Ruin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ruin.svg/12px-Ruin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ruin.svg/16px-Ruin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="22" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.783%;left:66.667%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Aleksinac"><img alt="Aleksinac" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ruin.svg/7px-Ruin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ruin.svg/11px-Ruin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ruin.svg/14px-Ruin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="22" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Aleksinac" title="Aleksinac">Aleksinac</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.812%;left:80.37%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Veliki Izvor"><img alt="Veliki Izvor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/4px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/6px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/8px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="41" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Veliki_Izvor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Veliki Izvor (page does not exist)">Veliki Izvor</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.783%;left:64%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Krevet"><img alt="Krevet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/3px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/5px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/6px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="41" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:3px"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Krevet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Krevet (page does not exist)">Krevet</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.232%;left:30.741%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kušići"><img alt="Kušići" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/3px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:3px"><div><a href="/wiki/Ku%C5%A1i%C4%87i" title="Kušići">Kušići</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.29%;left:63.378%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Vukanja"><img alt="Vukanja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/3px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:3px"><div><a href="/wiki/Vukanja" title="Vukanja">Vukanja</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.638%;left:74.233%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Gramada"><img alt="Gramada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/3px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:3px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Gramada_(Svrljig)" title="Gramada (Svrljig)">Gramada</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.29%;left:69.812%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lukovo"><img alt="Lukovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/3px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:3px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Lukovo_(Boljevac)" title="Lukovo (Boljevac)">Lukovo</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.217%;left:92.722%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Vidin"><img alt="Vidin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/5px-Green_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/8px-Green_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/10px-Green_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Vidin" title="Vidin">Vidin</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.743%;left:40.364%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Novi Pazar"><img alt="Novi Pazar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/5px-Green_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/8px-Green_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/10px-Green_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Novi_Pazar" title="Novi Pazar">Novi Pazar</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.859%;left:28.733%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sjenica"><img alt="Sjenica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/5px-Green_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/8px-Green_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/10px-Green_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Sjenica" title="Sjenica">Sjenica</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.733%;left:24.786%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nova Varoš"><img alt="Nova Varoš" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/5px-Green_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/8px-Green_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/10px-Green_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Nova_Varo%C5%A1" title="Nova Varoš">Nova Varoš</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.124%;left:48.143%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kosovska Mitrovica"><img alt="Kosovska Mitrovica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/5px-Green_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/8px-Green_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/10px-Green_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Kosovska_Mitrovica" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovska Mitrovica">Kosovska Mitrovica</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.064%;left:60.23%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Paraćin"><img alt="Paraćin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Para%C4%87in" title="Paraćin">Paraćin</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.106%;left:79.463%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Zaječar"><img alt="Zaječar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Zaje%C4%8Dar" title="Zaječar">Zaječar</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.135%;left:25.356%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Užice"><img alt="Užice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/U%C5%BEice" title="Užice">Užice</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.76%;left:71.015%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Niš"><img alt="Niš" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/8px-Green_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/12px-Green_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/16px-Green_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:81.522%;left:71.111%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Vranje"><img alt="Vranje" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/5px-Green_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/8px-Green_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/10px-Green_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Vranje" title="Vranje">Vranje</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.116%;left:86.667%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pirot"><img alt="Pirot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/5px-Green_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/8px-Green_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/10px-Green_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Pirot" title="Pirot">Pirot</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.402%;left:79.056%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Knjaževac"><img alt="Knjaževac" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/3px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/5px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/6px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="41" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:3px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Knja%C5%BEevac" title="Knjaževac">Knjaževac</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.046%;left:62.383%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Đunis"><img alt="Đunis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/3px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/5px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/6px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="41" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:3px"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_%C4%90unis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Đunis (page does not exist)">Đunis</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.802%;left:72.097%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Leskovac"><img alt="Leskovac" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/5px-Green_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/8px-Green_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/10px-Green_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Leskovac" title="Leskovac">Leskovac</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.007%;left:80.148%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bela Palanka"><img alt="Bela Palanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/5px-Green_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/8px-Green_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/10px-Green_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Bela_Palanka" title="Bela Palanka">Bela Palanka</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.678%;left:57.063%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kuršumlija"><img alt="Kuršumlija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/5px-Green_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/8px-Green_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/10px-Green_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Kur%C5%A1umlija" title="Kuršumlija">Kuršumlija</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.656%;left:64.137%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Prokuplje"><img alt="Prokuplje" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/5px-Green_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/8px-Green_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/10px-Green_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Prokuplje" title="Prokuplje">Prokuplje</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.441%;left:65.938%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Adrovac"><img alt="Adrovac" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/3px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/5px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/6px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="41" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:3px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrovac" title="Battle of Adrovac">Adrovac</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.116%;left:88.519%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Belogradchik"><img alt="Belogradchik" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/5px-Green_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/8px-Green_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/10px-Green_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Belogradchik" title="Belogradchik">Belogradchik</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.034%;left:54.78%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Priština"><img alt="Priština" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/5px-Green_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/8px-Green_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/10px-Green_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Pri%C5%A1tina" class="mw-redirect" title="Priština">Priština</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.733%;left:24.786%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nova Varoš"><img alt="Nova Varoš" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/5px-Green_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/8px-Green_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/10px-Green_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Nova_Varo%C5%A1" title="Nova Varoš">Nova Varoš</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.543%;left:84.822%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kula"><img alt="Kula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/5px-Green_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/8px-Green_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/10px-Green_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Kula,_Bulgaria" title="Kula, Bulgaria">Kula</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.626%;left:68.593%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Prugovac"><img alt="Prugovac" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/3px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:3px"><div><a href="/wiki/Prugovac" title="Prugovac">Prugovac</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.733%;left:24.786%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nova Varoš"><img alt="Nova Varoš" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/5px-Green_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/8px-Green_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/10px-Green_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Nova_Varo%C5%A1" title="Nova Varoš">Nova Varoš</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.478%;left:85.667%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="St.Nicolas"><img alt="St.Nicolas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/3px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/5px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/6px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="41" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:3px"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sent_Nicolas_Pass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Sent Nicolas Pass (page does not exist)">St.Nicolas</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.841%;left:70.43%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sokobanja"><img alt="Sokobanja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/3px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:3px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Sokobanja" title="Sokobanja">Sokobanja</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.504%;left:62.77%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="V.Šiljegovac"><img alt="V.Šiljegovac" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/3px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/5px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/6px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="41" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:3px"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Veliki_%C5%A0iljegovac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Veliki Šiljegovac (page does not exist)">V.Šiljegovac</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.341%;left:67.474%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Šumatovac"><img alt="Šumatovac" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/3px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/5px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/6px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="41" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:3px"><div><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%A0umatovac" title="Battle of Šumatovac">Šumatovac</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.075%;left:58.37%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kruševac"><img alt="Kruševac" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evac" title="Kruševac">Kruševac</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.504%;left:63.874%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Deligrad"><img alt="Deligrad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ruin.svg/7px-Ruin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ruin.svg/11px-Ruin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ruin.svg/14px-Ruin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="22" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Deligrad" title="Deligrad">Deligrad</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.144%;left:30.099%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Javor"><img alt="Javor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Fire.svg/8px-Fire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Fire.svg/12px-Fire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Fire.svg/16px-Fire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Javor_(Serbia)" title="Javor (Serbia)">Javor</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.258%;left:81.241%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tresibaba"><img alt="Tresibaba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Fire.svg/8px-Fire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Fire.svg/12px-Fire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Fire.svg/16px-Fire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Tresibaba" title="Tresibaba">Tresibaba</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.545%;left:11.469%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bijeljina"><img alt="Bijeljina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/3px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/5px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/6px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="41" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:3px"><div><a href="/wiki/Bijeljina" title="Bijeljina">Bijeljina</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.815%;left:13.556%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lešnica"><img alt="Lešnica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:3px"><div><a href="/wiki/Le%C5%A1nica,_Serbia" title="Lešnica, Serbia">Lešnica</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.761%;left:55.733%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Jankova Klisura"><img alt="Jankova Klisura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/3px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/5px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/6px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="41" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:3px"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jankova_Klisura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Jankova Klisura (page does not exist)">Jankova Klisura</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.832%;left:9.022%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mali Zvornik"><img alt="Mali Zvornik" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/3px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:3px"><div><a href="/wiki/Mali_Zvornik" title="Mali Zvornik">Mali Zvornik</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.106%;left:33.994%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ivanjica"><img alt="Ivanjica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:3px"><div><a href="/wiki/Ivanjica" title="Ivanjica">Ivanjica</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.739%;left:82.707%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Babina Glava"><img alt="Babina Glava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/3px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/5px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/6px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="41" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:3px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmakovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osmakovo (page does not exist)">Babina Glava</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.696%;left:80.115%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pandiralo"><img alt="Pandiralo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/3px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/5px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/6px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="41" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:3px"><div><a href="/wiki/Peri%C5%A1" title="Periš">Pandiralo</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.098%;left:68.537%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Katun"><img alt="Katun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/3px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:3px"><div><a href="/wiki/Katun_(Aleksinac)" title="Katun (Aleksinac)">Katun</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.801%;left:67.626%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tešica"><img alt="Tešica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/3px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:3px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Te%C5%A1ica" title="Tešica">Tešica</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.333%;left:67.889%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Supovac"><img alt="Supovac" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/3px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:3px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Supovac" title="Supovac">Supovac</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.87%;left:75.985%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Derven"><img alt="Derven" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/3px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:3px"><div><a href="/wiki/Svrljig" title="Svrljig">Derven</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.17%;left:78.315%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tijovac"><img alt="Tijovac" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/3px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:3px"><div><a href="/wiki/Tijovac_(Svrljig)" title="Tijovac (Svrljig)">Tijovac</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.313%;left:57.47%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Blace"><img alt="Blace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/3px-Green_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/5px-Green_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/6px-Green_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:3px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Blace" title="Blace">Blace</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.069%;left:15.337%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Crna Bara"><img alt="Crna Bara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/3px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:3px"><div><a href="/wiki/Crna_Bara_(Bogati%C4%87)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crna Bara (Bogatić)">Crna Bara</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.141%;left:28.537%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Čemernica"><img alt="Čemernica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Fire.svg/8px-Fire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Fire.svg/12px-Fire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Fire.svg/16px-Fire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cemernica_(Serbia)" title="Čemernica (Serbia)">Čemernica</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.64%;left:29.58%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kalipolje"><img alt="Kalipolje" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/3px-Green_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/5px-Green_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/6px-Green_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:3px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Kalipolje" title="Kalipolje">Kalipolje</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.575%;left:14.093%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rača"><img alt="Rača" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/3px-Green_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/5px-Green_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/6px-Green_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:3px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Sremska_Ra%C4%8Da" title="Sremska Rača">Rača</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.333%;left:12.963%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Popovi"><img alt="Popovi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/3px-Green_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/5px-Green_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/6px-Green_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:3px"><div><a href="/wiki/Popovi" title="Popovi">Popovi</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.884%;left:13.333%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Međaši"><img alt="Međaši" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/3px-Green_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/5px-Green_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/6px-Green_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:3px"><div><a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91a%C5%A1i" title="Međaši">Međaši</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.443%;left:11.031%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Batković"><img alt="Batković" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/3px-Green_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/5px-Green_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/6px-Green_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:3px"><div><a href="/wiki/Batkovi%C4%87" title="Batković">Batković</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.015%;left:15.185%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ljubovija"><img alt="Ljubovija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/3px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:3px"><div><a href="/wiki/Ljubovija" title="Ljubovija">Ljubovija</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.806%;left:13.686%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bujuklić ada"><img alt="Bujuklić ada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/3px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:3px"><div>Bujuklić ada</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.022%;left:68.341%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mramor"><img alt="Mramor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/3px-Green_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/5px-Green_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Green_dot.svg/6px-Green_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:3px"><div><a href="/wiki/Mramor_(Ni%C5%A1)" title="Mramor (Niš)">Mramor</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.213%;left:65.29%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Čestobrodica"><img alt="Čestobrodica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Fire.svg/3px-Fire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="3" height="3" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Fire.svg/5px-Fire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Fire.svg/6px-Fire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:3px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestobrodica_(mountain_pass)" title="Čestobrodica (mountain pass)">Čestobrodica</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbia_location_map_1876.png" title="File:Serbia location map 1876.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Serbian–Ottoman Wars (1876–1878)</a> on the map of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality of Serbia</a>. Locations under Ottoman rule before 1878 are marked in green.</b></div></div></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_War_(1876–1877)"><span id="First_War_.281876.E2.80.931877.29"></span>First War (1876–1877)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First War (1876–1877)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this section with text translated from <a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" class="extiw" title="sr:Први српско-турски рат">the corresponding article</a> in Serbian</b>.  <i><small>(February 2015)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fsr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82&sl=sr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the Serbian article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Serbian Wikipedia article at [[:sr:Први српско-турски рат]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|sr|Први српско-турски рат}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)" title="Talk:Serbian–Ottoman Wars (1876–1878)">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War" title="First Serbian–Ottoman War">First Serbian–Ottoman War</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdulkerim_Pasha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Abdulkerim_Pasha.jpg/150px-Abdulkerim_Pasha.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Abdulkerim_Pasha.jpg/225px-Abdulkerim_Pasha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Abdulkerim_Pasha.jpg/300px-Abdulkerim_Pasha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1175" /></a><figcaption>Chief of General Staff of the Ottoman army Abdul Kerim</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbian_health_care_car.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Serbian_health_care_car.jpg/200px-Serbian_health_care_car.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Serbian_health_care_car.jpg/300px-Serbian_health_care_car.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Serbian_health_care_car.jpg/400px-Serbian_health_care_car.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>Serbian ambulance in 1876.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first phase, known as the <b>First Serbian–Ottoman War</b> (<span title="Serbian-language text"><span lang="sr">Први српско-турски рат</span></span>/<span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr-Latn">Prvi srpsko-turski rat</i></span>), took place between 30 June 1876 Gregorian (18 June 1876 Julian) and 28 February 1877 Gregorian (16 February 1877 Julian). The Serbian government declared war on the Ottoman Empire on the symbolic <i><a href="/wiki/Vidovdan" title="Vidovdan">Vidovdan</a></i> (15 June 1876 Julian = 28 June 1876 Gregorian), the anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a> (15 June 1389 Julian). The initial Serbian military plan was to defend <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a> and attack <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> with the main army under Chernyayev. Other armies would simultaneously launch diversionary attacks, but these were repulsed in the west. In the north-east, general <a href="/wiki/Milojko_Le%C5%A1janin" title="Milojko Lešjanin">Milojko Lešjanin</a> was defeated near Kior after failing to hold the Ottoman advance over the <a href="/wiki/Timok_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timok (river)">Timok</a> river. Although he withdrew to the fortress at Saicar, the Ottoman army captured it on 7 August 1876 Gregorian (26 July 1876 Julian). The Serbian army's main advance in the south appeared to initially meet with success when it moved quickly down the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1ava" title="Nišava">Nišava</a> valley and captured the important heights at Babina Glava, north of <a href="/wiki/Pirot" title="Pirot">Pirot</a>. They were forced to withdraw, however, when the Ottomans responded by sending two columns under Suleiman and Hafiz to flank the Serbian position.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> General <a href="/wiki/Ranko_Alimpi%C4%87" title="Ranko Alimpić">Ranko Alimpić</a> crossed the <a href="/wiki/Drina" title="Drina">Drina</a> in July 1876 but was unsuccessful in capturing <a href="/wiki/Bijeljina" title="Bijeljina">Bijeljina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jovanović_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jovanović-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ottoman commander <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClkerim_Nadir_Pasha" title="Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha">Abdul Kerim</a> decided against marching over the difficult mountain terrain between the Timok and Morava rivers and instead concentrated 40,000 troops at Niš and advanced up the easier country of the Morava valley towards <a href="/wiki/Aleksinac" title="Aleksinac">Aleksinac</a>. Chernyayev had less than 30,000 men, and unlike the Ottoman commander he stretched them thinly across both sides of the Morava river and into the mountains. Consequently, when contact was made between the two forces, the Serbian troops were overwhelmed by massed Ottoman firepower. A bayonet charge shortly followed and routed the Serbian troops from the field. Thanks to Abdul Kerim's indecisiveness and the arrival of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Horvatovi%C4%87" title="Đura Horvatović">Horvatović's</a> fresh forces, a new Serbian defensive line was created at Djunis. </p><p>Following this string of setbacks and defeats, Serbia petitioned the European powers to mediate a diplomatic solution to the war. A joint ultimatum from the European powers forced the Ottoman Empire into accepting a one-month truce with Serbia, during which peace negotiations were held. The Ottoman Empire's peace conditions were deemed by the European powers as too harsh, however, and were rejected. </p><p>When the truce expired, the war continued and the new Serbian commander, Horvatović, attacked the Ottoman positions along a broad front from Djunis to Aleksinac on 28 September 1876, but the Ottoman troops repulsed the attacks. The Ottoman forces reorganized and regrouped, and on 19 October 1876 the army of Adyl Pasha launched a surprise attack on the Serbian right which forced the Serbians back to Deligrad. </p><p>On 31 October 1876, with the situation becoming dire and Serbian forces about to collapse, Russia mobilized its army and threatened to declare war on the Ottoman Empire if they did not sign a truce with Serbia and renew the peace negotiations within forty-eight hours. These negotiations lasted until 15 January 1877 and effectively ended the fighting between Serbia and the Ottoman Empire until Serbia, having gained financial backing from Russia, again declared war against the Ottoman Empire in 1877. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_War_(1877–1878)"><span id="Second_War_.281877.E2.80.931878.29"></span>Second War (1877–1878)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second War (1877–1878)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Serbian–Ottoman War (page does not exist)">Second Serbian–Ottoman War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Liberation_of_Vranje_(1878)_Map_-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Liberation_of_Vranje_%281878%29_Map_-en.svg/220px-The_Liberation_of_Vranje_%281878%29_Map_-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Liberation_of_Vranje_%281878%29_Map_-en.svg/330px-The_Liberation_of_Vranje_%281878%29_Map_-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Liberation_of_Vranje_%281878%29_Map_-en.svg/440px-The_Liberation_of_Vranje_%281878%29_Map_-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vranje" title="Battle of Vranje">Battle of Vranje</a> took place between 26 and 31 January 1878 and it represented final stage of the Second war.</figcaption></figure> <p>The second phase, known as the <b>Second Serbian–Ottoman War</b> (<span title="Serbian-language text"><span lang="sr">Други српско-турски рат</span></span>/<span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr-Latn">Drugi srpsko-turski rat</i></span>), took place between 13 December 1877 and 5 February 1878. It ended with a Serbian victory. By early 1878, the Royal Serbian Army had captured most of the South Morava basin, reaching as far as <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1evo" title="Preševo">Preševo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitina_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitina (town)">Vitina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 January they <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vranje" title="Battle of Vranje">took Vranje</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Final outcome of wars was decided by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> (1878). Serbia gained <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">international recognition</a> as an independent state, and its territory was expanded.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch200264–65_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch200264–65-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĆirković2004224–225_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆirković2004224–225-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many children were orphaned as a result of the Serbo-Turkish Wars. The situation in Serbia was very serious, described by some as "children in huge groups reaching towns". At that time Serbia had underdeveloped social care system. Being aware of all that, 50 most prominent citizens of Belgrade decided to establish the "Society for the bringing up and protection of children", in the Kasina Hotel on <a href="/wiki/Terazije" title="Terazije">Terazije</a> Square, in 1879. In this facility the first vocational school in Serbia was established.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During and after the Serbian–Ottoman War of 1876–1878, between 49,000 and 130,000 Albanians <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Albanians,_1877%E2%80%931878" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878">were expelled</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_of_the_Principality_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces of the Principality of Serbia">Serbian army</a> from the former <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Ni%C5%A1" title="Sanjak of Niš">Sanjak of Niș</a> to the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayet of Kosovo">Vilayet of Kosovo</a> and Macedonia.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Batakovic1992_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Batakovic1992-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elsie2010_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsie2010-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daskalovski19_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daskalovski19-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Malcolm228229_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malcolm228229-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Serb civilians in the Kosovo Vilayet were <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Serbs_during_the_Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on Serbs during the Serbian–Ottoman Wars (1876–1878)">subjected to attacks</a> by some Albanian refugees and Albanian-Ottoman soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Frantz460461_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frantz460461-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Muller70_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muller70-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stefanovic469470_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stefanovic469470-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1876, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a> composed and orchestrated the <i><a href="/wiki/Marche_slave" title="Marche slave">Marche slave</a></i>.</li> <li>At the close of <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy's</a> 1877 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina" title="Anna Karenina">Anna Karenina</a></i>, the character of Count Aleksey Vronsky enlists in a Russian volunteer regiment traveling to the aid of the Serbians.</li> <li>In 1882, <a href="/wiki/Laza_Lazarevi%C4%87" title="Laza Lazarević">Laza K. Lazarević</a> (1851–91), wrote the short story <i>The People Will Reward All of This</i>. The author describes the difficult position of disabled war veterans after returning from the battlefield and inhuman attitude of the state towards them.</li> <li>Serbian writer <a href="/wiki/Dobrilo_Nenadi%C4%87" title="Dobrilo Nenadić">Dobrilo Nenadić</a> published a trilogy of novels set during the wars: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabre_of_Count_Vronski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabre of Count Vronski (page does not exist)">Sabre of Count Vronski</a> (2002), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victors_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victors (novel) (page does not exist)">Victors</a> (2004) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grumpiness_of_Prince_Bizmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grumpiness of Prince Bizmark (page does not exist)">Grumpiness of Prince Bizmark</a> (2005).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Milan_Obrenovi%C4%87_goes_to_war,_1876.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King Milan Obrenović goes to war, 1876"><img alt="King Milan Obrenović goes to war, 1876" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/King_Milan_Obrenovi%C4%87_goes_to_war%2C_1876.jpg/120px-King_Milan_Obrenovi%C4%87_goes_to_war%2C_1876.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/King_Milan_Obrenovi%C4%87_goes_to_war%2C_1876.jpg/180px-King_Milan_Obrenovi%C4%87_goes_to_war%2C_1876.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/King_Milan_Obrenovi%C4%87_goes_to_war%2C_1876.jpg/240px-King_Milan_Obrenovi%C4%87_goes_to_war%2C_1876.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">King Milan Obrenović goes to war, 1876</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dura_Jaksic_Nocna_straza_w.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting of Djura Jaksic dedicated to Serbo-Turkish war"><img alt="Painting of Djura Jaksic dedicated to Serbo-Turkish war" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Dura_Jaksic_Nocna_straza_w.jpg/87px-Dura_Jaksic_Nocna_straza_w.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Dura_Jaksic_Nocna_straza_w.jpg/131px-Dura_Jaksic_Nocna_straza_w.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Dura_Jaksic_Nocna_straza_w.jpg/175px-Dura_Jaksic_Nocna_straza_w.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="716" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painting of Djura Jaksic dedicated to Serbo-Turkish war</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbian_military_camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Serbian military camp, 1876"><img alt="Serbian military camp, 1876" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Serbian_military_camp.jpg/120px-Serbian_military_camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Serbian_military_camp.jpg/180px-Serbian_military_camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Serbian_military_camp.jpg/240px-Serbian_military_camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1169" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Serbian military camp, 1876</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbian_soldiers_marching_in_1876,_drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Serbian soldiers marching, 1876"><img alt="Serbian soldiers marching, 1876" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Serbian_soldiers_marching_in_1876%2C_drawing.jpg/112px-Serbian_soldiers_marching_in_1876%2C_drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Serbian_soldiers_marching_in_1876%2C_drawing.jpg/169px-Serbian_soldiers_marching_in_1876%2C_drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Serbian_soldiers_marching_in_1876%2C_drawing.jpg/225px-Serbian_soldiers_marching_in_1876%2C_drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="854" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Serbian soldiers marching, 1876</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_reconnaissance_in_Deligrad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ottoman reconnaissance in Deligrad, 1876"><img alt="Ottoman reconnaissance in Deligrad, 1876" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ottoman_reconnaissance_in_Deligrad.jpg/120px-Ottoman_reconnaissance_in_Deligrad.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ottoman_reconnaissance_in_Deligrad.jpg/180px-Ottoman_reconnaissance_in_Deligrad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ottoman_reconnaissance_in_Deligrad.jpg/240px-Ottoman_reconnaissance_in_Deligrad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1307" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ottoman reconnaissance in Deligrad, 1876</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Correspondents_in_Serbian_camp,_drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="War correspondents in Serbian camp, 1876"><img alt="War correspondents in Serbian camp, 1876" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Correspondents_in_Serbian_camp%2C_drawing.jpg/120px-Correspondents_in_Serbian_camp%2C_drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Correspondents_in_Serbian_camp%2C_drawing.jpg/180px-Correspondents_in_Serbian_camp%2C_drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Correspondents_in_Serbian_camp%2C_drawing.jpg/240px-Correspondents_in_Serbian_camp%2C_drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">War correspondents in Serbian camp, 1876</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clash_with_Cherkessians.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clash with Cherkessians"><img alt="Clash with Cherkessians" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Clash_with_Cherkessians.jpg/120px-Clash_with_Cherkessians.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Clash_with_Cherkessians.jpg/180px-Clash_with_Cherkessians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Clash_with_Cherkessians.jpg/240px-Clash_with_Cherkessians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2226" data-file-height="1369" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Clash with Cherkessians</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Command_of_the_Serbian_Army_1876%E2%80%9377.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Supreme Command of the Serbian Army 1876–1877"><img alt="Supreme Command of the Serbian Army 1876–1877" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Supreme_Command_of_the_Serbian_Army_1876%E2%80%9377.jpg/120px-Supreme_Command_of_the_Serbian_Army_1876%E2%80%9377.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Supreme_Command_of_the_Serbian_Army_1876%E2%80%9377.jpg/180px-Supreme_Command_of_the_Serbian_Army_1876%E2%80%9377.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Supreme_Command_of_the_Serbian_Army_1876%E2%80%9377.jpg/240px-Supreme_Command_of_the_Serbian_Army_1876%E2%80%9377.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Supreme Command of the Serbian Army 1876–1877</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Srbi_prodiru_na_Mramor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Serbian soldiers attacking the Ottoman army at Mramor, 1877"><img alt="Serbian soldiers attacking the Ottoman army at Mramor, 1877" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Srbi_prodiru_na_Mramor.jpg/120px-Srbi_prodiru_na_Mramor.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Srbi_prodiru_na_Mramor.jpg/180px-Srbi_prodiru_na_Mramor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Srbi_prodiru_na_Mramor.jpg/240px-Srbi_prodiru_na_Mramor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2398" data-file-height="1746" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Serbian soldiers attacking the Ottoman army at <a href="/wiki/Mramor_(Ni%C5%A1)" title="Mramor (Niš)">Mramor</a>, 1877</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vlajkovi%C4%87_prelazi_s_dobrovoljcima_Drinu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Đorđe Vlajković crosses the Drina with volunteer squads, 1877"><img alt="Đorđe Vlajković crosses the Drina with volunteer squads, 1877" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Vlajkovi%C4%87_prelazi_s_dobrovoljcima_Drinu.jpg/120px-Vlajkovi%C4%87_prelazi_s_dobrovoljcima_Drinu.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Vlajkovi%C4%87_prelazi_s_dobrovoljcima_Drinu.jpg/180px-Vlajkovi%C4%87_prelazi_s_dobrovoljcima_Drinu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Vlajkovi%C4%87_prelazi_s_dobrovoljcima_Drinu.jpg/240px-Vlajkovi%C4%87_prelazi_s_dobrovoljcima_Drinu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="1009" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Đorđe Vlajković crosses the Drina with volunteer squads, 1877</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spomenik_poginulima_u_Drugom_srpsko-turskom_ratu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Memorial to the fallen in the Second Serbo-Turkish War in Pirot"><img alt="Memorial to the fallen in the Second Serbo-Turkish War in Pirot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Spomenik_poginulima_u_Drugom_srpsko-turskom_ratu.jpg/90px-Spomenik_poginulima_u_Drugom_srpsko-turskom_ratu.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Spomenik_poginulima_u_Drugom_srpsko-turskom_ratu.jpg/135px-Spomenik_poginulima_u_Drugom_srpsko-turskom_ratu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Spomenik_poginulima_u_Drugom_srpsko-turskom_ratu.jpg/180px-Spomenik_poginulima_u_Drugom_srpsko-turskom_ratu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Memorial to the fallen in the Second Serbo-Turkish War in <a href="/wiki/Pirot" title="Pirot">Pirot</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_1876-77,_1878._%D0%B8_1885._%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5,_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%99%D0%B5_%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83_DSC_2331.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monument in the Belgrade New Cemetery"><img alt="Monument in the Belgrade New Cemetery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_1876-77%2C_1878._%D0%B8_1885._%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%2C_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%99%D0%B5_%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83_DSC_2331.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_1876-77%2C_1878._%D0%B8_1885._%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%2C_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%99%D0%B5_%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83_DSC_2331.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_1876-77%2C_1878._%D0%B8_1885._%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%2C_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%99%D0%B5_%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83_DSC_2331.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4310" data-file-height="2868" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monument in the <a href="/wiki/Belgrade_New_Cemetery" title="Belgrade New Cemetery">Belgrade New Cemetery</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1876%E2%80%9378)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Serbian–Ottoman War (1876–78)">Serbian–Ottoman War (1876–78)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Albanians_1877%E2%80%931878" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of the Albanians 1877–1878">Expulsion of the Albanians 1877–1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Serbs_during_the_Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on Serbs during the Serbian–Ottoman Wars (1876–1878)">Attacks on Serbs during the Serbian–Ottoman Wars (1876–1878)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Никола Гажевић, Војна енциклопедија 9, Војноиздавачки завод, Београд (1975), стр. 116-122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJovanović1990" class="citation book cs1">Jovanović, Slobodan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22963111"><i>Sabrana dela Slobodana Jovanovića: Vlada Milana Obrenovića II</i></a>. Radovan Samardžić, Živorad Stojković. Beograd: BIGZ. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/86-13-00435-0" title="Special:BookSources/86-13-00435-0"><bdi>86-13-00435-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22963111">22963111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sabrana+dela+Slobodana+Jovanovi%C4%87a%3A+Vlada+Milana+Obrenovi%C4%87a+II&rft.place=Beograd&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=BIGZ&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22963111&rft.isbn=86-13-00435-0&rft.aulast=Jovanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Slobodan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F22963111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJovanović1990" class="citation book cs1">Jovanović, Slobodan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22963111"><i>Sabrana dela Slobodana Jovanovića: Vlada Milana Obrenovića II</i></a>. Radovan Samardžić, Živorad Stojković. Beograd: BIGZ. pp. 186–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/86-13-00435-0" title="Special:BookSources/86-13-00435-0"><bdi>86-13-00435-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22963111">22963111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sabrana+dela+Slobodana+Jovanovi%C4%87a%3A+Vlada+Milana+Obrenovi%C4%87a+II&rft.place=Beograd&rft.pages=186-187&rft.pub=BIGZ&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22963111&rft.isbn=86-13-00435-0&rft.aulast=Jovanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Slobodan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F22963111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodorović1988" class="citation book cs1">Todorović, Pera (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31085371"><i>Dnevnik jednoga dobrovoljca</i></a>. Miodrag Racković. Beograd: Nolit. pp. 60–81, 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/86-19-01613-X" title="Special:BookSources/86-19-01613-X"><bdi>86-19-01613-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31085371">31085371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dnevnik+jednoga+dobrovoljca&rft.place=Beograd&rft.pages=60-81%2C+113&rft.pub=Nolit&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31085371&rft.isbn=86-19-01613-X&rft.aulast=Todorovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Pera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F31085371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJovanović1990" class="citation book cs1">Jovanović, Slobodan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22963111"><i>Sabrana dela Slobodana Jovanovića: Vlada Milana Obrenovića II</i></a>. Radovan Samardžić, Živorad Stojković. Beograd: BIGZ. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/86-13-00435-0" title="Special:BookSources/86-13-00435-0"><bdi>86-13-00435-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22963111">22963111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sabrana+dela+Slobodana+Jovanovi%C4%87a%3A+Vlada+Milana+Obrenovi%C4%87a+II&rft.place=Beograd&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=BIGZ&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22963111&rft.isbn=86-13-00435-0&rft.aulast=Jovanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Slobodan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F22963111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch1999115-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch1999115_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPavlowitch1999">Pavlowitch 1999</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevill Forbes, et al. <i>The Balkans: a history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey</i> (1915) summary histories by scholars <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkanshistoryof00forbuoft">online free</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jovanović-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jovanović_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanitz1904" class="citation book cs1">Kanitz, Felix Philipp (1904). Jovanović, Bogoljub (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EftWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA402"><i>Das königreich Serbien und das Serbenvolk: 2. bd. Land und bevölkerung</i></a>. Vol. 1. B. Meyer. pp. 361, 401–403.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+k%C3%B6nigreich+Serbien+und+das+Serbenvolk%3A+2.+bd.+Land+und+bev%C3%B6lkerung&rft.pages=361%2C+401-403&rft.pub=B.+Meyer&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Kanitz&rft.aufirst=Felix+Philipp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEftWAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVrhovna_komanda_srpske_vojske1879" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vrhovna komanda srpske vojske (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ratsrbijesaturs00vojsgoog"><i>Rat Srbije sa Turskom za oslobođenje i nezavisnost 1877–78. godine</i></a> (in Serbian). Beograd: Državna štamparija. pp. 123–126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rat+Srbije+sa+Turskom+za+oslobo%C4%91enje+i+nezavisnost+1877%E2%80%9378.+godine&rft.place=Beograd&rft.pages=123-126&rft.pub=Dr%C5%BEavna+%C5%A1tamparija&rft.date=1879&rft.au=Vrhovna+komanda+srpske+vojske&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fratsrbijesaturs00vojsgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William L. Langer, <i>European Alliances and Alignments, 1871-1890</i> (2nd ed. 1950) pp 121–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch200264–65-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch200264–65_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPavlowitch2002">Pavlowitch 2002</a>, p. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEĆirković2004224–225-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĆirković2004224–225_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFĆirković2004">Ćirković 2004</a>, p. 224–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125213539/http://www.drustvo1879.org.rs/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Society for the bringing up and protection of children"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drustvo1879.org.rs/">the original</a> on 25 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E2%80%9CSociety+for+the+bringing+up+and+protection+of+children%E2%80%9D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drustvo1879.org.rs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pllana, Emin (1985). "Les raisons de la manière de l'exode des refugies albanais du territoire du sandjak de Nish a Kosove (1878–1878) [The reasons for the manner of the exodus of Albanian refugees from the territory of the Sanjak of Niš to Vilayet of Kosovo (1878–1878)] ". <i>Studia Albanica</i>. <b>1</b>: 189–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rizaj, Skënder (1981). "Nënte Dokumente angleze mbi Lidhjen Shqiptare të Prizrenit (1878–1880) [Nine English documents about the League of Prizren (1878–1880)]". <i>Gjurmine Albanologjike (Seria e Shkencave Historike)</i>. <b>10</b>: 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Şimşir, Bilal N, (1968). <i>Rumeli’den Türk göçleri. Emigrations turques des Balkans [Turkish emigrations from the Balkans]</i>. Vol I. Belgeler-Documents. p. 737.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Batakovic1992-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Batakovic1992_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBataković1992" class="citation book cs1">Bataković, Dušan (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rastko.rs/kosovo/istorija/kosovo_chronicles/kc_part2b.html"><i>The Kosovo Chronicles</i></a>. Plato.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kosovo+Chronicles&rft.pub=Plato&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Batakovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Du%C5%A1an&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rastko.rs%2Fkosovo%2Fistorija%2Fkosovo_chronicles%2Fkc_part2b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie2010-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elsie2010_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2010" class="citation book cs1">Elsie, Robert (2010). <i>Historical Dictionary of Kosovo</i>. Scarecrow Press. p. XXXII. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333666128" title="Special:BookSources/9780333666128"><bdi>9780333666128</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Kosovo&rft.pages=XXXII&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780333666128&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefanović, Djordje (2005). "Seeing the Albanians through Serbian eyes: The Inventors of the Tradition of Intolerance and their Critics, 1804–1939." <i>European History Quarterly</i>. <b>35</b>. (3): 470.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daskalovski19-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daskalovski19_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaskalovski2003">Daskalovski 2003</a>, p. 19. "The Serbian-Ottoman wars 1877/1878, followed mass and forceful movements of Albanians from their native territories. By the end of 1878 there were 60,000 Albanian refugees in Macedonia and 60,000-70,000 in the villayet of Kosova. At the 1878 Congress of Berlin, the Albanian territories of Niš, Prokuple, Kuršumlia, Vranje and Leskovac were given to Serbia."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malcolm228229-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malcolm228229_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalcolm1998">Malcolm 1998</a>, pp. 228–229. "This period also saw a deterioration in relations between the Muslims and Christians of Kosovo. The prime cause of this was the mass expulsion of Muslims from the lands taken over by Serbia, Bulgaria and Montenegro in 1877-8. Almost all the Muslims (except, as we have seen, some Gypsies) were expelled from the Morava valley region: there had been hundreds of Albanian villages there, and significant Albanian populations in towns such as Prokuplje, Leskovac and Vranje. A Serbian schoolmaster in Leskovac later recalled that the Muslims had been driven out in December 1877 at a time of intense cold: 'By the roadside, in the Gudelica gorge and as far as Vranje and Kumanovo, you could see the abandoned corpses of children, and old men frozen to death.' Precise figures are lacking, but one modern study concludes that the whole region contained more than 110,000 Albanians. By the end of 1878 Western officials were reporting that there were 60,000 families of Muslim refugees in Macedonia, 'in a state of extreme destitution', and 60-70,000 Albanian refugees from Serbia 'scattered' over the vilayet of Kosovo. Albanian merchants who tried to stay on in Niš were subjected to a campaign of murders, and the property of those who left was sold off at one per cent of its value. In a petition of 1879 a group of Albanian refugees from the Leskovac area complained that their houses, mills, mosques and tekkes had all been demolished, and that 'The material arising from these demolitions, such as masonry and wood, has been sold, so that if we go back to our hearths we shall find no shelter.' This was not, it should be said, a matter of spontaneous hostility by local Serbs. Even one of the Serbian Army commanders had been reluctant to expel the Albanians from Vranje, on the grounds that they were a quiet and peaceful people. But the orders came from the highest levels in Belgrade: it was Serbian state policy to create an ethnically 'clean' territory. And in an act of breath-taking cynicism, Ivan Yastrebov, the vice-consul in Kosovo of Serbia's protector-power, Russia, advised the governor of the vilayet not to allow the refugees to return to Serbia, on the grounds that their presence on Ottoman soil would usefully strengthen the Muslim population. All these new arrivals were known as muhaxhirs (Trk.: muhacir Srb.: muhadžir), a general word for Muslim refugees. The total number of those who settled in Kosovo is not known with certainty: estimates ranged from 20,000 to 50,000 for Eastern Kosovo, while the governor of the vilayet gave a total of 65,000 in 1881, some of whom were in the sancaks of Skopje and Novi Pazar. At a rough estimate, 50,000 would seem a reasonable figure for those muhaxhirs of 1877-8 who settled in the territory of Kosovo itself. Apart from the Albanians, smaller numbers of Muslim Slavs came from Montenegro and Bosnia."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpion2021" class="citation book cs1">Alpion, Gëzim (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sylOEAAAQBAJ"><i>Mother Teresa: The Saint and Her Nation</i></a>. Bloomsbury. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9389812466" title="Special:BookSources/978-9389812466"><bdi>978-9389812466</bdi></a>. <q>During the 1877-1878 period, Montenegrin and Serbian forces expelled over 100,000 indigenous Albanians from their homes across a number of regions that are currently part of Montenegro and Serbia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+Teresa%3A+The+Saint+and+Her+Nation&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-9389812466&rft.aulast=Alpion&rft.aufirst=G%C3%ABzim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsylOEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frantz460461-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frantz460461_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrantz2009" class="citation journal cs1">Frantz, Eva Anne (2009). "Violence and its Impact on Loyalty and Identity Formation in Late Ottoman Kosovo: Muslims and Christians in a Period of Reform and Transformation". <i>Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs</i>. <b>29</b> (4): 460–461. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13602000903411366">10.1080/13602000903411366</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143499467">143499467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Muslim+Minority+Affairs&rft.atitle=Violence+and+its+Impact+on+Loyalty+and+Identity+Formation+in+Late+Ottoman+Kosovo%3A+Muslims+and+Christians+in+a+Period+of+Reform+and+Transformation&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=460-461&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13602000903411366&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143499467%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Frantz&rft.aufirst=Eva+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span> "In consequence of the Russian-Ottoman war, a violent expulsion of nearly the entire Muslim, predominantly Albanian-speaking, population was carried out in the sanjak of Niš and Toplica during the winter of 1877-1878 by the Serbian troops. This was one major factor encouraging further violence, but also contributing greatly to the formation of the League of Prizren. The league was created in an opposing reaction to the Treaty of San Stefano and the Congress of Berlin and is generally regarded as the beginning of the Albanian national movement. The displaced persons (Alb. <i>muhaxhirë</i>, Turk. <i>muhacir</i>, Serb. <i>muhadžir</i>) took refuge predominantly in the eastern parts of Kosovo. The Austro-Hungarian consul Jelinek reported in April of 1878.... The account shows that these displaced persons (<i>muhaxhirë</i>) were highly hostile to the local Slav population.... Violent acts of Muslims against Christians, in the first place against Orthodox but also against Catholics, accelerated. This can he explained by the fears of the Muslim population in Kosovo that were stimulated by expulsions of large Muslim population groups in other parts of the Balkans in consequence of the wars in the nineteenth century in which the Ottoman Empire was defeated and new Balkan states were founded. The latter pursued a policy of ethnic homogenisation expelling large Muslim population groups."; p. 467. "Clewing (as well as Müller) sees the expulsions of 1877 – 1878 as a crucial reason for the culmination of the interethnic relations in Kosovo and 1878 as the epoch year in the Albanian-Serbian conflict history."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muller70-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muller70_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2009" class="citation journal cs1">Müller, Dietmar (2009). "Orientalism and Nation: Jews and Muslims as Alterity in Southeastern Europe in the Age of Nation-States, 1878–1941". <i>East Central Europe</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 63–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187633009x411485">10.1163/187633009x411485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Central+Europe&rft.atitle=Orientalism+and+Nation%3A+Jews+and+Muslims+as+Alterity+in+Southeastern+Europe+in+the+Age+of+Nation-States%2C+1878%E2%80%931941&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-99&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187633009x411485&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Dietmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span> "For Serbia the war of 1878, where the Serbians fought side by side with Russian and Romanian troops against the Ottoman Empire, and the Berlin Congress were of central importance, as in the Romanian case. The beginning of a new quality of the Serbian-Albanian history of conflict was marked by the expulsion of Albanian Muslims from Niš Sandžak which was part and parcel of the fighting (Clewing 2000 : 45ff.; Jagodić 1998 ; Pllana 1985). Driving out the Albanians from the annexed territory, now called "New Serbia," was a result of collaboration between regular troops and guerrilla forces, and it was done in a manner which can be characterized as ethnic cleansing, since the victims were not only the combatants, but also virtually any civilian regardless of their attitude towards the Serbians (Müller 2005b). The majority of the refugees settled in neighboring Kosovo where they shed their bitter feelings on the local Serbs and ousted some of them from merchant positions, thereby enlarging the area of Serbian-Albanian conflict and intensifying it."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stefanovic469470-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stefanovic469470_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefanović2005" class="citation journal cs1">Stefanović, Djordje (2005). "Seeing the Albanians through Serbian eyes: The Inventors of the Tradition of Intolerance and their Critics, 1804–1939". <i>European History Quarterly</i>. <b>35</b> (3): 469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265691405054219">10.1177/0265691405054219</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2440%2F124622">2440/124622</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144497487">144497487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+History+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Seeing+the+Albanians+through+Serbian+eyes%3A+The+Inventors+of+the+Tradition+of+Intolerance+and+their+Critics%2C+1804%E2%80%931939&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=469&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2440%2F124622&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144497487%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0265691405054219&rft.aulast=Stefanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Djordje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span> "In 1878, following a series of Christian uprisings against the Ottoman Empire, the Russo-Turkish War, and the Berlin Congress, Serbia gained complete independence, as well as new territories in the Toplica and Kosanica regions adjacent to Kosovo. These two regions had a sizable Albanian population which the Serbian government decided to deport."; p.470. "The ‘cleansing’ of Toplica and Kosanica would have long-term negative effects on Serbian-Albanian relations. The Albanians expelled from these regions moved over the new border to Kosovo, where the Ottoman authorities forced the Serb population out of the border region and settled the refugees there. Janjićije Popović, a Kosovo Serb community leader in the period prior to the Balkan Wars, noted that after the 1876–8 wars, the hatred of the Turks and Albanians towards the Serbs ‘tripled’. A number of Albanian refugees from Toplica region, radicalized by their experience, engaged in retaliatory violence against the Serbian minority in Kosovo... The 1878 cleansing was a turning point because it was the first gross and large-scale injustice committed by Serbian forces against the Albanians. From that point onward, both ethnic groups had recent experiences of massive victimization that could be used to justify ‘revenge’ attacks. Furthermore, Muslim Albanians had every reason to resist the incorporation into the Serbian state."</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĆirković2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87" title="Sima Ćirković">Ćirković, Sima</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC"><i>The Serbs</i></a>. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405142915" title="Special:BookSources/9781405142915"><bdi>9781405142915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serbs&rft.place=Malden&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781405142915&rft.aulast=%C4%86irkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Sima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Wc-DWRzoeIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaskalovski2003" class="citation book cs1">Daskalovski, Židas (2003). "Claims to Kosovo: Nationalism and Self-Determination". In Bieber, Florian; Daskalovski, Židas (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VPPdgAZxU9IC"><i>Understanding the War in Kosovo</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5391-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5391-4"><bdi>978-0-7146-5391-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Claims+to+Kosovo%3A+Nationalism+and+Self-Determination&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+War+in+Kosovo&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5391-4&rft.aulast=Daskalovski&rft.aufirst=%C5%BDidas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVPPdgAZxU9IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Forbes, Nevill, et al. <i>The Balkans: a history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey</i> (1915) summary histories by scholars <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkanshistoryof00forbuoft">online free</a></li> <li>Harris, David. <i>A diplomatic history of the Balkan crisis of 1875-1878: the first year</i> (1969).</li> <li>Kovic, Milos. <i>Disraeli and the Eastern Question</i> (Oxford UP, 2010).</li> <li>Langer, William L. <i>European Alliances and Alignments, 1871-1890</i> (2nd ed. 1950) pp 121–66.</li> <li>Macfie, Alexander Lyon. <i>The Eastern Question 1774-1923</i> (2nd ed. 2014).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm1998" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm, Noel (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kosovoshorthisto0000malc_m3s3"><i>Kosovo: A short history</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810874831" title="Special:BookSources/9780810874831"><bdi>9780810874831</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+A+short+history&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780810874831&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkosovoshorthisto0000malc_m3s3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Millman, Richard. <i>Britain and the Eastern question, 1875-1878</i> (Oxford UP, 1979).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlowitch1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stevan_K._Pavlowitch" title="Stevan K. Pavlowitch">Pavlowitch, Stevan K.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U0UsAQAAIAAJ"><i>A History of the Balkans 1804–1945</i></a>. London, New York: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582045859" title="Special:BookSources/9780582045859"><bdi>9780582045859</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Balkans+1804%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780582045859&rft.aulast=Pavlowitch&rft.aufirst=Stevan+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU0UsAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlowitch2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stevan_K._Pavlowitch" title="Stevan K. Pavlowitch">Pavlowitch, Stevan K.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w-RuLDaNwbMC"><i>Serbia: The History behind the Name</i></a>. London: Hurst & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850654773" title="Special:BookSources/9781850654773"><bdi>9781850654773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbia%3A+The+History+behind+the+Name&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781850654773&rft.aulast=Pavlowitch&rft.aufirst=Stevan+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw-RuLDaNwbMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBataković2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_T._Batakovi%C4%87" title="Dušan T. Bataković">Bataković, Dušan T.</a>, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC"><i>Histoire du peuple serbe</i></a> [<i>History of the Serbian People</i>] (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782825119587" title="Special:BookSources/9782825119587"><bdi>9782825119587</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+peuple+serbe&rft.place=Lausanne&rft.pub=L%E2%80%99Age+d%E2%80%99Homme&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9782825119587&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da0jA_LdH6nsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelić1937" class="citation book cs1">Belić, Vladimir J. (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v1IaAAAAIAAJ"><i>Ratovi srpskog naroda u XIX i XX veku (1788–1918)</i></a>. Izdavačko i knjižarsko preduzeće Geca Kon A. D.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ratovi+srpskog+naroda+u+XIX+i+XX+veku+%281788%E2%80%931918%29&rft.pub=Izdava%C4%8Dko+i+knji%C5%BEarsko+preduze%C4%87e+Geca+Kon+A.+D&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Beli%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv1IaAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĐorđević1907" class="citation book cs1">Đorđević, Vladan (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mgz9MgEACAAJ"><i>Српско-Турски Рат, Успомене И Белешке Из 1876, 1877 И 1878 Године.</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%2C+%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%98+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%98%D0%B7+1876%2C+1877+%D0%98+1878+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5..&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Vladan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmgz9MgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrujić1902" class="citation book cs1">Grujić, Sava (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5PQ7AQAAMAAJ"><i>Operacije Timočko-Moravske vojske: Srpsko-Turski rat 1876–77 god : beleške i uspomene</i></a>. Štamp. radionica vojnoga ministarstva.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operacije+Timo%C4%8Dko-Moravske+vojske%3A+Srpsko-Turski+rat+1876%E2%80%9377+god+%3A+bele%C5%A1ke+i+uspomene&rft.pub=%C5%A0tamp.+radionica+vojnoga+ministarstva&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Gruji%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Sava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5PQ7AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJagodić2004" class="citation book cs1">Jagodić, Miloš (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J7wBCwAAQBAJ"><i>Насељавање Кнежевине Србије : 1861–1880</i></a>. Istorijski institut. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-7743-046-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-7743-046-7"><bdi>978-86-7743-046-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5+%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5+%3A+1861%E2%80%931880&rft.pub=Istorijski+institut&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-86-7743-046-7&rft.aulast=Jagodi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Milo%C5%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ7wBCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazarević" class="citation book cs1">Lazarević, Milutin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OiPonAEACAAJ"><i>Наши Ратови За Ослобођење И Уједињење</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%97%D0%B0+%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5+%D0%98+%D0%A3%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5&rft.aulast=Lazarevi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Milutin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOiPonAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrović1996" class="citation book cs1">Petrović, Mita (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wsQyAAAAMAAJ"><i>Ratne beleške sa Javora i Toplice, 1876, 1877 i 1878: Dogaćaji sa Javora 1876</i></a>. Narodni muzej – Čačak.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ratne+bele%C5%A1ke+sa+Javora+i+Toplice%2C+1876%2C+1877+i+1878%3A+Doga%C4%87aji+sa+Javora+1876&rft.pub=Narodni+muzej+%E2%80%93+%C4%8Ca%C4%8Dak&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Petrovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Mita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwsQyAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrovićTodorović1979" class="citation book cs1">Petrović, Mita; Todorović, Dragoje (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=72wYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Ratne beleške sa Javora i Toplice, 1876, 1877 i 1878: Borbe u Toplici 1877–1878</i></a>. Čačak: Narodni muzej.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ratne+bele%C5%A1ke+sa+Javora+i+Toplice%2C+1876%2C+1877+i+1878%3A+Borbe+u+Toplici+1877%E2%80%931878&rft.place=%C4%8Ca%C4%8Dak&rft.pub=Narodni+muzej&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Petrovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Mita&rft.au=Todorovi%C4%87%2C+Dragoje&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D72wYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠalipurović1968" class="citation book cs1">Šalipurović, Vukoman (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MjoKAQAAIAAJ"><i>Ustanak u zapadnom delu Stare Srbije: 1875–1878</i></a>. Vesti.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ustanak+u+zapadnom+delu+Stare+Srbije%3A+1875%E2%80%931878&rft.pub=Vesti&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=%C5%A0alipurovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Vukoman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMjoKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStojančević1998" class="citation book cs1">Stojančević, Vladimir (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=44gyAAAAMAAJ"><i>Srpski narod u Staroj Srbiji u Velikoj istočnoj krizi 1876–1878</i></a>. Službeni list SRJ.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Srpski+narod+u+Staroj+Srbiji+u+Velikoj+isto%C4%8Dnoj+krizi+1876%E2%80%931878&rft.pub=Slu%C5%BEbeni+list+SRJ&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Stojan%C4%8Devi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D44gyAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStojančević2001" class="citation book cs1">Stojančević, Vladimir (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qVq_MgEACAAJ"><i>Други српско – турски рат 1877 – 1878. и ослобођење Jугоисточне Србије : поводом 120-годишњице : зборник радова са научног скупа, одржаног 17. и 18. новембра 1997. године</i></a>. Српска академија наука и уметности. Одељење историjских наука. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-7025-312-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-7025-312-4"><bdi>978-86-7025-312-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE+%E2%80%93+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82+1877+%E2%80%93+1878.+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5+J%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5+%3A+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC+120-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%9A%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5+%3A+%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3+%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%2C+%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3+17.+%D0%B8+18.+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0+1997.+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.pub=%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.+%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8j%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-86-7025-312-4&rft.aulast=Stojan%C4%8Devi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqVq_MgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerzić1997" class="citation book cs1">Terzić, Slavenko (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yrgxAAAAMAAJ"><i>Ibarska vojska u srpsko-turskim ratovima od 1876. do 1878. godine: naučni skup povodom obeležavanja 120-godišnjice Javorskog rata : septembar 1996</i></a>. Narodni muzej.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibarska+vojska+u+srpsko-turskim+ratovima+od+1876.+do+1878.+godine%3A+nau%C4%8Dni+skup+povodom+obele%C5%BEavanja+120-godi%C5%A1njice+Javorskog+rata+%3A+septembar+1996&rft.pub=Narodni+muzej&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Terzi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Slavenko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyrgxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJovan_Ristić1898" class="citation web cs1">Jovan Ristić (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/diplomatskaisto00ristgoog">"Diplomatska istorija Srbije za vreme srpskih ratova za oslobodjenje i nezavisnost, 1875–1878"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diplomatska+istorija+Srbije+za+vreme+srpskih+ratova+za+oslobodjenje+i+nezavisnost%2C+1875%E2%80%931878&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Jovan+Risti%C4%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdiplomatskaisto00ristgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span> (Public domain)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310193317/http://www.srpsko-nasledje.rs/sr-l/1998/08/article-03.html">"23. avgust 1876, bitka na Šumatovcu, najsjajnija pobeda srpskog oružja u srpsko-turskim ratovima TURCI PADALI KO SNOPLJE"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srpsko-nasledje.rs/sr-l/1998/08/article-03.html">the original</a> on 10 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=23.+avgust+1876%2C+bitka+na+%C5%A0umatovcu%2C+najsjajnija+pobeda+srpskog+oru%C5%BEja+u+srpsko-turskim+ratovima+TURCI+PADALI+KO+SNOPLJE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srpsko-nasledje.rs%2Fsr-l%2F1998%2F08%2Farticle-03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbian%E2%80%93Ottoman+Wars+%281876%E2%80%931878%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Great_Eastern_Crisis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Template:Great Eastern Crisis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Template talk:Great Eastern Crisis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Eastern Crisis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Eastern_Crisis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars and conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Montenegrin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_uprising_(1875%E2%80%931877)" title="Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)">Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1876%E2%80%931878)" title="Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)">Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serb</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_uprising_(1875%E2%80%931877)" title="Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)">Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Turkish_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)">Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_uprising" title="Kumanovo uprising">Kumanovo uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stara_Zagora_Uprising" title="Stara Zagora Uprising">Stara Zagora Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Uprising_of_1876" title="April Uprising of 1876">April Uprising of 1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razlovtsi_insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Razlovtsi insurrection">Razlovtsi insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresna%E2%80%93Razlog_uprising" title="Kresna–Razlog uprising">Kresna–Razlog uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1878_Macedonian_rebellion" title="1878 Macedonian rebellion">1878 Macedonian rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Revolt_of_1878" title="Epirus Revolt of 1878">Epirus Revolt of 1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_revolt_(1878)" title="Cretan revolt (1878)">Cretan revolt (1878)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_War_of_Independence" title="Romanian War of Independence">Romanian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878" title="Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878">Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Albanians,_1877%E2%80%931878" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878">Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="563" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International<br /> agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Memorandum" title="Berlin Memorandum">Berlin Memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstadt_Agreement" title="Reichstadt Agreement">Reichstadt Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Conference" title="Constantinople Conference">Constantinople Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Convention_of_1877" title="Budapest Convention of 1877">Budapest Convention of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Convention" title="Cyprus Convention">Cyprus Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin (1878)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate" title="Bulgarian Exarchate">Bulgarian Exarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deligrad_Event" title="Deligrad Event">Deligrad Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_Committee" title="Niš Committee">Niš Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1876 Ottoman coup d'état">1876 Ottoman coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Volunteer_Corps" title="Bulgarian Volunteer Corps">Opalchentsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Question">Eastern Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Russian_Administration_in_Bulgaria" title="Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria">Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">British Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_for_Plav_and_Gusinje" title="Battles for Plav and Gusinje">Battles for Plav and Gusinje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Halepa" title="Pact of Halepa">Pact of Halepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance (1879)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brsjak_revolt" title="Brsjak revolt">Brsjak revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro%E2%80%93Serbian_Alliance_of_1881" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881">Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Tunisia" title="French conquest of Tunisia">French conquest of Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Constantinople_(1881)" title="Convention of Constantinople (1881)">Convention of Constantinople (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">British Occupation of Egypt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marche_slave" title="Marche slave">Marche slave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina" title="Anna Karenina">Anna Karenina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wars_and_battles_involving_Serbs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_and_battles_involving_Serbs" title="Template:Wars and battles involving Serbs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wars_and_battles_involving_Serbs" title="Template talk:Wars and battles involving Serbs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wars_and_battles_involving_Serbs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wars and battles involving Serbs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wars_and_battles_involving_Serbs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Serbia" title="Military history of Serbia">Wars and battles involving Serbs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Serbian_wars_(medieval)" title="Bulgarian–Serbian wars (medieval)">Serbian–Bulgarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar%E2%80%93Serb_War_(839%E2%80%93842)" title="Bulgar–Serb War (839–842)">Bulgar–Serb War (839–842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar%E2%80%93Serb_War_(853)" title="Bulgar–Serb War (853)">Bulgar–Serb War (853)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Serbian_wars_of_917%E2%80%93924" title="Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924">Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaharija_of_Serbia#Rule" title="Zaharija of Serbia">Bulgarian–Serbian border revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Serbian_wars_(medieval)" title="Bulgarian–Serbian wars (medieval)">Bulgarian-Serb War (998)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1202)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulgarian-Serbian War (1202) (page does not exist)">Bulgarian-Serbian War (1202)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1203)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulgarian-Serbian War (1203) (page does not exist)">Bulgarian-Serbian War (1203)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1290)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulgarian-Serbian War (1290) (page does not exist)">Bulgarian-Serbian War (1290)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1291)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulgarian-Serbian War (1291) (page does not exist)">Bulgarian-Serbian War (1291)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1330)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian-Serbian War (1330)">Bulgarian-Serbian War (1330)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Velbazhd" title="Battle of Velbazhd">Battle of Velbazhd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_conflicts" title="List of Serbian–Ottoman conflicts">Serbian–Ottoman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Early skirmishes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli_(1312)" title="Battle of Gallipoli (1312)">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stephaniana" title="Battle of Stephaniana">Battle of Stephaniana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Demotika" title="Battle of Demotika">Battle of Demotika</a> in 1352</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C4%B1rp_S%C4%B1nd%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sırp Sındığı">Battle of Sırp Sındığı</a> in 1364</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Serbian_Empire" title="Fall of the Serbian Empire">Fall of the Serbian Empire</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maritsa" title="Battle of Maritsa">Battle of Maritsa</a> in 1371</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dubravnica" title="Battle of Dubravnica">Battle of Dubravnica</a> in 1381</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savra" title="Battle of Savra">Battle of Savra</a> in 1385</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plo%C4%8Dnik" title="Battle of Pločnik">Battle of Pločnik</a> in 1386</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a> in 1389</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Serbian Despotate</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karanovasa" title="Battle of Karanovasa">Battle of Karanovasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tripolje" title="Battle of Tripolje">Battle of Tripolje</a> in 1402</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novo_Brdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Novo Brdo">Siege of Novo Brdo</a> in 1412</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vitosha_Pass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vitosha Pass (page does not exist)">Battle of Vitosha Pass</a> in 1413</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Carmorlu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Carmorlu (page does not exist)">Battle of Carmorlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Scutari_War" title="First Scutari War">First Scutari War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Scutari_War" title="Second Scutari War">Second Scutari War</a></li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1425</li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1427</li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1437</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trnava_(1430)" title="Battle of Trnava (1430)">Battle of Trnava (1430)</a></li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1438</li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1439–1444)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">Crusade of Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nish_(1443)" title="Battle of Nish (1443)">Battle of Nish (1443)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zlatitsa" title="Battle of Zlatitsa">Battle of Zlatitsa</a> in 1443</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunovica" title="Battle of Kunovica">Battle of Kunovica</a> in 1444</li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1454–1455)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kru%C5%A1evac" title="Battle of Kruševac">Battle of Kruševac</a> in 1454</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leskovac" title="Battle of Leskovac">Battle of Leskovac</a> in 1454</li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1456</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1456)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1456)">Siege of Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Smederevo_(1456)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Smederevo (1456) (page does not exist)">Siege of Smederevo</a></li> <li>Ottoman invasion and conquest of <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> in 1459</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breadfield" title="Battle of Breadfield">Battle of Breadfield</a> in 1479</li></ul></li> <li>Ottoman conquest of <a href="/wiki/Zeta_under_the_Crnojevi%C4%87i" title="Zeta under the Crnojevići">Zeta</a> in 1499</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_wars" title="List of Byzantine wars">Serbian–Byzantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serb_Uprising_of_1038%E2%80%931042&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serb Uprising of 1038–1042 (page does not exist)">Serb Uprising of 1038–1042</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bar" title="Battle of Bar">Battle of Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slav_Uprising_in_Pomoravlje" class="mw-redirect" title="Slav Uprising in Pomoravlje">Slav Uprising in Pomoravlje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zve%C4%8Dan" title="Battle of Zvečan">Battle of Zvečan</a> (1094)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haram" title="Battle of Haram">Battle of Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Ras_(1127)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Ras (1127) (page does not exist)">Siege of Ras (1127)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(1150)" title="Battle of Tara (1150)">Battle of Tara (1150)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Hungarian_War_(1149%E2%80%931155)" title="Byzantine–Hungarian War (1149–1155)">Byzantine–Hungarian War (1149–1155)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brani%C4%8Devo" title="Siege of Braničevo">Siege of Braničevo</a> (1154)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pantina" title="Battle of Pantina">Battle of Pantina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Hungarian_War_(1127%E2%80%931129)" title="Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)">Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1321%E2%80%931328" title="Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328">Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328</a></li> <li>Serbian invasion of Macedonia led by <a href="/wiki/Syrgiannes_Palaiologos" title="Syrgiannes Palaiologos">Syrgiannes Palaiologos</a> (1334)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1341%E2%80%931347" title="Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347">Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">Hungarian invasions of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar%E2%80%93Serb_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyar–Serb conflict">Magyar–Serb conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Hungarian_War_(1127%E2%80%931129)" title="Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)">Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirmium" title="Battle of Sirmium">Battle of Sirmium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gacko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Gacko (page does not exist)">Battle of Gacko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_conflict_with_the_Nogai_Horde" title="Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde">Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia" title="Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia">Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C4%8Dva_War" title="Mačva War">Mačva War</a></li> <li>Hungarian–Serbian War (1321-1324)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Hum_(1326%E2%80%931329)" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Hum (1326–1329)">War of Hum (1326–1329)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_civil_war_of_1331" title="Serbian civil war of 1331">Serbian civil war of 1331</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nobility_conflict_(1369)" title="Serbian nobility conflict (1369)">Serbian nobility conflict (1369)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovine" title="Battle of Rovine">Battle of Rovine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis" title="Battle of Nicopolis">Battle of Nicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara" title="Battle of Ankara">Battle of Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosmidion" title="Battle of Kosmidion">Battle of Kosmidion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%87amurlu" title="Battle of Çamurlu">Battle of Çamurlu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Despotovac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Despotovac (page does not exist)">Battle of Despotovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1440)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1440)">Siege of Belgrade (1440)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo_(1448)" title="Battle of Kosovo (1448)">Battle of Kosovo (1448)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Foreign rule</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburgs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Nenad" title="Jovan Nenad">Jovan Nenad</a>'s uprising</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_campaign_of_1527%E2%80%931528" title="Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528">Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sz%C5%91l%C5%91s" title="Battle of Szőlős">Battle of Szőlős</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sz%C5%91dfalva" title="Battle of Sződfalva">Battle of Sződfalva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Keresztes" title="Battle of Keresztes">Battle of Keresztes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1688)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1688)">Siege of Belgrade (1688)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bato%C4%8Dina" title="Battle of Batočina">Battle of Batočina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ni%C5%A1_(1689)" title="Battle of Niš (1689)">Battle of Niš (1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1690)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1690)">Siege of Belgrade (1690)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lugos" title="Battle of Lugos">Battle of Lugos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Gotthard_(1705)" title="Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705)">Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1716%E2%80%931718)" title="Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)">Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1717)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1717)">Siege of Belgrade (1717)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)">Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zsib%C3%B3" title="Battle of Zsibó">Battle of Zsibó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Trenčín">Battle of Trenčín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petrovaradin" title="Battle of Petrovaradin">Battle of Petrovaradin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Banja_Luka" title="Battle of Banja Luka">Battle of Banja Luka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1788%E2%80%931791)" title="Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)">Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_War_(Ottoman_wars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Long War (Ottoman wars)">Long War (Ottoman wars)</a> (1593–1606)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Banat Uprising">Banat Uprising</a> (1594)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serb_Uprising_of_1596%E2%80%931597&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serb Uprising of 1596–1597 (page does not exist)">Serb Uprising of 1596–1597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs_(1687)" title="Battle of Mohács (1687)">Battle of Mohács (1687)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Vu%C4%8Ditrn" title="Uprising in Vučitrn">Uprising in Vučitrn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_uprising_of_1737%E2%80%931739" title="Serb uprising of 1737–1739">Serb uprising of 1737–1739</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C4%8Dina_Krajina_Serb_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kočina Krajina Serb rebellion">Kočina Krajina Serb rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martini%C4%87i_(1796)" title="Battle of Martinići (1796)">Battle of Martinići (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krusi" title="Battle of Krusi">Battle of Krusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lopate" title="Battle of Lopate">Battle of Lopate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morean_War" title="Morean War">Morean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)" title="Cretan War (1645–1669)">Cretan War (1645–1669)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_on_Vrtijeljka" title="Battle on Vrtijeljka">Battle on Vrtijeljka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Slankamen" title="Battle of Slankamen">Battle of Slankamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zenta" title="Battle of Zenta">Battle of Senta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Hussar_Regiment" title="Serbian Hussar Regiment">Serbian Hussar Regiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pruth_River_Campaign" title="Pruth River Campaign">Pruth River Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;"><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian Revolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising" title="First Serbian Uprising">First Serbian Uprising</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vra%C4%8Dar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vračar (page does not exist)">Vračar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Rudnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Rudnik (page does not exist)">Rudnik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Svileuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Svileuva (page does not exist)">Svileuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Bato%C4%8Dina_and_Jagodina" title="Battles of Batočina and Jagodina">Batočina and Jagodina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kragujevac_(1804)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Kragujevac (1804) (page does not exist)">Kragujevac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drlupa" title="Battle of Drlupa">Drlupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C4%8Coke%C5%A1ina" title="Battle of Čokešina">Čokešina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_%C5%A0abac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Šabac (page does not exist)">Šabac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Po%C5%BEarevac" title="Battle of Požarevac">Požarevac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Karanovac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Karanovac (page does not exist)">Karanovac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Adakale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Adakale (page does not exist)">Adakale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ivankovac" title="Battle of Ivankovac">Ivankovac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Rudnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Rudnik (page does not exist)">Rudnik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vrbica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vrbica (page does not exist)">Vrbica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mi%C5%A1ar" title="Battle of Mišar">Mišar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deligrad" title="Battle of Deligrad">Deligrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1806)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1806)">Belgrade (1806)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Belgrade_(1807)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Belgrade (1807) (page does not exist)">Liberation of Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Loznica_(1807)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Loznica (1807) (page does not exist)">Loznica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_Malajnica_and_%C5%A0tubik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battles of Malajnica and Štubik (page does not exist)">Malajnica and Štubik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C4%8Cegar" title="Battle of Čegar">Čegar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jasika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Jasika (page does not exist)">Jasika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Prahovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Prahovo (page does not exist)">Prahovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suvodol" title="Battle of Suvodol">Suvodol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_on_the_Drina_(1810)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle on the Drina (1810) (page does not exist)">Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varvarin" title="Battle of Varvarin">Varvarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loznica" title="Battle of Loznica">Loznica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ma%C4%8Dva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Mačva (page does not exist)">Mačva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ravnje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ravnje (page does not exist)">Ravnje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Had%C5%BEi_Prodan%27s_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadži Prodan's Revolt">Hadži Prodan's Revolt</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Serbian_Uprising" title="Second Serbian Uprising">Second Serbian Uprising</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ljubi%C4%87" title="Battle of Ljubić">Ljubić</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_%C4%8Ca%C4%8Dak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Čačak (page does not exist)">Čačak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pale%C5%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Palež (page does not exist)">Palež</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Po%C5%BEarevac" title="Battle of Požarevac">Požarevac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Rudnik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Družetić</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Kragujevac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Jagodina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Karanovac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Batočina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Užice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Valjevo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Batočina</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;">Ottoman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1852%E2%80%931853)" title="Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–1853)">Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–1853)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grahovac" title="Battle of Grahovac">Battle of Grahovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kola%C5%A1in" title="Battle of Kolašin">Battle of Kolašin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1861%E2%80%931862)" title="Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–1862)">Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1876%E2%80%931878)" title="Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)">Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vu%C4%8Dji_Do" title="Battle of Vučji Do">Battle of Vučji Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fundina" title="Battle of Fundina">Battle of Fundina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_for_Plav_and_Gusinje" title="Battles for Plav and Gusinje">Battles for Plav and Gusinje</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velika_attacks_(1879)" title="Velika attacks (1879)">Velika attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nov%C5%A1i%C4%87e" title="Battle of Novšiće">Battle of Novšiće</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Murino" title="Battle of Murino">Battle of Murino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_uprising" title="Kumanovo uprising">Kumanovo uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_campaign_of_1807%E2%80%931814" title="Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814">Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan%C4%8Di%C4%87%27s_rebellion" title="Jančić's rebellion">Jančić's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest_Jovica%27s_Rebellion" title="Priest Jovica's Rebellion">Priest Jovica's Rebellion</a></li> <li>Several battles of <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vr%C5%A1ac_(1849)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vršac (1849) (page does not exist)">Battle of Vršac (1849)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Serbian-Turkish_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876–1878)">Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876–1878)</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vranje" title="Battle of Vranje">Battle of Vranje</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cattaro" title="Siege of Cattaro">Siege of Cattaro</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_uprising_(1852%E2%80%931862)" title="Herzegovina uprising (1852–1862)">Herzegovina uprising (1852–1862)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krivo%C5%A1ije_uprising_(1869)" title="Krivošije uprising (1869)">Krivošije uprising (1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878" title="Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878">AU-BiH War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jajce_(1878)" title="Battle of Jajce (1878)">Battle of Jajce (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vitez_(1878)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vitez (1878) (page does not exist)">Battle of Vitez (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarajevo_(1878)" title="Battle of Sarajevo (1878)">Battle of Sarajevo (1878)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Bulgarian_War" title="Serbo-Bulgarian War">Serbo-Bulgarian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pirot" title="Battle of Pirot">Battle of Pirot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Slivnitsa" title="Battle of Slivnitsa">Battle of Slivnitsa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fight_on_%C5%A0uplji_Kamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fight on Šuplji Kamen">Fight on Šuplji Kamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_on_%C4%8Celopek" class="mw-redirect" title="Fight on Čelopek">Fight on Čelopek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_in_Tabanovce" class="mw-redirect" title="Fight in Tabanovce">Fight in Tabanovce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_in_Velika_Ho%C4%8Da" class="mw-redirect" title="Fight in Velika Hoča">Fight in Velika Hoča</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fight_on_%C4%8Celopek_(1906)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fight on Čelopek (1906) (page does not exist)">Fight on Čelopek (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pirot_(1913)" title="Battle of Pirot (1913)">Battle of Pirot (1913)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">Battle of Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep" title="Battle of Prilep">Battle of Prilep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Battle of Monastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912-1913)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Scutari (1912-1913)">Siege of Scutari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(1913)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Adrianople (1913)">Siege of Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odrin_(1912%E2%80%931913)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Odrin (1912–1913)">Siege of Odrin (1912–1913)</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bregalnica" title="Battle of Bregalnica">Battle of Bregalnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalimanci" title="Battle of Kalimanci">Battle of Kalimanci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knja%C5%BEevac" title="Battle of Knjaževac">Battle of Knjaževac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vidin_(1913)" title="Siege of Vidin (1913)">Siege of Vidin (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid%E2%80%93Debar_uprising" title="Ohrid–Debar uprising">Ohrid–Debar uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_campaign" title="Montenegrin campaign">Montenegrin campaign</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mojkovac" title="Battle of Mojkovac">Battle of Mojkovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lov%C4%87en" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lovćen">Battle of Lovćen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbian campaign</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crna_Bend_(1916)" title="Battle of the Crna Bend (1916)">Battle of the Crna Bend (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bazargic" title="Battle of Bazargic">Battle of Bazargic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dobro_Pole" title="Battle of Dobro Pole">Battle of Dobro Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Drina" title="Battle of the Drina">Battle of the Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Florina" title="Battle of Florina">Battle of Florina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaymakchalan" title="Battle of Kaymakchalan">Battle of Kaymakchalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive (1915)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Serbia,_Albania_and_Montenegro_(1918)" title="Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)">Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malka_Nidzhe" title="Battle of Malka Nidzhe">Battle of Malka Nidzhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonian front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morava_Offensive" title="Morava Offensive">Morava Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ov%C4%8De_Pole_Offensive" title="Ovče Pole Offensive">Ovče Pole Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srem_Offensive" title="Srem Offensive">Srem Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toplica_Uprising" title="Toplica Uprising">Toplica Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Slovene_conflict_in_Carinthia" title="Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia">Carinthia War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_National_Defence_of_Kosovo#Activity_in_Yugoslavia" title="Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo">Uprising in Drenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Uprising" title="Christmas Uprising">Christmas Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian-Yugoslav_Border_War_(1921)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian-Yugoslav Border War (1921)">Albanian-Yugoslav Border War (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azem_Galica#Resistance_against_Yugoslavia" title="Azem Galica">Drenica-Junik Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Serbia_(1941)" title="Uprising in Serbia (1941)">Uprising in Serbia (1941)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Montenegro_(1941)" title="Uprising in Montenegro (1941)">Uprising in Montenegro (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1941_uprising_in_eastern_Herzegovina" title="June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina">June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_Pazar" title="Battle of Novi Pazar">Battle of Novi Pazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pljevlja" title="Battle of Pljevlja">Battle of Pljevlja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kozara" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kozara">Battle of Kozara</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loznica_(1941)" title="Battle of Loznica (1941)">Battle of Loznica (1941)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Livno" title="Battle of Livno">Battle of Livno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neretva" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Neretva">Battle of Neretva</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sutjeska" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Sutjeska">Battle of the Sutjeska</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Drvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Drvar">Raid on Drvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knin" title="Battle of Knin">Battle of Knin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mostar" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mostar">Battle of Mostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lijev%C4%8De_Field" title="Battle of Lijevče Field">Battle of Lijevče Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Montenegro_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="1942 Montenegro offensive">1942 Montenegro offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihać Operation">Bihać Operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Batina" title="Battle of Batina">Battle of Batina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgrade Offensive">Belgrade Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Banja_Kovilja%C4%8Da" title="Capture of Banja Koviljača">Capture of Banja Koviljača</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Black" title="Case Black">Case Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_White" title="Case White">Case White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Draufg%C3%A4nger" title="Operation Draufgänger">Operation Draufgänger</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kozara_Offensive" title="Kozara Offensive">Kozara Offensive</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1942)" title="Battle of Kupres (1942)">Battle of Kupres (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vi%C5%A1egrad" title="Battle of Višegrad">Battle of Višegrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostar_operation" title="Mostar operation">Mostar operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagykanizsa%E2%80%93K%C3%B6rmend_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive">Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_operation" title="Niš operation">Niš operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Od%C5%BEak" title="Battle of Odžak">Battle of Odžak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Olovo_(1941)" title="Capture of Olovo (1941)">Capture of Olovo (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Alfa" title="Operation Alfa">Operation Alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Delphin" title="Operation Delphin">Operation Delphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kopaonik" title="Operation Kopaonik">Operation Kopaonik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kugelblitz" title="Operation Kugelblitz">Operation Kugelblitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mihailovic" title="Operation Mihailovic">Operation Mihailovic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Southeast_Croatia" title="Operation Southeast Croatia">Operation Southeast Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Trio" title="Operation Trio">Operation Trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uzice" title="Operation Uzice">Operation Uzice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poljana" title="Battle of Poljana">Battle of Poljana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Prijedor" title="Operation Prijedor">Operation Prijedor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rogatica_(1941)" title="Siege of Rogatica (1941)">Siege of Rogatica (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_R%C3%B6sselsprung_(1944)" title="Operation Rösselsprung (1944)">Operation Rösselsprung (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Operation_(1944)" title="Kosovo Operation (1944)">Kosovo Operation (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening" title="Operation Spring Awakening">Operation Spring Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srb_uprising" title="Srb uprising">Srb uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratsin-Kumanovo_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratsin-Kumanovo operation">Stratsin-Kumanovo operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zvornik" title="Battle of Zvornik">Battle of Zvornik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sarajevo (1945)">Battle of Sarajevo (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zelengora" title="Battle of Zelengora">Battle of Zelengora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;">Croatian War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakrac_clash" title="Pakrac clash">Pakrac clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plitvice_Lakes_incident" title="Plitvice Lakes incident">Plitvice Lakes incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borovo_Selo" title="Battle of Borovo Selo">Battle of Borovo Selo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stinger" title="Operation Stinger">Operation Stinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Yugoslav_campaign_in_Croatia" title="1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia">1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Osijek" title="Battle of Osijek">Battle of Osijek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar" title="Battle of Vukovar">Battle of Vukovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gospi%C4%87" title="Battle of Gospić">Battle of Gospić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%A0ibenik" title="Battle of Šibenik">Battle of Šibenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zadar" title="Battle of Zadar">Battle of Zadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kusonje" title="Battle of Kusonje">Battle of Kusonje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barracks" title="Battle of the Barracks">Battle of the Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vara%C5%BEdin_Barracks" title="Siege of Varaždin Barracks">Siege of Varaždin Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bjelovar_Barracks" title="Siege of Bjelovar Barracks">Siege of Bjelovar Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dalmatian_Channels" title="Battle of the Dalmatian Channels">Battle of the Dalmatian Channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik" title="Siege of Dubrovnik">Siege of Dubrovnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Otkos_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Otkos 10">Operation Otkos 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Orkan_91" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Orkan 91">Operation Orkan 91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Whirlwind" title="Operation Whirlwind">Operation Whirlwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Baranja" title="Operation Baranja">Operation Baranja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackal" title="Operation Jackal">Operation Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Miljevci_Plateau" title="Battle of the Miljevci Plateau">Battle of the Miljevci Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiger_(1992)" title="Operation Tiger (1992)">Operation Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Maslenica" title="Operation Maslenica">Operation Maslenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Medak_Pocket" title="Operation Medak Pocket">Operation Medak Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794" title="Operation Winter '94">Operation Winter '94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flash" title="Operation Flash">Operation Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Summer_%2795" title="Operation Summer '95">Operation Summer '95</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm" title="Operation Storm">Operation Storm</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;">Bosnian War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosanski_Brod" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bosanski Brod">Battle of Bosanski Brod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1992)" title="Battle of Kupres (1992)">Battle of Kupres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">Siege of Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Srebrenica" title="Siege of Srebrenica">Siege of Srebrenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gora%C5%BEde" title="Siege of Goražde">Siege of Goražde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Doboj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Doboj">Siege of Doboj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackal" title="Operation Jackal">Operation Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Biha%C4%87_(1992%E2%80%9395)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Bihać (1992–95)">Siege of Bihać (1992–95)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vrbas_%2792" title="Operation Vrbas '92">Operation Vrbas '92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Corridor_92" title="Operation Corridor 92">Operation Corridor 92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bura" title="Operation Bura">Operation Bura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kravica_attack_(1993)" title="Kravica attack (1993)">Kravica attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mostar" title="Siege of Mostar">Siege of Mostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Irma" title="Operation Irma">Operation Irma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_B%C3%B8llebank" title="Operation Bøllebank">Operation Bøllebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiger_(1994)" title="Operation Tiger (1994)">Operation Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1994)" title="Battle of Kupres (1994)">Battle of Kupres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Amanda" title="Operation Amanda">Operation Amanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spider" title="Operation Spider">Operation Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794" title="Operation Winter '94">Operation Winter '94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Vla%C5%A1i%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Vlašić">Battle of Vlašić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leap_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Leap 1">Operation Leap 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ora%C5%A1je" title="Battle of Orašje">Battle of Orašje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leap_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Leap 2">Operation Leap 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Summer_%2795" title="Operation Summer '95">Operation Summer '95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vrbanja_Bridge" title="Battle of Vrbanja Bridge">Battle of Vrbanja Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vozu%C4%87a" title="Battle of Vozuća">Battle of Vozuća</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Miracle_(1995)" title="Operation Miracle (1995)">Operation Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mistral_2" title="Operation Mistral 2">Operation Mistral 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sana" title="Operation Sana">Operation Sana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Una" title="Operation Una">Operation Una</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Southern_Move" title="Operation Southern Move">Operation Southern Move</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/NATO_intervention_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina">NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_Pale_air_strikes" title="1995 Pale air strikes">1995 Pale air strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deny_Flight" title="Operation Deny Flight">Operation Deny Flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force" title="Operation Deliberate Force">Operation Deliberate Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Maritime_Monitor" title="Operation Maritime Monitor">Operation Maritime Monitor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;">Kosovo War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Kosovo_(1995%E2%80%931998)" title="Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–1998)">Insurgency in Kosovo</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_incident_(December_1998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian–Yugoslav border incident (December 1998)">Albanian–Yugoslav border incident (December 1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_incident_(April_1999)" title="Albania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999)">Albania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_23,_1998,_Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_ambush" title="April 23, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush">April 23, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Orahovac" title="Attack on Orahovac">Attack on Orahovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Prekaz" title="Attack on Prekaz">Attack on Prekaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lo%C4%91a" title="Battle of Lođa">Battle of Lođa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oraovica" title="Battle of Oraovica">Battle of Oraovica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bela%C4%87evac_Mine" title="Battle of Belaćevac Mine">Battle of Belaćevac Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Podujevo" title="Battle of Podujevo">Battle of Podujevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_14,_1998,_Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_ambush" title="December 14, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush">December 14, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glo%C4%91ane" title="Battle of Glođane">Battle of Glođane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_18,_1998,_Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_clashes" title="July 18, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border clashes">July 18, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Junik" title="Battle of Junik">Battle of Junik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ko%C5%A1are" title="Battle of Košare">Battle of Košare</a></li> <li><b> <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Insurgency in the Preševo Valley">Insurgency in the Preševo Valley</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prizren_incident_(1999)" title="Prizren incident (1999)">Prizren incident (1999)</a></li> <li><b> <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dubrava_Prison_bombings_and_executions" title="Dubrava Prison bombings and executions">Dubrava Prison bombings and executions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_F-117A_shootdown" title="1999 F-117A shootdown">1999 F-117A shootdown</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Peacekeeping" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4416705#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4416705#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" 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Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2012-02-15T09:51:22Z","dateModified":"2024-11-08T05:00:19Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/39\/Bitka_za_moravac.jpg","headline":"the war between Principality of Serbia and Ottoman Empire from 1876 to 1878"}</script> </body> </html>