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For "zombie" in UNIX programming, see <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie_process" title="Zombie process">Zombie process</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, a <b>zombie</b> is a computer connected to the Internet that has been <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">compromised</a> by a <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (computer security)">hacker</a>, <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">computer virus</a> or <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">trojan horse</a> program and can be used to perform malicious tasks of one sort or another under remote direction. <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botnet" title="Botnet">Botnets</a> of zombie computers are often used to spread <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail_spam" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail spam">e-mail spam</a> and launch <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack" title="Denial-of-service attack">denial-of-service attacks</a> (DoS attacks). Most owners of "zombie" computers are unaware that their system is being used in this way. Because the owner tends to be unaware, these computers are metaphorically compared to fictional <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">zombies</a>. A coordinated <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDoS_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="DDoS attack">DDoS attack</a> by multiple botnet machines also resembles a "zombie horde attack", as depicted in fictional <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie_film" title="Zombie film">zombie films</a>. </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circle_of_spam.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20200609162332im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Circle_of_spam.svg/300px-Circle_of_spam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20200609162332im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Circle_of_spam.svg/450px-Circle_of_spam.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20200609162332im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Circle_of_spam.svg/600px-Circle_of_spam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circle_of_spam.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>(1) Spammer's web site (2) Spammer (3) Spamware (4) Infected computers (5) Virus or trojan (6) Mail servers (7) Users (8) Web traffic</div></div></div> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"/><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Advertising"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Advertising</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Distributed_denial-of-service_attacks"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Distributed denial-of-service attacks</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Smartphones"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Smartphones</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Advertising">Advertising</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zombie_(computing)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Advertising">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Zombie computers have been used extensively to send e-mail spam; as of 2005, an estimated 50–80% of all spam worldwide was sent by zombie computers.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> This allows <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Spammer">spammers</a> to avoid detection and presumably reduces their bandwidth costs, since the owners of zombies pay for their own bandwidth. This spam also greatly furthers the spread of Trojan horses, as Trojans are not self-replicating. They rely on the movement of e-mails or spam to grow, whereas worms can spread by other means.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> For similar reasons zombies are also used to commit <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click_fraud" title="Click fraud">click fraud</a> against sites displaying <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay-per-click" title="Pay-per-click">pay-per-click</a> advertising. Others can host <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> or <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_mule" title="Money mule">money mule</a> recruiting websites. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Distributed_denial-of-service_attacks">Distributed denial-of-service attacks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zombie_(computing)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distributed denial-of-service attacks">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Zombies can be used to conduct <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_denial-of-service" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed denial-of-service">distributed denial-of-service</a> (DDoS) attacks, a term which refers to the orchestrated flooding of target websites by large numbers of computers at once. The large number of Internet users making simultaneous requests of a website's server is intended to result in crashing and the prevention of legitimate users from accessing the site.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> A variant of this type of flooding is known as distributed degradation-of-service. Committed by "pulsing" zombies, distributed degradation-of-service is the moderated and periodical flooding of websites intended to slow down rather than crash a victim site. The effectiveness of this tactic springs from the fact that intense flooding can be quickly detected and remedied, but pulsing zombie attacks and the resulting slow-down in website access can go unnoticed for months and even years.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> Notable incidents of distributed denial- and degradation-of-service attacks in the past include the attack upon the <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam_Prevention_Early_Warning_System" title="Spam Prevention Early Warning System">SPEWS</a> service in 2003, and the one against <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Frog" title="Blue Frog">Blue Frog</a> service in 2006. In 2000, several prominent Web sites (<a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo">Yahoo</a>, <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>, etc.) were clogged to a standstill by a distributed denial of service attack mounted by ‘<a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MafiaBoy" title="MafiaBoy">MafiaBoy</a>’, a Canadian teenager. </p><p>An attack on grc.com is discussed at length,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (November 2019)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> and the perpetrator, a 13-year-old probably from <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardis,_Mississippi" title="Sardis, Mississippi">Sardis, Mississippi</a>, was identified on the Gibson Research Web site. <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Gibson_(computer_programmer)" title="Steve Gibson (computer programmer)">Steve Gibson</a> disassembled a 'bot' which was a zombie used in the attack, and traced it to its distributor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (November 2019)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> In his account about his research, he describes the operation of a 'bot'-controlling <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRC" class="mw-redirect" title="IRC">IRC</a> channel.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (November 2019)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Smartphones">Smartphones</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zombie_(computing)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Smartphones">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Beginning in July 2009, similar botnet capabilities have also emerged for the growing <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> market. Examples include the July 2009 in the "wild" release of the Sexy Space <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_message" class="mw-redirect" title="Text message">text message</a> worm, the world's first botnet capable <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a> worm, which targeted the <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> operating system in <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> smartphones. Later that month, researcher <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Miller_(security_researcher)" title="Charlie Miller (security researcher)">Charlie Miller</a> revealed a <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_concept" title="Proof of concept">proof of concept</a> text message worm for the <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> at <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hat_Briefings" title="Black Hat Briefings">Black Hat Briefings</a>. Also in July, <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> consumers were targeted by the <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etisalat" title="Etisalat">Etisalat</a> BlackBerry <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">spyware</a> program. In the 2010s, the security community is divided as to the real world potential of mobile botnets. But in an August 2009 interview with <i><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, cyber security consultant <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gregg" title="Michael Gregg">Michael Gregg</a> summarized the issue this way: "We are about at the point with [smart]phones that we were with desktops in the '80s."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zombie_(computing)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASHLITE" title="BASHLITE">BASHLITE</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botnet" title="Botnet">Botnet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack" title="Denial-of-service attack">Denial-of-service attack</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Orbit_Ion_Cannon" title="Low Orbit Ion Cannon">Low Orbit Ion Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDP_shop" title="RDP shop">RDP shop</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan horse (computing)</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zombie_(computing)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Spring2005" class="citation web">Tom Spring (June 20, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609162332/http://www.pcworld.com/article/121381/article.html">"Spam Slayer: Slaying Spam-Spewing Zombie PCs"</a>. PC World. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609162332/https://web.archive.org/web/20170716042122/http://www.pcworld.com/article/121381/article.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spam+Slayer%3A+Slaying+Spam-Spewing+Zombie+PCs&rft.pub=PC+World&rft.date=2005-06-20&rft.au=Tom+Spring&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F121381%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r951705291">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//web.archive.org/web/20200609162332im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//web.archive.org/web/20200609162332im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//web.archive.org/web/20200609162332im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//web.archive.org/web/20200609162332im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//web.archive.org/web/20200609162332im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//web.archive.org/web/20200609162332im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//web.archive.org/web/20200609162332im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//web.archive.org/web/20200609162332im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2007" class="citation book">White, Jay D. (2007). <i>Managing Information in the Public Sector</i>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 221. <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-1748-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-1748-X"><bdi>0-7656-1748-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+Information+in+the+Public+Sector&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-7656-1748-X&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Jay+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWeisman2008" class="citation book">Weisman, Steve (2008). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609162332/https://archive.org/details/truthaboutavoidi0000weis/page/201"><i>The Truth about Avoiding Scams</i></a></span>. FT Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609162332/https://archive.org/details/truthaboutavoidi0000weis/page/201">201</a>. <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-233385-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-233385-6"><bdi>0-13-233385-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Truth+about+Avoiding+Scams&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=FT+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-13-233385-6&rft.aulast=Weisman&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftruthaboutavoidi0000weis%2Fpage%2F201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchwabach2006" class="citation book">Schwabach, Aaron (2006). <i>Internet and the Law</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 325. <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-731-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-731-7"><bdi>1-85109-731-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+and+the+Law&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-85109-731-7&rft.aulast=Schwabach&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steve Gibson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609162332/http://www.crime-research.org/library/grcdos.pdf">The Attacks on GRC.COM</a>, <i><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Research_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibson Research Corporation">Gibson Research Corporation</a></i>, first: May 4, 2001, last: August 12, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFurchgott2009" class="citation web">Furchgott, Roy (August 14, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609162332/https://gadgetwise.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/14/phone-hacking-threat-is-low-but-it-exists/">"Phone Hacking Threat Is Low, but it Exists"</a>. <i>Gadgetwise Blog</i>. <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609162332/https://web.archive.org/web/20170716042023/https://gadgetwise.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/14/phone-hacking-threat-is-low-but-it-exists/">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gadgetwise+Blog&rft.atitle=Phone+Hacking+Threat+Is+Low%2C+but+it+Exists&rft.date=2009-08-14&rft.aulast=Furchgott&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgadgetwise.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F08%2F14%2Fphone-hacking-threat-is-low-but-it-exists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZombie+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zombie_(computing)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20200609162332im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20200609162332im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20200609162332im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>use of <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zombie_(computing)&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></small><small class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609162332/https://web.archive.org/web/20061230152432/http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144375/botnet-operation-ruled-million">Botnet operation controlled 1.5 million PCs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609162332/http://antivirus.about.com/od/whatisavirus/a/zombiepc.htm">Is Your PC a Zombie? on About.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609162332/http://lowkeysoft.com/proxy/">Intrusive analysis of a web-based proxy zombie network</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609162332/http://tweezersedge.com/archives/2005/02/000534.html">A detailed account of what a zombie machine looks like and what it takes to "fix" it</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609162332/http://radsoft.net/news/roundups/grc/wkd/">Correspondence between Steve Gibson and Wicked</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609162332/http://johnbokma.com/mexit/2006/01/16/zombie-comment-spam-referer-spam.html">Zombie networks, comment spam, and referer [sic] spam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609162332/http://gadgetwise.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/14/phone-hacking-threat-is-low-but-it-exists/">The New York Times: Phone Hacking Threat is Low, But It Exists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609162332/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqB-0sI8e-4">Hackers Target Cell Phones, WPLG-TV/ABC-10 Miami</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609162332/https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2009/07/blackberry-spyware/">Researcher: BlackBerry Spyware Wasn’t Ready for Prime Time</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609162332/https://www.forbes.com/2009/07/28/hackers-iphone-apple-technology-security-hackers.html">Forbes: How to Hijack Every iPhone in the World</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609162332/https://www.pcworld.com/article/173089/hackers_plan_to_clobber_the_cloud_spy_on_blackberries.html">Hackers Plan to Clobber the Cloud, Spy on Blackberries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609162332/https://web.archive.org/web/20091024033302/http://www.blackberrycool.com/2009/07/16/smobile-systems-release-solution-for-etisalat-blackberry-spyware/">SMobile Systems release solution for Etisalat BlackBerry spyware</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609162332/https://sourceforge.net/projects/loic-irc-0/">LOIC IRC-0 - An Open-Source IRC Botnet for Network Stress Testing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609162332/https://sourceforge.net/projects/loic-slow-irc/">An Open-Source IRC and Webpage Botnet for Network Stress Testing</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malware_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Malware" title="Template:Malware"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none 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style="width:1%">Infectious malware</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_computer_viruses" title="Comparison of computer viruses">Comparison of computer viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">Computer virus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">Computer worm</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_worms" title="List of computer worms">List of computer worms</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_computer_viruses_and_worms" title="Timeline of computer viruses and worms">Timeline of computer viruses and worms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concealment</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)" title="Backdoor (computing)">Backdoor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clickjacking" title="Clickjacking">Clickjacking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-browser" title="Man-in-the-browser">Man-in-the-browser</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">Man-in-the-middle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Man-in-the-mobile">Man-in-the-mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootkit" title="Rootkit">Rootkit</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan horse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zombie computer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malware for profit</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adware" title="Adware">Adware</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botnet" title="Botnet">Botnet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimeware" title="Crimeware">Crimeware</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_grabbing" title="Form grabbing">Form grabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialer#Fraudulent_dialer" title="Dialer">Fraudulent dialer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_bot#Malicious_purposes" title="Internet bot">Malbot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystroke_logging" title="Keystroke logging">Keystroke logging</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy-invasive_software" title="Privacy-invasive software">Privacy-invasive software</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_security_software" title="Rogue security software">Rogue security software</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scareware" title="Scareware">Scareware</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">Spyware</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_threat" title="Web threat">Web threats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By operating system</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Android_malware" title="Category:Android malware">Android malware</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Classic_Mac_OS_viruses" title="Category:Classic Mac OS viruses">Classic Mac OS viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:IOS_malware" title="Category:IOS malware">iOS malware</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_malware" title="Linux malware">Linux malware</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:MacOS_malware" title="Category:MacOS malware">MacOS malware</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_virus" title="Macro virus">Macro virus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_malware" title="Mobile malware">Mobile malware</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_OS_viruses" title="Palm OS viruses">Palm OS viruses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protection</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-keylogger" title="Anti-keylogger">Anti-keylogger</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirus_software" title="Antivirus software">Antivirus software</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_security" title="Browser security">Browser security</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_loss_prevention_software" title="Data loss prevention software">Data loss prevention software</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_computing" title="Defensive computing">Defensive computing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">Firewall</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_security" title="Internet security">Internet security</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Mobile security</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_and_network_surveillance" title="Computer and network surveillance">Computer and network surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeypot_(computing)" title="Honeypot (computing)">Honeypot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation:_Bot_Roast" title="Operation: Bot Roast">Operation: Bot Roast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20200609162332im_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zombie_(computing)&oldid=959185597">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zombie_(computing)&oldid=959185597</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/web/20200609162332/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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