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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Young_adult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Young_adult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Young adult</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Young_adult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_and_government_career_(1979–2006)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_and_government_career_(1979–2006)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Academic and government career (1979–2006)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_and_government_career_(1979–2006)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chairman_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chairman_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chairman of the United States Federal Reserve</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chairman_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chairman of the United States Federal Reserve subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chairman_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2007–2008_financial_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007–2008_financial_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>2007–2008 financial crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007–2008_financial_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Second term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies_as_Federal_Reserve_Chairman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies_as_Federal_Reserve_Chairman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Controversies as Federal Reserve Chairman</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies_as_Federal_Reserve_Chairman-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies as Federal Reserve Chairman subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies_as_Federal_Reserve_Chairman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Merrill_Lynch_merger_with_Bank_of_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merrill_Lynch_merger_with_Bank_of_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Merrill Lynch merger with Bank of America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merrill_Lynch_merger_with_Bank_of_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AIG_bailout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AIG_bailout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>AIG bailout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AIG_bailout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edward_Quince" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edward_Quince"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Edward Quince</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edward_Quince-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economic views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Federal_Reserve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Federal_Reserve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>After the Federal Reserve</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Federal_Reserve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statements_on_deficit_reduction_and_reform_of_Social_Security/Medicare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statements_on_deficit_reduction_and_reform_of_Social_Security/Medicare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Statements on deficit reduction and reform of Social Security/Medicare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statements_on_deficit_reduction_and_reform_of_Social_Security/Medicare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobel_Prize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_Prize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Nobel Prize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_Prize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ben Bernanke</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A" title="بن برنانكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بن برنانكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="بن برننکی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بن برننکی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF" title="বেন বার্ন্যাংকি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেন বার্ন্যাংকি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Бэн Бернанке – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бэн Бернанке" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Бэн Бэрнанке – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэн Бэрнанке" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Бен Бернанке – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бен Бернанке" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%B5" title="Μπεν Μπερνάνκε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπεν Μπερνάνκε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="بن برننکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بن برننکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A4_%EB%B2%84%EB%83%89%ED%82%A4" title="벤 버냉키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벤 버냉키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5" title="Բեն Բերնանկե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեն Բերնանկե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99" title="בן ברננקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בן ברננקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%94" title="ბენ ბერნანკე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბენ ბერნანკე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beniaminus_Bernanke" title="Beniaminus Bernanke – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Beniaminus Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bens_Bernanke" title="Bens Bernanke – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bens Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Бен Бернанке – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бен Бернанке" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%89" title="بن برنانكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بن برنانكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="बेन बर्नान्की – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बेन बर्नान्की" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD" title="ベン・バーナンキ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベン・バーナンキ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="بین برنینکی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بین برنینکی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Shalom_Bernanke" title="Ben Shalom Bernanke – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ben Shalom Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5,_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Бернанке, Бен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бернанке, Бен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Бен Бернанке – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бен Бернанке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Бен Бернанке – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бен Бернанке" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="بین برنینکی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بین برنینکی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%90%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%DB%90_(%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%86%D9%89)" title="بېن شالوم بېرنانكې (ئىقتىسادچى) – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بېن شالوم بېرنانكې (ئىقتىسادچى)" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ben Bernanke" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%8D%97%E5%85%8B" title="本·伯南克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="本·伯南克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%8D%97%E5%85%8B" title="伯南克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伯南克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%8D%97%E5%85%8B" title="本·伯南克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American economist (born 1953)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Ben Bernanke</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_Bernanke_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bernanke smiling, wearing a suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ben_Bernanke_official_portrait.jpg/220px-Ben_Bernanke_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ben_Bernanke_official_portrait.jpg/330px-Ben_Bernanke_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ben_Bernanke_official_portrait.jpg/440px-Ben_Bernanke_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Bernanke in 2008</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">14th <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Federal_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Federal Reserve">Chairman of the Federal Reserve</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 1, 2006 – January 31, 2014</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roger_W._Ferguson_Jr." title="Roger W. Ferguson Jr.">Roger Ferguson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Donald_Kohn" title="Donald Kohn">Donald Kohn</a><br />Janet Yellen</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board_of_Governors" title="Federal Reserve Board of Governors">Federal Reserve Board of Governors</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 1, 2006 – January 31, 2014</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">George W. Bush<br />Barack Obama</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Alan Greenspan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Fischer" title="Stanley Fischer">Stanley Fischer</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 31, 2002 – June 21, 2005</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">George W. Bush</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Edward W. Kelley Jr.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warsh" title="Kevin Warsh">Kevin Warsh</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">23rd Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 21, 2005 – January 31, 2006</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">George W. Bush</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_S._Rosen" title="Harvey S. Rosen">Harvey Rosen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lazear" title="Edward Lazear">Edward Lazear</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ben Shalom Bernanke</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1953-12-13</span>) </span>December 13, 1953<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 70)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia" title="Augusta, Georgia">Augusta, Georgia</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (2015 or earlier–present)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (before 2015 or earlier)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Anna Friedmann</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> (2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_Bernanke_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ben Bernanke's signature"><img alt="Signature of Ben Bernanke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ben_Bernanke_signature.svg/128px-Ben_Bernanke_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ben_Bernanke_signature.svg/192px-Ben_Bernanke_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ben_Bernanke_signature.svg/256px-Ben_Bernanke_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="88" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/302981767/"><i>Long Term Commitments, Dynamic Optimization, and the Business Cycle</i></a> (1979)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral advisor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Fischer" title="Stanley Fischer">Stanley Fischer</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ben Shalom Bernanke</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">bər-<span style="font-size:90%">NANG</span>-kee</i></a>; born December 13, 1953) is an American economist who served as the 14th <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Federal_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Federal Reserve">chairman of the Federal Reserve</a> from 2006 to 2014. After leaving the Federal Reserve, he was appointed a distinguished fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his tenure as chairman, Bernanke oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a>'s response to the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>, for which he was named the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year"><i>Time</i> Person of the Year</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before becoming Federal Reserve chairman, Bernanke was a tenured professor at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> and chaired the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Department_of_Economics" title="Princeton University Department of Economics">Department of Economics</a> there from 1996 to September 2002, when he went on public service leave.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bernanke was awarded the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a>, jointly with <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Diamond" title="Douglas Diamond">Douglas Diamond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_H._Dybvig" title="Philip H. Dybvig">Philip H. Dybvig</a>, "for research on banks and financial crises",<sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize.org_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more specifically for his analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. </p><p>From August 5, 2002, until June 21, 2005, he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Governors_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System">Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System</a>, proposed the <a href="/wiki/Bernanke_doctrine" title="Bernanke doctrine">Bernanke doctrine</a>, and first discussed "<a href="/wiki/Great_Moderation" title="Great Moderation">the Great Moderation</a>"—the theory that traditional business cycles have declined in volatility in recent decades through structural changes that have occurred in the international economy, particularly increases in the economic stability of developing nations, diminishing the influence of macroeconomic (monetary and fiscal) policy. </p><p>Bernanke then served as chairman of President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a> before President Bush nominated him to succeed <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a> as chairman of the United States <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first term began on February 1, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bernanke was confirmed for a second term as chairman on January 28, 2010, after being renominated by President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, who later referred to him as "the epitome of calm."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His second term ended on January 31, 2014, when he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a> on February 3, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bernanke wrote about his time as chairman of the Federal Reserve in his 2015 book, <i>The Courage to Act</i>, in which he revealed that the world's economy came close to collapse in 2007 and 2008. Bernanke asserts that it was only the novel efforts of the Fed (cooperating with other US agencies and agencies of other governments) that prevented an economic catastrophe greater than the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bernanke&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bernanke was born in <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia" title="Augusta, Georgia">Augusta, Georgia</a>, and was raised on East Jefferson Street in <a href="/wiki/Dillon,_South_Carolina" title="Dillon, South Carolina">Dillon, South Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FCBHISAF_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCBHISAF-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father Philip was a <a href="/wiki/Pharmacist" title="Pharmacist">pharmacist</a> and part-time theater manager. His mother Edna was an elementary school teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bernanke has two younger siblings. His brother, Seth, is a lawyer in <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a>. His sister, Sharon, is a longtime administrator at <a href="/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music" title="Berklee College of Music">Berklee College of Music</a> in Boston. </p><p>The Bernankes were one of the few <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish</a> families in Dillon and attended Ohav Shalom, a local synagogue;<sup id="cite_ref-speech20060901_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speech20060901-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bernanke learned <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> as a child from his maternal grandfather, Harold Friedman, a professional <a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">hazzan</a> (cantor), <a href="/wiki/Shochet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shochet">shochet</a>, and Hebrew teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-usa_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usa-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Person_of_the_Year_2009_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Person_of_the_Year_2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bernanke's father and uncle owned and managed a drugstore they purchased from Bernanke's paternal grandfather, Jonas Bernanke.<sup id="cite_ref-FCBHISAF_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCBHISAF-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jonas Bernanke was born in <a href="/wiki/Boryslav" title="Boryslav">Boryslav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> (today part of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>), on January 23, 1891. He immigrated to the United States from <a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, and arrived at <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a>, aged 30, on June 30, 1921, with his wife Pauline, aged 25. On the ship's manifest, Jonas's occupation is listed as "clerk" and Pauline's as "doctor med".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The family moved to Dillon from New York in the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bernanke's mother gave up her job as a schoolteacher when her son was born and worked at the family drugstore. Ben Bernanke also worked there sometimes.<sup id="cite_ref-speech20060901_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speech20060901-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Young_adult">Young adult</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bernanke&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Young adult"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a teenager, Bernanke worked construction on a hospital and waited tables at a restaurant at nearby <a href="/wiki/South_of_the_Border_(attraction)" title="South of the Border (attraction)">South of the Border</a>, which was a roadside attraction, amusement park, and fireworks retailer near his hometown in <a href="/wiki/Hamer,_South_Carolina" title="Hamer, South Carolina">Hamer, South Carolina</a>, before leaving for college.<sup id="cite_ref-FCBHISAF_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCBHISAF-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To support himself throughout college, he continued to work during the summers at South of the Border.<sup id="cite_ref-FCBHISAF_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCBHISAF-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bernanke&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a teenager in the 1960s, Bernanke helped roll the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> scrolls in his local synagogue.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he keeps his beliefs private, his friend <a href="/wiki/Mark_Gertler_(economist)" title="Mark Gertler (economist)">Mark Gertler</a>, chairman of New York University's economics department, says they are "embedded in who he (Bernanke) is."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once Bernanke was at Harvard for his freshman year, fellow Dillon native <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Manning" title="Kenneth Manning">Kenneth Manning</a> took him to Brookline for <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a> services.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bernanke&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bernanke was educated at East Elementary, J.V. Martin Junior High, and <a href="/wiki/Dillon_High_School" title="Dillon High School">Dillon High School</a>, where he was class <a href="/wiki/Valedictorian" title="Valedictorian">valedictorian</a> and played saxophone in the <a href="/wiki/Marching_band" title="Marching band">marching band</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Dillon High School did not offer <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a> at the time, Bernanke taught it to himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Time09_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time09-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bernanke scored 1590 out of 1600 on the <a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a><sup id="cite_ref-Time09_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time09-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was a <a href="/wiki/National_Merit_Scholarship_Program" title="National Merit Scholarship Program">National Merit Scholar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also was a contestant in the <a href="/wiki/38th_Scripps_National_Spelling_Bee" title="38th Scripps National Spelling Bee">1965 National Spelling Bee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ben_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ben-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenville65_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenville65-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bernanke entered <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a> in 1971,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he lived in <a href="/wiki/Winthrop_House" title="Winthrop House">Winthrop House</a>, as did the future chief executive officer of <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Blankfein" title="Lloyd Blankfein">Lloyd Blankfein</a>, and graduated <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">A.B.</a> degree, and later with an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">A.M.</a> in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa cum laude">summa cum laude</a></i> in 1975. He received a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> degree in economics from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> in 1979 after completing and defending his dissertation, <i>Long-Term Commitments, Dynamic Optimization, and the Business Cycle</i>. Bernanke's thesis adviser was the future governor of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Israel" title="Bank of Israel">Bank of Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Fischer" title="Stanley Fischer">Stanley Fischer</a>, and his readers included Irwin S. Bernstein, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Dornbusch" class="mw-redirect" title="Rüdiger Dornbusch">Rüdiger Dornbusch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert Solow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter Diamond</a> of MIT and <a href="/wiki/Dale_Jorgenson" class="mw-redirect" title="Dale Jorgenson">Dale Jorgenson</a> of Harvard.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_and_government_career_(1979–2006)"><span id="Academic_and_government_career_.281979.E2.80.932006.29"></span>Academic and government career (1979–2006)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bernanke&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Academic and government career (1979–2006)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama_meets_with_Federal_Reserve_Chairman_Ben_Bernanke_4-10-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/President_Barack_Obama_meets_with_Federal_Reserve_Chairman_Ben_Bernanke_4-10-09.jpg/250px-President_Barack_Obama_meets_with_Federal_Reserve_Chairman_Ben_Bernanke_4-10-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/President_Barack_Obama_meets_with_Federal_Reserve_Chairman_Ben_Bernanke_4-10-09.jpg/375px-President_Barack_Obama_meets_with_Federal_Reserve_Chairman_Ben_Bernanke_4-10-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/President_Barack_Obama_meets_with_Federal_Reserve_Chairman_Ben_Bernanke_4-10-09.jpg/500px-President_Barack_Obama_meets_with_Federal_Reserve_Chairman_Ben_Bernanke_4-10-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Bernanke meeting with United States President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bernanke taught at the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Graduate_School_of_Business" title="Stanford Graduate School of Business">Stanford Graduate School of Business</a> from 1979 until 1985, was a visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> and went on to become a <a href="/wiki/Tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenure">tenured</a> professor at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Department_of_Economics" title="Princeton University Department of Economics">Department of Economics</a>. He chaired that department from 1996 until September 2002, when he went on public service leave. He resigned his position at Princeton July 1, 2005. </p><p>Bernanke served as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Governors_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System">Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System</a> from 2002 to 2005. In one of his first speeches as a governor, entitled "Deflation: Making Sure It Doesn't Happen Here", he outlined what has been referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Bernanke_doctrine" title="Bernanke doctrine">Bernanke doctrine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a member of the board of governors of the Federal Reserve System on February 20, 2004, Bernanke gave a speech in which he postulated that we are in a new era called the <a href="/wiki/Great_Moderation" title="Great Moderation">Great Moderation</a>, where modern macroeconomic policy has decreased the volatility of the business cycle to the point that it should no longer be a central issue in economics.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2005, Bernanke was named chairman of President George W. Bush's Council of Economic Advisers and resigned as Fed governor. The appointment was largely viewed as a test run to ascertain if Bernanke could be Bush's pick to succeed Greenspan as Fed chairman the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT20051026_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT20051026-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He held the post until January 2006. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chairman_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve">Chairman of the United States Federal Reserve</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bernanke&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chairman of the United States Federal Reserve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_Bernanke_testifying.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ben_Bernanke_testifying.png/220px-Ben_Bernanke_testifying.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Ben_Bernanke_testifying.png 1.5x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>Bernanke testifying before the <a href="/wiki/House_Financial_Services_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Financial Services Committee">House Financial Services Committee</a> responding to a question on February 10, 2009.</figcaption></figure> <p>On February 1, 2006, Bernanke began a fourteen-year term as a member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors and a four-year term as chairman (after having been nominated by President Bush in late 2005).<sup id="cite_ref-NYT20051026_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT20051026-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By virtue of the chairmanship, he sat on the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Stability_Oversight_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Stability Oversight Board">Financial Stability Oversight Board</a> that oversees the <a href="/wiki/Troubled_Asset_Relief_Program" title="Troubled Asset Relief Program">Troubled Asset Relief Program</a>. He also served as chairman of the Federal Open Market Committee, the System's principal monetary policy making body. </p><p>His first months as chairman of the Federal Reserve System were marked by difficulties communicating with the media. An advocate of more transparent Fed policy and clearer statements than Greenspan had made, he had to back away from his initial idea of stating clearer inflation goals as such statements tended to affect the stock market.<sup id="cite_ref-lowenstein08_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lowenstein08-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Bartiromo" title="Maria Bartiromo">Maria Bartiromo</a> disclosed on <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a> comments from their private conversation at the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Correspondents%27_Association_Dinner" class="mw-redirect" title="White House Correspondents' Association Dinner">White House Correspondents' Association Dinner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She reported that Bernanke said investors had misinterpreted his comments as indicating that he was "dovish" on inflation. He was sharply criticized for making public statements about Fed direction, which he said was a "lapse in judgment." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2007–2008_financial_crisis"><span id="2007.E2.80.932008_financial_crisis"></span>2007–2008 financial crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bernanke&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2007–2008 financial crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bush_Discusses_Economy_2008-9-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/President_Bush_Discusses_Economy_2008-9-19.jpg/220px-President_Bush_Discusses_Economy_2008-9-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/President_Bush_Discusses_Economy_2008-9-19.jpg/330px-President_Bush_Discusses_Economy_2008-9-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/President_Bush_Discusses_Economy_2008-9-19.jpg/440px-President_Bush_Discusses_Economy_2008-9-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Bernanke (left) in September 2008 as President Bush speaks about the economy</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a></div> <p>As the Great Recession deepened, Bernanke oversaw some unorthodox measures. Under his guidance, the Fed lowered its <a href="/wiki/Federal_funds_rate" title="Federal funds rate">funds interest rate</a> from 5.25% to 0.0% within less than a year. When this was considered insufficient to abate the <a href="/wiki/Liquidity_crisis" title="Liquidity crisis">liquidity crisis</a>, the Fed initiated <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_Easing" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantitative Easing">quantitative easing</a>, creating $1.3 trillion from November 2008 to June 2010 and using the created money to buy financial assets from banks and from the government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_term">Second term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bernanke&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernanke_Briefing_2013_(9088486134)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bernanke_Briefing_2013_%289088486134%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Bernanke_Briefing_2013_%289088486134%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bernanke_Briefing_2013_%289088486134%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Bernanke_Briefing_2013_%289088486134%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bernanke_Briefing_2013_%289088486134%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Bernanke_Briefing_2013_%289088486134%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4141" data-file-height="2744" /></a><figcaption>Bernanke answers questions in 2013 at <a href="/wiki/Federal_Open_Market_Committee" title="Federal Open Market Committee">FOMC</a> press conference</figcaption></figure> <p>On August 25, 2009, President Obama announced he would nominate Bernanke to a second term as chairman of the Federal Reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a short statement on Martha's Vineyard, with Bernanke standing at his side, Obama said Bernanke's background, temperament, courage and creativity helped to prevent another <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Senate Banking Committee hearings on his nomination began on December 3, 2009, several senators from both parties indicated they would not support a second term.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-russ_and_barb_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russ_and_barb-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Bernanke was confirmed for a second term as chairman on January 28, 2010, by a 70–30 vote of the full Senate,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the narrowest margin, at the time, for any occupant of the position.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (For the roll-call vote, see <a href="/wiki/Confirmations_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Cabinet#Confirmation_roll_call_votes" class="mw-redirect" title="Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet">Obama confirmations, 2010</a>.) The Senate first voted 77–23 to end debate, Bernanke winning more than the 60 approval votes needed to overcome the possibility of a <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibuster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chan_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a second vote to confirm, the 30 dissents came from 11 Democrats, 18 Republicans and one independent.<sup id="cite_ref-Chan_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bernanke was succeeded as chair of the Federal Reserve by <a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a>, the first woman to hold the position. Yellen was nominated on October 9, 2013, by President Obama and confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> on January 6, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies_as_Federal_Reserve_Chairman">Controversies as Federal Reserve Chairman</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bernanke&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Controversies as Federal Reserve Chairman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bernanke has been subjected to criticism concerning the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>. According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, Bernanke "has been attacked for failing to foresee the financial crisis, for bailing out Wall Street, and, most recently, for injecting an additional $600 billion into the banking system to give the slow recovery a boost."<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merrill_Lynch_merger_with_Bank_of_America">Merrill Lynch merger with Bank of America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bernanke&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Merrill Lynch merger with Bank of America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a letter to Congress from then-<a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Attorney General">New York State Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Andrew Cuomo</a> dated April 23, 2009, Bernanke was mentioned along with former Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Henry_Paulson" title="Henry Paulson">Henry Paulson</a> in allegations of fraud concerning the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Merrill_Lynch" class="mw-redirect" title="Merrill Lynch">Merrill Lynch</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America" title="Bank of America">Bank of America</a>. The letter alleged that the extent of the losses at Merrill Lynch was not disclosed to Bank of America by Bernanke and Paulson. When <a href="/wiki/Ken_Lewis_(executive)" title="Ken Lewis (executive)">Ken Lewis</a>, the chief executive officer of Bank of America, informed Paulson that Bank of America was exiting the merger by invoking the "<a href="/wiki/Material_adverse_change" title="Material adverse change">Material Adverse Change</a>" (MAC) clause, Paulson immediately called Lewis to a meeting in Washington. At the meeting, which allegedly took place on December 21, 2008, Paulson told Lewis that he and the board would be replaced if they invoked the MAC clause and additionally not to reveal the extent of the losses to shareholders. Paulson stated to Cuomo's office that he was directed by Bernanke to threaten Lewis in this manner.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congressional hearings into these allegations were conducted on June 25, 2009, with Bernanke testifying that he did not bully Lewis. Under intense questioning by members of Congress, Bernanke said, "I never said anything about firing the board and the management [of Bank of America]." In further testimony, Bernanke said the Fed did nothing illegal or unethical in its efforts to convince Bank of America not to end the merger. Lewis told the panel that authorities expressed "strong views" but said he would not characterize their stance as improper.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AIG_bailout">AIG bailout</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bernanke&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: AIG bailout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a January 26, 2010, column in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">whistleblower</a> has disclosed documents providing <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'troubling details' of Bernanke's role in the AIG bailout". Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bunning" title="Jim Bunning">Jim Bunning</a> of Kentucky said on CNBC that he had seen documents which show that Bernanke overruled recommendations from his staff in bailing out AIG. The columnist says this raises questions as to whether or not the decision to bail out AIG was necessary. Senators from both parties who support Bernanke say his actions averted worse problems and outweighed whatever responsibility this may have created for the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edward_Quince">Edward Quince</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bernanke&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Edward Quince"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The crisis in 2008 also made Ben Bernanke create a pseudonym, Edward Quince. According to the Wall Street Journal, the false name was evidence in a class-action lawsuit against the government by shareholders of AIG, which had been given a Fed-backed bailout when it was near collapse. One of Mr. Quince's emails reads, "We think they are days from failure. They think it is a temporary problem. This disconnect is dangerous."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon the revelation of the Quince pseudonym during the Starr v. United States trial, <i>The New York Times</i> created a cocktail inspired by Mr. Bernanke's chosen alias: the "Rye & Quince."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_views">Economic views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bernanke&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economic views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_Bernanke_sworn_in_to_the_Federal_Reserve_Post.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ben_Bernanke_sworn_in_to_the_Federal_Reserve_Post.jpg/250px-Ben_Bernanke_sworn_in_to_the_Federal_Reserve_Post.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ben_Bernanke_sworn_in_to_the_Federal_Reserve_Post.jpg/375px-Ben_Bernanke_sworn_in_to_the_Federal_Reserve_Post.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ben_Bernanke_sworn_in_to_the_Federal_Reserve_Post.jpg/500px-Ben_Bernanke_sworn_in_to_the_Federal_Reserve_Post.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>With his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a>, looking on, Chairman Ben Bernanke addresses President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and others after being sworn into the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a> post. Also on stage with the President are Mrs. Anna Bernanke and <a href="/wiki/Roger_W._Ferguson_Jr." title="Roger W. Ferguson Jr.">Roger W. Ferguson Jr.</a>, Vice Chairman of the Federal Reserve.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bernanke has given several lectures at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> on <a href="/wiki/Monetary_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary theory">monetary theory</a> and policy. He has written two textbooks: an intermediate-level macroeconomics textbook coauthored with <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Abel" title="Andrew Abel">Andrew Abel</a> (and also Dean Croushore in later editions) and an introductory textbook, covering both microeconomics and macroeconomics, coauthored with <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Frank" title="Robert H. Frank">Robert H. Frank</a>. Bernanke was the Director of the Monetary Economics Program of the <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a> and the editor of the <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Review" title="American Economic Review">American Economic Review</a>. He is among the 50 most published economists in the world according to <a href="/wiki/RePEc" class="mw-redirect" title="RePEc">IDEAS/RePEc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bernanke is particularly interested in the economic and political causes of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, on which he has published numerous academic journal articles. Before Bernanke's work, the dominant <a href="/wiki/Monetarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetarist">monetarist</a> theory of the Great Depression was <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman's</a> view that it had been largely caused by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a>'s having reduced the <a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">money supply</a> and has on several occasions argued that one of the biggest mistakes made during the period was to raise interest rates too early.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a speech on Milton Friedman's ninetieth birthday (November 8, 2002), Bernanke said: </p> <blockquote><p>"Let me end my talk by abusing slightly my status as an official representative of the Federal Reserve. I would like to say to Milton and Anna [Schwartz, Friedman's coauthor]: Regarding the Great Depression, you're right. We did it. We're very sorry. But thanks to you, we won't do it again."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Bernanke has cited Milton Friedman and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a> in his decision to lower interest rates to zero.<sup id="cite_ref-reason1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reason1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anna Schwartz, however, was highly critical of Bernanke and wrote an opinion piece in <i>The New York Times</i> advising Obama against his reappointment as chairman of the Federal Reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bernanke focused less on the role of the Federal Reserve and more on the role of private banks and financial institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bernanke found that the financial disruptions of 1930–33 reduced the efficiency of the credit allocation process; and that the resulting higher cost and reduced availability of credit acted to depress aggregate demand, identifying an effect he called the <a href="/wiki/Financial_accelerator" title="Financial accelerator">financial accelerator</a>. When faced with a mild downturn, banks are likely to significantly cut back lending and other risky ventures. This further hurts the economy, creating a <a href="/wiki/Vicious_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicious cycle">vicious cycle</a> and potentially turning a mild recession into a major depression.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economist <a href="/wiki/Brad_DeLong" class="mw-redirect" title="Brad DeLong">Brad DeLong</a>, who had previously advocated his own theory for the Great Depression, notes that the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a> raised the pertinence of Bernanke's theory.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, following coverage of concerns about <a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">deflation</a> in the business news, Bernanke gave a speech about the topic.<sup id="cite_ref-speech-Nov2002_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speech-Nov2002-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that speech, he mentioned that the government in a <a href="/wiki/Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">fiat money</a> system owns the physical means of creating money and to maintain <a href="/wiki/Market_liquidity" title="Market liquidity">market liquidity</a>. Control of the money supply implies that the government can always avoid deflation by simply issuing more money. He said, "The U.S. government has a technology, called a printing press (or today, its electronic equivalent), that allows it to produce as many U.S. dollars as it wishes at no cost."<sup id="cite_ref-speech-Nov2002_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speech-Nov2002-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He referred to a statement made by <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> about using a "<a href="/wiki/Helicopter_drop" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopter drop">helicopter drop</a>" of money into the economy to fight deflation. Bernanke's critics have since referred to him as "Helicopter Ben" or to his "helicopter printing press." In a footnote to his speech, Bernanke noted that "people know that inflation erodes the real value of the government's debt and, therefore, that it is in the interest of the government to create some inflation."<sup id="cite_ref-speech-Nov2002_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speech-Nov2002-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, while Greenspan publicly supported President Clinton's deficit reduction plan and the <a href="/wiki/Tax_cuts#Tax_cuts_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax cuts">Bush tax cuts</a>, Bernanke, when questioned about taxation policy, said that it was none of his business, his exclusive remit being monetary policy, and said that fiscal policy and wider society related issues were what politicians were for and got elected for. But Bernanke has been identified by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> and a close colleague as a "libertarian-Republican" in the mold of Alan Greenspan.<sup id="cite_ref-reason1_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reason1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005 Bernanke coined the term <a href="/wiki/Saving_glut" class="mw-redirect" title="Saving glut">saving glut</a>, the idea that relatively high level of worldwide <a href="/wiki/Savings" class="mw-redirect" title="Savings">savings</a> was holding down interest rates and financing the current account deficits of the United States. (Alternative reasons include relatively low worldwide investment coupled with low U.S. savings.)<sup id="cite_ref-BB2005_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BB2005-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the recession began in 2007, many economists urged Bernanke (and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Open_Market_Committee" title="Federal Open Market Committee">Federal Open Market Committee</a>) to lower the <a href="/wiki/Federal_funds_rate" title="Federal funds rate">federal funds rate</a> below what it had done. For example, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Larry Summers</a>, later named Director of the White House's <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Economic_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Economic Council">National Economic Council</a> under President Obama, wrote in the <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i> on November 26, 2007—in a column in which he argued that recession was likely—that "maintaining demand must be the over-arching macro-economic priority. That means the Federal Reserve System has to get ahead of the curve and recognize—as the market already has—that levels of the Federal Funds rate that were neutral when the financial system was working normally are quite contractionary today."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Leonhardt" title="David Leonhardt">David Leonhardt</a> of <i>The New York Times</i> wrote, on January 30, 2008, that "Dr. Bernanke's forecasts have been too sunny over the last six months. [On] the other hand, his forecast was a lot better than Wall Street's in mid-2006. Back then, he resisted calls for further interest rate increases because he thought the economy might be weakening."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_Federal_Reserve">After the Federal Reserve</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bernanke&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: After the Federal Reserve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VCY_CG_CB_CV_cent_grp_121613_0517_02844_(13896600480).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/VCY_CG_CB_CV_cent_grp_121613_0517_02844_%2813896600480%29.jpg/220px-VCY_CG_CB_CV_cent_grp_121613_0517_02844_%2813896600480%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/VCY_CG_CB_CV_cent_grp_121613_0517_02844_%2813896600480%29.jpg/330px-VCY_CG_CB_CV_cent_grp_121613_0517_02844_%2813896600480%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/VCY_CG_CB_CV_cent_grp_121613_0517_02844_%2813896600480%29.jpg/440px-VCY_CG_CB_CV_cent_grp_121613_0517_02844_%2813896600480%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a>, Ben Bernanke, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Volcker" title="Paul Volcker">Paul Volcker</a>, May 1, 2014.</figcaption></figure> <p>In a speech at the <a href="/wiki/American_Economics_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="American Economics Association">American Economics Association</a> conference in January 2014, Bernanke reflected on his tenure as chairman of the Federal Reserve. He expressed his hope that economic growth was building momentum and stated that he was confident that the central bank would be able to withdraw its support smoothly.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an October 2014 speech, Bernanke disclosed that he was unsuccessful in efforts to refinance his home. He suggested that lenders "may have gone a little bit too far on mortgage credit conditions".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since February 2014, Bernanke has been employed as a Distinguished <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a> in Residence with the Economic Studies Program at the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 16, 2015, it was announced publicly that Bernanke will work with <a href="/wiki/Citadel_LLC" title="Citadel LLC">Citadel</a>, the $25 billion hedge fund founded by billionaire <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_C._Griffin" title="Kenneth C. Griffin">Kenneth C. Griffin</a>, as a senior adviser.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same month it was revealed that Bernanke would also join <a href="/wiki/PIMCO" title="PIMCO">PIMCO</a> as a senior advisor.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 2015 book, <i>The Courage to Act</i>, Bernanke revealed that he was no longer a Republican, having "lost patience with Republicans' susceptibility to the know-nothing-ism of the far right. ... I view myself now as a moderate independent, and I think that's where I'll stay."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bernanke published in 2022 his latest book titled <i>21st Century Monetary Policy: The Federal Reserve from the Great Inflation to COVID-19,</i> where he assesses the successes as well as failures of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a> since its inception. The book received a positive review from the <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a> saying the "book is intended to help future generations of economic policymakers, and it probably will."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statements_on_deficit_reduction_and_reform_of_Social_Security/Medicare"><span id="Statements_on_deficit_reduction_and_reform_of_Social_Security.2FMedicare"></span>Statements on deficit reduction and reform of Social Security/Medicare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bernanke&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Statements on deficit reduction and reform of Social Security/Medicare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bernanke favors reducing the <a href="/wiki/U.S._budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. budget deficit">U.S. budget deficit</a>, particularly by reforming the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> <a href="/wiki/Entitlement_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Entitlement programs">entitlement programs</a>. During a speech delivered on April 7, 2010, he warned that the U.S. must soon develop a "credible" plan to address the pending <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_debate_(United_States)#Background_on_funding_challenges" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Security debate (United States)">funding crisis</a> faced by "entitlement programs such as Social Security and Medicare" or "in the longer run we will have neither financial stability nor healthy economic growth."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bernanke said that formulation of such a plan would help the economy in the near term, even if actual implementation of the plan might have to wait until the economic outlook improves.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His remarks were most likely intended for the federal government's executive and legislative branches,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since entitlement reform is a <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">fiscal</a> exercise that will be accomplished by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> and the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than a <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary</a> task falling within the implementation powers of the Federal Reserve. Bernanke also pointed out that deficit reduction will necessarily consist of either raising taxes, cutting entitlement payments and other <a href="/wiki/Government_spending" title="Government spending">government spending</a>, or some combination of both.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nobel_Prize">Nobel Prize</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bernanke&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nobel Prize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2022 Bernanke was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences along with <a href="/wiki/Philip_H._Dybvig" title="Philip H. Dybvig">Philip H. Dybvig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Diamond" title="Douglas Diamond">Douglas Diamond</a>. Their research suggested that the Great Depression was caused by a variety of factors including credit market stress and a failing gold standard. With a rising <a href="/w/index.php?title=External_Finance_Premium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="External Finance Premium (page does not exist)">External Finance Premium</a> lenders and borrowers were both inclined to protect their financial health due to stressed credit markets. Lenders began tightening credit standards and avoiding risky borrowers while borrowers withdrew their cash. These self-preservation decisions from both lenders and borrowers resulted in further stress on the credit market and stagnation in investment spending. In addition to stressed credit markets, the failing gold standard also played a crucial role. After World War 1 most countries had their currencies tied to gold as well as fixed exchange rates, however, post-war animosity between many European nations led to non-cooperation regarding the gold standard. Consequently, the gold standard failed in the late 1920s, bringing prices, money supply, and output down with it. Their research showed that the combination of a failing gold standard and stressed credit markets led to a catastrophic spiral in the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bernanke&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_and_Anna_Bernanke_(12241511195)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ben_and_Anna_Bernanke_%2812241511195%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ben_and_Anna_Bernanke_%2812241511195%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ben_and_Anna_Bernanke_%2812241511195%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Ben_and_Anna_Bernanke_%2812241511195%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ben_and_Anna_Bernanke_%2812241511195%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Ben_and_Anna_Bernanke_%2812241511195%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="1831" /></a><figcaption>Ben and Anna Bernanke</figcaption></figure> <p>Bernanke met his wife, Anna, a schoolteacher, on a <a href="/wiki/Blind_date" title="Blind date">blind date</a>. The Bernankes have two children, Joel and Alyssa.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is an ardent fan of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Nationals" title="Washington Nationals">Washington Nationals</a> baseball team, and frequently attends games at <a href="/wiki/Nationals_Park" title="Nationals Park">Nationals Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Bernanke left Stanford to accept a position at Princeton, he and his family moved to <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Montgomery Township, New Jersey">Montgomery Township, New Jersey</a>, in 1985, where Bernanke's children attended the local public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bernanke served for six years as a member of the board of education of the <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Township_School_District" title="Montgomery Township School District">Montgomery Township School District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Identity_theft"></span> In 2009, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> reported that Bernanke was a victim of <a href="/wiki/Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">identity theft</a>, a spreading crime the Federal Reserve has for years issued warnings about.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bernanke&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Fellows_of_the_Econometric_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellows of the Econometric Society">Econometric Society</a> (1997)</li> <li>Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Palmetto" title="Order of the Palmetto">Order of the Palmetto</a> (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-speech20060901_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speech20060901-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Distinguished Leadership in Government Award, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Business_School" title="Columbia Business School">Columbia Business School</a> (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Department_of_Transportation" title="South Carolina Department of Transportation">South Carolina Department of Transportation</a> (SCDOT) Commission approved a resolution on February 21 to name Exit 190 along <a href="/wiki/Interstate_95_in_South_Carolina" title="Interstate 95 in South Carolina">Interstate Highway 95</a> in Dillon County the <i>Ben Bernanke Interchange</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2009, he was named the <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year"><i>Time</i> magazine person of the year</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2020 he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/BBVA_Foundation_Frontiers_of_Knowledge_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards">BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award</a> in the category "Economics, Finance and Management".<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Along with <a href="/wiki/Douglas_W._Diamond" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas W. Diamond">Douglas W. Diamond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_H._Dybvig" title="Philip H. Dybvig">Philip H. Dybvig</a>, he was awarded the 2022 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics">Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel</a> "for research on banks and financial crises".<sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize.org_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bernanke&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBernanke1983" class="citation journal cs1">Bernanke, Ben S. (June 1983). "Nonmonetary Effects of the Financial Crisis in the Propagation of the Great Depression". <i>American Economic Review</i>. <b>73</b> (3): 257–276. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1808111">1808111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Nonmonetary+Effects+of+the+Financial+Crisis+in+the+Propagation+of+the+Great+Depression&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=257-276&rft.date=1983-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1808111%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bernanke&rft.aufirst=Ben+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Bernanke" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernankeBlinder1992" class="citation journal cs1">Bernanke, Ben S.; <a href="/wiki/Alan_Blinder" title="Alan Blinder">Blinder, Alan S.</a> (September 1992). "The Federal Funds Rate and the Channels of Monetary Transmission". <i>American Economic Review</i>. <b>82</b> (4): 901–921. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2117350">2117350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=The+Federal+Funds+Rate+and+the+Channels+of+Monetary+Transmission&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=901-921&rft.date=1992-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2117350%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bernanke&rft.aufirst=Ben+S.&rft.au=Blinder%2C+Alan+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Bernanke" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernankeGertlerWatson1997" class="citation journal cs1">Bernanke, Ben S.; Gertler, Mark; Watson, Mark (May 27, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/cvs/starer/97-25.html">"Systematic Monetary Policy and the Effects of Oil Price Shocks"</a>. <i>C.V. Starr Center for Applied Economics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=C.V.+Starr+Center+for+Applied+Economics&rft.atitle=Systematic+Monetary+Policy+and+the+Effects+of+Oil+Price+Shocks&rft.date=1997-05-27&rft.aulast=Bernanke&rft.aufirst=Ben+S.&rft.au=Gertler%2C+Mark&rft.au=Watson%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2Fp%2Fcvs%2Fstarer%2F97-25.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Bernanke" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernankeLaubachMishkinPosen2001" class="citation book cs1">Bernanke, Ben S.; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Laubach" title="Thomas Laubach">Laubach, Thomas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Mishkin" title="Frederic Mishkin">Mishkin, Frederic S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Adam_Posen" title="Adam Posen">Posen, Adam S.</a> (2001). <i>Inflation Targeting: Lessons from the International Experience</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08689-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-08689-3"><bdi>0-691-08689-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inflation+Targeting%3A+Lessons+from+the+International+Experience&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-691-08689-3&rft.aulast=Bernanke&rft.aufirst=Ben+S.&rft.au=Laubach%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Mishkin%2C+Frederic+S.&rft.au=Posen%2C+Adam+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Bernanke" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernanke2004" class="citation book cs1">Bernanke, Ben S. (2004). <i>Essays on the Great Depression</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-11820-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-11820-5"><bdi>0-691-11820-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+the+Great+Depression&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-691-11820-5&rft.aulast=Bernanke&rft.aufirst=Ben+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Bernanke" class="Z3988"></span><br />(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/6817.html">Description</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100119050606/http://press.princeton.edu/TOCs/c6817.html">TOC</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100704124101/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s6817.html">preview of ch. 1, "The Macroeconomics of the Great Depression"</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbelBernankeCroushore2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_B._Abel" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew B. Abel">Abel, Andrew B.</a>; Bernanke, Ben S.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dean_Croushore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dean Croushore (page does not exist)">Croushore, Dean</a> (2007). <i>Macroeconomics</i> (6th ed.). Addison–Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-41554-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-41554-7"><bdi>978-0-321-41554-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macroeconomics&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Addison%E2%80%93Wesley&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-321-41554-7&rft.aulast=Abel&rft.aufirst=Andrew+B.&rft.au=Bernanke%2C+Ben+S.&rft.au=Croushore%2C+Dean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Bernanke" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankBernanke2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Frank" title="Robert H. Frank">Frank, Robert H.</a>; Bernanke, Ben S. (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780073336732"><i>Principles of Macroeconomics</i></a></span>. McGraw–Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-336265-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-336265-6"><bdi>978-0-07-336265-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Macroeconomics&rft.pub=McGraw%E2%80%93Hill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-07-336265-6&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft.au=Bernanke%2C+Ben+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780073336732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Bernanke" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernanke2015" class="citation book cs1">Bernanke, Ben S. (October 2015). <i>The Courage to Act: A Memoir of a Crisis and Its Aftermath</i>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24721-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24721-3"><bdi>978-0-393-24721-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Courage+to+Act%3A+A+Memoir+of+a+Crisis+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2015-10&rft.isbn=978-0-393-24721-3&rft.aulast=Bernanke&rft.aufirst=Ben+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Bernanke" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernanke2015" class="citation web cs1">Bernanke, Ben S. (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.wwnorton.com/microsites/bernanke/THE%20COURAGE%20TO%20ACT%20notes.pdf">"Notes from The Courage to Act"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. W. W. Norton & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notes+from+The+Courage+to+Act&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2015-10&rft.aulast=Bernanke&rft.aufirst=Ben+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdn.wwnorton.com%2Fmicrosites%2Fbernanke%2FTHE%2520COURAGE%2520TO%2520ACT%2520notes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Bernanke" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernanke2022" class="citation book cs1">Bernanke, Ben S. (May 2022). <i>21st Century Monetary Policy: The Federal Reserve from the Great Inflation to COVID-19</i>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1324020462" title="Special:BookSources/978-1324020462"><bdi>978-1324020462</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=21st+Century+Monetary+Policy%3A+The+Federal+Reserve+from+the+Great+Inflation+to+COVID-19&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2022-05&rft.isbn=978-1324020462&rft.aulast=Bernanke&rft.aufirst=Ben+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Bernanke" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bernanke&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression" title="Causes of the Great Depression">Causes of the Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Contraction" title="Great Contraction">Great Contraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenspan_put" title="Greenspan put">Greenspan put</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Keynesian_resurgence" title="2008–2009 Keynesian resurgence">2008–2009 Keynesian resurgence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Jewish Nobel laureates">List of Jewish Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bernanke%E2%80%99s_Nobel_Prize_Lecture,_%E2%80%9CBanking,_Credit,_and_Economic_Fluctuations%E2%80%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ben Bernanke’s Nobel Prize Lecture, “Banking, Credit, and Economic Fluctuations” (page does not exist)">Ben Bernanke’s Nobel Prize Lecture, “Banking, Credit, and Economic Fluctuations”</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bernanke&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernanke1979" class="citation thesis cs1">Bernanke, Ben Shalom (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/29839/05915220-MIT.pdf?sequence=2"><i>Long-term commitments, dynamic optimization, and the business cycle</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Ph.D.). <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Long-term+commitments%2C+dynamic+optimization%2C+and+the+business+cycle&rft.inst=MIT&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Bernanke&rft.aufirst=Ben+Shalom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.mit.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1721.1%2F29839%2F05915220-MIT.pdf%3Fsequence%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Bernanke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernanke's first name is Ben, not Benjamin, and "Ben Shalom" is not abbreviated. (See: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2128630/">Big Ben</a>", <i>Slate</i>, October 24, 2005; see also "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/nominations/106.html">Presidential Nomination: Ben Shalom Bernanke</a>", <i>George W. Bush White House</i>, January 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/about/media-relations/news-releases/2014/0203-bernanke-hutchins-center">"Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke to Join Economic Studies at Brookings"</a>. Brookings. February 3, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Reserve+Chairman+Ben+Bernanke+to+Join+Economic+Studies+at+Brookings&rft.pub=Brookings&rft.date=2014-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fabout%2Fmedia-relations%2Fnews-releases%2F2014%2F0203-bernanke-hutchins-center&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Bernanke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmadeo" class="citation web cs1">Amadeo, Kimberly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebalance.com/federal-reserve-chairman-ben-bernanke-3306152">"The Great Depression Expert Who Prevented the Second Great Depression"</a>. <i>The Balance</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Balance&rft.atitle=The+Great+Depression+Expert+Who+Prevented+the+Second+Great+Depression&rft.aulast=Amadeo&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebalance.com%2Ffederal-reserve-chairman-ben-bernanke-3306152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Bernanke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelprize.org-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize.org_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize.org_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2022/press-release/">"The Prize in Economic Sciences 2022 - Press release"</a>. <i>nobelprize.org</i>. October 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=The+Prize+in+Economic+Sciences+2022+-+Press+release&rft.date=2022-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Feconomic-sciences%2F2022%2Fpress-release%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Bernanke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/nobel-economy-bernanke-2bb3eaee673631c8f8a13a66dd1c946b">"Former Fed Chair Bernanke shares Nobel for research on banks"</a>. <i>AP NEWS</i>. October 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=Former+Fed+Chair+Bernanke+shares+Nobel+for+research+on+banks&rft.date=2022-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fnobel-economy-bernanke-2bb3eaee673631c8f8a13a66dd1c946b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Bernanke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2005" class="citation news cs1">Andrews, Edmund L. (October 24, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/24/business/bush-nominates-bernanke-to-succeed-greenspan-as-fed-chief.html">"Bush Nominates Bernanke to Succeed Greenspan as Fed Chief"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bush+Nominates+Bernanke+to+Succeed+Greenspan+as+Fed+Chief&rft.date=2005-10-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Edmund+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F10%2F24%2Fbusiness%2Fbush-nominates-bernanke-to-succeed-greenspan-as-fed-chief.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Bernanke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/other20100203a.htm">"Ben S. Bernanke formally sworn in to second term as chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System"</a>. <i>Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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December 2, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100203045026/http://sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/news/?id=3565601c-6a0c-4918-ad8a-a8f6162a05a2">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Senate+confirms+Bernanke+for+second+term+as+Federal+Reserve+chairman&rft.date=2010-01-28&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F01%2F28%2FAR2010012800103.html%3Fhpid%3Dtopnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Bernanke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chan-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chan_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chan_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2010" class="citation news cs1">Chan, Sewell (January 28, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/business/6841150.html">"Bernanke wins a second term, but it's a tepid victory"</a>. <i>Houston Chronicle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ron Paul's Not a Fan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/12/weekinreview/12chan.html?src=twrhp">the original</a> on August 15, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Fed%3F+Ron+Paul%27s+Not+a+Fan&rft.date=2010-12-11&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Sewell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F12%2F12%2Fweekinreview%2F12chan.html%3Fsrc%3Dtwrhp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Bernanke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090520235631/http://www.oag.state.ny.us/media_center/2009/apr/pdfs/BofAmergLetter.pdf">"Andrew Cuomo letter to Congress, April 23, 2009"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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July 16, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grim, Ryan (January 27, 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/is-bernanke-hiding-a-smok_n_437509">"Is Bernanke Hiding A Smoking Gun?"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaletta2014" class="citation web cs1">Paletta, Damian (October 9, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2014/10/09/meet-edward-quince-the-secret-federal-reserve-chairman-in-2008/?_ga=1.127706573.1908847502.1399564430">"Meet Edward Quince, the Secret Federal Reserve Chairman in 2008"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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By Axel Merk"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opellius%3A+%22Bernanke+vs.+Yellen%3A+A+Spooky+Outlook%3F%22+By+Axel+Merk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opellius.com%2Fcommentary%2Fbernanke-vs-yellen-spooky-outlook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Bernanke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FRB Speech: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2002/20021108/default.htm">Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke, At the Conference to Honor Milton Friedman, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, November 8, 2002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton_FriedmanAnna_Jacobson_SchwartzNational_Bureau_of_Economic_Research2008" class="citation book cs1">Milton Friedman; Anna Jacobson Schwartz; National Bureau of Economic Research (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-lCArZfazBkC&q=%22Regarding+the+Great+Depression+You%27re+right+We+did+it%22&pg=PP1">"B. Bernanke's speech to M. Friedman"</a>. <i>The Great Contraction, 1929-1933</i>. 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Retrieved January 21, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chan, Sewell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/16/business/16ben.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">'Is Ben Bernanke Having Fun Yet?"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, May 15, 2010. Accessed February 2, 2015. "In 1985, he left Stanford for Princeton. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Premios+Fronteras&rft.atitle=Frontiers+of+Knowledge+Awards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontiersofknowledgeawards-fbbva.es%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Bernanke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2021-nas-election.html">"2021 NAS Election"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i>. April 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=2021+NAS+Election&rft.date=2021-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fnews-and-multimedia%2Fnews%2F2021-nas-election.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Bernanke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bernanke&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Andrews, Edmund L. (November 5, 2005). "All for a more open Fed". <i><a href="/wiki/New_Straits_Times" title="New Straits Times">New Straits Times</a></i>, p. 21.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagehot1873" class="citation book cs1">Bagehot, Walter (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lombardstreetde00bage"><i>Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market</i></a>. Scribner, Armstrong & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lombard+Street%3A+A+Description+of+the+Money+Market&rft.pub=Scribner%2C+Armstrong+%26+Company&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Bagehot&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flombardstreetde00bage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Bernanke" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton_FriedmanAnna_Jacobson_SchwartzNational_Bureau_of_Economic_Research2008" class="citation book cs1">Milton Friedman; Anna Jacobson Schwartz; National Bureau of Economic Research (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-lCArZfazBkC&q=%22Regarding+the+Great+Depression+You%27re+right+We+did+it%22&pg=PP1">"B. Bernanke's speech to M. Friedman"</a>. <i>The Great Contraction, 1929-1933</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13794-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13794-0"><bdi>978-0-691-13794-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=B.+Bernanke%27s+speech+to+M.+Friedman&rft.btitle=The+Great+Contraction%2C+1929-1933&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13794-0&rft.au=Milton+Friedman&rft.au=Anna+Jacobson+Schwartz&rft.au=National+Bureau+of+Economic+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-lCArZfazBkC%26q%3D%2522Regarding%2Bthe%2BGreat%2BDepression%2BYou%2527re%2Bright%2BWe%2Bdid%2Bit%2522%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Bernanke" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lowenstein, Roger (January 20, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/20/magazine/20Ben-Bernanke-t.html?scp=2&sq=bernanke">"The Education of Ben Bernanke"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a></i>.</li> <li>Bernanke, Ben S. 2023. "Nobel Lecture: Banking, Credit, and Economic Fluctuations." American Economic Review, 113 (5): 1143–69.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bernanke&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Stewart" title="James B. Stewart">Stewart, James B.</a> (September 21, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/09/21/090921fa_fact_stewart">"Eight Days: the battle to save the American financial system"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. Pages 58–81. Summarizing September 15–23, 2008 with interviews by James Stewart of Paulson, Bernanke and Geitner.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernanke2015" class="citation book cs1">Bernanke, Ben S. (2015). <i>The Courage to Act: A Memoir of a Crisis and Its Aftermath</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393247213" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393247213"><bdi>978-0393247213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Courage+to+Act%3A+A+Memoir+of+a+Crisis+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0393247213&rft.aulast=Bernanke&rft.aufirst=Ben+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABen+Bernanke" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bernanke, Ben S. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.110.4.943">"The New Tools of Monetary Policy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Review" title="American Economic Review">American Economic Review</a></i>. <b>110</b> (4): 943–83.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bernanke&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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/></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" class="extiw" title="q:Ben Bernanke">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201795" class="extiw" title="d:Q201795">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/453">Statements and Speeches of Ben S. Bernanke</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2573980/">Ben Bernanke</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?1001415">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/b/ben_s_bernanke/index.html">Ben Bernanke</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20100118134816/http://unjobs.org/authors/ben-s.-bernanke">Bernanke Papers and Sources</a> at UNJobs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/e/pbe55.html">IDEAS/RePEc</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2000/09/01/a_crash_course_for_central_bankers">"A Crash Course for Central Bankers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140708144151/https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2000/09/01/a_crash_course_for_central_bankers">Archived</a> July 8, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Ben Bernanke, <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i>, September 1, 2000</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2003/11/01/downside_danger">"Downside Danger"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140708154158/https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2003/11/01/downside_danger">Archived</a> July 8, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Ben Bernanke, <i>Foreign Policy</i>, November 1, 2003</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110127073601/http://www.aei.org/event/1104">"Skills, Ownership, and Economic Security"</a>, Ben Bernanke, July 12, 2005, address with summary, video, and transcript</li> <li>Lectures by Ben Bernanke to an economics class at <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a> March 2012 <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/21242022">"Chairman Ben Bernanke Lecture Series Part 1"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120327042254/http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/21242022">Archived</a> March 27, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Recorded live on March 20, 2012, 10:35 am MST</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/21404362">"Chairman Ben Bernanke Lecture Series Part 3"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331010324/http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/21404362">Archived</a> March 31, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Recorded live on March 27, 2012, 10:38 am MST</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Edward W. Kelley Jr.</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board_of_Governors" title="Federal Reserve Board of Governors">Federal Reserve Board of Governors</a> </b><br />2002–2005 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warsh" title="Kevin Warsh">Kevin Warsh</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board_of_Governors" title="Federal Reserve Board of Governors">Federal Reserve Board of Governors</a> </b><br />2006–2014 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Fischer" title="Stanley Fischer">Stanley Fischer</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Federal_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Federal Reserve">Chairman of the Federal Reserve</a> </b><br />2006–2014 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_S._Rosen" title="Harvey S. Rosen">Harvey Rosen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a> </b><br />2005–2006 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lazear" title="Edward Lazear">Edward Lazear</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Blanchard" title="Olivier Blanchard">Olivier Blanchard</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">American Economic Association</a> </b><br />2019–2020 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" 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href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics"><em style="font-style:normal;">Keynesians</em></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founder</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_synthesis" title="Neoclassical synthesis">Neo-Keynesians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Ackley" title="Gardner Ackley">Gardner Ackley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">William Baumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Duesenberry" title="James Duesenberry">James Duesenberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisner" title="Robert Eisner">Robert Eisner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trygve_Haavelmo" title="Trygve Haavelmo">Trygve Haavelmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Hansen" title="Alvin Hansen">Alvin Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Harrod" title="Roy Harrod">Roy Harrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Heller" title="Walter Heller">Walter Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">John Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">James Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Metzler" title="Lloyd Metzler">Lloyd Metzler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mundell" title="Robert Mundell">Robert Mundell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Melvin_Okun" title="Arthur Melvin Okun">Arthur Melvin Okun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Patinkin" title="Don Patinkin">Don Patinkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Phillips_(economist)" title="Bill Phillips (economist)">Bill Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Poole_(economist)" title="William Poole (economist)">William Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert Solow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-Keynesians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Chick" title="Victoria Chick">Victoria Chick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Davidson_(economist)" title="Paul Davidson (economist)">Paul Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evsey_Domar" title="Evsey Domar">Evsey Domar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Galbraith" title="James K. Galbraith">James K. Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wynne_Godley" title="Wynne Godley">Wynne Godley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_J._Gordon" title="Myron J. Gordon">Myron J. Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Harcourt" title="Geoffrey Harcourt">Geoff Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hudson_(economist)" title="Michael Hudson (economist)">Michael Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kahn,_Baron_Kahn" title="Richard Kahn, Baron Kahn">Richard Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kaldor" title="Nicholas Kaldor">Nicholas Kaldor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Michał Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Keen" title="Steve Keen">Steve Keen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kregel" title="Jan Kregel">Jan Kregel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lavoie" title="Marc Lavoie">Marc Lavoie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abba_P._Lerner" title="Abba P. Lerner">Abba P. Lerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyman_Minsky" title="Hyman Minsky">Hyman Minsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Mitchell_(economist)" title="Bill Mitchell (economist)">Bill Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Moore" title="Basil Moore">Basil Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pressman_(economist)" title="Steven Pressman (economist)">Steven Pressman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Joan Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._L._S._Shackle" title="G. L. S. Shackle">G. L. S. Shackle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlina_R._Tcherneva" title="Pavlina R. Tcherneva">Pavlina R. Tcherneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Thirlwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Thirlwall">Anthony Thirlwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Weintraub_(economist_born_1914)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidney Weintraub (economist born 1914)">Sidney Weintraub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Randall_Wray" title="L. Randall Wray">L. Randall Wray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New Keynesians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">George Akerlof</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ben Bernanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Blanchard" title="Olivier Blanchard">Olivier Blanchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Blinder" title="Alan Blinder">Alan Blinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Calvo" title="Guillermo Calvo">Guillermo Calvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Clarida" title="Richard Clarida">Richard Clarida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Bradford_DeLong" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Bradford DeLong">Brad DeLong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huw_Dixon" title="Huw Dixon">Huw Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Fischer" title="Stanley Fischer">Stanley Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordi_Gal%C3%AD" title="Jordi Galí">Jordi Galí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Gertler_(economist)" title="Mark Gertler (economist)">Mark Gertler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Gordon" title="Robert J. Gordon">Robert J. Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephany_Griffith-Jones" title="Stephany Griffith-Jones">Stephany Griffith-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobuhiro_Kiyotaki" title="Nobuhiro Kiyotaki">Nobuhiro Kiyotaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Mankiw" title="Greg Mankiw">Greg Mankiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Melitz" title="Marc Melitz">Marc Melitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Obstfeld" title="Maurice Obstfeld">Maurice Obstfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Phelps" title="Edmund Phelps">Edmund Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Reis" title="Ricardo Reis">Ricardo Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rogoff" title="Kenneth Rogoff">Kenneth Rogoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Romer" title="David Romer">David Romer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Rotemberg" title="Julio Rotemberg">Julio Rotemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert Shiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Shleifer" title="Andrei Shleifer">Andrei Shleifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Taylor" title="John B. Taylor">John B. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Woodford_(economist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Woodford (economist)">Michael Woodford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col"> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":20,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Keynesian_economics" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Keynesian_economics" title="Category:Keynesian economics">Keynesian economics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federal_Reserve_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Federal_Reserve_System" title="Template:Federal Reserve System"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Federal_Reserve_System" title="Template talk:Federal Reserve System"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Federal_Reserve_System" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Federal Reserve System"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Federal_Reserve_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve">Vice Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board_of_Governors" title="Federal Reserve Board of Governors">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank" title="Federal Reserve Bank">Federal Reserve Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Open_Market_Committee" title="Federal Open Market Committee">Federal Open Market Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknotes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Note" title="Federal Reserve Note">Federal Reserve Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_Note" title="Federal Reserve Bank Note">Federal Reserve Bank Note</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve_System.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve_System.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve_System.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve_System.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve_System.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve_System.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="249" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beige_Book" title="Beige Book">Beige Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Statistical_Release" title="Federal Reserve Statistical Release">Federal Reserve Statistical Release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Report_to_the_Congress" title="Monetary Policy Report to the Congress">Monetary Policy Report to the Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal funds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discount_window" title="Discount window">Discount window</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_rate" title="Bank rate">Bank rate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_funds" title="Federal funds">Federal funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_funds_rate" title="Federal funds rate">Federal funds rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overnight_rate" title="Overnight rate">Overnight rate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_dealer" title="Primary dealer">Primary dealer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" title="History of the Federal Reserve System">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_central_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of central banking in the United States">Antecedents</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldrich%E2%80%93Vreeland_Act" title="Aldrich–Vreeland Act">Aldrich–Vreeland Act</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Monetary_Commission" title="National Monetary Commission">National Monetary Commission</a> (1909–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Act" title="Federal Reserve Act">Federal Reserve Act</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittman_Act" title="Pittman Act">Pittman Act</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_Act" title="Edge Act">Edge Act</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phelan_Act_of_1920" title="Phelan Act of 1920">Phelan Act</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_D_(FRB)" title="Regulation D (FRB)">Regulation D</a> (c. 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_Q" title="Regulation Q">Regulation Q</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Banking_Act" title="1933 Banking Act">Glass–Steagall Act</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Reserve_Act" title="Gold Reserve Act">Gold Reserve Act</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Act_of_1935" title="Banking Act of 1935">Banking Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a> (1944–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_Act_of_1946" title="Employment Act of 1946">Employment Act of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" title="History of the Federal Reserve System">U.S. Treasury Department Accord</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Holding_Company_Act" title="Bank Holding Company Act">Bank Holding Company Act</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Federal_Open_Market_Committee_actions" title="History of Federal Open Market Committee actions">FOMC actions</a> (1961–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Lending_Act" title="Truth in Lending Act">Truth in Lending Act</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_shock" title="Nixon shock">Nixon shock</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Agreement" title="Smithsonian Agreement">Smithsonian Agreement</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Credit_Opportunity_Act" title="Equal Credit Opportunity Act">Equal Credit Opportunity Act</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Mortgage_Disclosure_Act" title="Home Mortgage Disclosure Act">Home Mortgage Disclosure Act</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Reinvestment_Act" title="Community Reinvestment Act">Community Reinvestment Act</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Reform_Act_of_1977" title="Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977">Federal Reserve Reform Act</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Fund_Transfer_Act" title="Electronic Fund Transfer Act">Electronic Fund Transfer Act</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey%E2%80%93Hawkins_Full_Employment_Act" title="Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act">Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Banking_Act_of_1978" title="International Banking Act of 1978">International Banking Act</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depository_Institutions_Deregulation_and_Monetary_Control_Act" title="Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act">DIDMC Act</a> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Governors,_FRS_v._Investment_Co._Institute" title="Board of Governors, FRS v. Investment Co. Institute">Federal Reserve v. Investment Co. Institute</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_New_England" title="Bank of New England">Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenspan_put" title="Greenspan put">Greenspan put</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedited_Funds_Availability_Act" title="Expedited Funds Availability Act">Expedited Funds Availability Act</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Institutions_Reform,_Recovery,_and_Enforcement_Act_of_1989" title="Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989">FIRRE Act</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation_Improvement_Act_of_1991" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991">FDIC Improvement Act</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act" title="Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act">Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_responses_to_the_subprime_crisis" title="Federal Reserve responses to the subprime crisis">Subprime mortgage crisis responses</a> (2007–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Economic_Stabilization_Act_of_2008" title="Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008">Emergency Economic Stabilization Act</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfair_or_Deceptive_Acts_or_Practices" title="Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices">Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Paper_Funding_Facility" title="Commercial Paper Funding Facility">Commercial Paper Funding Facility</a> (2008–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_Dealer_Credit_Facility" title="Primary Dealer Credit Facility">Primary Dealer Credit Facility</a> (2008–2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P._v._Board_of_Governors_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" title="Bloomberg L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System">Bloomberg v. Federal Reserve</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Supervisory_Capital_Assessment_Program" title="2009 Supervisory Capital Assessment Program">2009 Supervisory Capital Assessment Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_Asset-Backed_Securities_Loan_Facility" title="Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility">Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility</a> (2009–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93Private_Investment_Program_for_Legacy_Assets" title="Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets">Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets</a> (2009–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Act</a> (2010; <a href="/wiki/Durbin_amendment" title="Durbin amendment">Durbin amendment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Paper_Funding_Facility" title="Commercial Paper Funding Facility">Commercial Paper Funding Facility</a> (2020–2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corner_Post,_Inc._v._Board_of_Governors_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" title="Corner Post, Inc. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System">Corner Post v. Federal Reserve</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">Chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Hamlin" title="Charles Sumner Hamlin">Charles S. Hamlin</a> (1914–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._G._Harding" title="William P. G. Harding">William P. G. Harding</a> (1916–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Richard_Crissinger" title="Daniel Richard Crissinger">Daniel R. Crissinger</a> (1923–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_A._Young" title="Roy A. Young">Roy A. Young</a> (1927–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Meyer_(financier)" title="Eugene Meyer (financier)">Eugene Meyer</a> (1930–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Robert_Black" title="Eugene Robert Black">Eugene R. Black</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriner_S._Eccles" title="Marriner S. Eccles">Marriner S. Eccles</a> (1934–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._McCabe" title="Thomas B. McCabe">Thomas B. McCabe</a> (1948–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McChesney_Martin" title="William McChesney Martin">William M. Martin</a> (1951–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Burns" title="Arthur F. Burns">Arthur F. Burns</a> (1970–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._William_Miller" title="G. William Miller">G. William Miller</a> (1978–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Volcker" title="Paul Volcker">Paul Volcker</a> (1979–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a> (1987–2006)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ben Bernanke</a> (2006–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a> (2014–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Powell" title="Jerome Powell">Jerome Powell</a> (2018–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board_of_Governors" title="Federal Reserve Board of Governors">Current<br />governors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Powell" title="Jerome Powell">Jerome Powell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">Chair</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Jefferson" title="Philip Jefferson">Philip Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve">Vice Chair</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barr_(Treasury_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Barr (Treasury official)">Michael Barr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve">Vice Chair for Supervision</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Bowman" title="Michelle Bowman">Michelle Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Waller" title="Christopher Waller">Christopher Waller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_D._Cook" title="Lisa D. Cook">Lisa D. Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriana_Kugler" title="Adriana Kugler">Adriana Kugler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current presidents<br />(by district)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_M._Collins_(economist)" title="Susan M. Collins (economist)">Susan Collins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Boston" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Boston">Boston</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Williams_(economist)" title="John C. Williams (economist)">John Williams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York" title="Federal Reserve Bank of New York">New York</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_T._Harker" title="Patrick T. Harker">Patrick T. Harker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Philadelphia" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_M._Hammack" title="Beth M. Hammack">Beth M. Hammack</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Cleveland" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland">Cleveland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Barkin" title="Thomas Barkin">Thomas Barkin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Richmond" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond">Richmond</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Bostic" title="Raphael Bostic">Raphael Bostic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Atlanta" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta">Atlanta</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austan_Goolsbee" title="Austan Goolsbee">Austan Goolsbee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Chicago" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago">Chicago</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Musalem" title="Alberto Musalem">Alberto Musalem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_St._Louis" title="Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis">St. Louis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neel_Kashkari" title="Neel Kashkari">Neel Kashkari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Schmid" title="Jeffrey Schmid">Jeff Schmid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Kansas_City" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City">Kansas City</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorie_K._Logan" title="Lorie K. Logan">Lorie Logan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Dallas" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas">Dallas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_C._Daly" title="Mary C. Daly">Mary C. Daly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_San_Francisco" title="Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco">San Francisco</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Criticism of the Federal Reserve">Criticism of the Federal Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fed_model" title="Fed model">Fed model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedspeak" title="Fedspeak">Fedspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fed_put" class="mw-redirect" title="Fed put">Fed put</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lender_of_last_resort" title="Lender of last resort">Lender of last resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Monetary policy of the United States">Monetary policy of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monetary_policy_in_the_United_States" title="History of monetary policy in the United States">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_consumption_expenditures_price_index" title="Personal consumption expenditures price index">Personal consumption expenditures price index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahm_rule" title="Sahm rule">Sahm rule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_Council_of_Economic_Advisers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CEA_Chairs" title="Template:CEA Chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CEA_Chairs" title="Template talk:CEA Chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CEA_Chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CEA Chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_Council_of_Economic_Advisers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Chairs of the Council of Economic Advisers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Griswold_Nourse" title="Edwin Griswold Nourse">Nourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Keyserling" title="Leon Keyserling">Keyserling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Burns" title="Arthur F. Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_J._Saulnier" title="Raymond J. Saulnier">Saulnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Heller" title="Walter Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Ackley" title="Gardner Ackley">Ackley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Melvin_Okun" title="Arthur Melvin Okun">Okun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_McCracken_(economist)" title="Paul McCracken (economist)">McCracken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Stein" title="Herbert Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Schultze" title="Charles Schultze">Schultze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Weidenbaum" title="Murray Weidenbaum">Weidenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Feldstein" title="Martin Feldstein">Feldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl_Sprinkel" title="Beryl Sprinkel">Sprinkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Boskin" title="Michael Boskin">Boskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Tyson" title="Laura Tyson">Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Stiglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Yellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Neil_Baily" title="Martin Neil Baily">Baily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Hubbard_(economist)" title="Glenn Hubbard (economist)">Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Mankiw" title="Greg Mankiw">Mankiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_S._Rosen" title="Harvey S. Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bernanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lazear" title="Edward Lazear">Lazear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Romer" title="Christina Romer">Romer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austan_Goolsbee" title="Austan Goolsbee">Goolsbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Krueger" title="Alan Krueger">Krueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Furman" title="Jason Furman">Furman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Hassett" title="Kevin Hassett">Hassett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomas_J._Philipson" title="Tomas J. Philipson">Philipson</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Goodspeed" title="Tyler Goodspeed">Goodspeed</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Rouse" title="Cecilia Rouse">Rouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Bernstein" title="Jared Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Council_of_Economic_Advisers.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the Council of Economic Advisers"><img alt="Seal of the Council of Economic Advisers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Council_of_Economic_Advisers.png/75px-Council_of_Economic_Advisers.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Council_of_Economic_Advisers.png/113px-Council_of_Economic_Advisers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Council_of_Economic_Advisers.png/150px-Council_of_Economic_Advisers.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup>*</sup> indicates acting officeholders</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association" title="Template:Presidents of the American Economic Association"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association" title="Template talk:Presidents of the American Economic Association"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the American Economic Association"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">Presidents of the American Economic Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1886–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker" title="Francis Amasa Walker">Francis A. Walker</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Franklin_Dunbar" title="Charles Franklin Dunbar">Charles F. Dunbar</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">John B. Clark</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Carter_Adams" title="Henry Carter Adams">Henry C. Adams</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Twining_Hadley" title="Arthur Twining Hadley">Arthur T. Hadley</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Ely" title="Richard T. Ely">Richard T. Ely</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_R._A._Seligman" title="Edwin R. A. Seligman">Edwin R. A. Seligman</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Taussig" title="F. W. Taussig">F. W. Taussig</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Jenks" title="Jeremiah Jenks">Jeremiah W. Jenks</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Patten" title="Simon Patten">Simon N. Patten</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Rich_Dewey" title="Davis Rich Dewey">Davis R. Dewey</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_J._James" title="Edmund J. James">Edmund J. James</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walcott_Farnam" title="Henry Walcott Farnam">Henry W. Farnam</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fetter" title="Frank Fetter">Frank A. Fetter</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kinley" title="David Kinley">David Kinley</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Gray_(economist)" title="John H. Gray (economist)">John H. Gray</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_Willcox" title="Walter Francis Willcox">Walter F. Willcox</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nixon_Carver" title="Thomas Nixon Carver">Thomas N. Carver</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Commons" title="John R. Commons">John R. Commons</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Gardner" title="Henry B. Gardner">Henry B. Gardner</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Davenport" title="Herbert J. Davenport">Herbert J. Davenport</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Hollander" title="Jacob Hollander">Jacob H. Hollander</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rogers_Seager" title="Henry Rogers Seager">Henry R. Seager</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_C._Plehn" title="Carl C. Plehn">Carl C. Plehn</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clair_Mitchell" title="Wesley Clair Mitchell">Wesley C. Mitchell</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyn_Abbott_Young" title="Allyn Abbott Young">Allyn A. Young</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_W._Kemmerer" title="Edwin W. Kemmerer">Edwin W. Kemmerer</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sewall_Adams" title="Thomas Sewall Adams">Thomas S. Adams</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Taylor" title="Fred M. Taylor">Fred M. Taylor</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Francis_Gay" title="Edwin Francis Gay">Edwin F. Gay</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_B._Hammond" title="Matthew B. Hammond">Matthew B. Hammond</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_L._Bogart" title="Ernest L. Bogart">Ernest L. Bogart</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Barnett" title="George E. Barnett">George E. Barnett</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Ripley" title="William Z. Ripley">William Z. Ripley</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_A._Millis" title="Harry A. Millis">Harry A. Millis</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maurice_Clark" title="John Maurice Clark">John M. Clark</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Saunders_Johnson" title="Alvin Saunders Johnson">Alvin S. Johnson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_M._W._Sprague" title="Oliver M. W. Sprague">Oliver M. W. Sprague</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Hansen" title="Alvin Hansen">Alvin Hansen</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Viner" title="Jacob Viner">Jacob Viner</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Mills" title="Frederick C. Mills">Frederick C. Mills</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumner_Slichter" title="Sumner Slichter">Sumner Slichter</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Griswold_Nourse" title="Edwin Griswold Nourse">Edwin G. Nourse</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Wolfe" title="Albert B. Wolfe">Albert B. Wolfe</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Davis" title="Joseph S. Davis">Joseph S. Davis</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Leo_Sharfman" title="Isaiah Leo Sharfman">I. Leo Sharfman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Goldenweiser" title="Emanuel Goldenweiser">Emanuel A. Goldenweiser</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)" title="Paul Douglas (Illinois politician)">Paul Douglas</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_S._Ellis" title="Howard S. Ellis">Howard S. Ellis</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Frank Knight</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Williams_(economist)" title="John Henry Williams (economist)">John H. Williams</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Harold A. Innis</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_B._Hoover" title="Calvin B. Hoover">Calvin B. Hoover</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Black" title="John D. Black">John D. Black</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_E._Witte" title="Edwin E. Witte">Edwin E. Witte</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_A._Copeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris A. Copeland">Morris A. Copeland</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Stocking_Sr." title="George W. Stocking Sr.">George W. Stocking</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Burns" title="Arthur F. Burns">Arthur F. Burns</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Theodore W. Schultz</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul A. Samuelson</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sagendorph_Mason" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Sagendorph Mason">Edward S. Mason</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Haberler" title="Gottfried Haberler">Gottfried Haberler</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Spengler" title="Joseph J. Spengler">Joseph J. Spengler</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Machlup" title="Fritz Machlup">Fritz Machlup</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fellner" title="William Fellner">William J. Fellner</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth J. Arrow</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Heller" title="Walter Heller">Walter W. Heller</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aaron_Gordon" title="Robert Aaron Gordon">R. Aaron Gordon</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Marschak" title="Jacob Marschak">Jacob Marschak</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling C. Koopmans</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Abramovitz" title="Moses Abramovitz">Moses Abramovitz</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">William J. Baumol</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Ackley" title="Gardner Ackley">Gardner Ackley</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Arthur_Lewis" title="W. Arthur Lewis">W. Arthur Lewis</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Schultze" title="Charles Schultze">Charles L. Schultze</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Kindleberger" title="Charles P. Kindleberger">Charles P. Kindleberger</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Rivlin" title="Alice Rivlin">Alice M. Rivlin</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary S. Becker</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisner" title="Robert Eisner">Robert Eisner</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Pechman" title="Joseph A. Pechman">Joseph A. Pechman</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Thomas C. Schelling</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Griliches" title="Zvi Griliches">Zvi Griliches</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Fuchs" title="Victor Fuchs">Victor R. Fuchs</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Osborn_Krueger" title="Anne Osborn Krueger">Anne O. Krueger</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Harberger" title="Arnold Harberger">Arnold C. Harberger</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert W. Fogel</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Gale_Johnson" title="D. Gale Johnson">D. Gale Johnson</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_W._Jorgenson" title="Dale W. Jorgenson">Dale W. Jorgenson</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sherwin_Rosen" title="Sherwin Rosen">Sherwin Rosen</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert Lucas Jr.</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter Diamond</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Feldstein" title="Martin Feldstein">Martin Feldstein</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel McFadden</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">George Akerlof</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avinash_Dixit" title="Avinash Dixit">Avinash Dixit</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Deaton" title="Angus Deaton">Angus Deaton</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hall_(economist)" title="Robert Hall (economist)">Robert Hall</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orley_Ashenfelter" title="Orley Ashenfelter">Orley Ashenfelter</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Sims" title="Christopher A. Sims">Christopher A. Sims</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Claudia Goldin</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard Thaler</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert J. Shiller</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_E._Roth" title="Alvin E. Roth">Alvin E. Roth</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Blanchard" title="Olivier Blanchard">Olivier Blanchard</a> (2018)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ben Bernanke</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card">David Card</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Romer" title="Christina Romer">Christina Romer</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Athey" title="Susan Athey">Susan Athey</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Currie" title="Janet Currie">Janet Currie</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year"><i>Time</i> Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> </span> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> </span> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> </span> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> </span> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> </span> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> </span> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> </span> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a></i> </span> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_laureates" title="Template:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_laureates" title="Template talk:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1969–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Ragnar Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Jan Tinbergen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul A. Samuelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">John R. Hicks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth J. Arrow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich August von Hayek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kantorovich" title="Leonid Kantorovich">Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling C. Koopmans</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Bertil Ohlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">James E. Meade</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Theodore W. Schultz</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._Arthur_Lewis" title="W. Arthur Lewis">Sir Arthur Lewis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stone" title="Richard Stone">Richard Stone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Allais" title="Maurice Allais">Maurice Allais</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Trygve_Haavelmo" title="Trygve Haavelmo">Trygve Haavelmo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Markowitz" title="Harry Markowitz">Harry M. Markowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Merton_Miller" title="Merton Miller">Merton H. Miller</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_F._Sharpe" title="William F. Sharpe">William F. Sharpe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald H. Coase</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary S. Becker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert W. Fogel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglass_North" title="Douglass North">Douglass C. North</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/John_Harsanyi" title="John Harsanyi">John C. Harsanyi</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash_Jr." title="John Forbes Nash Jr.">John F. Nash Jr.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Selten" title="Reinhard Selten">Reinhard Selten</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert E. Lucas Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/James_Mirrlees" title="James Mirrlees">James A. Mirrlees</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Merton" title="Robert C. Merton">Robert C. Merton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Myron_Scholes" title="Myron Scholes">Myron S. Scholes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mundell" title="Robert Mundell">Robert A. Mundell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">James J. Heckman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel L. McFadden</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">George A. Akerlof</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence">A. Michael Spence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph E. Stiglitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vernon_L._Smith" title="Vernon L. Smith">Vernon L. Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Engle" title="Robert F. Engle">Robert F. Engle III</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clive_Granger" title="Clive Granger">Clive W.J. Granger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Finn_E._Kydland" title="Finn E. Kydland">Finn E. Kydland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Prescott" title="Edward C. Prescott">Edward C. Prescott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aumann" title="Robert Aumann">Robert J. Aumann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Thomas C. Schelling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Phelps" title="Edmund Phelps">Edmund S. Phelps</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Maskin" title="Eric Maskin">Eric S. Maskin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Myerson" title="Roger Myerson">Roger B. Myerson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter A. Diamond</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dale_T._Mortensen" title="Dale T. Mortensen">Dale T. Mortensen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Pissarides" title="Christopher A. Pissarides">Christopher A. Pissarides</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Sims" title="Christopher A. Sims">Christopher A. Sims</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Alvin_E._Roth" title="Alvin E. Roth">Alvin E. Roth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Shapley" title="Lloyd Shapley">Lloyd S. Shapley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Fama" title="Eugene Fama">Eugene F. Fama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lars_Peter_Hansen" title="Lars Peter Hansen">Lars Peter Hansen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert J. Shiller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tirole" title="Jean Tirole">Jean Tirole</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Angus_Deaton" title="Angus Deaton">Angus Deaton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hart_(economist)" title="Oliver Hart (economist)">Oliver Hart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Holmstr%C3%B6m" title="Bengt Holmström">Bengt Holmström</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard H. Thaler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Romer" title="Paul Romer">Paul Romer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abhijit_Banerjee" title="Abhijit Banerjee">Abhijit Banerjee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Esther Duflo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer">Michael Kremer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2020 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Milgrom" title="Paul Milgrom">Paul Milgrom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Wilson" title="Robert B. Wilson">Robert B. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2021 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card">David Card</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Angrist" title="Joshua Angrist">Joshua Angrist</a> / <a href="/wiki/Guido_Imbens" title="Guido Imbens">Guido Imbens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2022 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2022</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ben Bernanke</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Diamond" title="Douglas Diamond">Douglas Diamond</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_H._Dybvig" title="Philip H. Dybvig">Philip H. Dybvig</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2023 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Claudia Goldin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_Johnson_(economist)" title="Simon Johnson (economist)">Simon Johnson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_A._Robinson" title="James A. Robinson">James A. Robinson</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2022_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2022_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2022 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2022_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:2022 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2022_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2022 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2022_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2022 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bertozzi" title="Carolyn Bertozzi">Carolyn Bertozzi</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morten_P._Meldal" title="Morten P. Meldal">Morten P. Meldal</a> (Denmark)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Karl Barry Sharpless</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Literature">2022</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Ernaux" title="Annie Ernaux">Annie Ernaux</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a> (<a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2022 Nobel Peace Prize">2022</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ales_Bialiatski" title="Ales Bialiatski">Ales Bialiatski</a> (Belarus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Civil_Liberties_(human_rights_organization)" title="Center for Civil Liberties (human rights organization)">Center for Civil Liberties</a> (Ukraine)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Alain Aspect</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">John Clauser</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Anton Zeilinger</a> (Austria)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a> (<a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2022</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a> (Sweden)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a> (<a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2022 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2022</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ben Bernanke</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Diamond" title="Douglas Diamond">Douglas Diamond</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_H._Dybvig" title="Philip H. Dybvig">Philip H. Dybvig</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2017_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2017 Nobel Prize winners">2017</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2018_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2018 Nobel Prize winners">2018</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2019_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2019 Nobel Prize winners">2019</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2020_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2020 Nobel Prize winners">2020</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2021_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2021 Nobel Prize winners">2021</a></dd> <dd><b>2022 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2023_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2023 Nobel Prize winners">2023</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2024_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2024 Nobel Prize winners">2024</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201795#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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