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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Forerunners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forerunners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Forerunners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forerunners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horizontal_windmills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horizontal_windmills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Horizontal windmills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horizontal_windmills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertical_windmills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertical_windmills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vertical windmills</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vertical_windmills-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vertical windmills subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vertical_windmills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post_mill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_mill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Post mill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_mill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hollow-post_mill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hollow-post_mill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Hollow-post mill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hollow-post_mill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tower_mill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tower_mill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tower mill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tower_mill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smock_mill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smock_mill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Smock mill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smock_mill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mechanics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mechanics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mechanics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sails" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sails"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sails</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sails-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Machinery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Machinery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Machinery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Machinery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread_and_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_and_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Spread and decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_and_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialized_windmills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized_windmills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Specialized windmills</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specialized_windmills-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specialized windmills subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specialized_windmills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wind_turbines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wind_turbines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Wind turbines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wind_turbines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recycling_and_waste_problems_with_polymers_blades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recycling_and_waste_problems_with_polymers_blades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Recycling and waste problems with polymers blades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recycling_and_waste_problems_with_polymers_blades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windpumps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windpumps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Windpumps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windpumps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Windmill</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 97 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">97 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmeul" title="Windmeul – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Windmeul" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طاحونة هوائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طاحونة هوائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yel_d%C9%99yirman%C4%B1" title="Yel dəyirmanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yel dəyirmanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Ел тирмәне – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ел тирмәне" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Вятрак – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вятрак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD)" title="Вятрак (млын) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вятрак (млын)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="पवनचक्की – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पवनचक्की" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Вятърна мелница – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вятърна мелница" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmui" title="Windmui – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Windmui" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetrenja%C4%8Da" title="Vjetrenjača – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vjetrenjača" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milin-avel" title="Milin-avel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Milin-avel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8D" title="Һалхин тээрмэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һалхин тээрмэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%AD_de_vent" title="Molí de vent – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Molí de vent" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%C4%95" title="Çил арманĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çил арманĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%9Btrn%C3%BD_ml%C3%BDn" title="Větrný mlýn – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Větrný mlýn" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melin_wynt" title="Melin wynt – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Melin wynt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindm%C3%B8lle" title="Vindmølle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vindmølle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windm%C3%BChle" title="Windmühle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Windmühle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%9Bt%C5%A1nik" title="Wětšnik – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wětšnik" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuuleveski" title="Tuuleveski – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tuuleveski" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ανεμόμυλος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανεμόμυλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molino_de_viento" title="Molino de viento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Molino de viento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventmuelejo" title="Ventmuelejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ventmuelejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haize_errota" title="Haize errota – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Haize errota" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="آسیاب بادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آسیاب بادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulin_%C3%A0_vent" title="Moulin à vent – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moulin à vent" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynmole" title="Wynmole – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wynmole" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muileann_gaoithe" title="Muileann gaoithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Muileann gaoithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwyllin_geayee" title="Mwyllin geayee – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Mwyllin geayee" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C3%AD%C3%B1o_de_vento" title="Muíño de vento – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Muíño de vento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%80" title="પવનચક્કી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પવનચક્કી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%92%8D%EC%B0%A8" title="풍차 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="풍차" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%81" title="Հողմաղաց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հողմաղաց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="पवनचक्की – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पवनचक्की" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%9Btrnik" title="Wětrnik – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wětrnik" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetrenja%C4%8Da" title="Vjetrenjača – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vjetrenjača" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vento-muelilo" title="Vento-muelilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vento-muelilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kincir_angin" title="Kincir angin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kincir angin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindmylla" title="Vindmylla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vindmylla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulino_a_vento" title="Mulino a vento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mulino a vento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%97" title="טחנת רוח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טחנת רוח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kincir_angin" title="Kincir angin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kincir angin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ქარის წისქვილი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქარის წისქვილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Жел диірмені – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жел диірмені" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventimola" title="Ventimola – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ventimola" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%93jdzirnavas" title="Vējdzirnavas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vējdzirnavas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandmillen" title="Wandmillen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wandmillen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%97jo_mal%C5%ABnas" title="Vėjo malūnas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vėjo malūnas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmeule" title="Windmeule – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Windmeule" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9lmalom" title="Szélmalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szélmalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Ветерница – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ветерница" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="पवनचक्की – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पवनचक्की" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kincir_angin" title="Kincir angin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kincir angin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9F%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="လေရဟက်စက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လေရဟက်စက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmolen" title="Windmolen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Windmolen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windm%C3%B6lle" title="Windmölle – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Windmölle" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E8%BB%8A" title="風車 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="風車" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindm%C3%B8lle" title="Vindmølle – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vindmølle" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindm%C3%B8lle" title="Vindmølle – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vindmølle" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molin_de_vent" title="Molin de vent – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Molin de vent" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamol_tegirmoni" title="Shamol tegirmoni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shamol tegirmoni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80" title="ਪੌਣਚੱਕੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੌਣਚੱਕੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%86%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ہوا آلی چکی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہوا آلی چکی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molina_di_biento" title="Molina di biento – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Molina di biento" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="بادي ژرنده – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بادي ژرنده" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molin_%C3%A0_vint" title="Molin à vint – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Molin à vint" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiatrak" title="Wiatrak – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wiatrak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moinho_de_vento" title="Moinho de vento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Moinho de vento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moar%C4%83_de_v%C3%A2nt" title="Moară de vânt – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Moară de vânt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Ветряная мельница – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ветряная мельница" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Windmill" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiendm%C3%A4%C3%A4lne" title="Wiendmäälne – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Wiendmäälne" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Windmill" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetern%C3%BD_mlyn" title="Veterný mlyn – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Veterný mlyn" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlin_na_veter" title="Mlin na veter – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mlin na veter" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="ئاشی با – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاشی با" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Вјетрењача – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вјетрењача" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjetrenja%C4%8Da" title="Vjetrenjača – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vjetrenjača" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuulimylly" title="Tuulimylly – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tuulimylly" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4derkvarn" title="Väderkvarn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Väderkvarn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulino" title="Mulino – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mulino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="காற்றாலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காற்றாலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0" title="గాలి మర – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గాలి మర" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="กังหันลมวินด์มิลล์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Machine that makes use of wind energy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the wind-driven water pump, see <a href="/wiki/Windpump" title="Windpump">Windpump</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Windmill_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Windmill (disambiguation)">Windmill (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KinderdijkWindmills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/KinderdijkWindmills.jpg/220px-KinderdijkWindmills.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/KinderdijkWindmills.jpg/330px-KinderdijkWindmills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/KinderdijkWindmills.jpg/440px-KinderdijkWindmills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2844" data-file-height="2836" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Windmills_at_Kinderdijk" class="mw-redirect" title="Windmills at Kinderdijk">windmills at Kinderdijk</a> in the village of <a href="/wiki/Kinderdijk" title="Kinderdijk">Kinderdijk</a>, Netherlands is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>windmill</b> is a structure that converts <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a> into <a href="/wiki/Rotational_energy" title="Rotational energy">rotational energy</a> using vanes called <a href="/wiki/Windmill_sail" title="Windmill sail">sails</a> or blades, by tradition specifically to <a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">mill</a> grain (<a href="/wiki/Gristmill" title="Gristmill">gristmills</a>), but in some parts of the English-speaking world, the term has also been extended to encompass <a href="/wiki/Windpump" title="Windpump">windpumps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a>, and other applications. The term <b>wind engine</b> is also sometimes used to describe such devices.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Windmills were used throughout the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">high medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern periods</a>; the horizontal or <a href="/wiki/Panemone_windmill" title="Panemone windmill">panemone windmill</a> first appeared in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> during the 9th century, and the vertical windmill first appeared in <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">northwestern Europe</a> in the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarded as an icon of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Culture of the Netherlands">Dutch culture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are approximately 1,000 windmills in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> today.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forerunners">Forerunners</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windmill&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Forerunners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heron%27s_Windwheel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Heron%27s_Windwheel.png/220px-Heron%27s_Windwheel.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Heron%27s_Windwheel.png/330px-Heron%27s_Windwheel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Heron%27s_Windwheel.png/440px-Heron%27s_Windwheel.png 2x" data-file-width="1473" data-file-height="1527" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Heron's</a> wind-powered <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organ</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Wind-powered" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind-powered">Wind-powered</a> machines may have been known earlier, but there is no clear evidence of windmills before the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Shepherdb_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shepherdb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Hero of Alexandria</a> (Heron) in first-century <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a> described what appears to be a wind-driven wheel to power a machine.<sup id="cite_ref-Lohrmann_10f._7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lohrmann_10f.-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drachmann_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drachmann-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His description of a wind-powered <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organ</a> is not a practical windmill but was either an early wind-powered toy or a design concept for a wind-powered machine that may or may not have been a working device, as there is ambiguity in the text and issues with the design.<sup id="cite_ref-Shepherd_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shepherd-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another early example of a wind-driven wheel was the <a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">prayer wheel</a>, which is believed to have been first used in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, though there is uncertainty over the date of its first appearance, which could have been either <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400</span>, the 7th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Lucas2006_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucas2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or after the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Shepherd_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shepherd-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the earliest recorded working windmill designs found was invented sometime around 700–900 AD in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Persia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This design was the panemone, with vertical lightweight wooden sails attached by horizontal struts to a central vertical shaft. It was first built to pump water and subsequently modified to grind <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Horizontal_windmills">Horizontal windmills</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windmill&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Horizontal windmills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Panemone_windmill" title="Panemone windmill">Panemone windmill</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vertical_axis_wind_turbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical axis wind turbine">Vertical axis wind turbine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perzsa_malom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Perzsa_malom.svg/220px-Perzsa_malom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Perzsa_malom.svg/330px-Perzsa_malom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Perzsa_malom.svg/440px-Perzsa_malom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>The Persian horizontal windmill, the first practical windmill.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margate_Hooper%27s_Mill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Margate_Hooper%27s_Mill.jpg/170px-Margate_Hooper%27s_Mill.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Margate_Hooper%27s_Mill.jpg/255px-Margate_Hooper%27s_Mill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Margate_Hooper%27s_Mill.jpg/340px-Margate_Hooper%27s_Mill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1313" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>Hooper's Mill, Margate, Kent, an eighteenth-century European horizontal windmill</figcaption></figure> <p>The first practical windmills were <a href="/wiki/Panemone_windmill" title="Panemone windmill">panemone windmills</a>, using sails that rotated in a horizontal plane, around a vertical axis. Made of six to 12 sails covered in reed matting or cloth material, these windmills were used to grind grain or draw up water.<sup id="cite_ref-Wailes,_R._Horizontal_Windmills_pp_125–145_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wailes,_R._Horizontal_Windmills_pp_125–145-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A medieval account reports that windmill technology was used in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a> and the Middle East during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a> caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar ibn al-Khattab">Umar ibn al-Khattab</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 634–644</span>), based on the caliph's conversation with a Persian builder slave.<sup id="cite_ref-Science_and_Technology_in_Islam:_The_exact_and_natural_sciences_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_and_Technology_in_Islam:_The_exact_and_natural_sciences-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authenticity of part of the anecdote involving the caliph Umar is questioned because it was recorded only in the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Geography_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography in medieval Islam">Persian geographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Estakhri" class="mw-redirect" title="Estakhri">Estakhri</a> reported windmills being operated in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> (Eastern Iran and Western Afghanistan) already in the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Hassan,_Hill,_p._54f._18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Hassan,_Hill,_p._54f.-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lucas65_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucas65-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such windmills were in widespread use across the Middle East and Central Asia and later spread to Europe, China, and India from there.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 11th century, the vertical-axle windmill had reached parts of Southern Europe, including the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar type of horizontal windmill with rectangular blades, used for irrigation, can also be found in thirteenth-century China (during the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_Jin_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchen Jin dynasty">Jurchen Jin dynasty</a> in the north), introduced by the travels of <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Chucai" title="Yelü Chucai">Yelü Chucai</a> to <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a> in 1219.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_560_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_560-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vertical-axle windmills were built, in small numbers, in Europe during the 18th and nineteenth centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-Wailes,_R._Horizontal_Windmills_pp_125–145_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wailes,_R._Horizontal_Windmills_pp_125–145-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example <a href="/wiki/Fowler%27s_Mill" title="Fowler's Mill">Fowler's Mill</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battersea" title="Battersea">Battersea</a> in London, and Hooper's Mill at <a href="/wiki/History_of_Margate#Windmills" title="History of Margate">Margate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. These early modern examples seem not to have been directly influenced by the vertical-axle windmills of the medieval period, but to have been independent inventions by 18th-century engineers.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vertical_windmills">Vertical windmills</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windmill&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vertical windmills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windmill_in_Finland_in_1987_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Windmill_in_Finland_in_1987_%281%29.jpg/220px-Windmill_in_Finland_in_1987_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Windmill_in_Finland_in_1987_%281%29.jpg/330px-Windmill_in_Finland_in_1987_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Windmill_in_Finland_in_1987_%281%29.jpg/440px-Windmill_in_Finland_in_1987_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption>A windmill in <a href="/wiki/Kotka" title="Kotka">Kotka</a>, Finland in May 1987</figcaption></figure> <p>The horizontal-axis or vertical windmill (so called due to the plane of the movement of its sails) is a development of the 12th century, first used in northwestern Europe, in the triangle of northern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern England">eastern England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear whether the vertical windmill was influenced by the introduction of the horizontal windmill from Persia-Middle East to Southern Europe in the preceding century.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lucas_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucas-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest certain reference to a windmill in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a> (assumed to have been of the vertical type) dates from 1185, in the former village of Weedley in Yorkshire which was located at the southern tip of the <a href="/wiki/The_Wolds" title="The Wolds">Wold</a> overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Humber_Estuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Humber Estuary">Humber Estuary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several earlier, but less certainly dated, 12th-century European sources referring to windmills have also been found.<sup id="cite_ref-Price2005_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price2005-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These earliest mills were used to <a href="/wiki/Gristmill" title="Gristmill">grind cereals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sathyajith2006_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sathyajith2006-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_mill">Post mill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windmill&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post mill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post_mill" title="Post mill">Post mill</a></div> <p>The evidence at present is that the earliest type of European windmill was the post mill, so named because of the large upright post on which the mill's main structure (the "body" or "buck") is balanced. By mounting the body this way, the mill can rotate to face the wind direction; an essential requirement for windmills to operate economically in north-western Europe, where wind directions are variable. The body contains all the milling machinery. The first post mills were of the sunken type, where the post was buried in an earth mound to support it. Later, a wooden support was developed called the <a href="/wiki/Trestle_(mill)" title="Trestle (mill)">trestle</a>. This was often covered over or surrounded by a roundhouse to protect the trestle from the weather and to provide storage space. This type of windmill was the most common in Europe until the 19th century when more powerful <a href="/wiki/Tower_mill" title="Tower mill">tower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smock_mill" title="Smock mill">smock mills</a> replaced them.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hollow-post_mill">Hollow-post mill</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windmill&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hollow-post mill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a hollow-post mill, the post on which the body is mounted is hollowed out, to accommodate the drive shaft.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes it possible to drive machinery below or outside the body while still being able to rotate the body into the wind. Hollow-post mills driving scoop wheels were used in the Netherlands to drain wetlands since the early 15th century onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-hollow-postMills_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hollow-postMills-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tower_mill">Tower mill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windmill&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tower mill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tower_mill" title="Tower mill">Tower mill</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A%C3%A7ores_2010-07-21_(5123960230)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/A%C3%A7ores_2010-07-21_%285123960230%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-A%C3%A7ores_2010-07-21_%285123960230%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/A%C3%A7ores_2010-07-21_%285123960230%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-A%C3%A7ores_2010-07-21_%285123960230%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/A%C3%A7ores_2010-07-21_%285123960230%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-A%C3%A7ores_2010-07-21_%285123960230%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2676" data-file-height="2526" /></a><figcaption>Windmill in the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> islands, Portugal.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Molinos_de_Consuegra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Molinos_de_Consuegra.jpg/220px-Molinos_de_Consuegra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Molinos_de_Consuegra.jpg/330px-Molinos_de_Consuegra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Molinos_de_Consuegra.jpg/440px-Molinos_de_Consuegra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Tower mills in <a href="/wiki/Consuegra" title="Consuegra">Consuegra</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of the 13th century, the masonry tower mill, on which only the cap is rotated rather than the whole body of the mill, had been introduced. The spread of tower mills came with a growing economy that called for larger and more stable sources of power, though they were more expensive to build. In contrast to the post mill, only the cap of the tower mill needs to be turned into the wind, so the main structure can be made much taller, allowing the sails to be made longer, which enables them to provide useful work even in low winds. The cap can be turned into the wind either by winches or gearing inside the cap or from a winch on the tail pole outside the mill. A method of keeping the cap and sails into the wind automatically is by using a <a href="/wiki/Windmill_fantail" title="Windmill fantail">fantail</a>, a small windmill mounted at right angles to the sails, at the rear of the windmill. These are also fitted to tail poles of post mills and are common in Great Britain and English-speaking countries of the former British Empire, Denmark, and Germany but rare in other places. Around some parts of the Mediterranean Sea, tower mills with fixed caps were built because the wind's direction varied little most of the time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smock_mill">Smock mill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windmill&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Smock mill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Smock_mill" title="Smock mill">Smock mill</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greetsieler_Zwillingsm%C3%BChlen_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Greetsieler_Zwillingsm%C3%BChlen_2010.jpg/220px-Greetsieler_Zwillingsm%C3%BChlen_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Greetsieler_Zwillingsm%C3%BChlen_2010.jpg/330px-Greetsieler_Zwillingsm%C3%BChlen_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Greetsieler_Zwillingsm%C3%BChlen_2010.jpg/440px-Greetsieler_Zwillingsm%C3%BChlen_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3004" data-file-height="3203" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Smock_mill" title="Smock mill">smock mills</a> with a stage in <a href="/wiki/Greetsiel" title="Greetsiel">Greetsiel</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>The smock mill is a later development of the tower mill, where the masonry tower is replaced by a wooden framework, called the "smock", which is thatched, boarded, or covered by other materials, such as <a href="/wiki/Roofing_slate" class="mw-redirect" title="Roofing slate">slate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheet_metal" title="Sheet metal">sheet metal</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tar_paper" title="Tar paper">tar paper</a>. The smock is commonly of octagonal plan, though there are examples with different numbers of sides. </p><p>Smock windmills were introduced by the Dutch in the 17th century to overcome the limitations of tower windmills, which were expensive to build and could not be erected on wet surfaces. The lower half of the smock windmill was made of brick, while the upper half was made of wood, with a sloping tower shape that added structural strength to the design. This made them lightweight and able to be erected on unstable ground. </p><p>The smock windmill design included a small turbine in the back that helped the main mill to face the direction of the wind.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanics">Mechanics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windmill&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mechanics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sails">Sails</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windmill&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sails"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Windmill_sail" title="Windmill sail">Windmill sail</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuremaa_m%C3%B5isa_tuuleveski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kuremaa_m%C3%B5isa_tuuleveski.jpg/220px-Kuremaa_m%C3%B5isa_tuuleveski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kuremaa_m%C3%B5isa_tuuleveski.jpg/330px-Kuremaa_m%C3%B5isa_tuuleveski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kuremaa_m%C3%B5isa_tuuleveski.jpg/440px-Kuremaa_m%C3%B5isa_tuuleveski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4521" data-file-height="3014" /></a><figcaption>Windmill in <a href="/wiki/Kuremaa" title="Kuremaa">Kuremaa</a>, Estonia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holgate_Windmill_(8578).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Holgate_Windmill_%288578%29.jpg/220px-Holgate_Windmill_%288578%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Holgate_Windmill_%288578%29.jpg/330px-Holgate_Windmill_%288578%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Holgate_Windmill_%288578%29.jpg/440px-Holgate_Windmill_%288578%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>5-sail <a href="/wiki/Holgate_Windmill" title="Holgate Windmill">Holgate windmill</a> in <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <p>Common sails consist of a lattice framework on which the sailcloth is spread. The miller can adjust the amount of cloth spread according to the wind and the power needed. In medieval mills, the sailcloth was wound in and out of a ladder-type arrangement of sails. Later mill sails had a lattice framework over which the sailcloth was spread, while in colder climates, the cloth was replaced by wooden slats, which were easier to handle in freezing conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-lowtechmag_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lowtechmag-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jib sail is commonly found in Mediterranean countries and consists of a simple triangle of cloth wound round a spar.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In all cases, the mill needs to be stopped to adjust the sails. Inventions in Great Britain in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries led to sails that automatically adjust to the wind speed without the need for the miller to intervene, culminating in patent sails invented by <a href="/wiki/William_Cubitt" title="William Cubitt">William Cubitt</a> in 1807. In these sails, the cloth is replaced by a mechanism of connected shutters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In France, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Th%C3%A9ophile_Berton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Théophile Berton (page does not exist)">Pierre-Théophile Berton</a> invented a system consisting of longitudinal wooden slats connected by a mechanism that lets the miller open them while the mill is turning. In the twentieth century, increased knowledge of aerodynamics from the development of the airplane led to further improvements in efficiency by German engineer Bilau and several Dutch millwrights.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The majority of windmills have four sails. Multiple-sailed mills, with five, six, or eight sails, were built in Great Britain (especially in and around the counties of <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>), Germany, and less commonly elsewhere.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Earlier multiple-sailed mills are found in Spain, Portugal, Greece, parts of Romania, Bulgaria, and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Sailno_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sailno-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mill with an even number of sails has the advantage of being able to run with a damaged sail by removing both the damaged sail and the one opposite, which does not unbalance the mill.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korenmolen_%22De_Valk%22_in_rouwstand_naar_aanleiding_van_bijzetting_te_Delft_van_Koningin_Wilhelmina_-_Leiden_-_20137630_-_RCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Korenmolen_%22De_Valk%22_in_rouwstand_naar_aanleiding_van_bijzetting_te_Delft_van_Koningin_Wilhelmina_-_Leiden_-_20137630_-_RCE.jpg/220px-Korenmolen_%22De_Valk%22_in_rouwstand_naar_aanleiding_van_bijzetting_te_Delft_van_Koningin_Wilhelmina_-_Leiden_-_20137630_-_RCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Korenmolen_%22De_Valk%22_in_rouwstand_naar_aanleiding_van_bijzetting_te_Delft_van_Koningin_Wilhelmina_-_Leiden_-_20137630_-_RCE.jpg/330px-Korenmolen_%22De_Valk%22_in_rouwstand_naar_aanleiding_van_bijzetting_te_Delft_van_Koningin_Wilhelmina_-_Leiden_-_20137630_-_RCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Korenmolen_%22De_Valk%22_in_rouwstand_naar_aanleiding_van_bijzetting_te_Delft_van_Koningin_Wilhelmina_-_Leiden_-_20137630_-_RCE.jpg/440px-Korenmolen_%22De_Valk%22_in_rouwstand_naar_aanleiding_van_bijzetting_te_Delft_van_Koningin_Wilhelmina_-_Leiden_-_20137630_-_RCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2933" data-file-height="2726" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Museum_De_Valk" title="Museum De Valk">De Valk</a> windmill in mourning position following the death of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands">Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands</a> in 1962</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Netherlands, the stationary position of the sails, i.e. when the mill is not working, has long been used to give signals. If the blades are stopped in a "+" sign (3-6-9-12 o'clock), the windmill is open for business. When the blades are stopped in an "X" configuration, the windmill is closed or not functional. A slight tilt of the sails (top blade at 1 o'clock) signals joy, such as the birth of a healthy baby. A tilt of the blades to 11-2-5-8 o'clock signals mourning, or warning. It was used to signal the local region during Nazi operations in World War II, such as searches for Jews. Across the Netherlands, windmills were placed in mourning positions in honor of the Dutch victims of the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Airlines_Flight_17" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Airlines Flight 17">Malaysian Airlines Flight 17 shootdown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Machinery">Machinery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windmill&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Machinery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mill_machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Mill machinery">Mill machinery</a></div> <p>Gears inside a windmill convey power from the rotary motion of the sails to a mechanical device. The sails are carried on the horizontal windshaft. Windshafts can be wholly made of wood, wood with a cast iron pole end (where the sails are mounted), or entirely of cast iron. The brake wheel is fitted onto the windshaft between the front and rear bearings. It has the brake around the outside of the rim and teeth in the side of the rim which drives the horizontal gearwheel called wallower on the top end of the vertical upright shaft. In <a href="/wiki/Grist_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Grist mill">grist mills</a>, the great spur wheel, lower down the upright shaft, drives one or more stone nuts on the shafts driving each <a href="/wiki/Millstone" title="Millstone">millstone</a>. Post mills sometimes have a head and/or tail wheel driving the stone nuts directly, instead of the spur gear arrangement. Additional gear wheels drive a sack hoist or other machinery. The machinery differs if the windmill is used for other applications than milling grain. A <a href="/wiki/Windpump" title="Windpump">drainage mill</a> uses another set of gear wheels on the bottom end of the upright shaft to drive a scoop wheel or <a href="/wiki/Archimedes%27_screw" title="Archimedes' screw">Archimedes' screw</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">Sawmills</a> uses a crankshaft to provide a reciprocating motion to the saws. Windmills have been used to power many other industrial processes, including <a href="/wiki/Papermill" class="mw-redirect" title="Papermill">papermills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Threshing" title="Threshing">threshing</a> mills, and to process oil seeds, wool, paints, and stone products.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beebe_Windmill_Isometric_of_Machinery_Long_Island_NY.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An isometric drawing of the machinery of the Beebe Windmill"><img alt="An isometric drawing of the machinery of the Beebe Windmill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Beebe_Windmill_Isometric_of_Machinery_Long_Island_NY.jpg/80px-Beebe_Windmill_Isometric_of_Machinery_Long_Island_NY.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Beebe_Windmill_Isometric_of_Machinery_Long_Island_NY.jpg/120px-Beebe_Windmill_Isometric_of_Machinery_Long_Island_NY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Beebe_Windmill_Isometric_of_Machinery_Long_Island_NY.jpg/159px-Beebe_Windmill_Isometric_of_Machinery_Long_Island_NY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1734" data-file-height="2608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An isometric drawing of the machinery of the <a href="/wiki/Beebe_Windmill" title="Beebe Windmill">Beebe Windmill</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MeophamGreen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram of the smock mill at Meopham, Kent"><img alt="Diagram of the smock mill at Meopham, Kent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/MeophamGreen.svg/85px-MeophamGreen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/MeophamGreen.svg/127px-MeophamGreen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/MeophamGreen.svg/170px-MeophamGreen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diagram of the <a href="/wiki/Smock_mill" title="Smock mill">smock mill</a> at <a href="/wiki/Killick%27s_Mill,_Meopham" title="Killick's Mill, Meopham">Meopham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Encyclopedie_volume_1-040.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross section of a post mill"><img alt="Cross section of a post mill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Encyclopedie_volume_1-040.png/89px-Encyclopedie_volume_1-040.png" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Encyclopedie_volume_1-040.png/133px-Encyclopedie_volume_1-040.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Encyclopedie_volume_1-040.png/177px-Encyclopedie_volume_1-040.png 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3508" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross section of a post mill</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Molen_d%27Admiraal_bovenwiel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Windshaft, brake wheel, and brake blocks in smock mill d'Admiraal in Amsterdam"><img alt="Windshaft, brake wheel, and brake blocks in smock mill d'Admiraal in Amsterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Molen_d%27Admiraal_bovenwiel.jpg/90px-Molen_d%27Admiraal_bovenwiel.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Molen_d%27Admiraal_bovenwiel.jpg/135px-Molen_d%27Admiraal_bovenwiel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Molen_d%27Admiraal_bovenwiel.jpg/180px-Molen_d%27Admiraal_bovenwiel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Windshaft, brake wheel, and brake blocks in smock mill <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%27Admiraal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D'Admiraal (page does not exist)">d'Admiraal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_view_Pantigo_Windmill_East_Hampton_Suffolk_County_New_York(2).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior view, Pantigo windmill, East Hampton, New York Historic American Buildings Survey"><img alt="Interior view, Pantigo windmill, East Hampton, New York Historic American Buildings Survey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Interior_view_Pantigo_Windmill_East_Hampton_Suffolk_County_New_York%282%29.png/120px-Interior_view_Pantigo_Windmill_East_Hampton_Suffolk_County_New_York%282%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Interior_view_Pantigo_Windmill_East_Hampton_Suffolk_County_New_York%282%29.png/180px-Interior_view_Pantigo_Windmill_East_Hampton_Suffolk_County_New_York%282%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Interior_view_Pantigo_Windmill_East_Hampton_Suffolk_County_New_York%282%29.png/240px-Interior_view_Pantigo_Windmill_East_Hampton_Suffolk_County_New_York%282%29.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3984" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior view, Pantigo windmill, <a href="/wiki/East_Hampton_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="East Hampton (town), New York">East Hampton, New York</a> <a href="/wiki/Historic_American_Buildings_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic American Buildings Survey">Historic American Buildings Survey</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Netherlands,_Zoetermeer,_wind_mill,_1793.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Technical drawing of a 1793 Dutch smock mill for land drainage"><img alt="Technical drawing of a 1793 Dutch smock mill for land drainage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Netherlands%2C_Zoetermeer%2C_wind_mill%2C_1793.jpg/95px-Netherlands%2C_Zoetermeer%2C_wind_mill%2C_1793.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Netherlands%2C_Zoetermeer%2C_wind_mill%2C_1793.jpg/143px-Netherlands%2C_Zoetermeer%2C_wind_mill%2C_1793.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Netherlands%2C_Zoetermeer%2C_wind_mill%2C_1793.jpg/190px-Netherlands%2C_Zoetermeer%2C_wind_mill%2C_1793.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4836" data-file-height="6102" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Technical drawing of a 1793 Dutch <a href="/wiki/Smock_mill" title="Smock mill">smock mill</a> for land drainage</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1813_Windmill.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1813 technical drawing"><img alt="1813 technical drawing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/1813_Windmill.jpg/72px-1813_Windmill.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/1813_Windmill.jpg/108px-1813_Windmill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/1813_Windmill.jpg/144px-1813_Windmill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3057" data-file-height="5092" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1813 technical drawing</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spread_and_decline">Spread and decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windmill&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Spread and decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Near_St._Donats.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Near_St._Donats.jpeg/170px-Near_St._Donats.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Near_St._Donats.jpeg/255px-Near_St._Donats.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Near_St._Donats.jpeg/340px-Near_St._Donats.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>A windmill in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, United Kingdom. 1815.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Don_Quijote_Illustration_by_Gustave_Dore_VII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Don_Quijote_Illustration_by_Gustave_Dore_VII.jpg/170px-Don_Quijote_Illustration_by_Gustave_Dore_VII.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Don_Quijote_Illustration_by_Gustave_Dore_VII.jpg/255px-Don_Quijote_Illustration_by_Gustave_Dore_VII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Don_Quijote_Illustration_by_Gustave_Dore_VII.jpg/340px-Don_Quijote_Illustration_by_Gustave_Dore_VII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="3851" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a> being struck by a windmill (1863 illustration by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egbert_Livensz_van_der_Poel_-_Windmill_Fire_-_MNK_XII-A-166_(310355).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Egbert_Livensz_van_der_Poel_-_Windmill_Fire_-_MNK_XII-A-166_%28310355%29.jpg/170px-Egbert_Livensz_van_der_Poel_-_Windmill_Fire_-_MNK_XII-A-166_%28310355%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Egbert_Livensz_van_der_Poel_-_Windmill_Fire_-_MNK_XII-A-166_%28310355%29.jpg/255px-Egbert_Livensz_van_der_Poel_-_Windmill_Fire_-_MNK_XII-A-166_%28310355%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Egbert_Livensz_van_der_Poel_-_Windmill_Fire_-_MNK_XII-A-166_%28310355%29.jpg/340px-Egbert_Livensz_van_der_Poel_-_Windmill_Fire_-_MNK_XII-A-166_%28310355%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3134" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Egbert Livensz van der Poel, <i>Windmill Fire</i> (17th century), <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="National Museum in Kraków">National Museum in Kraków</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_windmills.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/3_windmills.JPG/220px-3_windmills.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/3_windmills.JPG/330px-3_windmills.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/3_windmills.JPG/440px-3_windmills.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Oilmill <a href="/wiki/De_Zoeker,_Zaandam" class="mw-redirect" title="De Zoeker, Zaandam">De Zoeker</a>, paintmill <a href="/wiki/De_Kat,_Zaandam" title="De Kat, Zaandam">De Kat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paltrok_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Paltrok mill">paltrok</a> sawmill <a href="/wiki/De_Gekroonde_Poelenburg,_Zaandam" class="mw-redirect" title="De Gekroonde Poelenburg, Zaandam">De Gekroonde Poelenburg</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Zaanse_Schans" title="Zaanse Schans">Zaanse Schans</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 14th century, windmills became popular in Europe; the total number of wind-powered mills is estimated to have been around 200,000 at the peak in 1850, which is close to half of the some 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">water wheels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lowtechmag_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lowtechmag-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windmills were applied in regions where there was too little water, where rivers freeze in winter and in flat lands where the flow of the river was too slow to provide the required power.<sup id="cite_ref-lowtechmag_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lowtechmag-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, the importance of wind and water as primary industrial energy sources declined, and they were eventually replaced by steam (in <a href="/wiki/Steam_mill" title="Steam mill">steam mills</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal combustion">internal combustion</a> engines, although windmills continued to be built in large numbers until late in the nineteenth century. More recently, windmills have been preserved for their historic value, in some cases as static exhibits when the antique machinery is too fragile to be put in motion, and other cases as fully working mills.<sup id="cite_ref-Victorian_Farm_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victorian_Farm-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the 10,000 windmills in use in the Netherlands around 1850,<sup id="cite_ref-Stockhuyzen_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stockhuyzen-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about 1,000 are still standing. Most of these are being run by volunteers, though some grist mills are still operating commercially. Many of the drainage mills have been appointed as a backup to the modern pumping stations. The <a href="/wiki/Zaanse_Schans" title="Zaanse Schans">Zaan district</a> has been said to have been the first industrialized region of the world with around 600 operating wind-powered industries by the end of the eighteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Stockhuyzen_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stockhuyzen-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic fluctuations and the industrial revolution had a much greater impact on these industries than on grain and drainage mills, so only very few are left. </p><p>Construction of mills spread to the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> in the seventeenth century. The early tower mills did not survive the gales of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Peninsula" title="Cape Peninsula">Cape Peninsula</a>, so in 1717 the <a href="/wiki/Heeren_XVII" class="mw-redirect" title="Heeren XVII">Heeren XVII</a> sent carpenters, masons, and materials to construct a durable mill. The mill, completed in 1718, became known as the <i>Oude Molen</i> and was located between Pinelands Station and the Black River. Long since demolished, its name lives on as that of a Technical school in <a href="/wiki/Pinelands,_Cape_Town" title="Pinelands, Cape Town">Pinelands</a>. By 1863, Cape Town had 11 mills stretching from Paarden Eiland to <a href="/wiki/Mowbray,_Cape_Town" title="Mowbray, Cape Town">Mowbray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specialized_windmills">Specialized windmills</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windmill&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Specialized windmills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wind_turbines">Wind turbines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windmill&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Wind turbines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind power</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-altitude_wind_power" class="mw-redirect" title="High-altitude wind power">High-altitude wind power</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%A5%BF%E7%94%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A2%81%E9%A3%8E%E8%BD%A6_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%E8%A5%BF%E7%94%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A2%81%E9%A3%8E%E8%BD%A6_2.jpg/170px-%E8%A5%BF%E7%94%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A2%81%E9%A3%8E%E8%BD%A6_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%E8%A5%BF%E7%94%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A2%81%E9%A3%8E%E8%BD%A6_2.jpg/255px-%E8%A5%BF%E7%94%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A2%81%E9%A3%8E%E8%BD%A6_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%E8%A5%BF%E7%94%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A2%81%E9%A3%8E%E8%BD%A6_2.jpg/340px-%E8%A5%BF%E7%94%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A2%81%E9%A3%8E%E8%BD%A6_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>A group of wind turbines in <a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou" title="Zhangjiakou">Zhangjiakou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, China</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huikku_Hailuoto_20160803.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Huikku_Hailuoto_20160803.jpg/170px-Huikku_Hailuoto_20160803.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Huikku_Hailuoto_20160803.jpg/255px-Huikku_Hailuoto_20160803.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Huikku_Hailuoto_20160803.jpg/340px-Huikku_Hailuoto_20160803.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2855" /></a><figcaption>A wind turbine in Huikku, <a href="/wiki/Hailuoto" title="Hailuoto">Hailuoto</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbine</a> is a windmill-like structure specifically developed to generate electricity. They can be seen as the next step in the development of the windmill. The first wind turbines were built by the end of the nineteenth century by <a href="/wiki/Prof_James_Blyth" class="mw-redirect" title="Prof James Blyth">James Blyth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (1887),<sup id="cite_ref-Shackleton_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shackleton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Brush" title="Charles F. Brush">Charles F. Brush</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a> (1887–1888)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Poul_la_Cour" title="Poul la Cour">Poul la Cour</a> in Denmark (1890s). La Cour's mill from 1896 later became the local power of the village of Askov. By 1908, there were 72 wind-driven electric generators in Denmark, ranging from 5 to 25 kW. By the 1930s, windmills were widely used to generate electricity on farms in the United States where distribution systems had not yet been installed, built by companies such as <a href="/wiki/Jacobs_Wind" title="Jacobs Wind">Jacobs Wind</a>, Wincharger, Miller Airlite, Universal Aeroelectric, Paris-Dunn, Airline, and Winpower. The Dunlite Corporation produced turbines for similar locations in Australia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Forerunners of modern horizontal-axis utility-scale wind generators were the WIME-3D in service in <a href="/wiki/Balaklava" title="Balaklava">Balaklava</a>, <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, from 1931 until 1942, a 100 kW generator on a 30-metre (98 ft) tower,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Putnam_wind_turbine" title="Smith–Putnam wind turbine">Smith–Putnam wind turbine</a> built in 1941 on the mountain known as Grandpa's Knob in <a href="/wiki/Castleton,_Vermont" title="Castleton, Vermont">Castleton, Vermont</a>, United States, of 1.25 MW,<sup id="cite_ref-NP_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NP-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/NASA_wind_turbines" title="NASA wind turbines">NASA wind turbines</a> developed from 1974 through the mid-1980s. The development of these 13 experimental wind turbines pioneered many of the <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine_design" title="Wind turbine design">wind turbine design</a> technologies in use today, including steel tube towers, variable-speed generators, composite blade materials, and partial-span pitch control, as well as aerodynamic, structural, and acoustic engineering design capabilities. The modern <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_industry" title="Wind power industry">wind power industry</a> began in 1979 with the serial production of wind turbines by Danish manufacturers Kuriant, <a href="/wiki/Vestas" title="Vestas">Vestas</a>, <a href="/wiki/NEG_Micon" title="NEG Micon">Nordtank</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Bonus</a>. These early turbines were small by today's standards, with capacities of 20–30 kW each. Since then, commercial turbines have increased greatly in size, with the <a href="/wiki/Enercon_E-126" title="Enercon E-126">Enercon E-126</a> capable of delivering up to 7 MW, while wind turbine production has expanded to many countries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As the 21st century began, rising concerns over <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">energy security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, and eventual <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">fossil fuel depletion</a> led to an expansion of interest in all available forms of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>. Worldwide, many thousands of wind turbines are now operating, with a total <a href="/wiki/Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">nameplate capacity</a> of 591 GW as of 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Materials">Materials</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windmill&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine_design" title="Wind turbine design">Wind turbine design</a></div> <p>In an attempt to make wind turbines more efficient and increase their energy output, they are being built bigger, with taller towers and longer blades, and being increasingly deployed in offshore locations.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While such changes increase their power output, they subject the components of the windmills to stronger forces and consequently put them at a greater risk of failure. Taller towers and longer blades suffer from higher fatigue, and offshore windfarms are subject to greater forces due to higher wind speeds and accelerated corrosion due to the proximity to seawater. To ensure a long enough lifetime to make the return on the investment viable, the materials for the components must be chosen appropriately. </p><p>The blade of a wind turbine consists of 4 main elements: the root, spar, aerodynamic fairing, and surfacing. The fairing is composed of two shells (one on the pressure side, and one on the suction side), connected by one or more webs linking the upper and lower shells. The webs connect to the spar laminates, which are enclosed within the skins (surfacing) of the blade, and together, the system of the webs and spars resist the flapwise loading. Flapwise loading, one of the two different types of loading that blades are subject to, is caused by the wind pressure, and edgewise loading (the second type of loading) is caused by the gravitational force and torque load. The former loading subjects the spar laminate on the pressure (upwind) side of the blade to cyclic tension-tension loading, while the suction (downwind) side of the blade is subject to cyclic compression-compression loading. Edgewise bending subjects the leading edge to a tensile load, and the trailing edge to a compressive load. The remainder of the shell, not supported by the spars or laminated at the leading and trailing edges, is designed as a sandwiched structure, consisting of multiple layers to prevent elastic buckling.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to meeting the stiffness, strength, and toughness requirements determined by the loading, the blade needs to be lightweight, and the weight of the blade scales with the cube of its radius. To determine which materials fit the criteria described above, a parameter known as the beam merit index is defined: Mb = E^1/2 / rho,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where E is <a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a> and rho is the density. The best blade materials are <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fiber">carbon fiber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">glass fiber</a> reinforced <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cfrp" class="mw-redirect" title="Cfrp">CFRP</a> and <a href="/wiki/GFRP" class="mw-redirect" title="GFRP">GFRP</a>). Currently, GFRP materials are chosen for their lower cost, despite the much greater figure of merit of CFRP.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recycling_and_waste_problems_with_polymers_blades">Recycling and waste problems with polymers blades</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windmill&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Recycling and waste problems with polymers blades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Vindeby_Offshore_Wind_Farm" title="Vindeby Offshore Wind Farm">Vindeby Offshore Wind Farm</a> was taken down in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> in 2017, 99% of the not-<a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">degradable</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a> from 33 wind turbine blades ended as cut up at the Rærup Controlled <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a> near <a href="/wiki/Aalborg" title="Aalborg">Aalborg</a> and in 2020, with considerably larger fiberglass quantities, even though it is the least <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environmentally</a> friendly way of <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">handling</a> <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Scrapped wind turbine blades are set to become a huge waste problem in Denmark and countries Denmark, to a greater and greater extent, <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">export</a> its many produced wind turbines.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"<i>The reason why many wings end up in landfill is that they are incredibly difficult to separate from each other, which you will have to do if you hope to be able to <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycle</a> the fiberglass</i>", says Lykke Margot Ricard, <a href="/wiki/Associate_professor" title="Associate professor">Associate Professor</a> in Innovation and Technological Foresight and education leader for civil engineering in Product Development and Innovation at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_Denmark" title="University of Southern Denmark">University of Southern Denmark</a> (SDU). According to Dakofa, the Danish Competence Center for Waste and Resources, there is nothing specific in the Danish waste order about how to handle discarded fiberglass.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Scrap_dealer" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrap dealer">scrap dealers</a> tell <a href="/wiki/Ingeni%C3%B8ren" title="Ingeniøren">Ingeniøren</a> that they have handled wind turbine blades (wings) that have been <a href="/wiki/Powder" title="Powder">pulverized</a> after being taken to a recycling station.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of them is the <a href="/wiki/Recycling_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Recycling company">recycling company</a> H.J. Hansen, where the <a href="/wiki/Product_manager" title="Product manager">product manager</a> informed, that they have <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transported</a> approximately half of the wings they have received since 2012 to Reno Nord's landfill in Aalborg. A total of around 1,000 wings have ended up there, he estimates - and today up to 99 percent of the wings the company receives end up in a landfill.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1996, according to an estimate made by Lykke Margot Ricard (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_Denmark" title="University of Southern Denmark">SDU</a>) in 2020, at least 8,810 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> of the wing <a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">scrap</a> have been disposed of in Denmark, and the waste problem will grow significantly in the coming years when more and more wind turbines have reached their end of life. According to the SDU lecturer's calculations, the waste sector in Denmark will have to receive 46,400 tonnes of fiberglass from wind turbine blades over the next 20–25 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As so, at the <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lolland" title="Lolland">Lolland</a>, in Denmark, 250 tonnes of fiberglass from wind turbine waste also pours up on a landfill at Gerringe in the middle of Lolland in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, worn-out wind turbine blades made of fiberglass go to the handful of landfills that accept them (e.g., in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mills,_Iowa" title="Lake Mills, Iowa">Lake Mills</a>, Iowa; <a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota" title="Sioux Falls, South Dakota">Sioux Falls</a>, South Dakota; <a href="/wiki/Casper,_Wyoming" title="Casper, Wyoming">Casper</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Windpumps">Windpumps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windmill&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Windpumps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Windpump" title="Windpump">Windpump</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Windmill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Old_Windmill.jpg/220px-Old_Windmill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Old_Windmill.jpg/330px-Old_Windmill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Old_Windmill.jpg/440px-Old_Windmill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aermotor_Windmill_Company" title="Aermotor Windmill Company">Aermotor</a>-style windpump in <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, US</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windmill_in_far_western_NSW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Windmill_in_far_western_NSW.jpg/220px-Windmill_in_far_western_NSW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Windmill_in_far_western_NSW.jpg/330px-Windmill_in_far_western_NSW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Windmill_in_far_western_NSW.jpg/440px-Windmill_in_far_western_NSW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Windpump in far western <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, Australia</figcaption></figure> <p>Windpumps were used to pump water since at least the 9th century in what is now <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lucas65_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucas65-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of windpumps became widespread across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> and later spread to <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>) and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">India</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windmills were later used extensively in Europe, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, from the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> onwards, to drain land for agricultural or building purposes. </p><p>The "American windmill", or "wind engine", was invented by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Halladay" title="Daniel Halladay">Daniel Halladay</a> in 1854<sup id="cite_ref-Clements_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clements-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was used mostly for lifting water from wells. Larger versions were also used for tasks such as sawing wood, chopping hay, and shelling and grinding grain.<sup id="cite_ref-Clements_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clements-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early California and some other states, the windmill was part of a self-contained domestic water system which included a hand-dug well and a wooden water tower supporting a redwood tank enclosed by wooden siding known as a <a href="/wiki/Tankhouse" title="Tankhouse">tankhouse</a>. During the late 19th century, steel blades and towers replaced wooden construction. At their peak in 1930, an estimated 600,000 units were in use.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Firms such as U.S. Wind Engine and Pump Company, Challenge Wind Mill and Feed Mill Company, Appleton Manufacturing Company, Star, <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_windmill" title="Eclipse windmill">Eclipse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairbanks-Morse" title="Fairbanks-Morse">Fairbanks-Morse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dempsters" title="Dempsters">Dempster Mill Manufacturing Company</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aermotor_Windmill_Company" title="Aermotor Windmill Company">Aermotor</a> became the main suppliers in North and South America. These windpumps are used extensively on farms and ranches in the United States, Canada, Southern Africa, and Australia. They feature a large number of blades, so they turn slowly with considerable <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torque</a> in low winds and are self-regulating in high winds. A tower-top <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)">gearbox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">crankshaft</a> convert the rotary motion into reciprocating strokes carried downward through a rod to the pump cylinder below. Such mills pumped water and powered feed mills, sawmills, and agricultural machinery. </p><p>In Australia, the Griffiths Brothers at <a href="/wiki/Toowoomba" title="Toowoomba">Toowoomba</a> manufactured windmills of the American pattern from 1876, with the trade name Southern Cross Windmills in use from 1903. These became an icon of the Australian rural sector by utilizing the water of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Artesian_Basin" title="Great Artesian Basin">Great Artesian Basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BM_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another well-known maker was <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Metters" title="Frederick Metters">Metters Ltd.</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth, Western Australia">Perth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windmill&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/28px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/42px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/56px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Micon-Turbine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Micon-Turbine.JPG/32px-Micon-Turbine.JPG" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Micon-Turbine.JPG/48px-Micon-Turbine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Micon-Turbine.JPG/64px-Micon-Turbine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wind_power" title="Portal:Wind power">Wind power portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89olienne_Boll%C3%A9e" title="Éolienne Bollée">Éolienne Bollée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wind_power" title="History of wind power">History of wind power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_mill" title="Horse mill">Horse mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills" title="List of windmills">List of windmills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_(heraldry)" title="Mill (heraldry)">Mill (heraldry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinology" title="Molinology">Molinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Sustainable living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_mill" title="Tide mill">Tide mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watermill" title="Watermill">Watermill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_ship" title="Windmill ship">Windmill ship</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windmill&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/windmill">"Windmill"</a>. Merriam-webster.com. 31 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windmill&rft.pub=Merriam-webster.com&rft.date=2012-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fwindmill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span> "a mill or machine operated by the wind usually acting on oblique vanes or sails that radiate from a horizontal shaft, especially: (a) wind-driven water pump or electric generator, (b) the wind-driven wheel of a windmill".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glick, Thomas F., Steven Livesey, and Faith Wallis. Medieval science, technology, and medicine: an encyclopedia. Routledge, 2014, 519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engr.psu.edu/mtah/articles/geography_landscape_mills.htm#wind">Geography, Landscape and Mills</a>. Pennsylvania State University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2015" class="citation web cs1">Ahmed, Shamim (10 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615062341/https://m.theindependentbd.com//magazine/details/7145/Amsterdam-%E2%80%93-Venice-of-the-North">"Amsterdam  •  Venice of the North"</a>. <i>theindependentbd.com</i>. The Independent. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.theindependentbd.com//magazine/details/7145/Amsterdam-%E2%80%93-Venice-of-the-North">the original</a> on 15 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theindependentbd.com&rft.atitle=Amsterdam+%26bull%3B%26%2332%3B+Venice+of+the+North&rft.date=2015-07-10&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Shamim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.theindependentbd.com%2F%2Fmagazine%2Fdetails%2F7145%2FAmsterdam-%25E2%2580%2593-Venice-of-the-North&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20191114-the-dutch-windmill-making-artisanal-bread">"The Dutch windmill making artisanal bread"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Dutch+windmill+making+artisanal+bread&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Fstory%2F20191114-the-dutch-windmill-making-artisanal-bread&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shepherdb-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shepherdb_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd1990" class="citation journal cs1">Shepherd, Dennis G. (December 1990). "Historical development of the windmill". <i>NASA Contractor Report</i> (4337). <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.656.3199">10.1.1.656.3199</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2172%2F6342767">10.2172/6342767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA+Contractor+Report&rft.atitle=Historical+development+of+the+windmill&rft.issue=4337&rft.date=1990-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.656.3199%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2172%2F6342767&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Dennis+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lohrmann_10f.-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lohrmann_10f._7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dietrich Lohrmann, "Von der östlichen zur westlichen Windmühle", <i>Archiv für Kulturgeschichte</i>, Vol. 77, Issue 1 (1995), pp. 1–30 (10f.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drachmann-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drachmann_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/A._G._Drachmann" title="A. G. Drachmann">A. G. Drachmann</a>, "Hero's Windmill", <i>Centaurus</i>, 7 (1961), pp. 145–151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shepherd-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shepherd_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shepherd_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd1990" class="citation journal cs1">Shepherd, Dennis G. (December 1990). "Historical development of the windmill". <i>NASA Contractor Report</i> (4337). <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.656.3199">10.1.1.656.3199</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2172%2F6342767">10.2172/6342767</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F19910012312">2060/19910012312</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA+Contractor+Report&rft.atitle=Historical+development+of+the+windmill&rft.issue=4337&rft.date=1990-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.656.3199%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2060%2F19910012312&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2172%2F6342767&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Dennis+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lucas2006-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lucas2006_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas2006" class="citation book cs1">Lucas, Adam (2006). <i>Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology</i>. Brill Publishers. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-14649-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-14649-0"><bdi>90-04-14649-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wind%2C+Water%2C+Work%3A+Ancient+and+Medieval+Milling+Technology&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=90-04-14649-0&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEldridge1980" class="citation book cs1">Eldridge, Frank (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/windmachines00fran/page/15"><i>Wind Machines</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: Litton Educational Publishing, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/windmachines00fran/page/15">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-442-26134-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-442-26134-9"><bdi>0-442-26134-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wind+Machines&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=15&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Litton+Educational+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-442-26134-9&rft.aulast=Eldridge&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwindmachines00fran%2Fpage%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2011" class="citation book cs1">Shepherd, William (2011). <i>Electricity Generation Using Wind Power</i> (1 ed.). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4304-13-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4304-13-9"><bdi>978-981-4304-13-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electricity+Generation+Using+Wind+Power&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=4&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Publishing+Co.+Pte.+Ltd.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-981-4304-13-9&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002082917/http://www.telosnet.com/wind/early.html">"Part 1 — Early History Through 1875"</a>. Archived from the original on 2018-10-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+1+%26mdash%3B+Early+History+Through+1875&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telosnet.com%2Fwind%2Fearly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081025025613/http://homepages.paradise.net.nz/albie/projects/panemone.htm">"A Panemone (Drag-Type Windmill)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.paradise.net.nz/albie/projects/panemone.htm">the original</a> on 2008-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Panemone+%28Drag-Type+Windmill%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepages.paradise.net.nz%2Falbie%2Fprojects%2Fpanemone.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wailes,_R._Horizontal_Windmills_pp_125–145-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wailes,_R._Horizontal_Windmills_pp_125–145_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wailes,_R._Horizontal_Windmills_pp_125–145_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wailes, R. Horizontal Windmills. London, Transactions of the Newcomen Society vol. XL 1967–68 pp 125–145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science_and_Technology_in_Islam:_The_exact_and_natural_sciences-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Science_and_Technology_in_Islam:_The_exact_and_natural_sciences_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmedIskandar2001" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Maqbul; Iskandar, A. Z. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FUPnSxbUREgC"><i>Science and Technology in Islam: The exact and natural sciences</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Paperback)</span>. UNESCO Pub. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789231038303" title="Special:BookSources/9789231038303"><bdi>9789231038303</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Technology+in+Islam%3A+The+exact+and+natural+sciences&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=UNESCO+Pub.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789231038303&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Maqbul&rft.au=Iskandar%2C+A.+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFUPnSxbUREgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dietrich Lohrmann, "Von der östlichen zur westlichen Windmühle", <i>Archiv für Kulturgeschichte</i>, Vol. 77, Issue 1 (1995), pp. 1–30 (8)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Hassan,_Hill,_p._54f.-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Al-Hassan,_Hill,_p._54f._18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaus Ferdinand, “The Horizontal Windmills of Western Afghanistan,” Folk 5, 1963, pp. 71–90.. <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Y Hassan">Ahmad Y Hassan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Routledge_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Routledge Hill">Donald Routledge Hill</a> (1986). <i>Islamic Technology: An illustrated history</i>, p. 54. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-42239-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-42239-6">0-521-42239-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lucas65-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lucas65_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lucas65_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas2006" class="citation book cs1">Lucas, Adam (2006). <i>Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology</i>. Brill Publishers. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-14649-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-14649-0"><bdi>90-04-14649-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wind%2C+Water%2C+Work%3A+Ancient+and+Medieval+Milling+Technology&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=90-04-14649-0&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hill_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Routledge_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Routledge Hill">Donald Routledge Hill</a>, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", <i>Scientific American</i>, May 1991, p. 64–69. (cf. <a href="/wiki/Donald_Routledge_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Routledge Hill">Donald Routledge Hill</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001212015400/http://home.swipnet.se/islam/articles/HistoryofSciences.htm">Mechanical Engineering</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6192/">"Asbads (windmill) of Iran"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Asbads+%28windmill%29+of+Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Ftentativelists%2F6192%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_560-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_560_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Needham, Joseph (1986). <i>Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering</i>. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd., p. 560.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hills, R L. Power from Wind: A History of Windmill Technology Cambridge University Press 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraudel1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Braudel, Fernand</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structuresofever01brau/page/358"><i>Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century, Vol. I: The Structure of Everyday Life</i></a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structuresofever01brau/page/358">358</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520081147" title="Special:BookSources/9780520081147"><bdi>9780520081147</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilization+and+Capitalism%2C+15th%E2%80%9318th+Century%2C+Vol.+I%3A+The+Structure+of+Everyday+Life&rft.pages=358&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780520081147&rft.aulast=Braudel&rft.aufirst=Fernand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstructuresofever01brau%2Fpage%2F358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrokh2007" class="citation cs2">Farrokh, Kaveh (2007), <i>Shadows in the Desert</i>, Osprey Publishing, p. 280, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-108-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-108-3"><bdi>978-1-84603-108-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadows+in+the+Desert&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-108-3&rft.aulast=Farrokh&rft.aufirst=Kaveh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span> Lynn White Jr. <i>Medieval technology and social change</i> (Oxford, 1962) p. 86 & p. 161–162. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBent_Sorensen1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bent_S%C3%B8rensen_(physicist)" title="Bent Sørensen (physicist)">Bent Sorensen</a> (November 1995), "History of, and Recent Progress in, Wind-Energy Utilization", <i><a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Energy_and_the_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual Review of Energy and the Environment">Annual Review of Energy and the Environment</a></i>, <b>20</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">387–</span>424, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.eg.20.110195.002131">10.1146/annurev.eg.20.110195.002131</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Energy+and+the+Environment&rft.atitle=History+of%2C+and+Recent+Progress+in%2C+Wind-Energy+Utilization&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E387-%3C%2Fspan%3E424&rft.date=1995-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.eg.20.110195.002131&rft.au=Bent+Sorensen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lucas-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lucas_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas2006" class="citation cs2">Lucas, Adam (2006), <i>Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology</i>, Brill Publishers, pp. <span class="nowrap">106–</span>7, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-14649-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-14649-0"><bdi>90-04-14649-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wind%2C+Water%2C+Work%3A+Ancient+and+Medieval+Milling+Technology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=90-04-14649-0&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurence_Turner2009" class="citation book cs1">Laurence Turner, Roy Gregory (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191101221626/http://stenlake.co.uk/books/view_book.php?ref=687"><i>Windmills of Yorkshire</i></a>. Catrine, East Ayrshire: Stenlake Publishing. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781840334753" title="Special:BookSources/9781840334753"><bdi>9781840334753</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stenlake.co.uk/books/view_book.php?ref=687">the original</a> on 2019-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Windmills+of+Yorkshire&rft.place=Catrine%2C+East+Ayrshire&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Stenlake+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781840334753&rft.aulast=Laurence+Turner&rft.aufirst=Roy+Gregory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stenlake.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fview_book.php%3Fref%3D687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Price2005-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Price2005_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynn White Jr., <i>Medieval technology and social change</i> (Oxford, 1962) p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sathyajith2006-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sathyajith2006_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSathyajith2006" class="citation book cs1">Sathyajith, Mathew (2006). <i>Wind Energy: Fundamentals, Resource Analysis and Economics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Berlin Heidelberg</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-30905-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-30905-5"><bdi>978-3-540-30905-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wind+Energy%3A+Fundamentals%2C+Resource+Analysis+and+Economics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-540-30905-5&rft.aulast=Sathyajith&rft.aufirst=Mathew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hills, Power from wind: a history of windmill technology, (1996), 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Watts2006" class="citation book cs1">Martin Watts (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJ7-M8lFo_UC&pg=PA55"><i>Windmills</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0653-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0653-0"><bdi>978-0-7478-0653-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Windmills&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7478-0653-0&rft.au=Martin+Watts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJ7-M8lFo_UC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hollow-postMills-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hollow-postMills_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rex Wailes, Fred Landis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/https://www.britannica.com/technology/energy-conversion/Windmills">Windmills</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://windmillstech.com/history-of-windmills-part-2/">"History Of Windmills: Part 2 - Windmills Tech"</a>. 2022-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Low-tech+Magazine&rft.atitle=Wind+powered+factories%3A+history+%28and+future%29+of+industrial+windmills&rft.date=2009-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowtechmagazine.com%2F2009%2F10%2Fhistory-of-industrial-windmills.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofwindmills.com/windmill-facts/windmill-sail-types/">"Windmill Sail - Different Types of Windmill Sails"</a>. <i>www.historyofwindmills.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=In+somber+ceremony%2C+Dutch+receive+the+first+remains+of+MH17+victims&rft.date=2014-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2014%2F07%2F23%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fukraine-malaysia-airlines-crash%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory, R. The Industrial Windmill in Britain. Phillimore, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Victorian_Farm-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Victorian_Farm_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Victorian Farm</i>, Episode 1. Directed and produced by Naomi Benson. BBC Television</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stockhuyzen-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stockhuyzen_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stockhuyzen_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Endedijk, L and others. Molens, De Nieuwe Stockhuyzen. Wanders. 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-400-8785-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-400-8785-1">978-90-400-8785-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130808134216/http://mostertsmill.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58&Itemid=53">"Local Windmills"</a>. Mostertsmill.co.za. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mostertsmill.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58&Itemid=53">the original</a> on 8 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+Windmills&rft.pub=Mostertsmill.co.za&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmostertsmill.co.za%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D58%26Itemid%3D53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shackleton-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shackleton_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackleton" class="citation web cs1">Shackleton, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217063550/http://www.rgu.ac.uk/pressrel/BlythProject.doc">"World First for Scotland Gives Engineering Student a History Lesson"</a>. The Robert Gordon University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rgu.ac.uk/pressrel/BlythProject.doc">the original</a> on 17 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+First+for+Scotland+Gives+Engineering+Student+a+History+Lesson&rft.pub=The+Robert+Gordon+University&rft.aulast=Shackleton&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rgu.ac.uk%2Fpressrel%2FBlythProject.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Anon, 1890, 'Mr. Brush's Windmill Dynamo', Scientific American, vol 63 no. 25, 20 Dec, p. 54]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History of Wind Energy</i> in Cutler J. 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Retrieved from Noblepower.com website 10 January 2010. Comment: this is the real name <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountainzone.com/mountains/detail.asp?fid=3618456">for the mountain</a> the turbine was built, in case you wondered.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727145745/https://gwec.net/51-3-gw-of-global-wind-capacity-installed-in-2018/">"Global Installed Capacity in 2018"</a>. GWEC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gwec.net/51-3-gw-of-global-wind-capacity-installed-in-2018/">the original</a> on 27 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Office of Science/US Dept of Energy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ferimi+News&rft.atitle=Historic+Turns+in+The+Windmill+City&rft.date=2003-02-14&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fnal.gov%2Fpub%2Fferminews%2Fferminews03-02-14%2Fp4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGipe1995" class="citation book cs1">Gipe, Paul (1995). <i>Wind Energy Comes of Age</i>. John Wiley and Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">123–</span>127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-10924-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-10924-X"><bdi>0-471-10924-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wind+Energy+Comes+of+Age&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-471-10924-X&rft.aulast=Gipe&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BM-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BM_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillet1984" class="citation web cs1">Millet, Bruce (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oocities.org/ozwindmills/SouthernCross.htm">"Triumph of the Griffiths Family"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Triumph+of+the+Griffiths+Family&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Millet&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oocities.org%2Fozwindmills%2FSouthernCross.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windmill&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>R. Gregory, The Industrial Windmill in Britain. Phillimore, 2005</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishmastnehi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Mishmastnehi, Moslem (2021). "Technological Heritage of Persian Windmills". <i>Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies</i>. <b>62</b>: <span class="nowrap">103–</span>119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F05786967.2021.1960885">10.1080/05786967.2021.1960885</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238712550">238712550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran%3A+Journal+of+the+British+Institute+of+Persian+Studies&rft.atitle=Technological+Heritage+of+Persian+Windmills&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F05786967.2021.1960885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238712550%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mishmastnehi&rft.aufirst=Moslem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindmill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Pembroke_Vowles" title="Hugh Pembroke Vowles">Vowles, Hugh Pembroke</a>: "An Enquiry into Origins of the Windmill", <i>Journal of the Newcomen Society</i>, Vol. 11 (1930–31)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windmill&action=edit&section=20" 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