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class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeschlacht_bei_Kap_St._Vincent_(1780)" title="Seeschlacht bei Kap St. Vincent (1780) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seeschlacht bei Kap St. Vincent (1780)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Vicente_neeme_lahing_(1780)" title="São Vicente neeme lahing (1780) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="São Vicente neeme lahing (1780)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_del_Cabo_de_San_Vicente_(1780)" title="Batalla del Cabo de San Vicente (1780) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla del Cabo de San Vicente (1780)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_bataille_du_cap_Saint-Vincent_(1780)" title="Première bataille du cap Saint-Vincent (1780) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Première bataille du cap Saint-Vincent (1780)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%93%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E5%B2%AC%E3%81%AE%E6%9C%88%E5%85%89%E3%81%AE%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%A6" title="サン・ビセンテ岬の月光の海戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サン・ビセンテ岬の月光の海戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Kapp_St._Vincent_i_1780" title="Slaget ved Kapp St. Vincent i 1780 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Kapp St. Vincent i 1780" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_ko%C5%82o_Przyl%C4%85dka_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tego_Wincentego_(1780)" title="Bitwa koło Przylądka Świętego Wincentego (1780) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa koło Przylądka Świętego Wincentego (1780)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_do_Cabo_de_S%C3%A3o_Vicente_(1780)" title="Batalha do Cabo de São Vicente (1780) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha do Cabo de São Vicente (1780)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Битва при лунном свете – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при лунном свете" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_(1780)" title="Битка код рта Свети Винсент (1780) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код рта Свети Винсент (1780)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo_de_S%C3%A3o_Vicenten_taistelu_(1780)" title="Cabo de São Vicenten taistelu (1780) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cabo de São Vicenten taistelu (1780)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%B9%D0%B2%D1%96_(1780)" title="Битва у місячному сяйві (1780) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва у місячному сяйві (1780)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%A3i_chi%E1%BA%BFn_m%C5%A9i_St._Vincent_(1780)" title="Hải chiến mũi St. Vincent (1780) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hải chiến mũi St. Vincent (1780)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%96%87%E7%94%9F%E8%A7%92%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0_(1780%E5%B9%B4)" title="聖文生角海戰 (1780年) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="聖文生角海戰 (1780年)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178912#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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for this location">36.81806°N 8.56361°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.81806; -8.56361</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1780 naval battle between Great Britain and Spain</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other battles in the same place, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (disambiguation)">Battle of Cape St. Vincent</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Cape St. Vincent</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holman,_Cape_St_Vincent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Holman%2C_Cape_St_Vincent.jpg/300px-Holman%2C_Cape_St_Vincent.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Holman%2C_Cape_St_Vincent.jpg/450px-Holman%2C_Cape_St_Vincent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Holman%2C_Cape_St_Vincent.jpg/600px-Holman%2C_Cape_St_Vincent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="806" /></a></span><br /><i>The moonlight Battle off Cape St Vincent, 16 January 1780</i>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Holman" title="Francis Holman">Francis Holman</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>16 January 1780</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Off <a href="/wiki/Cape_St._Vincent" title="Cape St. Vincent">Cape St. Vincent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)&params=36_49_5_N_8_33_49_W_type:event_region:PT"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°49′5″N</span> <span class="longitude">8°33′49″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.81806°N 8.56361°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.81806; -8.56361</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> British victory<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy1992_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="Great Britain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1180" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" class="mw-redirect" title="George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">George Rodney</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1180" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_L%C3%A1ngara" title="Juan de Lángara">Juan Lángara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 18 ships of the line <br /> 6 frigates<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 9 ships of the line <br /> 2 frigates<sup id="cite_ref-Ulloa33_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulloa33-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 134 killed and wounded<sup id="cite_ref-B234_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B234-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 2,500 killed, wounded or captured <br /> 4 ships of the line captured <br /> 1 ship of the line destroyed<sup id="cite_ref-Ulloa33_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulloa33-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-B234_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B234-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> fate of 2 ships of the line disputed (see <a href="#Aftermath">Aftermath</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-B233_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B233-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Spain and the American Revolutionary War"><span class="wrap">Battles involving Spain in the American Revolutionary War</span></a><br />1779–1783</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Europe and Atlantic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armada_of_1779" title="Armada of 1779">English Channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_August_1779" title="Action of 17 August 1779">Plymouth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_14_September_1779" title="Action of 14 September 1779">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_November_1779" title="Action of 11 November 1779">Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_20_November_1779" title="Action of 20 November 1779">20 November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_8_January_1780" title="Action of 8 January 1780">Cape Finisterre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_9_August_1780" title="Action of 9 August 1780">Cape St. Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_25_February_1781" title="Action of 25 February 1781">25 February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_St._Fermin" title="Capture of HMS St. Fermin">Málaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_May_1781" title="Action of 1 May 1781">1 May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Minorca_(1781)" title="Invasion of Minorca (1781)">Minorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_16_March_1782" title="Action of 16 March 1782">Strait of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spartel" title="Battle of Cape Spartel">Cape Spartel</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_campaign" title="Gulf Coast campaign">Gulf Coast</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Bute" title="Capture of Fort Bute">Fort Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Pontchartrain" title="Battle of Lake Pontchartrain">Lake Pontchartrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baton_Rouge_(1779)" title="Battle of Baton Rouge (1779)">Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Charlotte" title="Battle of Fort Charlotte">1st Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_(1781)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mobile (1781)">The Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Louisiana and Northwest Territory</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Louis" title="Battle of St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_St._Joseph_(Niles,_Michigan)#Spanish_Expedition_of_1781" title="Fort St. Joseph (Niles, Michigan)">Fort St. Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arkansas_Post_(1783)" title="Battle of Arkansas Post (1783)">Arkansas Post</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Central America</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_R%C3%ADo_Hondo" title="Capture of Río Hondo">Río Hondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Cayo_Cocina" title="Capture of Cayo Cocina">Cayo Cocina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Fernando_de_Omoa" title="Battle of San Fernando de Omoa">San Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12_December_1779" title="Action of 12 December 1779">12 December</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Expedition_(1780)" title="San Juan Expedition (1780)">Fort San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roat%C3%A1n" title="Battle of Roatán">Roatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Black_River" title="Battle of the Black River">Black River</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>West Indies</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_15_January_1782" title="Action of 15 January 1782">15 January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Bahamas_(1782)" title="Capture of the Bahamas (1782)">1st Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_February_1783" title="Action of 17 February 1783">17 February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Bahamas_(1783)" title="Capture of the Bahamas (1783)">2nd Nassau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Cape St. Vincent</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Batalla del Cabo de San Vicente</i>) was a naval battle that took place off the southern coast of <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> on 16 January 1780 during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> fleet under <a href="/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" class="mw-redirect" title="George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Admiral Sir George Rodney</a> defeated a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Spanish</a> squadron under Don <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_L%C3%A1ngara" title="Juan de Lángara">Juan de Lángara</a>. The battle is sometimes referred to as the <b>Moonlight Battle</b> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">batalla a la luz de la luna</i></span>) because it was unusual for naval battles in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a> to take place at night. It was also the first major naval victory for the British over their European enemies in the war and proved the value of <a href="/wiki/Copper_sheathing" title="Copper sheathing">copper-sheathing</a> the hulls of warships. </p><p>Admiral Rodney was escorting a fleet of supply ships to <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">relieve the Spanish siege of Gibraltar</a> with a fleet of about twenty <a href="/wiki/Ships_of_the_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Ships of the line">ships of the line</a> when he encountered Lángara's squadron south of <a href="/wiki/Cape_St._Vincent" title="Cape St. Vincent">Cape St. Vincent</a>. When Lángara saw the size of the British fleet, he attempted to make for the safety of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>, but the copper-sheathed British ships chased his fleet down. In a running battle that lasted from mid-afternoon until after midnight, the British captured four Spanish ships, including Lángara's flagship <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_Fenix_(1749)" title="Spanish ship Fenix (1749)"><i>Real Fénix</i></a> (often just called "Fenix"). Two other ships were also captured, but they were retaken by their Spanish crews, although Rodney's report claimed the ships were grounded and destroyed; in fact one went aground and was destroyed, while the other safely returned to Cadiz and resumed service with the Spanish Navy. </p><p>After the battle Rodney successfully resupplied <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> before continuing on to the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> station. Lángara was released on <a href="/wiki/Parole#Prisoners_of_war" title="Parole">parole</a>, and was promoted to lieutenant general by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_III_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos III of Spain">King Carlos III</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Great Siege of Gibraltar</a></div> <p>One of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>'s principal goals upon <a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain in the American Revolutionary War">its entry into the American War of Independence</a> in 1779 was the recovery of <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, which had been <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Gibraltar" title="Capture of Gibraltar">lost to Great Britain in 1704</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish planned to retake Gibraltar by blockading and starving out its garrison, which included troops from Britain and the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Electorate of Hanover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The siege formally began in June 1779, with the Spanish establishing a land blockade around the <a href="/wiki/Rock_of_Gibraltar" title="Rock of Gibraltar">Rock of Gibraltar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The matching naval blockade was comparatively weak, however, and the British discovered that small fast ships could evade the blockaders, while slower and larger supply ships generally could not. By late 1779, however, supplies in Gibraltar had become seriously depleted, and its commander, General <a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Eliott,_1st_Baron_Heathfield" title="George Augustus Eliott, 1st Baron Heathfield">George Eliott</a>, appealed to London for relief.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A supply convoy was organized, and in late December 1779 a large fleet sailed from England under the command of Admiral <a href="/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" class="mw-redirect" title="George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Sir George Brydges Rodney</a>. Although Rodney's ultimate orders were to command the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> fleet, he had secret instructions to first resupply Gibraltar and <a href="/wiki/Minorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorca">Minorca</a>. On 4 January 1780 the fleet divided, with ships headed for the West Indies sailing westward. This left Rodney in command of 19 <a href="/wiki/Ships_of_the_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Ships of the line">ships of the line</a>, which were to accompany the supply ships to Gibraltar.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberian_Peninsula_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780) is located in Iberia"><img alt="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780) is located in Iberia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Iberian_Peninsula_location_map.svg/300px-Iberian_Peninsula_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Iberian_Peninsula_location_map.svg/450px-Iberian_Peninsula_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Iberian_Peninsula_location_map.svg/600px-Iberian_Peninsula_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="1016" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:78.164%;left:9.091%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Battle"><img alt="Battle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Battle</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:81.148%;left:24.564%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cadiz"><img alt="Cadiz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Cadiz</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.124%;left:30.932%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Gibraltar"><img alt="Gibraltar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Gibraltar</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.464%;left:94.83%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Minorca"><img alt="Minorca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Minorca</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberian_Peninsula_location_map.svg" title="File:Iberian Peninsula location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></div></div></div> <p>On 8 January 1780 ships from Rodney's fleet spotted a group of sails. Giving chase with their faster <a href="/wiki/Copper_sheathing" title="Copper sheathing">copper-clad</a> ships, the British determined these to be a Spanish supply convoy that was protected by a single ship of the line and several frigates. <a href="/wiki/Action_of_8_January_1780" title="Action of 8 January 1780">The entire convoy was captured</a>, with the lone ship of the line, <i>Guipuzcoana</i>, <a href="/wiki/Striking_the_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Striking the colours">striking her colours</a> after a perfunctory exchange of fire. <i>Guipuzcoana</i> was staffed with a small prize crew and renamed <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_William_(1780)" title="HMS Prince William (1780)">HMS <i>Prince William</i></a>, in honour of <a href="/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="William IV of the United Kingdom">Prince William</a>, the third son of the King, who was serving as <a href="/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman">midshipman</a> in the fleet. Rodney then detached <a href="/wiki/HMS_America_(1777)" title="HMS America (1777)">HMS <i>America</i></a> and the frigate <a href="/wiki/HMS_Pearl_(1762)" title="HMS Pearl (1762)">HMS <i>Pearl</i></a> to escort most of the captured ships back to England; <i>Prince William</i> was added to his fleet, as were some of the supply ships that carried items likely to be of use to the Gibraltar garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 January <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dublin_(1757)" title="HMS Dublin (1757)">HMS <i>Dublin</i></a>, which had lost part of her topmast on 3 January, suffered additional damage and raised a distress flag. Assisted by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Shrewsbury_(1758)" title="HMS Shrewsbury (1758)">HMS <i>Shrewsbury</i></a>, she limped into <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> on 16 January.<sup id="cite_ref-Syrett311_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syrett311-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish had learnt of the British relief effort. From the blockading squadron a fleet comprising 11 ships of the line under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_L%C3%A1ngara" title="Juan de Lángara">Juan de Lángara</a> was dispatched to intercept Rodney's convoy, and the Atlantic fleet of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_C%C3%B3rdova_y_C%C3%B3rdova" title="Luis de Córdova y Córdova">Luis de Córdova</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cadiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadiz">Cadiz</a> was also alerted to try to catch him. Córdova learnt of the strength of Rodney's fleet, and returned to Cadiz rather than giving chase. On 16 January the fleets of Lángara and Rodney spotted each other around 1:00 pm south of <a href="/wiki/Cape_St._Vincent" title="Cape St. Vincent">Cape St. Vincent</a>, the southwestern point of <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weather was hazy, with heavy swells and occasional squalls.<sup id="cite_ref-Syrett239_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syrett239-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="float: right; margin-right: 1em"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#b0c4de;">Naval Commanders </th></tr> <tr> <td><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_de_L%C3%A1ngara_Huarte.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Don Juan de Lángara, portrait by an unknown artist."><img alt="Don Juan de Lángara, portrait by an unknown artist." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Juan_de_L%C3%A1ngara_Huarte.jpg/127px-Juan_de_L%C3%A1ngara_Huarte.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Juan_de_L%C3%A1ngara_Huarte.jpg/190px-Juan_de_L%C3%A1ngara_Huarte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Juan_de_L%C3%A1ngara_Huarte.jpg/254px-Juan_de_L%C3%A1ngara_Huarte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="780" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Don <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_L%C3%A1ngara" title="Juan de Lángara">Juan de Lángara</a>, portrait by an unknown artist.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Bridges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Admiral Sir George Rodney, portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds."><img alt="Admiral Sir George Rodney, portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/George_Bridges_Rodney%2C_1st_Baron_Rodney_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg/139px-George_Bridges_Rodney%2C_1st_Baron_Rodney_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/George_Bridges_Rodney%2C_1st_Baron_Rodney_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg/208px-George_Bridges_Rodney%2C_1st_Baron_Rodney_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/George_Bridges_Rodney%2C_1st_Baron_Rodney_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg/278px-George_Bridges_Rodney%2C_1st_Baron_Rodney_by_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3111" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Admiral <a href="/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" class="mw-redirect" title="George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Sir George Rodney</a>, portrait by Sir <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a>.</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Rodney was ill, and spent the entire action in his bunk. His <a href="/wiki/Flag_captain" title="Flag captain">flag captain</a>, Walter Young, urged Rodney to give orders to engage when the Spanish fleet was first spotted, but Rodney only gave orders to form a line abreast. Lángara started to establish a <a href="/wiki/Line_of_battle" title="Line of battle">line of battle</a>, but when he realised the size of Rodney's fleet, he gave orders to make all sail for Cadiz. Around 2:00 pm, when Rodney felt certain that the ships seen were not the vanguard of a larger fleet, he issued commands for a general chase.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rodney's instructions to his fleet were to chase at their best speed, and engage the Spanish ships from the rear as they came upon them. They were also instructed to sail to the <a href="/wiki/Lee_shore" title="Lee shore">lee side</a> to interfere with Spanish attempts to gain the safety of a harbour,<sup id="cite_ref-Mahan449_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahan449-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a tactic that also prevented the Spanish ships from opening their lowest gun ports.<sup id="cite_ref-Syrett239_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syrett239-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of their copper-sheathed hulls (which reduced marine growths and drag), the ships of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> were faster and soon gained on the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chase lasted for about two hours, and the battle finally began around 4:00 pm. <i>Santo Domingo</i>, trailing in the Spanish fleet, received broadsides from <a href="/wiki/HMS_Edgar_(1779)" title="HMS Edgar (1779)">HMS <i>Edgar</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Marlborough_(1767)" title="HMS Marlborough (1767)">HMS <i>Marlborough</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ajax_(1767)" title="HMS Ajax (1767)">HMS <i>Ajax</i></a> before blowing up around 4:40, with the loss of all but one of her crew.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahan449_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahan449-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Marlborough</i> and <i>Ajax</i> then passed <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_Princessa_(1750)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish ship Princessa (1750)"><i>Princessa</i></a> to engage other Spanish ships. <i>Princessa</i> was eventually engaged in an hour-long battle with <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bedford_(1775)" title="HMS Bedford (1775)">HMS <i>Bedford</i></a> before striking her colours at about 5:30.<sup id="cite_ref-Syrett240_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syrett240-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 6:00 pm it was getting dark, and there was a discussion aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sandwich_(1759)" title="HMS Sandwich (1759)">HMS <i>Sandwich</i></a>, Rodney's flagship, about whether to continue the pursuit. Although Captain Young is credited in some accounts with pushing Rodney to do so, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Gilbert_Blane,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Gilbert Blane, 1st Baronet">Gilbert Blane</a>, the fleet physician, reported it as a decision of the council.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chase continued into the dark, squally night, leading to it later being known as the "Moonlight Battle", since it was uncommon at the time for naval battles to continue after sunset.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 7:30 pm, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Defence_(1763)" title="HMS Defence (1763)">HMS <i>Defence</i></a> came upon Lángara's flagship <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_Fenix_(1749)" title="Spanish ship Fenix (1749)"><i>Fenix</i></a>, engaging her in a battle lasting over an hour. She was broadsided in passing by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Montagu_(1779)" title="HMS Montagu (1779)">HMS <i>Montagu</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_George_(1772)" title="HMS Prince George (1772)">HMS <i>Prince George</i></a>, and Lángara was wounded in the battle. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_Fenix_(1749)" title="Spanish ship Fenix (1749)"><i>Real Fénix</i></a> finally surrendered to <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bienfaisant_(1758)" title="HMS Bienfaisant (1758)">HMS <i>Bienfaisant</i></a>, which arrived late in the battle and shot away her mainmast.<sup id="cite_ref-Syrett240_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syrett240-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Real Fénix</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> takeover was complicated by an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> aboard <i>Bienfaisant</i>. Captain <a href="/wiki/John_MacBride_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John MacBride (Royal Navy officer)">John MacBride</a>, rather than sending over a possibly infected prize crew, apprised Lángara of the situation and put him and his crew on parole.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB428_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB428-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 9:15 <i>Montagu</i> engaged <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_Diligente_(1756)" title="Spanish ship Diligente (1756)"><i>Diligente</i></a>, which struck after her maintopmast was shot away. Around 11:00 pm <i>San Eugenio</i> surrendered after having all of her masts shot away by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Cumberland_(1774)" title="HMS Cumberland (1774)">HMS <i>Cumberland</i></a>, but the difficult seas made it impossible to board a prize crew until morning. </p><p>That duel was passed by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Culloden_(1776)" title="HMS Culloden (1776)">HMS <i>Culloden</i></a> and <i>Prince George</i>, which engaged <i>San Julián</i> and compelled her to surrender around 1:00 am.<sup id="cite_ref-Syrett240_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syrett240-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last ship to surrender was <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_Monarca_(1756)" title="Spanish ship Monarca (1756)"><i>Monarca</i></a>. She nearly escaped, shooting away <a href="/wiki/HMS_Alcide_(1779)" title="HMS Alcide (1779)">HMS <i>Alcide</i></a>'s topmast, but was engaged in a running battle with the frigate HMS <i>Apollo</i>. <i>Apollo</i> managed to keep up the unequal engagement until about the time that Rodney's flagship <i>Sandwich</i> came upon the scene around 2:00 am. <i>Sandwich</i> fired a broadside, unaware that <i>Monarca</i> had already hauled down her flag.<sup id="cite_ref-Syrett241_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syrett241-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British took six ships. Four Spanish ships of the line and the fleet's two frigates escaped, although sources are unclear if two of the Spanish ships were even present with the fleet at the time of the battle. Lángara's report states that <i>San Justo</i> and <i>San Genaro</i> were not in his line of battle (although they are listed in Spanish records as part of his fleet).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one account two of Lángara's ships (the two aforementioned) were despatched to investigate other unidentified sails sometime before the action.<sup id="cite_ref-Ulloa33_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulloa33-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rodney's report states that <i>San Justo</i> escaped but was damaged in battle, and that <i>San Genaro</i> escaped without damage.<sup id="cite_ref-B233_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B233-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 360px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 355px; height: 260px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CombateDeSantaMar%C3%ADaEntreLaEscuadraDelAlmiranteRodneyYElGeneralL%C3%A1ngara1780.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="La Battalla de Cabo de San Vincente, painted by an unknown Spanish artist."><img alt="La Battalla de Cabo de San Vincente, painted by an unknown Spanish artist." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/CombateDeSantaMar%C3%ADaEntreLaEscuadraDelAlmiranteRodneyYElGeneralL%C3%A1ngara1780.jpg/325px-CombateDeSantaMar%C3%ADaEntreLaEscuadraDelAlmiranteRodneyYElGeneralL%C3%A1ngara1780.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/CombateDeSantaMar%C3%ADaEntreLaEscuadraDelAlmiranteRodneyYElGeneralL%C3%A1ngara1780.jpg/488px-CombateDeSantaMar%C3%ADaEntreLaEscuadraDelAlmiranteRodneyYElGeneralL%C3%A1ngara1780.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/CombateDeSantaMar%C3%ADaEntreLaEscuadraDelAlmiranteRodneyYElGeneralL%C3%A1ngara1780.jpg/650px-CombateDeSantaMar%C3%ADaEntreLaEscuadraDelAlmiranteRodneyYElGeneralL%C3%A1ngara1780.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1876" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>La Battalla de Cabo de San Vincente</i>, painted by an unknown Spanish artist.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 360px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 355px; height: 260px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Moonlight_Battle_off_Cape_St_Vincent,_16_January_1780_RMG_BHC0429.tiff" class="mw-file-description" title="The Moonlight Battle off Cape St. Vincent, 16 January 1780, by Richard Paton."><img alt="The Moonlight Battle off Cape St. Vincent, 16 January 1780, by Richard Paton." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/The_Moonlight_Battle_off_Cape_St_Vincent%2C_16_January_1780_RMG_BHC0429.tiff/lossy-page1-325px-The_Moonlight_Battle_off_Cape_St_Vincent%2C_16_January_1780_RMG_BHC0429.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/The_Moonlight_Battle_off_Cape_St_Vincent%2C_16_January_1780_RMG_BHC0429.tiff/lossy-page1-488px-The_Moonlight_Battle_off_Cape_St_Vincent%2C_16_January_1780_RMG_BHC0429.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/The_Moonlight_Battle_off_Cape_St_Vincent%2C_16_January_1780_RMG_BHC0429.tiff/lossy-page1-650px-The_Moonlight_Battle_off_Cape_St_Vincent%2C_16_January_1780_RMG_BHC0429.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="4950" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Moonlight Battle off Cape St. Vincent, 16 January 1780</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Paton" title="Richard Paton">Richard Paton</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moonlight_battle_Aftermath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Moonlight_battle_Aftermath.jpg/220px-Moonlight_battle_Aftermath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Moonlight_battle_Aftermath.jpg/330px-Moonlight_battle_Aftermath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Moonlight_battle_Aftermath.jpg/440px-Moonlight_battle_Aftermath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption><i>Rodney's Fleet Taking in Prizes After the Moonlight Battle, 16 January 1780</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Serres" title="Dominic Serres">Dominic Serres</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the arrival of daylight, it was clear that the British fleet and their prize ships were dangerously close to a <a href="/wiki/Lee_shore" title="Lee shore">lee shore</a> with an onshore breeze.<sup id="cite_ref-Syrett241_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syrett241-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the prizes, <i>San Julián</i>, was recorded by Rodney as too badly damaged to save, and was driven ashore. Another prize, <i>San Eugenio</i>, was retaken by her crew and managed to reach Cadiz;<sup id="cite_ref-B233_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B233-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mahan449_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahan449-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she was later restored to service within two months, and remained so until taken to pieces at Cadiz in 1804. A Spanish history claims that the prize crews of both ships appealed to their Spanish captives for help escaping the lee shore. The Spanish captains retook control of their ships, imprisoned the British crews, and sailed to Cadiz.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British reported their casualties in the battle as 32 killed and 102 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-B234_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B234-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supply convoy sailed into Gibraltar on 19 January, driving the smaller blockading fleet to retreat to the safety of <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a>. Rodney arrived several days later, after first stopping in <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>. The wounded Spanish prisoners, who included Admiral Lángara, were offloaded there, and the British garrison was heartened by the arrival of the supplies and the presence of Prince William Henry.<sup id="cite_ref-Syrett241_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syrett241-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After also resupplying Minorca, Rodney sailed for the West Indies in February, detaching part of the fleet for service in the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">Channel</a>. This homebound fleet intercepted a French fleet destined for the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Action_of_24_February_1780" title="Action of 24 February 1780">capturing one warship and three supply ships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahan451_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahan451-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gibraltar was resupplied twice more before the siege was lifted at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">end of the war</a> in 1783.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Admiral Lángara and other Spanish officers were eventually released on parole, the admiral receiving a promotion to lieutenant general.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued his distinguished career, becoming Spanish Navy Minister in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Admiral Rodney was lauded for his victory, the first major victory of the war by the Royal Navy over its European opponents. He distinguished himself for the remainder of the war, notably winning the 1782 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">Battle of the Saintes</a> in which he captured the French admiral, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">Comte de Grasse</a>. He was, however, criticised by Captain Young, who portrayed him as weak and indecisive in the battle with Lángara.<sup id="cite_ref-Syrett239_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syrett239-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (He was also rebuked by the admiralty for leaving a ship of the line at Gibraltar, against his express orders.)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rodney's observations on the benefits of copper sheathing in the victory were influential in British Admiralty decisions to deploy the technology more widely.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahan451_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahan451-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Syrett244_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syrett244-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Order_of_battle">Order of battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Order of battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>None of the listed sources give an accurate accounting of the ships in Rodney's fleet at the time of the action. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Beatson" title="Robert Beatson">Robert Beatson</a> lists the composition of the fleet at its departure from England, and notes which ships separated to go to the West Indies, as well as those detached to return the prizes captured on 8 January to England.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He does not list two ships (<i>Dublin</i> and <i>Shrewsbury</i>, identified in despatches reprinted by Syrett) that were separated from the fleet on 13 January.<sup id="cite_ref-Syrett311_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syrett311-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, HMS <i>Prince William</i> is sometimes misunderstood to have been part of the prize escort back to England, but she was present at Gibraltar after the action.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beatson also fails to list a number of frigates, including <i>Apollo</i>, which played a key role in the capture of <i>Monarca</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>British fleet </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Ship </th> <th rowspan="2">Rate </th> <th rowspan="2">Guns </th> <th rowspan="2">Commander </th> <th colspan="3">Casualties </th></tr> <tr> <th>Killed </th> <th>Wounded </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Sandwich_(1759)" title="HMS Sandwich (1759)"><i>Sandwich</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Second_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Second rate">Second rate</a> </td> <td align="center">90 </td> <td align="left">Admiral <a href="/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" class="mw-redirect" title="George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Sir George Rodney</a> (fleet commander)<br />Captain Walter Young </td> <td align="right">0 </td> <td align="right">0 </td> <td align="right">0 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_George_(1756)" title="HMS Royal George (1756)"><i>Royal George</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/First_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="First rate">First rate</a> </td> <td align="center">100 </td> <td align="left">Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Robert_Digby_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Robert Digby (Royal Navy officer)">Robert Digby</a><br />Captain John Bourmaster </td> <td align="right">0 </td> <td align="right">0 </td> <td align="right">0 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_George_(1772)" title="HMS Prince George (1772)"><i>Prince George</i></a> </td> <td align="center">Second rate </td> <td align="center">90 </td> <td align="left">Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/John_Lockhart-Ross" title="John Lockhart-Ross">Sir John Lockhart-Ross</a><br />Captain <a href="/wiki/Philip_Patton" title="Philip Patton">Philip Patton</a> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="right">3 </td> <td align="right">4 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Ajax_(1767)" title="HMS Ajax (1767)"><i>Ajax</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Third_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Third rate">Third rate</a> </td> <td align="center">74 </td> <td align="left">Captain Samuel Uvedale </td> <td align="right">0 </td> <td align="right">6 </td> <td align="right">6 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alcide_(1779)" title="HMS Alcide (1779)"><i>Alcide</i></a> </td> <td align="center">Third rate </td> <td align="center">74 </td> <td align="left">Captain John Brisbane </td> <td align="right">0 </td> <td align="right">0 </td> <td align="right">0 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Bedford_(1775)" title="HMS Bedford (1775)"><i>Bedford</i></a> </td> <td align="center">Third rate </td> <td align="center">74 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Affleck" title="Edmund Affleck">Edmund Affleck</a> </td> <td align="right">3 </td> <td align="right">9 </td> <td align="right">12 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Culloden_(1776)" title="HMS Culloden (1776)"><i>Culloden</i></a> </td> <td align="center">Third rate </td> <td align="center">74 </td> <td align="left">Captain George Balfour </td> <td align="right">0 </td> <td align="right">0 </td> <td align="right">0 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Cumberland_(1774)" title="HMS Cumberland (1774)"><i>Cumberland</i></a> </td> <td align="center">Third rate </td> <td align="center">74 </td> <td align="left">Captain Joseph Peyton </td> <td align="right">0 </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="right">1 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Defence_(1763)" title="HMS Defence (1763)"><i>Defence</i></a> </td> <td align="center">Third rate </td> <td align="center">74 </td> <td align="left">Captain James Cranston </td> <td align="right">10 </td> <td align="right">12 </td> <td align="right">22 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Edgar_(1779)" title="HMS Edgar (1779)"><i>Edgar</i></a> </td> <td align="center">Third rate </td> <td align="center">74 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Elliot_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Elliot (Royal Navy officer)">John Elliot</a> </td> <td align="right">6 </td> <td align="right">20 </td> <td align="right">26 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Invincible_(1765)" title="HMS Invincible (1765)"><i>Invincible</i></a> </td> <td align="center">Third rate </td> <td align="center">74 </td> <td align="left">Captain Samuel Cornish </td> <td align="right">3 </td> <td align="right">4 </td> <td align="right">7 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Marlborough_(1767)" title="HMS Marlborough (1767)"><i>Marlborough</i></a> </td> <td align="center">Third rate </td> <td align="center">74 </td> <td align="left">Captain Taylor Penny<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="right">0 </td> <td align="right">0 </td> <td align="right">0 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Monarch_(1765)" title="HMS Monarch (1765)"><i>Monarch</i></a> </td> <td align="center">Third rate </td> <td align="center">74 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Adam_Duncan,_1st_Viscount_Duncan" title="Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan">Adam Duncan</a> </td> <td align="right">3 </td> <td align="right">26 </td> <td align="right">29 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Montagu_(1779)" title="HMS Montagu (1779)"><i>Montagu</i></a> </td> <td align="center">Third rate </td> <td align="center">74 </td> <td align="left">Captain John Houlton </td> <td align="right">0 </td> <td align="right">0 </td> <td align="right">0 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1770)" title="HMS Resolution (1770)"><i>Resolution</i></a> </td> <td align="center">Third rate </td> <td align="center">74 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Sir_Chaloner_Ogle,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Chaloner Ogle, 1st Baronet">Sir Chaloner Ogle</a> </td> <td align="right">0 </td> <td align="right">0 </td> <td align="right">0 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terrible_(1762)" title="HMS Terrible (1762)"><i>Terrible</i></a> </td> <td align="center">Third rate </td> <td align="center">74 </td> <td align="left">Captain John Leigh Douglas </td> <td align="right">6 </td> <td align="right">12 </td> <td align="right">18 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Bienfaisant_(1758)" title="HMS Bienfaisant (1758)"><i>Bienfaisant</i></a> </td> <td align="center">Third rate </td> <td align="center">64 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/John_MacBride_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John MacBride (Royal Navy officer)">John MacBride</a> </td> <td align="right">0 </td> <td align="right">0 </td> <td align="right">0 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_William_(1780)" title="HMS Prince William (1780)"><i>Prince William</i></a> </td> <td align="center">Third rate </td> <td align="center">64 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Gower" title="Erasmus Gower">Erasmus Gower</a> </td> <td align="right">0 </td> <td align="right">0 </td> <td align="right">0 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Glory_(1763)" title="HMS Glory (1763)"><i>Apollo</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">Frigate</a> </td> <td align="center">32 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Philemon_Pownoll" title="Philemon Pownoll">Philemon Pownoll</a> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Convert_(1778)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Convert (1778) (page does not exist)"><i>Convert</i></a> </td> <td align="center">Frigate </td> <td align="center">32 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Henry_Harvey" title="Henry Harvey">Henry Harvey</a> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Triton_(1773)" title="HMS Triton (1773)"><i>Triton</i></a> </td> <td align="center">Frigate </td> <td align="center">28 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Skeffington_Lutwidge" title="Skeffington Lutwidge">Skeffington Lutwidge</a> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Pegasus_(1779)" title="HMS Pegasus (1779)"><i>Pegasus</i></a> </td> <td align="center">Frigate </td> <td align="center">24 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Bazely" title="John Bazely">John Bazely</a> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Porcupine_(1777)" title="HMS Porcupine (1777)"><i>Porcupine</i></a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Post_ship" title="Post ship">Post ship</a> </td> <td align="center">24 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Lord_Hugh_Seymour" title="Lord Hugh Seymour">Lord Hugh Seymour-Conway</a> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hyaena_(1778)" title="HMS Hyaena (1778)"><i>Hyaena</i></a> </td> <td align="center">Post ship </td> <td align="center">24 </td> <td align="left">Captain <a href="/wiki/Edward_Thompson_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Edward Thompson (Royal Navy officer)">Edward Thompson</a> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" align="center"><small>Unless otherwise cited, table information is from Beatson, pp. 232, 234, and Syrett, p. 274. Full captain names are from Syrett, p. 259.<br />Blank casualty report fields mean there was no report listed for that ship.</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are some discrepancies between the English and Spanish sources listing the Spanish fleet, principally in the number of guns most of the vessels are claimed to mount. The table below lists the Spanish records describing Lángara's fleet. However, Beatson lists all of the Spanish ships of the line at 70 guns, except <i>Real Fénix</i>, which he correctly lists at 80 guns), and the <i>San Julián</i>, which he incorrectly gives as 64 guns. Spanish archives confirm this except for <i>San Julián</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One frigate, <i>Santa Rosalia</i>, is listed by Beatson at 28 guns,<sup id="cite_ref-B233_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B233-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although she was actually 26 guns. The identify of the second Spanish frigate is different in the two listings. Beatson records her as <i>Santa Gertrudis</i>, 26 guns, with captain Don Annibal Cassoni, while Duro's listing describes her as <i>Santa Cecilia</i>, 34, captain Don Domingo Pérez de Grandallana; Spanish archives confirm the latter. Both frigates did not participate in the battle, and returned to Cadiz.<sup id="cite_ref-B233_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B233-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duro263_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duro263-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Spanish fleet </caption> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th>Ship </th> <th>Type<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Guns </th> <th>Commander </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_Fenix_(1749)" title="Spanish ship Fenix (1749)"><i>Real Fénix</i></a> </td> <td align="center">Navío </td> <td align="center">80 </td> <td align="left">Don <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_L%C3%A1ngara" title="Juan de Lángara">Juan de Lángara</a> (fleet commander)<br />Don Francisco Javier de Melgarejo y Rojas </td> <td align="left">Captured, 700 men </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_Princesa_(1750)" title="Spanish ship Princesa (1750)"><i>Princesa</i></a> </td> <td align="center">Navío </td> <td align="center">70 </td> <td align="left">Don Manuel León </td> <td align="left">Captured, 600 men </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_Diligente_(1756)" title="Spanish ship Diligente (1756)"><i>Diligente</i></a> </td> <td align="center">Navío </td> <td align="center">70 </td> <td align="left">Don Antonio Albornoz </td> <td align="left">Captured, 600 men </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_Monarca_(1756)" title="Spanish ship Monarca (1756)"><i>Monarca</i></a> </td> <td align="center">Navío </td> <td align="center">70 </td> <td align="left">Don Antonio Oyarvide </td> <td align="left">Captured, 600 men </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><i>Santo Domingo</i> </td> <td align="center">Navío </td> <td align="center">70 </td> <td align="left">Don Ignacio Mendizábal </td> <td align="left">Blown up with loss of all 550 men </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_San_Agust%C3%ADn_(1768)" title="Spanish ship San Agustín (1768)"><i>San Agustín</i></a> </td> <td align="center">Navío </td> <td align="center">70 </td> <td align="left">Don Vicente Doz y Funes </td> <td align="left">Escaped </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><i>San Lorenzo</i> </td> <td align="center">Navío </td> <td align="center">70 </td> <td align="left">Don Juan de Araoz </td> <td align="left">Escaped with damage </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><i>San Julián</i> </td> <td align="center">Navío </td> <td align="center">70 </td> <td align="left">Don Juan Rodríguez de Valcárcel, Marqués de Medina </td> <td align="left">Captured (600 men), then retaken by her crew but went ashore in storm and wrecked<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><i>San Eugenio</i> </td> <td align="center">Navío </td> <td align="center">70 </td> <td align="left">Don Antonio Domonte y Ortiz de Zuniga </td> <td align="left">Captured (600 men), then retaken by her crew and escaped into Cadiz<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><i>San Genaro</i> </td> <td align="center">Navío </td> <td align="center">70 </td> <td align="left">Don Félix Ignacio de Tejada </td> <td align="left">Not listed in Lángara's line of battle. Listed by Beatson as escaping </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><i>San Justo</i> </td> <td align="center">Navío </td> <td align="center">70 </td> <td align="left">Don Francisco Urreiztieta </td> <td align="left">Not listed in Lángara's line of battle. Listed by Beatson as escaping with damage. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><i>Santa Cecilia</i> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">Frigate</a> </td> <td align="center">34 </td> <td align="left">Don Domingo Pérez de Grandallana </td> <td align="left">Wrongly identified as <i>Santa Gertrudis</i> in Beatson. Escaped. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td align="left"><i>Santa Rosalia</i> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">Frigate</a> </td> <td align="center">34 </td> <td align="left">Don Antonio Ramon de Ortega </td> <td align="left">Escaped </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" align="center"><small>Unless otherwise cited, table information is from Duro, pp. 259, 263, and Beatson, p. 233.</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Duffy1992-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duffy1992_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Duffy1992" class="citation book cs1">Michael Duffy (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ysC9rOCxGhgC&pg=PA105"><i>Parameters of British Naval Power, 1650–1850</i></a>. University of Exeter Press. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-385-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-385-5"><bdi>978-0-85989-385-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parameters+of+British+Naval+Power%2C+1650%E2%80%931850&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-85989-385-5&rft.au=Michael+Duffy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DysC9rOCxGhgC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cape+St.+Vincent+%281780%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beatson, p. 232, as modified by Syrett, pp. 241, 306, 311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ulloa33-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ulloa33_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ulloa33_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ulloa33_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ulloa and Pérez-Mallaína Bueno, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B234-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B234_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B234_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B234_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beatson, p. 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B233-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B233_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B233_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B233_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B233_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B233_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beatson, p. 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chartrand, pp. 12, 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chartrand, pp. 23, 30–31, 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chartrand, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chartrand, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syrett, pp. 234, 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syrett, pp. 238, 306</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syrett311-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Syrett311_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syrett311_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Syrett, p. 311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chartrand, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syrett239-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Syrett239_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syrett239_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syrett239_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Syrett, p. 239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syrett, pp. 238–239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahan449-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahan449_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahan449_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahan449_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahan, p. 449</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willis, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syrett, pp. 240, 313</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syrett240-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Syrett240_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syrett240_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syrett240_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Syrett, p. 240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahan, p. 450</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNB428-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DNB428_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"MacBride, John (d. 1800)". <i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>. 1893. p. 428.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=MacBride%2C+John+%28d.+1800%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pages=428&rft.date=1893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cape+St.+Vincent+%281780%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syrett241-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Syrett241_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syrett241_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syrett241_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Syrett, p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duro, pp. 259, 263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lafuente, p. 440</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahan451-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahan451_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahan451_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahan, p. 451</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chartrand, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syrett, p. 366</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harbron, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahan, p. 535</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahan, p. 452</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syrett244-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Syrett244_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syrett, p. 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beatson, pp. 232–233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Rodney's despatch (Syrett, p. 305) describing her commissioning, and later references to her in orders at Gibraltar (e.g. Syrett, p. 341).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syrett, pp. 241, 274</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syrett, p. 314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The <i>San Julián</i> was certainly built as a 70-gun ship of the <i>San Isidro</i> type (as built at Ferrol in 1768) and was so listed in Spanish archives.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duro263-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duro263_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duro, p. 263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Spanish Navy did not have a formal rating system as was the case with the British or French Navies, and it is thus a mistake to 'classify' its vessels according to the British rating system; the term <i>Navío</i> was the equivalent of the British term "ship of the line".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">from Spanish archives</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">from Spanish archives</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeatson1804" class="citation book cs1">Beatson, Robert (1804). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=btEHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA233"><i>Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain, from 1727 to 1783, Volume 6</i></a>. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4643956">4643956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+and+Military+Memoirs+of+Great+Britain%2C+from+1727+to+1783%2C+Volume+6&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Hurst%2C+Rees+and+Orme&rft.date=1804&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4643956&rft.aulast=Beatson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbtEHAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cape+St.+Vincent+%281780%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChartrand2006" class="citation book cs1">Chartrand, René (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003243/http://www.ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title%3DS9770"><i>Gibraltar 1779–1783: The Great Siege</i></a>. Courcelle, Patrice (1st ed.). Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-977-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-977-6"><bdi>978-1-84176-977-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/255272192">255272192</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title=S9770">the original</a> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gibraltar+1779%E2%80%931783%3A+The+Great+Siege&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F255272192&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-977-6&rft.aulast=Chartrand&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ospreypublishing.com%2Ftitle_detail.php%2Ftitle%3DS9770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cape+St.+Vincent+%281780%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuro1901" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Duro, Cesáreo Fernández (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G1y3VAtRHTIC&pg=PA259"><i>Armada Española Desde la Unión de los Reinos de Castilla y de León, Volume 7</i></a> (in Spanish). Madrid: Establecimiento Tipográfico. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4413652">4413652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armada+Espa%C3%B1ola+Desde+la+Uni%C3%B3n+de+los+Reinos+de+Castilla+y+de+Le%C3%B3n%2C+Volume+7&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Establecimiento+Tipogr%C3%A1fico&rft.date=1901&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4413652&rft.aulast=Duro&rft.aufirst=Ces%C3%A1reo+Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG1y3VAtRHTIC%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cape+St.+Vincent+%281780%29" class="Z3988"></span> Reprints Lángara's report.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarbron1988" class="citation book cs1">Harbron, John (1988). <i>Trafalgar and the Spanish Navy</i>. London: Conway Maritime Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-477-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-477-0"><bdi>978-0-85177-477-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19096677">19096677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trafalgar+and+the+Spanish+Navy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19096677&rft.isbn=978-0-85177-477-0&rft.aulast=Harbron&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cape+St.+Vincent+%281780%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLafuente1858" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lafuente, Modesto (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kBUJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA440"><i>Historia General de España, Volume 20</i></a> (in Spanish). Madrid: Establecimiento Tipográfico de Mellado. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/611596">611596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+General+de+Espa%C3%B1a%2C+Volume+20&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Establecimiento+Tipogr%C3%A1fico+de+Mellado&rft.date=1858&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F611596&rft.aulast=Lafuente&rft.aufirst=Modesto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkBUJAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cape+St.+Vincent+%281780%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahan1898" class="citation book cs1">Mahan, Arthur T (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/majoroperationso00maha"><i>Major Operations of the Royal Navy, 1762–1783</i></a>. Boston: Little, Brown. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/majoroperationso00maha/page/449">449</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46778589">46778589</a>. <q>langara.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+Operations+of+the+Royal+Navy%2C+1762%E2%80%931783&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=449&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1898&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46778589&rft.aulast=Mahan&rft.aufirst=Arthur+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmajoroperationso00maha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cape+St.+Vincent+%281780%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2009" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, William (2009). <i>Admirals of the World: a Biographical Dictionary, 1500 to the Present</i>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3809-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3809-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-3809-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/426390753">426390753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Admirals+of+the+World%3A+a+Biographical+Dictionary%2C+1500+to+the+Present&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F426390753&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3809-9&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cape+St.+Vincent+%281780%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyrett2007" class="citation book cs1">Syrett, David (2007). <i>The Rodney Papers: Selections From the Correspondence of Admiral Lord Rodney</i>. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6007-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6007-1"><bdi>978-0-7546-6007-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/506119281">506119281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rodney+Papers%3A+Selections+From+the+Correspondence+of+Admiral+Lord+Rodney&rft.place=Burlington%2C+VT&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F506119281&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6007-1&rft.aulast=Syrett&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cape+St.+Vincent+%281780%29" class="Z3988"></span> Reprints numerous British documents concerning Rodney's entire expedition.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_UlloaPérez_Mallaína-BuenoPablo_Emilio1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Ulloa, Antonio; Pérez Mallaína-Bueno; Pablo Emilio (1995). <i>La campaña de las terceras</i> (in Spanish). Salamanca: Universidad de Sevilla. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-472-0241-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-472-0241-6"><bdi>978-84-472-0241-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+campa%C3%B1a+de+las+terceras&rft.place=Salamanca&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Sevilla&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-84-472-0241-6&rft.aulast=de+Ulloa&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez+Malla%C3%ADna-Bueno&rft.au=Pablo+Emilio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cape+St.+Vincent+%281780%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis2008" class="citation book cs1">Willis, Sam (2008). <i>Fighting at Sea in the Eighteenth Century: the Art of Sailing Warfare</i>. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-367-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-367-3"><bdi>978-1-84383-367-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/176925283">176925283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+at+Sea+in+the+Eighteenth+Century%3A+the+Art+of+Sailing+Warfare&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F176925283&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-367-3&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cape+St.+Vincent+%281780%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Castro1858" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Castro, Adolfo (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historiadecadizy00cast"><i>Historia de Cádiz y su Provincia</i></a> (in Spanish). Cádiz: Imprenta de la Revista Médica. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historiadecadizy00cast/page/516">516</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/162549293">162549293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+C%C3%A1diz+y+su+Provincia&rft.place=C%C3%A1diz&rft.pages=516&rft.pub=Imprenta+de+la+Revista+M%C3%A9dica&rft.date=1858&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F162549293&rft.aulast=de+Castro&rft.aufirst=Adolfo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoriadecadizy00cast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Cape+St.+Vincent+%281780%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sapherson, C. A. and Lenton, J. R. (1986) <i>Navy Lists from the Age of Sail; Vol. 2: 1776–1783</i>. Leeds: Raider Games</li> <li>Spinney, David (1969) <i>Rodney</i>. London: Allen & Unwin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-920022-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-920022-4">0-04-920022-4</a></li> <li>Trew, Peter. <i>Rodney and The Breaking of the Line</i> Leo Cooper Ltd (2005) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-143-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-143-1">978-1-84415-143-1</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)&oldid=1253387784">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)&oldid=1253387784</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1780_in_Portugal" title="Category:1780 in Portugal">1780 in Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1780" title="Category:Conflicts in 1780">Conflicts in 1780</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_involving_Great_Britain" title="Category:Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War involving Great Britain">Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War involving Great Britain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_involving_Spain" title="Category:Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War involving Spain">Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War involving Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_of_the_Anglo-Spanish_War_(1779%E2%80%931783)" title="Category:Naval battles of the Anglo-Spanish War (1779–1783)">Naval battles of the Anglo-Spanish War (1779–1783)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2017">Use dmy dates from February 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 October 2024, at 18:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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