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<main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Belém Tower</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85" title="برج بيليم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برج بيليم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_Bel%C3%A9m" title="Torre de Belém – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Torre de Belém" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belem_qalas%C4%B1" title="Belem qalası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Belem qalası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Вежа Белен – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вежа Белен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Белемска кула – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Белемска кула" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_Bel%C3%A9m" title="Torre de Belém – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Torre de Belém" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9msk%C3%A1_v%C4%9B%C5%BE" title="Belémská věž – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Belémská věž" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9mt%C3%A5rnet" title="Belémtårnet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Belémtårnet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_Bel%C3%A9m" title="Torre de Belém – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Torre de Belém" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9mi_torn" title="Belémi torn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Belémi torn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BC" title="Πύργος της Μπελέμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πύργος της Μπελέμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_Bel%C3%A9m" title="Torre de Belém – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Torre de Belém" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turo_de_Belem" title="Turo de Belem – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Turo de Belem" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9mgo_dorrea" title="Belémgo dorrea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Belémgo dorrea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%85" title="برج بلم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برج بلم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Bel%C3%A9m" title="Tour de Belém – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tour de Belém" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_Bel%C3%A9n" title="Torre de Belén – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Torre de Belén" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A8%EB%A0%9D%ED%83%91" title="벨렝탑 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벨렝탑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D6%80%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%AB_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Տորրի դի Բելեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տորրի դի Բելեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toranj_Bel%C3%A9m" title="Toranj Belém – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Toranj Belém" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menara_Bel%C3%A9m" title="Menara Belém – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Menara Belém" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betlehemsturninn" title="Betlehemsturninn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Betlehemsturninn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_di_Bel%C3%A9m" title="Torre di Belém – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Torre di Belém" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="מגדל בלן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מגדל בלן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94" title="ბელენის ციხესიმაგრე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბელენის ციხესიმაგრე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belenas_tornis" title="Belenas tornis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Belenas tornis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuerm_vu_Bel%C3%A9m" title="Tuerm vu Belém – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tuerm vu Belém" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleno_bok%C5%A1tas" title="Beleno bokštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Beleno bokštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m-torony" title="Belém-torony – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Belém-torony" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Белемска кула – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Белемска кула" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC" title="ബെലെം ടവർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബെലെം ടവർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torri_ta%27_Bel%C3%A9m" title="Torri ta' Belém – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Torri ta' Belém" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85" title="برج بيليم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="برج بيليم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menara_Bel%C3%A9m" title="Menara Belém – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Menara Belém" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဘယ်လိမ် မျှော်စင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘယ်လိမ် မျှော်စင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_Bel%C3%A9m" title="Torre de Belém – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Torre de Belém" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E5%A1%94" title="ベレンの塔 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベレンの塔" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9mt%C3%A5rnet" title="Belémtårnet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Belémtårnet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_Bel%C3%A9m" title="Torre de Belém – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Torre de Belém" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_Bel%C3%A9m" title="Torre de Belém – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Torre de Belém" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_Bel%C3%A9m" title="Torre de Belém – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Torre de Belém" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%B4%D0%B8-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Торри-ди-Белен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Торри-ди-Белен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulla_e_Belemit" title="Kulla e Belemit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kulla e Belemit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_Tower" title="Belém Tower – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Belém Tower" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolp_Bel%C3%A9m" title="Stolp Belém – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stolp Belém" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Кула Белем – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кула Белем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_Bel%C3%A9m" title="Torre de Belém – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Torre de Belém" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9min_torni" title="Belémin torni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Belémin torni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9mtornet" title="Belémtornet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Belémtornet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tore_ng_Belem" title="Tore ng Belem – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tore ng Belem" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5" title="หอคอยบึไล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หอคอยบึไล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_Kulesi" title="Belém Kulesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Belém Kulesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Беленська башта – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Беленська башта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1p_Bel%C3%A9m" title="Tháp Belém – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tháp Belém" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E4%BC%A6%E5%A1%94" title="贝伦塔 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bel%C3%A9m_Tower&params=38_41_30_N_9_12_58_W_type:landmark_region:PT"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°41′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">9°12′58″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.69167°N 9.21611°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.69167; -9.21611</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fortified tower in Lisbon, Portugal</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the tower in Lisbon, Portugal. For the one in Córdoba, Spain, see <a href="/wiki/Torre_de_Bel%C3%A9n" title="Torre de Belén">Torre de Belén</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Belém Tower</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname">Torre de Belém, Torre de São Vicente</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Torre_Bel%C3%A9m_April_2009-4a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Torre_Bel%C3%A9m_April_2009-4a.jpg/220px-Torre_Bel%C3%A9m_April_2009-4a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Torre_Bel%C3%A9m_April_2009-4a.jpg/330px-Torre_Bel%C3%A9m_April_2009-4a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Torre_Bel%C3%A9m_April_2009-4a.jpg/440px-Torre_Bel%C3%A9m_April_2009-4a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5035" data-file-height="4805" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The quarter façade of the tower on the bank of the Tagus river</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-lat="38.691666666667" data-lon="-9.2161111111111" data-overlays="["_81a7ae0b1fafa9cb320376a45bd53e590691d901"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/13/38.691666666667/-9.2161111111111/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,38.691666666667,-9.2161111111111,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Bel%C3%A9m_Tower&revid=1257328482&groups=_81a7ae0b1fafa9cb320376a45bd53e590691d901" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,38.691666666667,-9.2161111111111,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Bel%C3%A9m_Tower&revid=1257328482&groups=_81a7ae0b1fafa9cb320376a45bd53e590691d901 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bel%C3%A9m_Tower&params=38_41_30_N_9_12_58_W_type:landmark_region:PT"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°41′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">9°12′58″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.69167°N 9.21611°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.69167; -9.21611</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data">Francisco de Arruda</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Material</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lioz" title="Lioz">lioz</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Visitors</th><td class="infobox-data">377.780 visitors (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Beginning date</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1514</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completion date</th><td class="infobox-data">1519</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patrimoniocultural.gov.pt/pt/museus-e-monumentos/dgpc/m/torre-de-belem/">www<wbr />.patrimoniocultural<wbr />.gov<wbr />.pt<wbr />/pt<wbr />/museus-e-monumentos<wbr />/dgpc<wbr />/m<wbr />/torre-de-belem<wbr />/</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215003#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimos_Monastery" title="Jerónimos Monastery">Monastery of the Hieronymites</a> and Tower of Belém in Lisbon</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: iii, vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/263bis">263bis</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1983 (7th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #006600; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of Portugal">Portuguese National Monument</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Non-movable</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">National Monument</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">10 January 1907</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">IPA.00004065</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Belém Tower</b> (Portuguese: <i lang="pt">Torre de Belém</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ˈtoʁɨ<span class="wrap"> </span>ðɨ<span class="wrap"> </span>βɨˈlɐ̃j]</a></span>; literally: <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> Tower), officially the <b>Tower of <a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_Saragossa" title="Vincent of Saragossa">Saint Vincent</a></b> (Portuguese: <i lang="pt">Torre de São Vicente</i>) is a 16th-century fortification located in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> that served as a point of embarkation and disembarkation for Portuguese explorers and as a ceremonial gateway to Lisbon.<sup id="cite_ref-DHA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO2019_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tower symbolizes Portugal's maritime and colonial power in early modern Europe. It was built during the height of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Portuguese Renaissance</a>, and is a prominent example of the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a> style,<sup id="cite_ref-Lach_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lach-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it also incorporates other architectural styles, such as the minarets, which are inspired by <a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Portugal_tourism_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portugal_tourism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure was built from <a href="/wiki/Lioz" title="Lioz">lioz</a> <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> and is composed of a <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastion</a> and a 30-metre (100 ft),<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> four-storey tower. </p><p>Since 1983, the tower has been a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimos_Monastery" title="Jerónimos Monastery">Jerónimos Monastery</a>. It is often portrayed as a symbol of Europe's <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Discoveries">Age of Discoveries</a><sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO2019_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as a metonym for <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> or Lisbon, given its landmark status. It has incorrectly been stated that the tower was built in the middle of the Tagus and now sits near the shore because the river was redirected after the <a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">1755 Lisbon earthquake</a>. In fact, the tower was built on a small island in the <a href="/wiki/Tagus" title="Tagus">Tagus</a> river near the Lisbon shore.<sup id="cite_ref-Portugal_tourism_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portugal_tourism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IPPAR_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPPAR-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bel%C3%A9m_Tower&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torre_de_Bel%C3%A9m,_Lisboa,_Portugal,_2012-05-12,_DD_18.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Torre_de_Bel%C3%A9m%2C_Lisboa%2C_Portugal%2C_2012-05-12%2C_DD_18.JPG/220px-Torre_de_Bel%C3%A9m%2C_Lisboa%2C_Portugal%2C_2012-05-12%2C_DD_18.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Torre_de_Bel%C3%A9m%2C_Lisboa%2C_Portugal%2C_2012-05-12%2C_DD_18.JPG/330px-Torre_de_Bel%C3%A9m%2C_Lisboa%2C_Portugal%2C_2012-05-12%2C_DD_18.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Torre_de_Bel%C3%A9m%2C_Lisboa%2C_Portugal%2C_2012-05-12%2C_DD_18.JPG/440px-Torre_de_Bel%C3%A9m%2C_Lisboa%2C_Portugal%2C_2012-05-12%2C_DD_18.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3223" data-file-height="4017" /></a><figcaption>The tower was classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983 and included in the registry of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Portugal" title="Seven Wonders of Portugal">Seven Wonders of Portugal</a> in 2007.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 15th century, <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">King John II</a> had designed a defence system for the mouth of the Tagus that depended on the fortresses of <a href="/wiki/Cascais" title="Cascais">Cascais</a> and <i>São Sebastião</i> (or <i>Torre Velha</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Caparica_(Almada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caparica (Almada)">Caparica</a> on the south side of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-Portugal_tourism_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portugal_tourism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TBTorre_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TBTorre-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These fortresses did not completely protect the river's mouth, and further protection was required.<sup id="cite_ref-TBTorre_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TBTorre-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his "Chronicle of <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">John II</a>" (<i>Chronica de D. Joao II</i>), which appeared in 1545,<sup id="cite_ref-Hirsch1967_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirsch1967-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the author <a href="/wiki/Garcia_de_Resende" title="Garcia de Resende">Garcia de Resende</a> affirmed the king's opinion that the defences of Lisbon were inadequate, and that he had insisted on building fortifications along the entrance to the River <a href="/wiki/Tagus" title="Tagus">Tagus</a> to supplement the existing defences.<sup id="cite_ref-TBHistoria_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TBHistoria-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this end, he ordered the "making of a strong fort", but died before any plans were drawn. King <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a> revisited the proposal twenty years later and ordered the construction of a military fortification on the northern margin of the Tagus at Belém.<sup id="cite_ref-TBTorre_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TBTorre-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1513, Lourenço Fernandes wrote a letter to his friends referring to the king's intention of constructing a tower near Restelo Velho, having determined it to be essential. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_India_16-17th_centuries_v05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Portuguese_India_16-17th_centuries_v05.jpg/260px-Portuguese_India_16-17th_centuries_v05.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Portuguese_India_16-17th_centuries_v05.jpg/390px-Portuguese_India_16-17th_centuries_v05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Portuguese_India_16-17th_centuries_v05.jpg/520px-Portuguese_India_16-17th_centuries_v05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese presence in India, the Gulf of Bengal and the Himalayas (maximum extent) between the 15th and 17th centuries</figcaption></figure> <p>The presence of this military element was also a celebration of the round trip of the Portuguese to India and a way of receiving the fleets that arrived at the mouth of the Tagus, glorifying the feat, as if it were a mimetic of what those who arrived could identify with what they had seen in the East. The best example is the carved rhinoceros, the result of an offer from an Indian ruler who offered it to King Dom Manuel. This Rhinoceros would be the same one that Albert Durer would immortalize in his drawings. </p><p>The project was started on a basaltic rock outcrop a short distance from the riverbank, using some of the stone being collected to build the <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimos_Monastery" title="Jerónimos Monastery">Monastery of Santa Maria de Belém</a>. The tower was designed by military architect <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Arruda" title="Francisco de Arruda">Francisco de Arruda</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hourihane2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hourihane2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> named "Master of the works of the Belém stronghold" by King Manuel,<sup id="cite_ref-Almeida1992_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almeida1992-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1516 he began receiving 763 blocks and 504 stones for its construction, delivered by Diogo Rodrigues, treasurer for the project. As construction progressed, a man-of-war called the <i>Grande Nau</i> (Great Ship), a heavily armed, 1000–ton ship continued to guard the estuary at the mouth of the Tagus until the fort's completion.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IPPAR_Tower_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPPAR_Tower-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The building was finished in 1519, just two years before Manuel's death, and Gaspar de Paiva was temporarily stationed to command the fortress;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his commission was made permanent on 15 September 1521, when he was appointed the first Captain-General, or <a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">alcalde</a>, and the fortress was named the Castle of St Vincent (<i>Castelo de São Vicente de Belém</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-TBHistoria_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TBHistoria-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Torre_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torre-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in honour of the patron saint of Lisbon. </p><p>In 1571, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Holanda" title="Francisco de Holanda">Francisco de Holanda</a> advised the monarch that it was necessary to improve the coastal defences in order to protect the kingdom's capital. He suggested the construction of a "strong and impregnable" fort that could easily defend Lisbon and that the Belém Tower "should be strengthened, repaired and completed...that it has cost so much without being completed". D'Holanda designed an improved rectangular bastion with several turrets. In 1580, after a few hours of battle, the garrison stationed in the tower surrendered to Spanish forces under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Fadrique_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_4th_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a>. After this defeat, the dungeons of the tower served as a prison until 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-TBHistoria_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TBHistoria-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Torre_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torre-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also during the last quarter of the 16th century that the construction of the Philippine Barracks began. A rectangular two-storey space was constructed over the bastion, giving the tower the visual profile that it has retained to the present, with sculpted crosses of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Christ (Portugal)">Order of Christ</a> and domed turrets. </p><p>In 1589, <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Portugal">Philip I of Portugal</a> ordered Italian engineer Friar João Vicenzio Casale to build a well-defended fort to be constructed in place of the "useless castle of São Vicente".<sup id="cite_ref-TBHistoria_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TBHistoria-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The engineer submitted three designs, proposing that the bastion would be surrounded by another bastion of greater dimensions, but the project never materialized. </p><p>A 1633 codex for the House of Cadaval was inserted into one of the floors, in one of the arches of the barracks, and in the four largest arches at the top of the southern façade. Similarly, a reference to the year 1655 was inscribed on a plaque placed on the northern wall of the cloister, which certified the tower's function as a customs control point and for navigation along the Tagus; vessels were obliged to pay a tax as they entered the harbour, which was imposed incrementally. </p><p>Between 1780 and 1782, under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I of Portugal</a>, General Guilherme de Valleré constructed the <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Bom_Sucesso" title="Fort of Bom Sucesso">Fort of Bom Sucesso</a>, whose battery was connected by a western corridor wall to the tower.<sup id="cite_ref-TBHistoria_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TBHistoria-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When French forces invaded Lisbon during the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>, detachments of their troops were quartered in the tower from 1808 to 1814. After the French retreated, <a href="/wiki/William_Beresford,_1st_Viscount_Beresford" title="William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford">Lord Beresford</a> advised that coastal artillery batteries should be reinforced along the Tagus, and specifically noted that stronger batteries should be placed on the sides of the tower's bastion, with carts placed to better protect the soldiers, since the walls were very low. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Combat_du_Tage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Combat_du_Tage.jpg/220px-Combat_du_Tage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Combat_du_Tage.jpg/330px-Combat_du_Tage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Combat_du_Tage.jpg/440px-Combat_du_Tage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>French ships exchanging fire with the tower at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tagus" title="Battle of the Tagus">Battle of the Tagus</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a> (1831)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Miguel_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel of Portugal">King Miguel I</a> (1828–1834) used the dungeons to imprison his liberal opponents,<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while another level was used as a <a href="/wiki/Custom_house" title="Custom house">custom house</a> for ships until the duty on foreign ships was abolished in 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-TBHistoria_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TBHistoria-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Torre_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torre-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Penny_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penny-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tower received military upgrades in 1589 and 1809–1814. </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Almeida Garrett</a> protested the site's degradation and under the persuasion of the <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Jos%C3%A9_Severim_de_Noronha,_1st_Duke_of_Terceira" title="António José Severim de Noronha, 1st Duke of Terceira">Duke of Terceira</a>, renovations were begun by military engineer António de Azevedo e Cunha.<sup id="cite_ref-TBHistoria_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TBHistoria-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He demolished the Philippine barracks and extended revivalist elements in 1845–46 (such as the armoured merlons, the <a href="/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster">balustrade</a> of the veranda along the southern façade, the laced fascia in the cloister and the niche with an image of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_and_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin and Child">Virgin and Child</a>). </p><p>In 1865–67 a beacon was installed on the southeast terrace of the building and a telegraph service was started, while nearby a gas factory was built, producing smoke that prompted many protests.<sup id="cite_ref-TBHistoria_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TBHistoria-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first moves to preserve and rehabilitate the tower began in the latter part of the 20th century. First, the tower was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Portugal)" title="Ministry of Finance (Portugal)">Ministry of Finance</a> in 1940, which undertook small conservation works.<sup id="cite_ref-TBHistoria_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TBHistoria-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then the military quarters on the battlements were removed and the inner <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloister</a> was built. The architectural landscape designer António Viana Barreto began a three-year project in 1953 to integrate the tower with the local shoreline.<sup id="cite_ref-TBHistoria_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TBHistoria-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983 the site hosted the 17th European Exhibition on Art, Science and Culture, and various projects involving the building were undertaken, among them covering the cloister with a transparent plastic cupola. In the same year, the Belém Tower was classified by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. </p><p>In the 1990s, the property was transferred to the <i>Instituto Português do Património Arquitectónico</i> (forerunner of <a href="/wiki/IGESPAR" class="mw-redirect" title="IGESPAR">IGESPAR</a>), which began a full restoration of the building that lasted from February 1997 to January 1998; this included reinforcing the tower and bastion, reinforcing the south balcony supports with stainless steel rods and <a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">epoxy</a> resin, treating the mortar joints, and general structural cleaning. The statues of Saint <a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_Saragossa" title="Vincent of Saragossa">Vincent of Saragossa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Archangel Michael</a> received the same treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999 the project received the <i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Nostra" title="Europa Nostra">Europa Nostra</a></i> award for its restoration of the exterior.<sup id="cite_ref-IPPAR_Tower_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPPAR_Tower-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Belém Tower was added on 7 July 2007 to the registry of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Portugal" title="Seven Wonders of Portugal">Seven Wonders of Portugal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bel%C3%A9m_Tower&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Belém Tower is situated on the northern bank of the <a href="/wiki/Tagus_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagus River">Tagus River</a> in the civil parish of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_de_Bel%C3%A9m" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria de Belém">Santa Maria de Belém</a>, municipality of Lisbon, accessible at the western end of the <i>Avenida de Brasília</i> by a small bridge. Nearby are the <a href="/wiki/Jeronimos_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeronimos Monastery">Jeronimos Monastery</a> to the east and the <i>Forte do Bom Sucesso</i> to the west, while to the north are the tower Governor's residence, the old Governor's residence for the Bom Successo fort, and the Chapel of São Jerónimo. </p><p>The tower is isolated along the riverbank, between the dock of Bom Sucesso and Pedrouços, on a basaltic outcropping of rocks belonging to the geomorphological volcanic complex of Lisboa-Mafra.<sup id="cite_ref-Pais2011_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pais2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although various guides have claimed that the tower was built in the middle of the Tagus, and now sits near the shore after the <a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">1755 earthquake</a> redirected the river, they are incorrect. The Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Portugal)" title="Ministry of Culture (Portugal)">Ministry of Culture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/IGESPAR" class="mw-redirect" title="IGESPAR">Institute of Architectural Heritage</a> indicate that the tower was constructed on a small island near the bank of the Tagus, opposite the shore of Restelo. As development extended the shoreline progressively, more and more of the northern bank crept southwards into the Tagus, the tower becoming integrated into the riverbank over time.<sup id="cite_ref-Portugal_tourism_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portugal_tourism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IPPAR_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPPAR-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rough_Guides_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rough_Guides-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Belém Tower was built from a beige-white <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> local to the Lisbon area and thereabouts called <i>Lioz</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Assembly2007_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assembly2007-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building is divided into two parts: the <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastion</a> and the four-story tower located on the north side of the bastion. </p><p>The 16th-century tower is considered one of the principal works of the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Portugal#Manueline_style_(c._1490_–_c._1520)" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Portugal">Portuguese Late Gothic</a> <a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a> style.<sup id="cite_ref-Lach_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lach-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rough_Guides_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rough_Guides-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is especially apparent in its elaborate <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vaulting</a>, crosses of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Christ (Portugal)">Order of Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">armillary spheres</a> and twisted rope, common to the nautically inspired organic Manueline style.<sup id="cite_ref-Lach_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lach-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IPPAR_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPPAR-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exterior">Exterior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bel%C3%A9m_Tower&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Exterior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_de_Belem_detail_1_082006.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A detailed view of a turret. A cross sits atop each turret. Two Order of Christ crosses can be seen on the edge of the bastion." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tour_de_Belem_detail_1_082006.JPG/170px-Tour_de_Belem_detail_1_082006.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tour_de_Belem_detail_1_082006.JPG/255px-Tour_de_Belem_detail_1_082006.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tour_de_Belem_detail_1_082006.JPG/340px-Tour_de_Belem_detail_1_082006.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Bastion terrace with its <a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a> bartizan <a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">turrets</a> and cupolas from the northwest.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belem.Torre04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The inner cloister and the back side of the virgin niche. In the centre is the opening into the casemate and in the background are two turrets on the bastion deck." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Belem.Torre04.jpg/170px-Belem.Torre04.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Belem.Torre04.jpg/255px-Belem.Torre04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Belem.Torre04.jpg/340px-Belem.Torre04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>The inner <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloister</a> of the tower displaying the back side of the niche of the virgin and two turrets</figcaption></figure> <p>The building's plan consists of a rectangular tower and an irregular, hexagonal bastion, with elongated flanks, that projects south into the river. It is basically a large articulated vertical space resting on a horizontal stone slab, covered by masonry enclosures. On the northeast angle of the structure, protected by a defensive wall with <a href="/wiki/Bartizan" title="Bartizan">bartizans</a>, is a drawbridge to access the bulwark, decorated in plant motifs, surmounted by the royal coat of arms and flanked by small columns, complemented with <a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">armillary spheres</a>. The Manueline armillary spheres appear at the tower's entrance, symbolizing Portugal's <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931542)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Portugal (1415–1542)">nautical explorations</a>, and were used on King Manuel I's personal banner to represent Portuguese discoveries during his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-IPPAR_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPPAR-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-manuelsphere_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manuelsphere-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decorative carved, twisted rope and elegant knots also point to Portugal's nautical history and are common elements of the Manueline style.<sup id="cite_ref-Lach_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lach-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IPPAR_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPPAR-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the outside of the lower bastion, the walls have spaces for 17 cannons with <a href="/wiki/Embrasure" title="Embrasure">embrasures</a> affording a view of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-Publishing2012_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Publishing2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper tier of the bastion is crowned by a small wall with bartizans in strategic places, decorated by rounded shields with the cross of the Order of Christ encircling the platform. King <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a> was a member of the Order of Christ,<sup id="cite_ref-Knights_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knights-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus the cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Christ (Portugal)">Order of Christ</a> is used numerous times on the <a href="/wiki/Parapet" title="Parapet">parapets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO2019_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IPPAR_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPPAR-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were a symbol of Manuel's military power, as the knights of the Order of Christ participated in several military conquests in that era.<sup id="cite_ref-Knights_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knights-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bartizans, cylindrical turrets (<a href="/wiki/Guerite" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerite">guerites</a>) in the corners that served as watchtowers, have corbels with zoomorphic ornaments and domes covered with ridges unusual in European architecture, topped with ornate <a href="/wiki/Finial" title="Finial">finials</a>. The bases of the turrets have images of beasts, including a rhinoceros.<sup id="cite_ref-Portugal_tourism_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portugal_tourism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Torre_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torre-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rhinoceros is considered to be the first sculpture of such an animal in Western European art<sup id="cite_ref-Portugal_tourism_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portugal_tourism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and probably depicts <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCrer%27s_Rhinoceros" title="Dürer's Rhinoceros">the rhinoceros</a> that Manuel I sent to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> in 1515.<sup id="cite_ref-RookmaakerJones1998_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RookmaakerJones1998-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the tower is predominantly Manueline in style,<sup id="cite_ref-Lach_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lach-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it also incorporates features of other architectural styles.<sup id="cite_ref-Portugal_tourism_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portugal_tourism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was built by the military architect Francisco de Arruda, who had already supervised the construction of several fortresses in Portuguese territories in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Almeida1992_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almeida1992-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Torre_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torre-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influence of <a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish architecture</a> is manifested in the delicate decorations, the arched windows, the balconies, and the ribbed <a href="/wiki/Cupola_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupola (military)">cupolas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Watchtower" title="Watchtower">watchtowers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO2019_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tower has four storeys, with fenestrations and battlements, the ground floor being occupied by a vaulted cistern. On the first floor, there is a south-facing rectangular door with arched windows on the east and north, and bartizans in the northeast and northwest corners. The southern part of the second floor is dominated by a covered veranda with a <a href="/wiki/Loggia" title="Loggia">loggia</a> (<i>matacães</i>), consisting of an arcade of seven arches, resting on large <a href="/wiki/Corbel" title="Corbel">corbels</a> with balusters. It is covered by laced stonework to form a porch, and its sloped roof ends in a sculpted twisted rope.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eastern, northern and western walls are occupied by double-arched enclosures, with the northeast and northwest corners occupied by statues of Saint <a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_Saragossa" title="Vincent of Saragossa">Vincent of Saragossa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">archangel Michael</a> in niches. The third floor has twin windows in the northern, eastern and western façades, with balusters, interspersed by two armillary spheres and a large relief with the Royal coat of arms. The final floor is encircled by a terrace with shields of the Order of Christ, and a northern arched door and eastern arched window. The terrace is enclosed by a low wall with collonaded pyramidal merlons with bartizans in the four corners. A similar terrace above this floor offers a view of the surrounding landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-Sullivan_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interior">Interior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bel%C3%A9m_Tower&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TorreBelem1-IPPAR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/TorreBelem1-IPPAR.jpg/220px-TorreBelem1-IPPAR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/TorreBelem1-IPPAR.jpg/330px-TorreBelem1-IPPAR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/TorreBelem1-IPPAR.jpg/440px-TorreBelem1-IPPAR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>Interior casemate of the main bastion showing the cannon niches</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belem.Torre09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Belem.Torre09.jpg/220px-Belem.Torre09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Belem.Torre09.jpg/330px-Belem.Torre09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Belem.Torre09.jpg/440px-Belem.Torre09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A view from the second floor loggia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisbon_holiday_(18798806522).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lisbon_holiday_%2818798806522%29.jpg/170px-Lisbon_holiday_%2818798806522%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lisbon_holiday_%2818798806522%29.jpg/255px-Lisbon_holiday_%2818798806522%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lisbon_holiday_%2818798806522%29.jpg/340px-Lisbon_holiday_%2818798806522%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Tourists visiting inside</figcaption></figure> <p>The interior of the bastion, with a circular staircase at the north end, has two contiguous halls with vaulted ceilings supported by masonry arches, as well as four storage lockers and sanitary facilities. On the ground floor bunker, the floor is inclined towards the outside, while the ceilings are supported by masonry pilasters and vaulted spines. Gothic rib vaulting is evident in this <a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">casemate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bulwark_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulwark-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the rooms of the tower<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the cupolas of the <a href="/wiki/Watchtowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Watchtowers">watchtowers</a> on the bastion terrace.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO2019_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peripheral compartments on the edges of the bunker allow the individual cannons to occupy their own space, with the ceiling designed with several asymmetrical domes of various heights. The ancillary storerooms were later used as prison cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Bulwark_Terrace_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulwark_Terrace-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two archways open to the main cloister in the north and south, while six broken arches stretch along the eastern and western parts of the cloister, interspersed with square pillars in the bastion interior, with gargoyle facets. The open cloister above the casemate, although decorative, was designed to dispel cannon smoke.<sup id="cite_ref-Torre_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torre-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bulwark_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulwark-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper level is connected by a railing decorated with crosses of the Order of Christ, while at the terrace the space has rising columns topped with armillary spheres. This space could also be used for light-calibre infantry. This was the first Portuguese fortification with a two-level gun emplacement and marked a new development in military architecture. Some of the decorations date from the renovation of the 1840s and are <a href="/wiki/Neo-Manueline" title="Neo-Manueline">Neo-Manueline</a> in style, like the decoration of the small cloister on the bastion.<sup id="cite_ref-Torre_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torre-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the southern portion of the cloister terrace is an image of the Virgin and Child. The statue of the Virgin of Belém also referred to as <i>Nossa Senhora de Bom Successo</i> (Our Lady of Good Success), <i>Nossa Senhora das Uvas</i> (Our Lady of the Grapes) or the <i>Virgem da Boa Viagem</i> (Virgin of Safe Homecoming) is depicted holding a child in her right hand and a <a href="/wiki/Bunch_of_grapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunch of grapes">bunch of grapes</a> in her left. </p><p>The tower is about 12 metres (39 ft) wide and 30 metres (98 ft) tall.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first-floor interior contains the <i>Sala do Governador</i> (Governor's Hall), an octagonal space that opens into the cistern, while in the northeast and northwest corners are corridors that link to the bartizans. A small door provides access via a spiral staircase to the subsequent floors. On the second floor, the <i>Sala dos Reis</i> (King's Hall) opens to the <a href="/wiki/Loggia" title="Loggia">loggia</a> overlooking the river, while a small corner fireplace extends from this floor to the third-floor fireplace in the <i>Sala das Audiências</i> (Audience Hall). The ceilings of all three floors are covered in hollow concrete slabs. The fourth-floor chapel has a vaulted rib ceiling with niches emblematic of the Manueline style, supported by carved corbels. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bel%C3%A9m_Tower&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://noticias.casayes.pt/os-10-monumentos-mais-visitados-do-pais/">Sofia (2023). Casa Yes. Consultado em 04 de outubro de 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DHA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DHA_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1_AjAQAAIAAJ&q=%22explorers%20set%20sail%22"><i>The Dock and Harbour Authority</i></a>. Foxlow Publications, Limited. 1969. p. 335.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dock+and+Harbour+Authority&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Foxlow+Publications%2C+Limited&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1_AjAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522explorers%2520set%2520sail%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO2019-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO2019_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO2019_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO2019_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO2019_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO2019_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO" class="citation web cs1">UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/263">"Monastery of the Hieronymites and Tower of Belém in Lisbon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monastery+of+the+Hieronymites+and+Tower+of+Bel%C3%A9m+in+Lisbon&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.au=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lach-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lach_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lach_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lach_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lach_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lach_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLach1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_F._Lach" title="Donald F. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portuguese+architecture&rft.pages=181-182&rft.pub=A.+Constable+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Walter+Crum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fportuguesearchi00crumgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPPAR-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IPPAR_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPPAR_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPPAR_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPPAR_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPPAR_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPPAR_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIGESPAR_–_Instituto_de_Gestão_do_Património_Arquitectónico_e_Arqueológico_(Portuguese_Institute_of_Architectural_and_Archaeological_Heritage)2006" class="citation web cs1">IGESPAR – Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico (Portuguese Institute of Architectural and Archaeological Heritage) (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101107074304/http://www.igespar.pt/en/patrimonio/mundial/portugal/110/">"World Heritage: Jerónimos and Tower of Belém"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Heritage%3A+Jer%C3%B3nimos+and+Tower+of+Bel%C3%A9m&rft.date=2006&rft.au=IGESPAR+%E2%80%93+Instituto+de+Gest%C3%A3o+do+Patrim%C3%B3nio+Arquitect%C3%B3nico+e+Arqueol%C3%B3gico+%28Portuguese+Institute+of+Architectural+and+Archaeological+Heritage%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.igespar.pt%2Fen%2Fpatrimonio%2Fmundial%2Fportugal%2F110%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TBTorre-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TBTorre_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TBTorre_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TBTorre_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIGESPAR_–_Instituto_de_Gestão_do_Património_Arquitectónico_e_Arqueológico2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">IGESPAR – Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160802205251/http://www.torrebelem.pt/pt/index.php?s=white&pid=179&identificador=">"A Torre de São Vicente XVIII"</a> (in Portuguese). Lisbon. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torrebelem.pt/pt/index.php?s=white&pid=179&identificador=">the original</a> on 2 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Torre+de+S%C3%A3o+Vicente+XVIII&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torrebelem.pt%2Fpt%2Findex.php%3Fs%3Dwhite%26pid%3D179%26identificador%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hirsch1967-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hirsch1967_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirsch1967" class="citation book cs1">Hirsch, Elisabeth Feist (31 July 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v2IURME9XY4C&pg=PA197"><i>Damião de Gois: The Life and Thought of a Portuguese Humanist, 1502–1574</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-247-0195-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-247-0195-7"><bdi>978-90-247-0195-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dami%C3%A3o+de+Gois%3A+The+Life+and+Thought+of+a+Portuguese+Humanist%2C+1502%E2%80%931574&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1967-07-31&rft.isbn=978-90-247-0195-7&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth+Feist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv2IURME9XY4C%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TBHistoria-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TBHistoria_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TBHistoria_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TBHistoria_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TBHistoria_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TBHistoria_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TBHistoria_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TBHistoria_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TBHistoria_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TBHistoria_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TBHistoria_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIGESPAR_–Instituto_de_Gestão_do_Património_Arquitectónico_e_Arqueológico2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">IGESPAR –Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160802144952/http://www.torrebelem.pt/pt/index.php?s=white&pid=180&identificador=">"Cronologia"</a> (in Portuguese). Lisbon. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torrebelem.pt/pt/index.php?s=white&pid=180&identificador=">the original</a> on 2 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cronologia&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torrebelem.pt%2Fpt%2Findex.php%3Fs%3Dwhite%26pid%3D180%26identificador%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hourihane2012-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hourihane2012_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHourihane2012" class="citation book cs1">Hourihane, Colum (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FtlMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA277"><i>The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539536-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539536-5"><bdi>978-0-19-539536-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Medieval+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539536-5&rft.aulast=Hourihane&rft.aufirst=Colum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFtlMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Almeida1992-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Almeida1992_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Almeida1992_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Almeida1992" class="citation book cs1">de Almeida, Justino Mendes (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C5cvAQAAMAAJ&q=%221514%22"><i>De Olisipo a Lisboa: estudos olisiponenses</i></a>. Edições Cosmos. pp. 45–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-9170-75-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-9170-75-1"><bdi>978-972-9170-75-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Olisipo+a+Lisboa%3A+estudos+olisiponenses&rft.pages=45-46&rft.pub=Edi%C3%A7%C3%B5es+Cosmos&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-972-9170-75-1&rft.aulast=de+Almeida&rft.aufirst=Justino+Mendes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC5cvAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25221514%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wmf.org/project/tower-bel%C3%A9m">"Tower of Belém"</a>. World Monuments Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tower+of+Bel%C3%A9m&rft.pub=World+Monuments+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wmf.org%2Fproject%2Ftower-bel%25C3%25A9m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPPAR_Tower-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IPPAR_Tower_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPPAR_Tower_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIPPAR_–_Instituto_Português_do_Património_Arquitectónico_(Portuguese_Institute_of_Architectural_Heritage)2006" class="citation web cs1">IPPAR – Instituto Português do Património Arquitectónico (Portuguese Institute of Architectural Heritage) (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091220000054/http://www.ippar.pt/english/monumentos/castelo_belem.html">"IPPAR Services: Belém Tower"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ippar.pt/english/monumentos/castelo_belem.html">the original</a> on 20 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IPPAR+Services%3A+Bel%C3%A9m+Tower&rft.date=2006&rft.au=IPPAR+%E2%80%93+Instituto+Portugu%C3%AAs+do+Patrim%C3%B3nio+Arquitect%C3%B3nico+%28Portuguese+Institute+of+Architectural+Heritage%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ippar.pt%2Fenglish%2Fmonumentos%2Fcastelo_belem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paiva was the brother of King Manuel's tutor.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torre-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Torre_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torre_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torre_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torre_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torre_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torre_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torre_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Culture2000" class="citation web cs1">Ministry of Culture (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090624091751/http://www.mosteirojeronimos.pt/english/web_torre_belem/hist_intro.html">"History/Introduction"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mosteirojeronimos.pt/english/web_torre_belem/hist_intro.html">the original</a> on 24 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History%2FIntroduction&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Ministry+of+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mosteirojeronimos.pt%2Fenglish%2Fweb_torre_belem%2Fhist_intro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penny-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Penny_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety_for_the_Diffusion_of_Useful_Knowledge_(Great_Britain)1835" class="citation book cs1">Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (Great Britain) (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7ArAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA172"><i>The Penny cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge</i></a>. C. Knight. p. 172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penny+cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+the+Society+for+the+Diffusion+of+Useful+Knowledge&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=C.+Knight&rft.date=1835&rft.au=Society+for+the+Diffusion+of+Useful+Knowledge+%28Great+Britain%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY7ArAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Culture2000" class="citation web cs1">Ministry of Culture (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090624085232/http://www.mosteirojeronimos.pt/english/web_torre_belem/cons_prog_interv.html">"Conservation and Restoration: Restoration works timetable"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mosteirojeronimos.pt/english/web_torre_belem/cons_prog_interv.html">the original</a> on 24 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conservation+and+Restoration%3A+Restoration+works+timetable&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Ministry+of+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mosteirojeronimos.pt%2Fenglish%2Fweb_torre_belem%2Fcons_prog_interv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pais2011-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pais2011_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPais2011" class="citation book cs1">Pais, João (6 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KThwwV_APVIC&pg=PA35"><i>The Paleogene and Neogene of Western Iberia (Portugal): A Cenozoic record in the European Atlantic domain</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-22401-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-22401-0"><bdi>978-3-642-22401-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paleogene+and+Neogene+of+Western+Iberia+%28Portugal%29%3A+A+Cenozoic+record+in+the+European+Atlantic+domain&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2011-10-06&rft.isbn=978-3-642-22401-0&rft.aulast=Pais&rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%A3o&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKThwwV_APVIC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rough_Guides-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rough_Guides_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rough_Guides_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllinghamFisherKenyon2002" class="citation book cs1">Ellingham, Mark; Fisher, John; Kenyon, Graham (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xmmf4qRsf_gC"><i>The Rough Guide to Portugal</i></a> (10th ed.). Rough Guides, Ltd. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-877-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-877-0"><bdi>1-85828-877-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Portugal&rft.pages=97&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Rough+Guides%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-85828-877-0&rft.aulast=Ellingham&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Fisher%2C+John&rft.au=Kenyon%2C+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXmmf4qRsf_gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Assembly2007-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Assembly2007_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFigueiredoAires-BarrosBastoGraca2007" class="citation book cs1">Figueiredo; Aires-Barros; Basto; Graca; Mauricio (2007). Přikryl, R.; Smith, B. J. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_NS5PaO_LeQC&pg=PA99"><i>Building Stone Decay: From Diagnosis to Conservation</i></a>. Geological Society of London. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-218-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-218-2"><bdi>978-1-86239-218-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+Stone+Decay%3A+From+Diagnosis+to+Conservation&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+London&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86239-218-2&rft.au=Figueiredo&rft.au=Aires-Barros&rft.au=Basto&rft.au=Graca&rft.au=Mauricio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_NS5PaO_LeQC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstituto_Camões2005" class="citation web cs1">Instituto Camões (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/ciencia_eng/e15.html">"The Star of Cabral"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Star+of+Cabral&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Instituto+Cam%C3%B5es&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcvc.instituto-camoes.pt%2Fciencia_eng%2Fe15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manuelsphere-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-manuelsphere_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartins" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martins, António. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070223153456/http://www.tuvalkin.web.pt/terravista/guincho/1421/bandeira/pt_real.htm#rme1">"Bandeiras navais históricas"</a>. <i>Bandeiras de Portugal</i> (in Portuguese). Bandeiras do Bacano. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tuvalkin.web.pt/terravista/guincho/1421/bandeira/pt_real.htm#rme1">the original</a> on 23 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bandeiras+de+Portugal&rft.atitle=Bandeiras+navais+hist%C3%B3ricas&rft.aulast=Martins&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuvalkin.web.pt%2Fterravista%2Fguincho%2F1421%2Fbandeira%2Fpt_real.htm%23rme1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Publishing2012-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Publishing2012_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDK_Publishing2012" class="citation book cs1">DK Publishing (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aRsGFSNXJ4AC&pg=PA113"><i>Great Buildings</i></a>. DK Publishing. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-0774-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-0774-0"><bdi>978-1-4654-0774-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Buildings&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=DK+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4654-0774-0&rft.au=DK+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaRsGFSNXJ4AC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knights-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knights_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knights_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Order_of_the_Knights_of_Christ&oldid=338922">"Order of the Knights of Christ"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Wikisource, The Free Library. 1913<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Order+of+the+Knights+of+Christ&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Wikisource%2C+The+Free+Library&rft.date=1913&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DCatholic_Encyclopedia_%281913%29%2FOrder_of_the_Knights_of_Christ%26oldid%3D338922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RookmaakerJones1998-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RookmaakerJones1998_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRookmaakerJonesKlösReynolds_III1998" class="citation book cs1">Rookmaaker, L. C.; Jones, Marvin L.; Klös, Heinz-Georg; Reynolds III, Richard J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vDijgNs_7Q0C&pg=PA80"><i>The Rhinoceros in Captivity: A List of 2439 Rhinoceroses Kept from Roman Times to 1994</i></a>. Kugler Publications. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5103-134-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5103-134-8"><bdi>978-90-5103-134-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhinoceros+in+Captivity%3A+A+List+of+2439+Rhinoceroses+Kept+from+Roman+Times+to+1994&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Kugler+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-5103-134-8&rft.aulast=Rookmaaker&rft.aufirst=L.+C.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Marvin+L.&rft.au=Kl%C3%B6s%2C+Heinz-Georg&rft.au=Reynolds+III%2C+Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvDijgNs_7Q0C%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sullivan-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2005" class="citation web cs1">Sullivan, Mary Ann (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/portugal/Lisbon/belem/belem.html">"Belém Tower (Torre de Belém)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bel%C3%A9m+Tower+%28Torre+de+Bel%C3%A9m%29&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bluffton.edu%2F~sullivanm%2Fportugal%2FLisbon%2Fbelem%2Fbelem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Culture2000" class="citation web cs1">Ministry of Culture (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090624083305/http://www.mosteirojeronimos.pt/english/web_torre_belem/visi_09.html">"Tower Terrace"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mosteirojeronimos.pt/english/web_torre_belem/visi_09.html">the original</a> on 24 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tower+Terrace&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Ministry+of+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mosteirojeronimos.pt%2Fenglish%2Fweb_torre_belem%2Fvisi_09.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bulwark-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bulwark_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bulwark_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Culture2000" class="citation web cs1">Ministry of Culture (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090624084453/http://www.mosteirojeronimos.pt/english/web_torre_belem/visi_02.html">"Bulwark"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mosteirojeronimos.pt/english/web_torre_belem/visi_02.html">the original</a> on 24 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bulwark&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Ministry+of+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mosteirojeronimos.pt%2Fenglish%2Fweb_torre_belem%2Fvisi_02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Culture2000" class="citation web cs1">Ministry of Culture (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090624084611/http://www.mosteirojeronimos.pt/english/web_torre_belem/visi_08.html">"Chapel"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mosteirojeronimos.pt/english/web_torre_belem/visi_08.html">the original</a> on 24 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapel&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Ministry+of+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mosteirojeronimos.pt%2Fenglish%2Fweb_torre_belem%2Fvisi_08.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bulwark_Terrace-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bulwark_Terrace_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Culture2000" class="citation web cs1">Ministry of Culture (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090624085034/http://www.mosteirojeronimos.pt/english/web_torre_belem/visi_03.html">"Bulwark terrace"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mosteirojeronimos.pt/english/web_torre_belem/visi_03.html">the original</a> on 24 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bulwark+terrace&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Ministry+of+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mosteirojeronimos.pt%2Fenglish%2Fweb_torre_belem%2Fvisi_03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bel%C3%A9m_Tower&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1996" class="citation cs2">Turner, J. (1996), <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Dictionary_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Dictionary of Art">Grove Dictionary of Art</a></i>, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884446-00-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-884446-00-0"><bdi>1-884446-00-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grove+Dictionary+of+Art&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers+Ltd.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-884446-00-0&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHancock2003" class="citation cs2">Hancock, Matthew (2003), <i>The Rough Guide to Lisbon</i>, London: Rough Guides Ltd., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-906-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-906-8"><bdi>1-85828-906-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Lisbon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Rough+Guides+Ltd.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-85828-906-8&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeimerWeimer-Langer2000" class="citation cs2">Weimer, Alois; Weimer-Langer, Britta (2000), <i>Portugal</i>, Basingstoke, England: GeoCenter International Ltd., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8297-6110-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-8297-6110-4"><bdi>3-8297-6110-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portugal&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+England&rft.pub=GeoCenter+International+Ltd.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=3-8297-6110-4&rft.aulast=Weimer&rft.aufirst=Alois&rft.au=Weimer-Langer%2C+Britta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolanda1986" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holanda, Francisco de (1986) [1571], <i>Da Fábrica que Falece à Cidade de Lisboa</i> (in Portuguese), Lisbon</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Da+F%C3%A1brica+que+Falece+%C3%A0+Cidade+de+Lisboa&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Holanda&rft.aufirst=Francisco+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResende1622" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Resende, Garcia de (1622), <i>Crónica dos Valerosos e Insignes Feitos del Rei D. João II</i> (in Portuguese), Lisbon, p. 115</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cr%C3%B3nica+dos+Valerosos+e+Insignes+Feitos+del+Rei+D.+Jo%C3%A3o+II&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pages=115&rft.date=1622&rft.aulast=Resende&rft.aufirst=Garcia+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"A Torre de Belém", <i>Serões</i> (in Portuguese), Lisbon, 1909, pp. 419–426</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Torre+de+Bel%C3%A9m&rft.btitle=Ser%C3%B5es&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pages=419-426&rft.date=1909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantos1922" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Santos, Reynaldo dos (1922), <i>A Torre de Belém</i> (in Portuguese), Coimbra, Portugal</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Torre+de+Bel%C3%A9m&rft.place=Coimbra%2C+Portugal&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=Reynaldo+dos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilva1928" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Silva, Augusto Vieira da (1928), "Torre de Belém, Projectos de Remodelação no séc. XVI", <i>Revista de Arqueologia e História</i> (in Portuguese), vol. 6, Lisbon</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Torre+de+Bel%C3%A9m%2C+Projectos+de+Remodela%C3%A7%C3%A3o+no+s%C3%A9c.+XVI&rft.btitle=Revista+de+Arqueologia+e+Hist%C3%B3ria&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Augusto+Vieira+da&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanches1929" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sanches, José Dias (1929), <i>Apontamentos e Croquis à Pena Sobre o Mosteiro dos Jerónimos e Torre de Belém</i> (in Portuguese), Lisbon</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apontamentos+e+Croquis+%C3%A0+Pena+Sobre+o+Mosteiro+dos+Jer%C3%B3nimos+e+Torre+de+Bel%C3%A9m&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Sanches&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Dias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanches1940" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sanches, José Dias (1940), <i>Belém e Arredores Através dos Tempos</i> (in Portuguese), Lisbon</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bel%C3%A9m+e+Arredores+Atrav%C3%A9s+dos+Tempos&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Sanches&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Dias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosta1932" class="citation cs2">Costa, Américo (1932), "Torre de Belém", <i>Dicionário Corográfico de Portugal Continental e Insular</i>, vol. 3, Lisbon</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Torre+de+Bel%C3%A9m&rft.btitle=Dicion%C3%A1rio+Corogr%C3%A1fico+de+Portugal+Continental+e+Insular&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Costa&rft.aufirst=Am%C3%A9rico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunes1932" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nunes, J. de Sousa (1932), <i>A Torre de S. 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Manuel e nos Princípios do Reinado de D. João III: O Gótico Final Português, o Estilo Manuelino e a Introdução da Arte do Renascimento</i> (in Portuguese), Porto, Portugal</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Arquitectura+em+Portugal+na+%C3%89poca+de+D.+Manuel+e+nos+Princ%C3%ADpios+do+Reinado+de+D.+Jo%C3%A3o+III%3A+O+G%C3%B3tico+Final+Portugu%C3%AAs%2C+o+Estilo+Manuelino+e+a+Introdu%C3%A7%C3%A3o+da+Arte+do+Renascimento&rft.place=Porto%2C+Portugal&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Chic%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1rio+Tavares&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRibeiro1954" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ribeiro, Mário de Sampaio Ribeiro (1954), <i>A Torre e a Fortaleza de Belém, Separata dos Anais</i> (in Portuguese), Lisbon</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Torre+e+a+Fortaleza+de+Bel%C3%A9m%2C+Separata+dos+Anais&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Ribeiro&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1rio+de+Sampaio+Ribeiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistério_das_Obras_Públicas1960" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ministério das Obras Públicas, ed. (1960), <i>Relatório da Actividade do Ministério nos Anos de 1959</i> (in Portuguese), vol. 1, Lisbon</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relat%C3%B3rio+da+Actividade+do+Minist%C3%A9rio+nos+Anos+de+1959&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.date=1960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonçalves1964" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gonçalves, A. Nogueira (1964), <i>A Torre Baluarte de Belém, Sep. da Rev. Ocidente</i> (in Portuguese), vol. 67, Lisbon</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Torre+Baluarte+de+Bel%C3%A9m%2C+Sep.+da+Rev.+Ocidente&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Gon%C3%A7alves&rft.aufirst=A.+Nogueira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunes1984" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nunes, António Lopes Pires (1984), "As Fortalezas de Transição nos Cartógrafos do séc. XVI", <i>Livro do Congresso. Segundo Congresso sobre Monumentos Militares Portugueses</i> (in Portuguese), Lisbon, pp. 54–66</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=As+Fortalezas+de+Transi%C3%A7%C3%A3o+nos+Cart%C3%B3grafos+do+s%C3%A9c.+XVI&rft.btitle=Livro+do+Congresso.+Segundo+Congresso+sobre+Monumentos+Militares+Portugueses&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pages=54-66&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Nunes&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio+Lopes+Pires&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDias1986" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dias, Pedro (1986), <i>Os Antecedentes da Arquitectura Manuelina in História da Arte em Portugal</i> (in Portuguese), vol. 5, Lisbon, pp. 9–91</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Os+Antecedentes+da+Arquitectura+Manuelina+in+Hist%C3%B3ria+da+Arte+em+Portugal&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pages=9-91&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Dias&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDias1988" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dias, Pedro (1988), <i>A Arquitectura Manuelina</i> (in Portuguese), Porto, Portugal</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Arquitectura+Manuelina&rft.place=Porto%2C+Portugal&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Dias&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNéu1994" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Néu, João B. M. (1994), <i>Em Volta da Torre de Belém. Evolução da Zona Ocidental de Lisboa</i> (in Portuguese), Lisbon</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Em+Volta+da+Torre+de+Bel%C3%A9m.+Evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o+da+Zona+Ocidental+de+Lisboa&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=N%C3%A9u&rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%A3o+B.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreira1994" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moreira, Rafael (1994), "Torre de Belém", <i>O Livro de Lisboa</i> (in Portuguese), Lisbon</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Torre+de+Bel%C3%A9m&rft.btitle=O+Livro+de+Lisboa&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Moreira&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIPPAR2000" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">IPPAR, ed. (2000), <i>Torre de Belém, Intervenção de Conservação Exterior</i> (in Portuguese), Lisbon</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Torre+de+Bel%C3%A9m%2C+Interven%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+Conserva%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Exterior&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAires-barros2001" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aires-barros, Luís (April 2001), <i>As Rochas dos Monumentos Portugueses: Tipologias e Patologias</i> (in Portuguese), vol. 2, Lisbon</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=As+Rochas+dos+Monumentos+Portugueses%3A+Tipologias+e+Patologias&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.date=2001-04&rft.aulast=Aires-barros&rft.aufirst=Lu%C3%ADs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABel%C3%A9m+Tower" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bel%C3%A9m_Tower&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_Bel%C3%A9m" class="extiw" title="commons:Torre de Belém"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Torre de Belém</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torrebelem.gov.pt">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/tower-of-belém">The Tower of Belém</a> on <a href="/wiki/Google_Arts_%26_Culture" title="Google Arts & Culture">Google Arts & Culture</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Attractions_and_landmarks_in_Lisbon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lisbon_landmarks" title="Template:Lisbon landmarks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lisbon_landmarks" title="Template talk:Lisbon landmarks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lisbon_landmarks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lisbon landmarks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Attractions_and_landmarks_in_Lisbon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Lisbon" title="Tourism in Lisbon">Attractions and landmarks in Lisbon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Lisbon" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Lisbon">Landmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81guas_Livres_Aqueduct" title="Águas Livres Aqueduct">Águas Livres Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascensor_da_Bica" title="Ascensor da Bica">Ascensor da Bica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascensor_da_Gl%C3%B3ria" title="Ascensor da Glória">Ascensor da Glória</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belém Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Portugal" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal">Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cemetery,_Lisbon" title="British Cemetery, Lisbon">British Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_A_Brasileira" title="Café A Brasileira">Café A Brasileira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_Pequeno_Bullring" title="Campo Pequeno Bullring">Campo Pequeno Bullring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_dos_Bicos" title="Casa dos Bicos">Casa dos Bicos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Fernando_Pessoa" title="Casa Fernando Pessoa">Casa Fernando Pessoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordoaria_Nacional" title="Cordoaria Nacional">Cordoaria Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gare_do_Oriente" title="Gare do Oriente">Gare do Oriente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Lisbon Astronomical Observatory">Lisbon Astronomical Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Oceanarium" title="Lisbon Oceanarium">Lisbon Oceanarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Zoo" title="Lisbon Zoo">Lisbon Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercado_de_Campo_de_Ourique" title="Mercado de Campo de Ourique">Mercado de Campo de Ourique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillory_of_Lisbon" title="Pillory of Lisbon">Pillory of Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prazeres_Cemetery" title="Prazeres Cemetery">Prazeres Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossio_railway_station" title="Rossio railway station">Rossio Train Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rua_Augusta_Arch" title="Rua Augusta Arch">Rua Augusta Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Justa_Lift" title="Santa Justa Lift">Santa Justa Lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jorge_Castle" title="São Jorge Castle">São Jorge Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_do_Tombo_National_Archive" title="Torre do Tombo National Archive">Torre do Tombo National Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama_Tower" title="Vasco da Gama Tower">Vasco da Gama Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama_Bridge" title="Vasco da Gama Bridge">Vasco da Gama Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25_de_Abril_Bridge" title="25 de Abril Bridge">25 de Abril Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_in_Lisbon" title="Category:Museums in Lisbon">Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berardo_-_Art_Deco_Museum" title="Berardo - Art Deco Museum">Berardo - Art Deco Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berardo_Collection_Museum" title="Berardo Collection Museum">Berardo Collection Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calouste_Gulbenkian_Museum" title="Calouste Gulbenkian Museum">Calouste Gulbenkian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmo_Convent_(Lisbon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmo Convent (Lisbon)">Carmo Convent Archaeological Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carris_Museum" title="Carris Museum">Carris Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa-Museu_Dr._Anast%C3%A1cio_Gon%C3%A7alves" title="Casa-Museu Dr. Anastácio Gonçalves">Casa-Museu Dr. Anastácio Gonçalves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordoaria_Nacional" title="Cordoaria Nacional">Cordoaria Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_Museum" title="Electricity Museum">Electricity Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeral_Museum" title="Ephemeral Museum">Ephemeral Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago_Foundation" title="José Saramago Foundation">José Saramago Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Science_and_Culture_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Science and Culture Centre">Macau Science and Culture Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museu_da_%C3%81gua" title="Museu da Água">Museu da Água</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museu_Benfica" title="Museu Benfica">Museu Benfica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museu_da_Marioneta" title="Museu da Marioneta">Museu da Marioneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museu_Nacional_da_M%C3%BAsica" title="Museu Nacional da Música">Museu Nacional da Música</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museu_das_Comunica%C3%A7%C3%B5es" title="Museu das Comunicações">Museu das Comunicações</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museu_de_Arte_Popular" title="Museu de Arte Popular">Museu de Arte Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Lisbon" title="Museum of Lisbon">Museum of Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Art,_Architecture_and_Technology" title="Museum of Art, Architecture and Technology">Museum of Art, Architecture and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Orient" title="Museum of the Orient">Museum of the Orient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadeia_do_Aljube" title="Cadeia do Aljube">Museum of the Resistance and Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Archaeology_Museum,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeology Museum, Portugal">National Museum of Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Azulejo" title="National Museum of the Azulejo">National Museum of the Azulejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coach_Museum" title="National Coach Museum">National Coach Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ancient_Art" title="National Museum of Ancient Art">National Museum of Ancient Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Contemporary Art (Portugal)">National Museum of Contemporary Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Costume_(Portugal)" title="National Museum of Costume (Portugal)">National Museum of Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ethnology_(Portugal)" title="National Museum of Ethnology (Portugal)">National Museum of Ethnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History_and_Science,_Lisbon" title="National Museum of Natural History and Science, Lisbon">National Museum of Natural History & Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_and_Dance_Museum" title="National Theatre and Dance Museum">National Theatre and Dance Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Museum_(Portugal)" title="Navy Museum (Portugal)">Naval Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Bordalo_Pinheiro_Museum" title="Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro Museum">Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Palaces_in_Lisbon" title="Category:Palaces in Lisbon">Palaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Ajuda" title="Palace of Ajuda">Ajuda National Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_Palace" title="Belém Palace">Belém Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemposta_Palace" title="Bemposta Palace">Bemposta Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnay_Palace" title="Burnay Palace">Burnay Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galveias_Palace" title="Galveias Palace">Galveias Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monteiro-Mor_Palace" title="Monteiro-Mor Palace">Monteiro-Mor Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessidades_Palace" title="Necessidades Palace">Necessidades Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Counts_of_Azambuja" title="Palace of the Counts of Azambuja">Palace of the Counts of Azambuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Counts_of_Redondo" title="Palace of the Counts of Redondo">Palace of the Counts of Redondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Dukes_of_Palmela" title="Palace of the Dukes of Palmela">Palace of the Dukes of Palmela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Marquises_of_Fronteira" title="Palace of the Marquises of Fronteira">Palace of the Marquises of Fronteira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palacete_Mayer" title="Palacete Mayer">Palacete Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palacio_Belmonte" class="mw-redirect" title="Palacio Belmonte">Palacio Belmonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panaca_Palace" title="Panaca Palace">Panaca Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penafiel_Palace" title="Penafiel Palace">Penafiel Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pestana_Palace" title="Pestana Palace">Pestana Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimenta_Palace" title="Pimenta Palace">Pimenta Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinta_dos_Lagares_d%27El-Rei" title="Quinta dos Lagares d'El-Rei">Quinta dos Lagares d'El-Rei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Bento_Mansion" class="mw-redirect" title="São Bento Mansion">São Bento Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Bento_Palace" title="São Bento Palace">São Bento Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotto_Mayor_Palace" title="Sotto Mayor Palace">Sotto Mayor Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verride_Palace" title="Verride Palace">Verride Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_buildings_in_Lisbon" title="Template:Religious buildings in Lisbon">Religious buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Nossa_Senhora_da_Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Velha" title="Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição Velha">Conceição Velha Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrela_Basilica" title="Estrela Basilica">Estrela Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimos_Monastery" title="Jerónimos Monastery">Jerónimos Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igreja_dos_Anjos" title="Igreja dos Anjos">Igreja dos Anjos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igreja_da_Madalena" title="Igreja da Madalena">Igreja da Madalena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igreja_da_Mem%C3%B3ria" title="Igreja da Memória">Igreja da Memória</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igreja_do_Menino_Deus" title="Igreja do Menino Deus">Igreja do Menino Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Santa_Engr%C3%A1cia" title="Church of Santa Engrácia">National Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Ant%C3%B3nio_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Santo António Church">Santo António Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Domingos_(Lisbon)" title="Igreja de São Domingos (Lisbon)">São Domingos Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Roque" title="Igreja de São Roque">São Roque Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igreja_de_Santa_Luzia_(Lisbon)" title="Igreja de Santa Luzia (Lisbon)">Santa Luzia Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Teresa_de_Jesus_de_Carnide_Convent" title="Santa Teresa de Jesus de Carnide Convent">Santa Teresa de Jesus de Carnide Convent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igreja_de_Santo_Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_(Lisbon)" title="Igreja de Santo Estêvão (Lisbon)">Santo Estêvão Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Cathedral" title="Lisbon Cathedral">Lisbon Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Synagogue" title="Lisbon Synagogue">Lisbon Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madre_de_Deus_Convent" title="Madre de Deus Convent">Madre de Deus Convent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Martyrs,_Lisboa" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Our Lady of the Martyrs, Lisboa">Mártires Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_S%C3%A3o_Vicente_de_Fora" title="Monastery of São Vicente de Fora">Monastery of São Vicente de Fora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_the_M%C3%B3nicas" title="Monastery of the Mónicas">Monastery of the Mónicas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Church,_Lisbon" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George's Church, Lisbon">St. George's Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Squares_in_Lisbon" title="Category:Squares in Lisbon">Squares, streets</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Parks_in_Lisbon" title="Category:Parks in Lisbon">parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avenida_da_Liberdade" title="Avenida da Liberdade">Avenida da Liberdade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque_Square" title="Afonso de Albuquerque Square">Afonso de Albuquerque Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bela_Vista_Park" title="Bela Vista Park">Bela Vista Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_VII_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Eduardo VII Park">Eduardo VII Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estufa_Fria" title="Estufa Fria">Estufa Fria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulbenkian_Park" title="Gulbenkian Park">Gulbenkian Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Pombal_Square" title="Marquis of Pombal Square">Marquis of Pombal Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsanto_Forest_Park" title="Monsanto Forest Park">Monsanto Forest Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pra%C3%A7a_da_Figueira" title="Praça da Figueira">Praça da Figueira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pra%C3%A7a_de_Entrecampos" title="Praça de Entrecampos">Praça de Entrecampos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pra%C3%A7a_de_Espanha_(Lisbon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Praça de Espanha (Lisbon)">Praça de Espanha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pra%C3%A7a_do_Com%C3%A9rcio" title="Praça do Comércio">Praça do Comércio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pra%C3%A7a_do_Imp%C3%A9rio" title="Praça do Império">Praça do Império</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pra%C3%A7a_Martim_Moniz" title="Praça Martim Moniz">Praça Martim Moniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restauradores_Square" title="Restauradores Square">Restauradores Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossio_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossio Square">Rossio Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Districts_of_Lisbon" title="Category:Districts of Lisbon">Districts and<br />neighborhoods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajuda" title="Ajuda">Ajuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A2ntara,_Lisbon" title="Alcântara, Lisbon">Alcântara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfama" title="Alfama">Alfama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areeiro,_Lisbon" title="Areeiro, Lisbon">Areeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arroios" title="Arroios">Arroios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenidas_Novas" title="Avenidas Novas">Avenidas Novas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bairro_Alto" title="Bairro Alto">Bairro Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m,_Lisbon" title="Belém, Lisbon">Belém</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benfica,_Lisbon" title="Benfica, Lisbon">Benfica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_de_Ourique" title="Campo de Ourique">Campo de Ourique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiado" title="Chiado">Chiado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrela,_Lisbon" title="Estrela, Lisbon">Estrela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Baixa" title="Lisbon Baixa">Lisbon Baixa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miseric%C3%B3rdia" title="Misericórdia">Misericórdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivais,_Lisbon" title="Olivais, Lisbon">Olivais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parque_das_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es" title="Parque das Nações">Parque das Nações</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penha_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Penha de França">Penha de França</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_Lisbon" title="Santa Clara, Lisbon">Santa Clara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maior,_Lisbon" title="Santa Maria Maior, Lisbon">Santa Maria Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Ant%C3%B3nio,_Lisbon" title="Santo António, Lisbon">Santo António</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Domingos_de_Benfica" title="São Domingos de Benfica">São Domingos de Benfica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Vicente,_Lisbon" title="São Vicente, Lisbon">São Vicente</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Events_in_Lisbon" title="Category:Events in Lisbon">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doclisboa" title="Doclisboa">Doclisboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_da_Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Festival da Canção">Festival da Canção</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Globes_(Portugal)" title="Golden Globes (Portugal)">Globos de Ouro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisboa_Games_Week" title="Lisboa Games Week">Lisboa Games Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Book_Fair" title="Lisbon Book Fair">Lisbon Book Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_%26_Estoril_Film_Festival" title="Lisbon & Estoril Film Festival">Lisbon & Estoril Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Marathon" title="Lisbon Marathon">Lisbon Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Half_Marathon" title="Lisbon Half Marathon">Lisbon Half Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Christmas_tree" title="Lisbon Christmas tree">Lisbon Christmas tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPFP_Awards" title="LPFP Awards">LPFP Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludopolis" title="Ludopolis">Ludopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOS_Alive" title="NOS Alive">NOS Alive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olhares_do_Mediterr%C3%A2neo_-_Cinema_no_Feminino" title="Olhares do Mediterrâneo - Cinema no Feminino">Olhares do Mediterrâneo - Cinema no Feminino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_Day" title="Portugal Day">Portugal Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_Lisboa_International_Queer_Film_Festival" title="Queer Lisboa International Queer Film Festival">Queer Lisboa International Queer Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Awards" title="Sophia Awards">Sophia Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Bock_Super_Rock" title="Super Bock Super Rock">Super Bock Super Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Summit" title="Web Summit">Web Summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_in_Lisbon" title="Category:Culture in Lisbon">Culture and<br />entertainment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Gaita-de-fole" title="Associação Gaita-de-fole">Associação Gaita-de-fole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Sinf%C3%B3nica_da_Guarda_Nacional_Republicana" title="Banda Sinfónica da Guarda Nacional Republicana">Banda Sinfónica da Guarda Nacional Republicana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casino_Lisboa_(Portugal)" title="Casino Lisboa (Portugal)">Casino Lisboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinemateca_Portuguesa" title="Cinemateca Portuguesa">Cinemateca Portuguesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coliseu_dos_Recreios" title="Coliseu dos Recreios">Coliseu dos Recreios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Centre_of_Bel%C3%A9m" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Centre of Belém">Cultural Centre of Belém</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_da_Luz" title="Estádio da Luz">Estádio da Luz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_da_Tapadinha" title="Estádio da Tapadinha">Estádio da Tapadinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_do_Restelo" title="Estádio do Restelo">Estádio do Restelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Jos%C3%A9_Alvalade" title="Estádio José Alvalade">Estádio José Alvalade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulbenkian_Orchestra" title="Gulbenkian Orchestra">Gulbenkian Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Club_of_Portugal" title="Hot Club of Portugal">Hot Club of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_University_Stadium" title="Lisbon University Stadium">Lisbon University Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEO_Arena" title="MEO Arena">MEO Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ballet_of_Portugal" title="National Ballet of Portugal">National Ballet of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Patriarchal_Music_Seminary_of_Lisbon" title="Royal Patriarchal Music Seminary of Lisbon">Royal Patriarchal Music Seminary of Lisbon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_metropolitan_area" title="Lisbon metropolitan area">Metropolitan area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Riviera" title="Portuguese Riviera">Portuguese Riviera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_caves_of_Alapraia" title="Artificial caves of Alapraia">Alapraia Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_das_Hist%C3%B3rias_Paula_Rego" title="Casa das Histórias Paula Rego">Casa das Histórias Paula Rego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Santa_Maria,_Cascais" title="Casa de Santa Maria, Cascais">Casa de Santa Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Sommer" title="Casa Sommer">Casa Sommer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascais_Citadel_Palace_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascais Citadel Palace Museum">Cascais Citadel Palace Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascais_Marina" title="Cascais Marina">Cascais Marina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascais_Jazz_Festival" title="Cascais Jazz Festival">Cascais Jazz Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casino_Estoril" title="Casino Estoril">Casino Estoril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_the_Moors" title="Castle of the Moors">Castle of the Moors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Cascais" title="Citadel of Cascais">Citadel of Cascais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condes_de_Castro_Guimar%C3%A3es_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Condes de Castro Guimarães Museum">Condes de Castro Guimarães Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convent_of_the_Capuchos_(Sintra)" title="Convent of the Capuchos (Sintra)">Convent of the Capuchos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cresmina_Dune" title="Cresmina Dune">Cresmina Dune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Guincho" title="Fort of Guincho">Fort of Guincho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Santo_Ant%C3%B3nio_da_Barra" title="Fort of Santo António da Barra">Fort of Santo António da Barra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Arm%C3%A9s" title="Fountain of Armés">Fountain of Armés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guia_Lighthouse_(Portugal)" title="Guia Lighthouse (Portugal)">Guia Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horasis_Global_Meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Horasis Global Meeting">Horasis Global Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praia_do_Guincho" title="Praia do Guincho">Guincho Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence%27s_Hotel" title="Lawrence's Hotel">Lawrence's Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_%26_Estoril_Film_Festival" title="Lisbon & Estoril Film Festival">Lisbon & Estoril Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monserrate_Palace" title="Monserrate Palace">Monserrate Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Portuguese_Music_(Estoril)" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Portuguese Music (Estoril)">Museum of Portuguese Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsMuseum" title="NewsMuseum">NewsMuseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A1cio_dos_Condes_da_Guarda,_Cascais" title="Palácio dos Condes da Guarda, Cascais">Palácio dos Condes da Guarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmela_Palace" title="Palmela Palace">Palmela Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pena_Palace" title="Pena Palace">Pena National Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Marta_Lighthouse" title="Santa Marta Lighthouse">Santa Marta Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Peninha" title="Sanctuary of Peninha">Sanctuary of Peninha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seteais_Palace" title="Seteais Palace">Seteais Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintra_National_Palace" title="Sintra National Palace">Sintra National Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintra_Natural_History_Museum" title="Sintra Natural History Museum">Sintra Natural History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_architecture" title="Summer architecture">Summer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Queluz" title="Palace of Queluz">Queluz National Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinta_da_Regaleira" title="Quinta da Regaleira">Quinta da Regaleira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinta_da_Ribafria,_Sintra" title="Quinta da Ribafria, Sintra">Quinta da Ribafria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinta_do_Rel%C3%B3gio" title="Quinta do Relógio">Quinta do Relógio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comporta" title="Comporta">Comporta Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_of_S%C3%A3o_Louren%C3%A7o_do_Bugio" title="Fort of São Lourenço do Bugio">Bugio Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_do_Sal" title="Castle of Alcácer do Sal">Castle of Alcácer do Sal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Alenquer" title="Castle of Alenquer">Castle of Alenquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Almourol" title="Castle of Almourol">Castle of Almourol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_the_King_(Almada)" title="Christ the King (Almada)">Christ the King statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Apoio_Social_de_Runa" title="Centro de Apoio Social de Runa">Centro de Apoio Social de Runa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramics_Museum_of_Sacav%C3%A9m" title="Ceramics Museum of Sacavém">Ceramics Museum of Sacavém</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festroia_International_Film_Festival" title="Festroia International Film Festival">Festroia International Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Santiago_do_Out%C3%A3o" title="Fort of Santiago do Outão">Fort of Santiago do Outão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Mafra" title="Palace of Mafra">Mafra National Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Jesus_of_Set%C3%BAbal" title="Monastery of Jesus of Setúbal">Monastery of Jesus of Setúbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_High-Courier" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of the High-Courier">Palace of the High-Courier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Grace_Cathedral,_Set%C3%BAbal" title="Our Lady of Grace Cathedral, Setúbal">Setúbal Cathedral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Portugal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Portugal" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Portugal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Portugal" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Portugal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Portugal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Portugal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Portugal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Portugal" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Portugal">Portugal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Portugal" title="North Region, Portugal">Norte</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douro_DOC" title="Douro DOC">Alto Douro Wine Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Historic Centre of Guimarães">Historic Centre of Guimarães</a></li> <li>Historic Centre of <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dom_Lu%C3%ADs_I_Bridge" title="Dom Luís I Bridge">Luiz I Bridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Serra_do_Pilar" title="Monastery of Serra do Pilar">Monastery of Serra do Pilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Rock_Art_Sites_in_the_C%C3%B4a_Valley_and_Siega_Verde" title="Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde">Côa Valley</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bom_Jesus_do_Monte" class="mw-redirect" title="Bom Jesus do Monte">Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte</a> in Braga</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Portugal"><img alt="Flag of Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/50px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/75px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/100px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Portugal</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Region,_Portugal" title="Central Region, Portugal">Centro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoba%C3%A7a_Monastery" title="Alcobaça Monastery">Alcobaça Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batalha_Monastery" title="Batalha Monastery">Batalha Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convent_of_Christ_(Tomar)" title="Convent of Christ (Tomar)">Convent of Christ in Tomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Coimbra" title="University of Coimbra">University of Coimbra</a> – Alta and Sofia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Region" title="Lisbon Region">Lisbon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cultural Landscape of <a href="/wiki/Sintra" title="Sintra">Sintra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Mafra" title="Palace of Mafra">Royal Building of Mafra – Palace, Basilica, Convent</a>, Cerco Garden and Hunting Park (<a href="/wiki/Tapada_Nacional_de_Mafra" title="Tapada Nacional de Mafra">Tapada</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimos_Monastery" title="Jerónimos Monastery">Monastery of the Hieronymites</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belém Tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alentejo" title="Alentejo">Alentejo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Historic Centre of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vora" title="Évora">Évora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrison_Border_Town_of_Elvas_and_its_Fortifications" class="mw-redirect" title="Garrison Border Town of Elvas and its Fortifications">Garrison Border Town of Elvas and its Fortifications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Historic Centre of <a href="/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" title="Angra do Heroísmo">Angra do Heroísmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_of_the_Pico_Island_Vineyard_Culture" title="Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture">Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurisilva_of_Madeira" title="Laurisilva of Madeira">Laurisilva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup>1</sup> Shared with other <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Portugal" title="Administrative divisions of Portugal">region/s</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215003#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215003#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215003#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/246299480">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1152806/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh8P7dKpyqr3D9t4hGbVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4718336-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh93001391">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11951864k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11951864k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4856672">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007549188405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/20008452">Structurae</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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