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id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Support_and_weight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_and_weight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Support and weight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_and_weight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wing_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wing_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span><span><span>Wing position</span></span></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wing_position-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <span><span>Wing position</span></span> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wing_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Low" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Low</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shoulder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shoulder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Shoulder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shoulder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span><span><span>High</span></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Parasol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Monoplane</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%AD" title="أحادية السطح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أحادية السطح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="মনোপ্লেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মনোপ্লেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Манаплан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Манаплан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Моноплан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Моноплан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopl%C3%A0" title="Monoplà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Monoplà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednoplo%C5%A1n%C3%ADk" title="Jednoplošník – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jednoplošník" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplan" title="Monoplan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Monoplan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eindecker" title="Eindecker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eindecker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Μονοπλάνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μονοπλάνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplano" title="Monoplano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monoplano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplano" title="Monoplano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monoplano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AA%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87" title="هواگرد تک‌باله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هواگرد تک‌باله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplan" title="Monoplan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monoplan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EC%97%BD%EA%B8%B0" title="단엽기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="단엽기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Մոնոպլան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոնոպլան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednokrilac" title="Jednokrilac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jednokrilac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesawat_ekasayap" title="Pesawat ekasayap – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pesawat ekasayap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplano" title="Monoplano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monoplano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მონოპლანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მონოპლანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Моноплан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Моноплан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Моноплан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Моноплан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplanas" title="Monoplanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Monoplanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekasayap" title="Ekasayap – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ekasayap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eendekker" title="Eendekker – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eendekker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%98%E8%91%89%E6%A9%9F" title="単葉機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="単葉機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplan" title="Monoplan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Monoplan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplan" title="Monoplan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Monoplan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplan" title="Monoplan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Monoplan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednop%C5%82at" title="Jednopłat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jednopłat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplano" title="Monoplano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monoplano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplan" title="Monoplan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Monoplan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Моноплан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Моноплан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enokrilnik" title="Enokrilnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Enokrilnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednokrilac" title="Jednokrilac – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jednokrilac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yksitasoinen_lentokone" title="Yksitasoinen lentokone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yksitasoinen lentokone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplan" title="Monoplan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Monoplan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplano" title="Monoplano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Monoplano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek_kanatl%C4%B1_u%C3%A7ak" title="Tek kanatlı uçak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tek kanatlı uçak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Моноплан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Моноплан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E7%BF%BC%E6%A9%9F" title="單翼機 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="單翼機" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q627537#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Monoplane" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fixed-wing aircraft with a single main wing plane</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ray_Flying_Legends_2005-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ray_Flying_Legends_2005-1.jpg/181px-Ray_Flying_Legends_2005-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ray_Flying_Legends_2005-1.jpg/272px-Ray_Flying_Legends_2005-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ray_Flying_Legends_2005-1.jpg/362px-Ray_Flying_Legends_2005-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Low wing on a <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfire</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vampire_-_RIAT_2008_(2787048941).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Vampire_-_RIAT_2008_%282787048941%29.jpg/203px-Vampire_-_RIAT_2008_%282787048941%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Vampire_-_RIAT_2008_%282787048941%29.jpg/305px-Vampire_-_RIAT_2008_%282787048941%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Vampire_-_RIAT_2008_%282787048941%29.jpg/406px-Vampire_-_RIAT_2008_%282787048941%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mid wing on a <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">de Havilland Vampire</a> T11</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dehav.dash8.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dehav.dash8.750pix.jpg/158px-Dehav.dash8.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dehav.dash8.750pix.jpg/237px-Dehav.dash8.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dehav.dash8.750pix.jpg/316px-Dehav.dash8.750pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">High wing on a <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Dash_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Dash 8">de Havilland Canada Dash 8</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:228px;max-width:228px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Supermarine_Air-Yacht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supermarine_Air-Yacht.jpg/226px-Supermarine_Air-Yacht.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supermarine_Air-Yacht.jpg/339px-Supermarine_Air-Yacht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supermarine_Air-Yacht.jpg/452px-Supermarine_Air-Yacht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Parasol wing on <a href="/wiki/R.J._Mitchell" class="mw-redirect" title="R.J. Mitchell">R.J. Mitchell</a>'s 1930 <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Air_Yacht" title="Supermarine Air Yacht">Supermarine Air Yacht</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>monoplane</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a> configuration with a single mainplane, in contrast to a <a href="/wiki/Biplane" title="Biplane">biplane</a> or other types of <a href="/wiki/Multiplane_(aeronautics)" title="Multiplane (aeronautics)">multiplanes</a>, which have multiple planes. </p><p>A monoplane has inherently the highest efficiency and lowest drag of any <a href="/wiki/Wing_configuration" title="Wing configuration">wing configuration</a> and is the simplest to build. However, during the early years of flight, these advantages were offset by its greater weight and lower manoeuvrability, making it relatively rare until the 1930s. Since then, the monoplane has been the most common form for a fixed-wing aircraft. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoplane&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_and_weight">Support and weight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoplane&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Support and weight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The inherent efficiency of the monoplane is best achieved in the <a href="/wiki/Cantilever" title="Cantilever">cantilever</a> wing, which carries all structural forces internally. However, to fly at practical speeds the wing must be made thin, which requires a heavy structure to make it strong and stiff enough. </p><p>External <a href="/wiki/Bracing_(aeronautics)" title="Bracing (aeronautics)">bracing</a> can be used to improve structural efficiency, reducing weight and cost. For a wing of a given size, the weight reduction allows it to fly slower and with a lower-powered and more economical engine. For this reason, all monoplane wings in the pioneer era were braced and most were up until the early 1930s. However, the exposed struts or wires create additional drag, lowering aerodynamic efficiency and reducing the maximum speed.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_history_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_history-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High-speed and long-range designs tend to be pure cantilevers, while low-speed short-range types are often given bracing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wing_position"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Wing_position"></span><span id="Types"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Wing position</span></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoplane&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wing position"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides the general variations in <a href="/wiki/Wing_configuration" title="Wing configuration">wing configuration</a> such as tail position and use of bracing, the main distinction between types of monoplane is where the wing is mounted vertically on the <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low">Low</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoplane&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Low"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curtiss_P-40E_Warhawk_2_USAF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Curtiss_P-40E_Warhawk_2_USAF.jpg/220px-Curtiss_P-40E_Warhawk_2_USAF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Curtiss_P-40E_Warhawk_2_USAF.jpg/330px-Curtiss_P-40E_Warhawk_2_USAF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Curtiss_P-40E_Warhawk_2_USAF.jpg/440px-Curtiss_P-40E_Warhawk_2_USAF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1699" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Low wing on a <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk" title="Curtiss P-40 Warhawk">Curtiss P-40</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>low wing</b> is one which is located on or near the bottom of the fuselage. </p><p>Placing the wing low allows good visibility upwards and frees the central fuselage from the wing spar carry-through. By reducing pendulum stability, it makes the aircraft more manoeuvrable, as on the <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Spitfire</a>; but aircraft that value stability over manoeuvrability may then need some <a href="/wiki/Dihedral_(aeronautics)" title="Dihedral (aeronautics)">dihedral</a>. </p><p>A feature of the low-wing position is its significant <a href="/wiki/Ground_effect_(aerodynamics)" title="Ground effect (aerodynamics)">ground effect</a>, giving the plane a tendency to float farther before landing.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, this ground effect permits shorter takeoffs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid">Mid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoplane&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>mid wing</b> is mounted midway up the fuselage. The carry-through spar structure can reduce the useful fuselage volume near its centre of gravity, where space is often in most demand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shoulder">Shoulder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoplane&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Shoulder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ARV_Midwest.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/ARV_Midwest.pdf/page1-220px-ARV_Midwest.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/ARV_Midwest.pdf/page1-330px-ARV_Midwest.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/ARV_Midwest.pdf/page1-440px-ARV_Midwest.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2087" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>Shoulder wing on an <a href="/wiki/ARV_Super2" title="ARV Super2">ARV Super2</a>, showing good pilot visibility</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>shoulder wing</b> (a category between high-wing and mid-wing) is a configuration whereby the wing is mounted near the top of the fuselage but not on the very top. It is so called because it sits on the "shoulder" of the fuselage, rather than on the pilot's shoulder. Shoulder-wings and high-wings share some characteristics, namely: they support a pendulous fuselage which requires no wing dihedral for stability; and, by comparison with a low-wing, a shoulder-wing's limited <a href="/wiki/Ground_effect_(aerodynamics)" title="Ground effect (aerodynamics)">ground effect</a> reduces float on landing. Compared to a low-wing, shoulder-wing and high-wing configurations give increased propeller clearance on multi-engined aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Kundu2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kundu2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a large aircraft, there is little practical difference between a shoulder wing and a high wing; but on a light aircraft, the configuration is significant because it offers superior visibility to the pilot. On light aircraft, shoulder-wings tend to be mounted further aft than a high wing, and so may need to be <a href="/wiki/Forward-swept_wing" title="Forward-swept wing">swept forward</a> to maintain correct <a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of gravity">center of gravity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of light aircraft with shoulder wings include the <a href="/wiki/ARV_Super2" title="ARV Super2">ARV Super2</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_MFI-9" class="mw-redirect" title="Malmö MFI-9">Bölkow Junior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saab_Safari" title="Saab Safari">Saab Safari</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Barber_Snark" title="Barber Snark">Barber Snark</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="High"></span><span id="High_wing"></span><span class="vanchor-text">High</span></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoplane&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: High"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>high wing</b> has its upper surface on or above the top of the fuselage. It shares many advantages and disadvantages with the shoulder wing, but on a light aircraft, the high wing has poorer upwards visibility. On light aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Cessna_152" title="Cessna 152">Cessna 152</a>, the wing is usually located above the cabin, so that the wing spar passes over the occupants' heads, leaving the wing in the ideal fore-aft position.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An advantage of the high-wing configuration is that the fuselage is closer to the ground which eases cargo loading, especially for aircraft with a rear-fuselage cargo door. Military cargo aircraft are predominantly high-wing designs with a rear cargo door.<sup id="cite_ref-Kundu2010_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kundu2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parasol">Parasol<span class="anchor" id="Parasol_wing"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoplane&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Parasol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PietenpolAirCamperGN1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/PietenpolAirCamperGN1.JPG/220px-PietenpolAirCamperGN1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/PietenpolAirCamperGN1.JPG/330px-PietenpolAirCamperGN1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/PietenpolAirCamperGN1.JPG/440px-PietenpolAirCamperGN1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Parasol wing on a <a href="/wiki/Pietenpol_Air_Camper" title="Pietenpol Air Camper">Pietenpol Air Camper</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>parasol wing</b> is not directly attached to the fuselage but held above it, supported by either <a href="/wiki/Bracing_(aeronautics)#Cabane_struts" title="Bracing (aeronautics)">cabane struts</a> or a pylon.<sup id="cite_ref-Crane_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crane-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional bracing may be provided by struts or wires extending from the fuselage sides.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first parasol monoplanes were adaptations of shoulder wing monoplanes, since raising a shoulder mounted wing above the fuselage greatly improved visibility downwards, which was useful for reconnaissance roles, as with the widely used <a href="/wiki/Morane-Saulnier_L" title="Morane-Saulnier L">Morane-Saulnier L</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davilla315_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davilla315-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parasol wing allows for an efficient design with good pilot visibility, and was adopted for some <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighters</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Fokker_D.VIII" title="Fokker D.VIII">Fokker D.VIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morane-Saulnier_AI" title="Morane-Saulnier AI">Morane-Saulnier AI</a> in the later part of the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A parasol wing also provides a high mounting point for engines and during the interwar period was popular on flying boats, which need to lift the propellers clear of spray. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Martin_M-130" title="Martin M-130">Martin M-130</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_18" title="Dornier Do 18">Dornier Do 18</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina" title="Consolidated PBY Catalina">Consolidated PBY Catalina</a>. </p><p>Compared to a <a href="/wiki/Biplane" title="Biplane">biplane</a>, a parasol wing has less bracing and lower drag. It remains a popular configuration for <a href="/wiki/Amphibian_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibian aircraft">amphibians</a> and small <a href="/wiki/Homebuilt_aircraft" title="Homebuilt aircraft">homebuilt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultralight_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultralight aircraft">ultralight aircraft</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoplane&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demoiselle_replica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Demoiselle_replica.jpg/220px-Demoiselle_replica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Demoiselle_replica.jpg/330px-Demoiselle_replica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Demoiselle_replica.jpg/440px-Demoiselle_replica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1686" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Santos-Dumont_Demoiselle" title="Santos-Dumont Demoiselle">Santos-Dumont Demoiselle</a> was the first production monoplane (replica shown).</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the first successful aircraft were biplanes, the <a href="/wiki/Early_flying_machines" title="Early flying machines">first attempts</a> at heavier-than-air flying machines were monoplanes, and many pioneers continued to develop monoplane designs. For example, the first aeroplane to be put into production was the 1907 <a href="/wiki/Santos-Dumont_Demoiselle" title="Santos-Dumont Demoiselle">Santos-Dumont Demoiselle</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%A9riot_XI" title="Blériot XI">Blériot XI</a> flew across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout 1909–1910, <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Latham" title="Hubert Latham">Hubert Latham</a> set multiple altitude records in his <a href="/wiki/Antoinette_IV" title="Antoinette IV">Antoinette IV</a> monoplane, eventually reaching 1,384 m (4,541 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-King2004_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King2004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Junkers_J_1_at_D%C3%B6beritz_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Junkers_J_1_at_D%C3%B6beritz_1915.jpg/220px-Junkers_J_1_at_D%C3%B6beritz_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Junkers_J_1_at_D%C3%B6beritz_1915.jpg/330px-Junkers_J_1_at_D%C3%B6beritz_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Junkers_J_1_at_D%C3%B6beritz_1915.jpg/440px-Junkers_J_1_at_D%C3%B6beritz_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4348" data-file-height="1737" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Junkers_J_1" title="Junkers J 1">Junkers J 1</a> monoplane pioneered all-metal construction in 1915.</figcaption></figure> <p>The equivalent <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a> term is <i>Eindecker</i>, as in the mid-wing <a href="/wiki/Fokker_Eindecker_fighters" title="Fokker Eindecker fighters">Fokker Eindecker</a> fighter of 1915 which for a time dominated the skies in what became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Fokker_scourge" class="mw-redirect" title="Fokker scourge">Fokker scourge</a>". The German military <a href="/wiki/Idflieg_aircraft_designation_system" title="Idflieg aircraft designation system">Idflieg aircraft designation system</a> prior to 1918 prefixed monoplane type designations with an <i>E</i>, until the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Fokker_D.VIII" title="Fokker D.VIII">Fokker D.VIII</a> fighter from its former "E.V" designation. However, the success of the Fokker was short-lived, and World War I was dominated by biplanes. Towards the end of the war, the parasol monoplane became popular and successful designs were produced into the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonetheless, relatively few monoplane types were built between 1914 and the late 1920s, compared with the number of biplanes. The reasons for this were primarily practical. With the low engine powers and airspeeds available, the wings of a monoplane needed to be large in order to create enough lift while a biplane could have two smaller wings and so be made smaller and lighter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Towards the end of the First World War, the inherent high drag of the biplane was beginning to restrict performance. Engines were not yet powerful enough to make the heavy cantilever-wing monoplane viable, and the <a href="#Parasol_wing">braced parasol wing</a> became popular on fighter aircraft, although few arrived in time to see combat. It remained popular throughout the 1920s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boats</a> with a shallow hull, a parasol wing allows the engines to be mounted above the spray from the water when taking off and landing. This arrangement was popular on flying boats during the 1930s; a late example being the <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina" title="Consolidated PBY Catalina">Consolidated PBY Catalina</a>. It died out when taller hulls became the norm during World War II, allowing a high wing to be attached directly to the hull.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As ever-increasing engine powers made the weight of all-metal construction and the <a href="/wiki/Cantilever" title="Cantilever">cantilever</a> wing more practical — first pioneered together by the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Junkers_J_1" title="Junkers J 1">Junkers J 1</a> <a href="/wiki/Junkers" title="Junkers">factory</a> demonstrator in 1915–16 — they became common during the post–World War I period, the day of the braced wing passed, and by the 1930s, the cantilever monoplane was fast becoming the standard configuration for a fixed-wing aircraft. Advanced monoplane fighter-aircraft designs were mass-produced for military services around the world in both the Soviet Union and the United States in the early–mid 1930s, with the <a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_I-16" title="Polikarpov I-16">Polikarpov I-16</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-26_Peashooter" title="Boeing P-26 Peashooter">Boeing P-26 Peashooter</a> respectively.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">military aircraft</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">WWII</a> were monoplanes, as have been virtually all aircraft since, except for a few specialist types. </p><p>Jet and rocket engines have even more power and all modern high-speed aircraft, especially supersonic types, have been monoplanes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoplane&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(aeronautics)" title="Aspect ratio (aeronautics)">Aspect ratio (aeronautics)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoplane&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoplane&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NASA_history-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA_history_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLoftin1985" class="citation web cs1">Loftin, Lawrence K. (January 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-468/ch4-3.htm">"ch4-3"</a>. <i>nasa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nasa.gov&rft.atitle=ch4-3&rft.date=1985-01&rft.aulast=Loftin&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-468%2Fch4-3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonoplane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviation-history.com/theory/ground_effect.htm">"Ground Effect in Aircraft"</a>. Aviation-history.com. 2009-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ground+Effect+in+Aircraft&rft.pub=Aviation-history.com&rft.date=2009-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviation-history.com%2Ftheory%2Fground_effect.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonoplane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avweb.com/news/airman/185905-1.html">"Ground Effect"</a>. Avweb.com. 2003-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ground+Effect&rft.pub=Avweb.com&rft.date=2003-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avweb.com%2Fnews%2Fairman%2F185905-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonoplane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kundu2010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kundu2010_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kundu2010_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjoy_Kumar_Kundu2010" class="citation book cs1">Ajoy Kumar Kundu (12 April 2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aircraftdesignca00kund"><i>Aircraft Design</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aircraftdesignca00kund/page/n121">78</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48745-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48745-0"><bdi>978-1-139-48745-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Design&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-04-12&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48745-0&rft.au=Ajoy+Kumar+Kundu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faircraftdesignca00kund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonoplane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pilot</i> magazine February 1986 page 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trevor Thom – The Aeroplane (Technical) – 1997 page 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crane-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crane_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crane, Dale: <i>Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition</i>, page 379. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56027-287-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56027-287-2">1-56027-287-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davilla315-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davilla315_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davilla, 1997, pp.60 & 315</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angelucci and Matricardi, pp. 151, 290-1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wragg, David; <i>Historical Dictionary of Aviation</i>, History Press, 2008, pp.214-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King2004-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-King2004_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, <i>Windkiller</i>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angelucci and Matricardi, pp. 109-129.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoplane&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Angelucci, A.; and Matricardi, P.; <i>World Aircraft: Origins–World War I</i>, Sampson Low, 1977.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavillaSoltan1997" class="citation book cs1">Davilla, James J.; Soltan, Arthur (1997). <i>French Aircraft of the First World War</i>. Mountain View, CA: Flying Machines Press. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1891268090" title="Special:BookSources/978-1891268090"><bdi>978-1891268090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Aircraft+of+the+First+World+War&rft.place=Mountain+View%2C+CA&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Flying+Machines+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1891268090&rft.aulast=Davilla&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft.au=Soltan%2C+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonoplane" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"High wing, low wing", <i>Flight</i> 20 March 1975, Pages <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%200517.html">453</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610130527/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%200517.html">archive</a>)–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%200518.html">454</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111230031928/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%200518.html">archive</a>)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monoplane&oldid=1217241398">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monoplane&oldid=1217241398</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monoplanes" title="Category:Monoplanes">Monoplanes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wing_configurations" title="Category:Wing configurations">Wing configurations</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_October_2021" title="Category:Use British English from October 2021">Use British English from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 April 2024, at 17:27<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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