CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135b5105900fdf8',cH: 'FFDPjDKACb.j8UnjG_J1xm0knh8nwprjGtYydFJHqBc-1739794572-1.2.1.1-K.OX8W_2ohlu9lTIEdJFgvzaTsxzvx.d3YW2WaYB1amGap2La84AlWSyvZtvSA2p',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Rabbya%20Ashrafi&__cf_chl_tk=4ainy5XBygPeWcstYR7Mwrg.A.asCp.uD.HFRDBhzC4-1739794572-1.0.1.1-w78oJarleC9l7dvLB8XI8cWgt65kfiLTtB8BmnkZ85c",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739794572',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Rabbya%20Ashrafi&__cf_chl_f_tk=4ainy5XBygPeWcstYR7Mwrg.A.asCp.uD.HFRDBhzC4-1739794572-1.0.1.1-w78oJarleC9l7dvLB8XI8cWgt65kfiLTtB8BmnkZ85c",md: "uF5DArbuzsvxhi9kOWn_eNfsrwVxdEoKcbpA7PMOLrc-1739794572-1.2.1.1-RIasyZPIBZOO3lV3.KtwEG6hr_1D_GIWfEwxaC8ZZot2eUZSXNzErK5QRlsgmhQoUOZUNiQ4uwk0.7VuSgyWvB_BTbgFamAD.sCQ7J.zQtdgFFEYlJR.jmTrTBaRE8UCBupICcKg9uSndHmEc_U4DI3f9reJ6S2j9FhUtUSon3At35WKeRm00Ga64AsIWNi2Apr7Hvq32w5QZ0jVxk9zY9c0YXimX1OLc2YshbJCwXpq4HE8ezH.5XR6CQ7VZ0AnRa.RpwGSeud0IUwDPDOk0VtloNAFjcNDDf10HJOoVUfZ9lsAwDtqNHe2cAY6OxLczIMOVdHb.BOTC3B7g3SJ1y4HUnSz8XNKpwhl6ghgRmjdM1yUo50ivIMXKKBtRIia.SX6Yz9wZOYcI7ucLWOhaB8zh0zJ4PHF5aB0d4DxsU6z0h9u9xCSSuxYcYSJ4cCgxLQDdDOcwgcCTUCbOwvQyfEydl7CoMfOcozHqBX4Nt.nd0uAMdItp.voo.EcdLZR17hM94mkCpQ95B6t.Fk0VafqynzrpIOmHqHRw1t7xQhSxY69cJTTLfm_30WmhVQvFYfopbVwPWtTtR0U1Aaim7vN6MmqYCMG9sN4havjU3soqvwum1X92AObgqBN9idRCICX9JBQ7borGwtj8eIXnJ9i670mTU8RMPG8nUV44t14svkEp1s_dFgd6_bITTyt..dQ7CP1CMR6Le22ts0Rfjbx5z2qRMRsqJOj9UuzrJeIO.e1f9zEvbMXhs.bvU.MulPypXKJSCC9ildz8X2TlEweAphXXY_OiR1KGhjimwLqOON6hGedZMg87smVqcpA3VUS7z3u.N26gsFi.G9zdDPd5oofZHBwkeR7BJZB2URRc2uzkfXH_DPWeunPapp5m4J40gm.dlkxR5EyhECOlYqvpZoobVcTq2gKS45HtHhLlRcdZbwnY2YqbGCBVkK7Qmy0RGxjePNwwvlGZy.xkLYRngBhxtosFAZd8K2t4OOZ0Hafbyi0xW596K3Ru1H2A_RhqbWUDD8UW4IoUDuSTNxVX3I5xddeodCXYG_wPAt.2VjzcR5ZC1ClMKIM0S71V..TNK0_q84HnWTdFHA.Pd3neBBj8dK3CdM7ZqLEU_qQGoDrXviTy02u8CmpC9g8nIsBXocp2F51rsbCRnpIJYwSXnMhgz1WwYTwMYzXr8nXF1xROIkRjUA_XiFdBMi6d1C.lzN.VVv1KS7ZNOyuScyJdaxZpfACzz35lt_ywESld4LtAlUlwaHCt2bTy1qCobYk.iIcxFgy6qf97ape47X.s.7.gM2HhjtN1xT6RTNARURu.IO8irD4RYcDKrYlDYZtXsuRH1ZQc950hgw90wPmUDc9AADH0Z_2RrSsBQgHjhqgN3zgaLz0QuJmnHi_BreaD4WL3CvXbcv3hvIfzgp1UGMsy8R5DiTswrhdDo21YuPNf980i8uzYOq_yvR.vJjSdne0L9K.riD64zqY0SrjDxrfAVp2SJU5L7yNx2TXoXcXAc8naHGtbVQwNfRFdOoWxgSl4EbSeqHCIkq.hiSUN36O.Aieq.CrdWJI9x_FRbNpkw_9Ss.BDZ0S2uvHBdBTqK6I4VG.Gei_cp0l5Knee6V9BLlwgrhZXnoGr8gFymANrkEVdDagomSvbgVyIeU5XGAxn3mv6xXD_0GWDj4Me5AQ.xwDhUcIE.LBLCxaqgU46AqcYB97n3pb1xOgXmh5z9mFyzSXtaB8YCtCan4Czr.Am9yXVPtb.BYr0gCOYH02dLUu14hTxgDUfmqAc4geFfoZm2zJVL6t.mO9o7ZsiQuskkViPWOpekAcYUD55Q7Kig87MrYUK2JJzY73FTk2CN1yKiQkSX.mv13bS6XqpYyMrvvxt_mjME1oHgyqXuMbTc8tpHiff_t5z9d3_3t6URygi2lFVj_iVayL2zq3DA_TTYFUPN6QSOIzlQo",mdrd: "lSVr1D56HtSJUCMIIAZtzkg0v0lN_FTER7jfCSMCLsY-1739794572-1.2.1.1-4.5Iq7JJ7Al48j0GgmbC.14dyFUgSs4Z_tIZyHaFHNnWIRYc5BWV58MdYq1ZjyhQVY4JqWJSPTcKPNFYjgJheVTi_lOrNtdrQnbJHqodikQxzepmGyYPcokimBOT7D3.H6l5KHRhDbOIgFRb1N9Xolqm2H6xOs_JfLVi2siJL3TtqrC8D5EKCQTla6P63t8VXENiD6wktlfZ10nNbGc039rviDgQ3muQZRkkqHDTGql9mUbQ2LXgiPzW50NiAlCRewZwr_NYvmsBjKG.jQvTx2fNs0LoOrWLxS4t74cTP2hI9nky.fxuVsOliTCIE1EmW7.dPICiG.Gtu764gE_FzNFA5SpQqb.96zTZMsb5yZFUUVUxTA6gXKrYXoruSlST7tXQwykLZXS_w1hliQU6GmeqOyXE5vPkassj2vDCoAfUo8zlwrOgPgU.S7V4ds1Z77wQLI030z8WZJn6KlVEpG1hQ2BBUVhoGA1gFW8XOrzVgn3tN8SdVebU9bg6KE06TmyVCBAMx2GhY7Uk3fsrZpBa0wTOMGHMALEcxRkwjiJE5b8HV2v.8FXMtaydpY_czTISLmPJqF..uBJBYBngLOVy9MGw5B0HNkp6xuZeXsLLYK0GF9DNer01c25MBoceAjgKh3TeCogCfsXDO_46ibQFmyOhFcIGi4mnsSSFcpxArybaOmWvNQ.irMbtG6Md1hLe55AcvIwdY1zg2wPLuXMQIniWOoMkYjlmL1WIb3G7uRgl.CFQXrT5HW4UaWIY3lkG2Zml2mlGeiJxe4ZdK5W2t5GHL2PxGovlVnXll1u4Hx4HBXsJmKST6ZoOFPoqt9l924ueDbs3__CprZtUa1584zuLJ7veP71FJVwZvWBN31D8b9LsxsNw8qlLvXeIbnYW6IoCf.m3wZ29tNaeiY18xUMAjjusak0GeB2inkjNax1.ueR_I3cxjjvsFHPkT2b_HGWBUIQd1kJyFzKgD2lWb55jF_IZLOIEwdKR62SajZH53p17c2chmYM90AWTNvEf8KOoYSjx1qYew7M0WEn7sEQbEebVK88hd7qN6wTDKfc5Cg.90is0BRjV.xCS8FXypWzZlpfdzCDygvXYf.LTeLdE4qlxu8GkAsl7p3XTr8LZZNzYLi52KJBjYvhiiIGhofUbjkamFFA7D8e2fv155qs9sj3O.5Ml6rhwWOFRU86yfLFKtKEuseI5fy.vMfjWICtjE7MYfhVL3hQNpbSSCEk.P0p2N9GyWZ5hqxkbG_UyrEJ3j7YR_8QjUq.HxDDLeITTkhbkMfCrDFiXi1A8rz1RtBwSUP1q8CfiRHk0jmYUYy.a5uyrajlmIEutscjmsLA2485.f3Rt704E31eTIiBMnMhoUsSp9L4pDrKZT_RkAPoj5x.0b78vovuzmzhTcSuN06yi.2_iy9.1f9F3N1PcQ9L3_HkR7uH9w3YzADyW2uE.eew_dXNkMMgY2lGzuog8ch5A5irXmOLa14lB0_6av5bUxawEYEfqGJ_wJ5y0q7Q2Hu01AA2nv8kaG7fdunZlReDhj2a18dxRHV1jNHvsPAT9ZjskK4eWwjt6sReNyT1oGuqPOoSTJG69HQ1w1hRY8CH2Q5wOOGvFax_nxqd.idvvMO8TYGXAO1SP7yeVEr4NpygkzurY0U8vT_Kq7awKjHEUhZhtat0rjEOVLupl1HJKwr9S1Vlp4um9qooy_v19MnBLPRiF73nrpZhHNKt2toLqf3cR_hQTXpmcGYyn7i5xw4re1ngoDABAaLPKLKkUB0zlYsvNaZYrY6ct2jwuB7c1xs6b_Wzv8Qxlry0D8jb72h6ZWoK.JBbXOOxcVPZx8HtlgrSDTOy39B74Z0P_ABIiFahkN6t67gl_ZBwLkmxdaS6pTZK7se7zDY.vl1A36jGxoCsK9Ehqy03uHGR3GlgKDIKJfBdrr4UdT8p2y6j3M2SkXUHvTGJQ3zcCqz9f2C47USKPRcns"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135b5105900fdf8';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Rabbya%20Ashrafi&__cf_chl_rt_tk=4ainy5XBygPeWcstYR7Mwrg.A.asCp.uD.HFRDBhzC4-1739794572-1.0.1.1-w78oJarleC9l7dvLB8XI8cWgt65kfiLTtB8BmnkZ85c" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>