Bulimia Nervosa | Psychology Today Singapore

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</div> </div> <div class="breadcrumbs-wrapper block" id="block-breadcrumbsblock-2"> <div class="breadcrumbs container"> <span class="breadcrumb-trail"><a href="/sg/conditions">Conditions</a></span>  >  <span class="breadcrumb-trail"><a href="/sg/conditions#eating-disorders">Eating Disorders</a></span>  >  <span class="breadcrumb-trail">Bulimia Nervosa</span> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="outer-layout-container"> <main class="layout-content layout-container" > <div class="layout-content-full"> <div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </div> <div class="layout-container--grid layout-container--primary-left-rail--single"> <div class="layout-content-main"> <div> <div id="block-pt-content" class="block">     <article data-history-node-id="15579" role="article" class="basics-full"> <div class="content-header d-flex reference-header"> <div class="content-header--text"> <h1 class="reference__title section-title">Bulimia Nervosa</h1> <p class="reference__review-info fine-print"> <a href="/sg/docs/editorial-process" class="reference__review-info-link"> <span class="reference__review-info-icon"></span> <span class="reference__review-info-text">Reviewed by Psychology Today Staff</span> </a> </p> </div> </div> <div> <div class="reference__body"> <div class="field-name-body"> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Bulimia nervosa is an <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/eating-disorders" title="Psychology Today looks at eating disorder" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">eating disorder</a> characterized by episodes of binge eating—consuming a large amount of food very quickly—followed by compensatory behavior, most commonly vomiting or "purging" or the abuse of diuretics or laxatives. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span>People who are <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/bulimia-nervosa" title="Psychology Today looks at bulimic" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">bulimic</a> often feel a lack of control over their behavior. They typically know they have a problem yet often <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/fear" title="Psychology Today looks at fear" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">fear</a> they are unable to stop engaging in binges, leading them to engage in purging behaviors in an attempt to avoid weight gain. Binging and purging are often performed in secret, with feelings of <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/shame" title="Psychology Today looks at shame" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">shame</a> alternating with relief.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Unlike those with anorexia, people with bulimia are often able to maintain a normal weight for their age; they may even be overweight or obese. But similar to people with anorexia, they tend to fear gaining weight, desperately want to lose weight, and are intensely unhappy with their body size and shape. The binging and purging cycle is usually repeated several times a week. As with anorexia, people with bulimia often have coexisting psychological illnesses, such as <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/depression" title="Psychology Today looks at depression" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">depression</a>, <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/anxiety" title="Psychology Today looks at anxiety" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">anxiety</a>, and <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/addiction" title="Psychology Today looks at substance abuse" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">substance abuse</a> problems. Many physical dysfunctions can result from purging, including electrolyte imbalances, gastrointestinal troubles, and dental problems.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Bulimia nervosa can affect individuals of any race, age, or <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/gender" title="Psychology Today looks at gender" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">gender</a>; however, it is significantly more common in women and girls than it is in men and boys. Approximately 3 percent of females have bulimia nervosa during their lifetime, compared to an estimated 1 percent of males. It is more common in adolescents and young adults than in other age groups.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div> <div class="table-of-contents border-top"> <h4 class="table-of-contents--title">Contents</h4> <ul> <li class="table-of-contents--item"> <a href="#symptoms"> Symptoms </a> </li> <li class="table-of-contents--item"> <a href="#causes"> Causes </a> </li> <li class="table-of-contents--item"> <a href="#treatment"> Treatment </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="reference__sections"> <div> <div> <div class="section section--separator"> <div id="symptoms" class="section-anchor skip-inline-link-filter"></div> <div class="h2 section-title"> Symptoms </div> <div class="section__body"> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span>According to <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/dsm" title="Psychology Today looks at DSM-5" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">DSM-5</a>, common symptoms of bulimia nervosa include:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ul><li><span><span><span><span><span><span>Recurrent episodes of binge eating, characterized by eating within a discrete period of time (usually two hours or less) an amount of food substantially larger than most people would eat</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span><span><span><span><span><span>A feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one eats</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span><span><span><span><span><span>Recurrent compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, enemas, or other medications; fasting; and/or excessive exercise</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span><span><span><span><span><span>Self-evaluation unduly influenced by body shape and weight</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul><p><span><span><span><span><span><span>In addition to behavioral and psychological symptoms, physical symptoms of bulimia nervosa may include: </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <ul><li><span><span><span><span><span><span>Chronically inflamed and sore throat</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span><span><span><span><span><span>Swollen glands in the neck and below the jaw</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span><span><span><span><span><span>Worn tooth enamel and increasingly sensitive and decaying teeth as a result of exposure to stomach acids</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span><span><span><span><span><span>Acid reflux disorder (gastroesophageal reflux disorder, or GERD)</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span><span><span><span><span><span>Intestinal distress and irritation from laxative abuse</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span><span><span><span><span><span>Kidney problems from diuretic abuse</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span><span><span><span><span><span>Severe dehydration from the purging of fluids</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span><span><span><span><span><span>Sores or scabs on the knuckles if hands are used to induce vomiting</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul><p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Bulimia is categorized as mild, moderate, severe, or extreme based on the number of inappropriate compensatory behaviors that happen each week.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="faqs"> <div class="faq faq--1"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> What are common warning signs of bulimia? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>Though many people with bulimia go to great lengths to keep their disorder a secret, there may be several key warning signs that concerned friends and family may notice. Potential red flags include a preoccupation with food, weight, or body size; frequent bathroom trips during or after meals; discomfort with eating in public or eating in front of other people; or a tendency to exercise to excess. Loved ones may also notice physical symptoms such as a swollen face, damaged teeth, sores or scars on the hands or knuckles, or rapidly changing weight. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="faq faq--2"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> At what age does bulimia usually start? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>Many cases of bulimia begin in the late teens and early 20s, though the disorder can go undetected until the 30s or 40s. While late-life eating disorders are less common, it is possible for older adults to develop bulimia nervosa or experience a recurrence of the disorder; <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19718668/">one study</a> found that as many as 13 percent of women over age 50 engage in some kind of <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/articles/201908/when-anorexia-strikes-in-midlife">disordered eating behavior</a>.</p> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="faq faq--3 collapsed"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> How does bulimia affect the face? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>Someone with bulimia nervosa may show specific physical signs of the disorder in their face. Regular vomiting may lead to swollen salivary glands which can cause the face and neck to look puffy, a phenomenon sometimes referred to as “bulimia face” or “bulimia cheeks.” They may also have discolored, brittle teeth or painful sores in the corners of their mouth. Intense vomiting may also result in broken veins in the face, which may be visible to observers. Once the individual has stopped purging, puffiness and mouth sores should decrease within a few weeks. Some changes to teeth, however, may not be reversible, although a dentist can help repair broken teeth or fill cavities that resulted from frequent purging.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="faq faq--4 collapsed"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> What is Russell’s sign? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>Russell’s sign—named for British psychiatrist Gerald Russell, who first described bulimia nervosa in the 1970s—refers to calluses or sores that frequently occur on the knuckles of those with the disorder. Because many people with bulimia use their hands and fingers to induce vomiting, they may regularly cut their hands on their incisor teeth. Over time, these small cuts may form into scars or large skin lesions. Because not everyone with bulimia purges by vomiting—and not everyone who vomits uses their hands to do so—Russell’s sign is not universally found among people with bulimia. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="faq faq--5 collapsed faq--last"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> Can bulimia be deadly? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>While bulimia is not considered as deadly as anorexia, untreated bulimia can indeed be life-threatening and increase the risk of early death. Complications from bulimia can include stomach ruptures, strained esophagus, and <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2752386">heart disease or cardiac arrest</a>, all of which can be deadly. Bulimia also frequently comes with <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/depression" title="Psychology Today looks at depression" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">depression</a> and <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/suicide" title="Psychology Today looks at suicidality" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">suicidality</a>, and people with bulimia are at increased risk of taking their own life. <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/1107207">One study</a> found that, compared to individuals without eating disorders, those with bulimia nervosa had twice the risk of premature death; in comparison, those with anorexia nervosa showed five times greater risk.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pt-ad pt-ad--300x250 d-block d-none d-md-block d-lg-none block" id="block-ad-subpage-300x250-programmatically-rendered"> <div class="pt-ad--container pt-ad-show-text"> <div class="pt-ad--text"> <span>article continues after advertisement</span> </div> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1404853927369-9" class="pt-ad--content"> <script type="text/javascript"> if (window.googletag && googletag.apiReady) { googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1404853927369-9'); }); } </script> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="section section--separator"> <div id="causes" class="section-anchor skip-inline-link-filter"></div> <div class="h2 section-title"> Causes </div> <div class="section__body"> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span>There is no single known cause of bulimia, but there are some factors that are thought to play a part in the disorder’s development. These include biological factors such as <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/genetics" title="Psychology Today looks at genes" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">genes</a> and <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/hormones" title="Psychology Today looks at hormones" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">hormones</a>; eating disorders are thought to have a strong genetic component, and some evidence suggests that hormonal changes that occur during <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/adolescence" title="Psychology Today looks at adolescence" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">adolescence</a> and <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/mid-life" title="Psychology Today looks at midlife" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">midlife</a> may trigger <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/eating-disorders" title="Psychology Today looks at disordered eating" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">disordered eating</a> behavior, especially in teen girls and </span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/articles/201908/when-anorexia-strikes-in-midlife"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>perimenopausal women</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span><span><span>. Other contributing factors include cultural ideals that prioritize and reward thinness, especially in women; a family history of disordered eating, crash <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/diet" title="Psychology Today looks at dieting" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">dieting</a>, or a familial preoccupation with food and weight; <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/personality" title="Psychology Today looks at personality" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">personality</a> traits such as low <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/self-esteem" title="Psychology Today looks at self-esteem" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">self-esteem</a> and/or high impulsivity; or major life changes and <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/stress" title="Psychology Today looks at stressful" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">stressful</a> or <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/trauma" title="Psychology Today looks at traumatic" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">traumatic</a> events, such as being sexually assaulted.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="faqs"> <div class="faq faq--1"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> What triggers episodes of binging and purging? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>A binge can be triggered by stress or other uncomfortable emotions, like <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/anger" title="Psychology Today looks at anger" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">anger</a>, sadness, or low self-esteem. It may also occur in response to overly strict dietary restrictions and the feelings of hunger that result. Afterward, purging and other actions to prevent weight gain are typically undertaken to help those with bulimia feel more in control of their eating behavior and to ease the additional stress and <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/anxiety" title="Psychology Today looks at anxiety" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">anxiety</a> triggered by the binge. Typically, neither binging nor purging offers any lasting relief from negative emotions and often serves to only exacerbate them. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="faq faq--2 faq--last"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> Can bulimia be prevented? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>Because bulimia can stem from a combination of factors, there is no known way to consistently prevent it. However, experts suggest that promoting a positive <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/body-image" title="Psychology Today looks at body image" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">body image</a> and cultivating a healthy relationship with food—at home, at school, and elsewhere—can help children put less stock in cultural messaging that moralizes weight and dietary choices and learn to live peacefully with their bodies. Experts also suggest that regular family mealtimes and the gentle promotion of healthy habits can help children develop a positive relationship with food. Conversely, parents who regularly talk about weight or undergo fad diets may wish to take steps to change their behavior—both for their children’s benefit and for their own.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="section section--separator"> <div id="treatment" class="section-anchor skip-inline-link-filter"></div> <div class="h2 section-title"> Treatment </div> <div class="section__body"> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span>As with other eating disorders such as anorexia, treatment for bulimia often involves a combination of options and depends on individual needs.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span>To reduce or eliminate binging and purging, a patient may undergo nutritional counseling and <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/therapy" title="Psychology Today looks at psychotherapy" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">psychotherapy</a>, especially <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/cognitive-behavioral-therapy" title="Psychology Today looks at cognitive-behavioral" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">cognitive-behavioral</a> therapy, and be prescribed <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/psychopharmacology" title="Psychology Today looks at medication" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">medication</a>. Some <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/ssris" title="Psychology Today looks at antidepressants" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">antidepressants</a>—such as fluoxetine (Prozac), the only medication approved by the FDA for treating bulimia—may help patients who also suffer from depression and anxiety. The drug also appears to help reduce binge-eating and purging as well as the chance of <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/relapse" title="Psychology Today looks at relapse" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">relapse</a>, and it can improve eating attitudes.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Cognitive-behavioral therapy tailored to the treatment of bulimia has also been shown to be effective in changing binging and purging behavior and improving attitudes towards eating. Therapy may be done one-on-one or in a group setting.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span>Eating disorders are complex and challenging, and behavioral, psychological, and <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/neuroscience" title="Psychology Today looks at neuroscience" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">neuroscience</a> research on eating disorders is ongoing into causes and treatments. Researchers are also working to define the basic processes involved in the disorders, to understand risk factors, to identify biological markers of the disorder, and to develop medications that target specific pathways affecting eating behavior. Neuroimaging and genetic studies may provide clues for individual responses to specific treatments.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="faqs"> <div class="faq faq--1"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> What is the first-line treatment for bulimia nervosa? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>Treatment usually includes a mix of psychotherapy, nutritional support, and sometimes medication, and multiple therapeutic approaches have been used and shown to be effective. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), family-based treatment (FBT), or interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) are commonly used to treat bulimia; <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/blog/eating-disorders-the-facts/202002/fbt-and-cbt-e-adolescents-eating-disorders">children and adolescents may be more likely to be treated with FBT</a>, as their recovery often needs to involve other family members to some degree. Psychotherapy for bulimia focuses on the maladaptive thought processes or relationship habits that drive binging and purging, as well as the depression and anxiety that frequently co-occur with bulimia. In nutritional therapy, a dietitian will work with the patient to help them make healthier food choices and learn to better recognize their body’s signals. Medications such as Prozac or other antidepressants can be prescribed for additional symptom support as needed.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="faq faq--2"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> Does bulimia treatment require hospitalization? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>Most bulimia treatment can be done in an outpatient capacity. However, in very serious cases or in cases where the physical effects of bulimia have become life-threatening, hospitalization and/or in-patient care may be called for.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="faq faq--3 collapsed"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> How long does it take the body to recover from bulimia? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>How long it takes for the body to recover from the effects of bulimia depends on a few factors, including how long or how frequently the individual engaged in binging and purging; more severe bulimia, or bulimia that was untreated for a longer period of time, will typically result in physical symptoms that take longer to resolve. Some of bulimia's effects, such as swelling of the face and neck or irregular periods, should start to resolve in a few weeks or months into recovery, while others may take years or longer. Some more severe symptoms, such as tooth decay or stomach damage, may unfortunately never resolve on their own; however, dentists or other medical professionals may be able to offer corrective care or help manage lingering side effects or pain.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="faq faq--4 collapsed faq--last"> <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question"> <div class="faq--title d-flex"> <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question"> What else can someone recovering from bulimia do to take care of themselves? </div> <div class="faq--control-container"> <button class="faq--control"> <div class="faq--control-icon"> <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">  <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <g id="Tests---Listing-Page---SM" transform="translate(-490.000000, -597.000000)" fill="#2C2D30"> <g id="Left-col" transform="translate(74.000000, 162.000000)"> <g id="Table" transform="translate(0.000000, 426.000000)"> <polygon id="navigatedown" points="422.310547 16.3125 428.621094 10.0019531 427.62793 9 422.310547 14.3173828 416.993164 9 416 10.0019531"></polygon> </g> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </div> </button> </div> </div> <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer"> <div itemprop="text"> <p>Because bulimia is such a serious disorder, professional treatment is often paramount to recovery. However, there are many steps that individuals can take on their own to support their treatment and bolster their self-esteem. Identifying common triggers to binging or purging behavior—such as going to the beach or scrolling through <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/sg/basics/social-media" title="Psychology Today looks at social media" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-SG">social media</a>—and making concrete plans to counteract them can help someone practice healthier habits and prepare for situations where they may be tempted to engage in unhealthy behavior. Getting support from friends, family, or support groups (either in-person or online) can help someone in recovery from bulimia talk through painful feelings, hear others' journeys, and learn additional coping strategies. Practicing self-care—like eating adequate amounts of healthy foods, engaging in regular but not excessive exercise, and prioritizing sleep and rest—can also help, though it may be necessary to discuss food and exercise habits with one’s treatment team in order to avoid slipping back into unhealthy cycles. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="reference__citations section--separator"> <h5>References</h5> <div class="citations"> <div class="citation citation--1"> Tith R.M., Paradis G., Potter B.J., et al. Association of Bulimia Nervosa With Long-term Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality Among Women. <em>JAMA Psychiatry.</em> 2020;77(1):44–51. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.2914 </div> <div class="citation citation--2"> Arcelus J., Mitchell A.J., Wales J., Nielsen S.. Mortality Rates in Patients With Anorexia Nervosa and Other Eating Disorders: A Meta-analysis of 36 Studies. <em>Arch Gen Psychiatry.</em> 2011;68(7):724–731. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.74 </div> <div class="citation citation--3"> McLean, S. A., Paxton, S. J., & Wertheim, E. H. (2010). Factors associated with body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in women in midlife. <em>The International journal of eating disorders</em>, <em>43</em>(6), 527–536. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20737">https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20737</a> </div> <div class="citation citation--4"> American Psychiatric Association, <em>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.</em> </div> <div class="citation citation--5"> American Psychiatric Association Work Group on Eating Disorders </div> <div class="citation citation--6"> National Institute of Mental Health </div> <div class="citation citation--7"> U.S. Department of Health and Human Services </div> </div> <div class="revision-current">Last updated: 03/25/2022 </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="layout-content-left-rail--first" role="complementary"> <div> <div id="block-conditionsnavigation" class="block index-page-menu"> <article> <div class="h2 index-page-menu--title"> Diagnosis Dictionary </div> <div class="index-page-menu--image hero--image"> <img src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/index_page_navigation_image/public/2021-06/conditions-shutterstock-1696550344_0.jpg?itok=XiF2PjYS" width="519" height="198" alt="Decorative Image" loading="lazy" /> </div> <div class="index-page-menu--items"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-4ee6cc769ab27a6a2e6171c621938c4e83194be028bf62173e346b11251d6448"> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Abuse/Neglect</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/child-abuse" title="Child Abuse ">Child Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/child-neglect" title="Child Neglect ">Child Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/elder-or-dependent-adult-abuse" title="Elder or Dependent Adult Abuse ">Elder or Dependent Adult Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/elder-or-dependent-adult-neglect" title="Elder or Dependent Adult Neglect ">Elder or Dependent Adult Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/pedophilia" title="Pedophilia ">Pedophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/reactive-attachment-disorder" title="Reactive Attachment Disorder ">Reactive Attachment Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/sexual-sadism-disorder" title="Sexual Sadism Disorder ">Sexual Sadism Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Addictions/Substance Abuse</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/alcohol-use-disorder" title="Alcohol Use Disorder ">Alcohol Use Disorder </a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/amphetamines" title="Amphetamines ">Amphetamines</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/caffeine" title="Caffeine ">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/cannabismarijuana" title="Cannabis/Marijuana ">Cannabis/Marijuana</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/co-occurring-disorders" title="Co-Occurring Disorders ">Co-Occurring Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/cocaine-use-disorder" title="Cocaine Use Disorder ">Cocaine Use Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/gambling-disorder-compulsive-gambling-pathological-gambling" title="Gambling Disorder (Compulsive Gambling, Pathological Gambling) ">Gambling Disorder (Compulsive Gambling, Pathological Gambling)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/hallucinogen-persisting-perception-disorder" title="Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) ">Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) </a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/hallucinogens" title="Hallucinogens ">Hallucinogens</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/inhalant-related-disorders" title="Inhalant-Related Disorders ">Inhalant-Related Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/nicotine" title="Nicotine ">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/opioids" title="Opioids ">Opioids</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/sedative-hypnotic-and-anxiolytic-related-disorders" title="Sedative, Hypnotic, and Anxiolytic-Related Disorders ">Sedative, Hypnotic, and Anxiolytic-Related Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/sedatives" title="Sedatives ">Sedatives</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/stimulant-related-disorders" title="Stimulant-Related Disorders ">Stimulant-Related Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/substance-related-disorders" title="Substance-Related Disorders ">Substance-Related Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/substancemedication-induced-psychotic-disorder" title="Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder ">Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/tobacco-related-disorders" title="Tobacco-Related Disorders ">Tobacco-Related Disorders</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Aging</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/aging" title="Aging ">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/delirium" title="Delirium ">Delirium</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/elder-or-dependent-adult-abuse" title="Elder or Dependent Adult Abuse ">Elder or Dependent Adult Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/elder-or-dependent-adult-neglect" title="Elder or Dependent Adult Neglect ">Elder or Dependent Adult Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/empty-nest-syndrome" title="Empty Nest Syndrome ">Empty Nest Syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/erectile-disorder" title="Erectile Disorder ">Erectile Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/midlife" title="Midlife ">Midlife</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/neurocognitive-disorders-mild-and-major" title="Neurocognitive Disorders (Mild and Major) ">Neurocognitive Disorders (Mild and Major)</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Anxiety/Phobia</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/acute-stress-disorder" title="Acute Stress Disorder ">Acute Stress Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/adjustment-disorder" title="Adjustment Disorder ">Adjustment Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia ">Agoraphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/body-dysmorphic-disorder" title="Body Dysmorphic Disorder ">Body Dysmorphic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/generalized-anxiety-disorder" title="Generalized Anxiety Disorder ">Generalized Anxiety Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/hypersomnolence" title="Hypersomnolence ">Hypersomnolence</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/illness-anxiety-disorder" title="Illness Anxiety Disorder ">Illness Anxiety Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/insomnia" title="Insomnia ">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/nightmares" title="Nightmares ">Nightmares</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder" title="Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ">Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/panic-attack" title="Panic Attack ">Panic Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/panic-disorder" title="Panic Disorder ">Panic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder" title="Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ">Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/separation-anxiety" title="Separation Anxiety ">Separation Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/social-anxiety-disorder-social-phobia" title="Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) ">Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/specific-phobia" title="Specific Phobia ">Specific Phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/tinnitus" title="Tinnitus ">Tinnitus</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/vertigo" title="Vertigo ">Vertigo</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adult" title="Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Adult ">Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-children" title="Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Children ">Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Children</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-teen" title="Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Teen ">Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Teen</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder" title="Developmental Coordination Disorder ">Developmental Coordination Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dysgraphia" title="Dysgraphia ">Dysgraphia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dyspraxia" title="Dyspraxia ">Dyspraxia</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Bipolar Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/bipolar-disorder" title="Bipolar Disorder ">Bipolar Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/cyclothymic-disorder" title="Cyclothymic Disorder ">Cyclothymic Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Child/Adolescent</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/aspergers" title="Asperger's Syndrome ">Asperger's Syndrome </a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-children" title="Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Children ">Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Children</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder" title="Autism Spectrum Disorder ">Autism Spectrum Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/child-abuse" title="Child Abuse ">Child Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/child-neglect" title="Child Neglect ">Child Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/childhood-onset-fluency-disorder" title="Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder ">Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/communication-disorders" title="Communication Disorders ">Communication Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/conduct-disorder" title="Conduct Disorder ">Conduct Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/disinhibited-social-engagement-disorder" title="Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder ">Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/disruptive-mood-dysregulation-disorder-children-and-adolescents" title="Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (Children and Adolescents) ">Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (Children and Adolescents)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dyscalculia" title="Dyscalculia ">Dyscalculia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dysgraphia" title="Dysgraphia ">Dysgraphia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dyslexia" title="Dyslexia ">Dyslexia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dyspraxia" title="Dyspraxia ">Dyspraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/encopresis" title="Encopresis ">Encopresis</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/enuresis" title="Enuresis ">Enuresis</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/intellectual-disability-intellectual-developmental-disorder" title="Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder) ">Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/language-disorder" title="Language Disorder ">Language Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/learning-disability" title="Learning Disability ">Learning Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/nonverbal-learning-disorder" title="Nonverbal Learning Disorder ">Nonverbal Learning Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/pedophilia" title="Pedophilia ">Pedophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/provisional-tic-disorder" title="Provisional Tic Disorder ">Provisional Tic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/reactive-attachment-disorder" title="Reactive Attachment Disorder ">Reactive Attachment Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/selective-mutism" title="Selective Mutism ">Selective Mutism</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/separation-anxiety" title="Separation Anxiety ">Separation Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/speech-sound-disorder" title="Speech Sound Disorder ">Speech Sound Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/tourettes-disorder" title="Tourette's Disorder ">Tourette's Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Communication Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/childhood-onset-fluency-disorder" title="Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder ">Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/communication-disorders" title="Communication Disorders ">Communication Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/language-disorder" title="Language Disorder ">Language Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/speech-sound-disorder" title="Speech Sound Disorder ">Speech Sound Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Depression/Mood</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/adjustment-disorder" title="Adjustment Disorder ">Adjustment Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/bereavement" title="Bereavement ">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/co-occurring-disorders" title="Co-Occurring Disorders ">Co-Occurring Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/depressive-disorders" title="Depressive Disorders ">Depressive Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/persistent-depressive-disorder-dysthymia" title="Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) ">Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/postpartum-disorder" title="Postpartum Disorder ">Postpartum Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/prolonged-grief-disorder" title="Prolonged Grief Disorder ">Prolonged Grief Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder" title="Seasonal Affective Disorder ">Seasonal Affective Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/visual-snow" title="Visual Snow ">Visual Snow</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Dissociation</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/depersonalizationderealization-disorder" title="Depersonalization / Derealization Disorder ">Depersonalization / Derealization Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dissociative-amnesia" title="Dissociative Amnesia ">Dissociative Amnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dissociative-fugue-psychogenic-fugue" title="Dissociative Fugue (Psychogenic Fugue) ">Dissociative Fugue (Psychogenic Fugue)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dissociative-identity-disorder-multiple-personality-disorder" title="Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) ">Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder)</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title--open"><span class="title-text">Eating Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed accordion--content--open"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/anorexia-nervosa" title="Anorexia Nervosa ">Anorexia Nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/arfid-avoidant-restrictive-food-intake-disorder" title="ARFID (Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder) ">ARFID (Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/binge-eating-disorder-compulsive-overeating" title="Binge-Eating Disorder (Compulsive Overeating) ">Binge-Eating Disorder (Compulsive Overeating)</a></li> <li class="active"><a href="/sg/conditions/bulimia-nervosa" title="Bulimia Nervosa ">Bulimia Nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/eating-disorders" title="Eating Disorders ">Eating Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/obesity" title="Obesity ">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/pica" title="Pica ">Pica</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/rumination-disorder" title="Rumination Disorder ">Rumination Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Impulse Control Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/intermittent-explosive-disorder" title="Intermittent Explosive Disorder ">Intermittent Explosive Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/kleptomania" title="Kleptomania ">Kleptomania</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/oppositional-defiant-disorder" title="Oppositional Defiant Disorder ">Oppositional Defiant Disorder </a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/pyromania" title="Pyromania ">Pyromania</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Movement Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/developmental-coordination-disorder" title="Developmental Coordination Disorder ">Developmental Coordination Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/parkinsons-disease" title="Parkinson's Disease ">Parkinson's Disease</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/persistent-chronic-motor-or-vocal-tic-disorder" title="Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder ">Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/provisional-tic-disorder" title="Provisional Tic Disorder ">Provisional Tic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/stereotypic-movement-disorder" title="Stereotypic Movement Disorder ">Stereotypic Movement Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/tourettes-disorder" title="Tourette's Disorder ">Tourette's Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Neurocognitive Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/alzheimers-disease" title="Alzheimer's Disease ">Alzheimer's Disease</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dyscalculia" title="Dyscalculia ">Dyscalculia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dysgraphia" title="Dysgraphia ">Dysgraphia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dyslexia" title="Dyslexia ">Dyslexia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dyspraxia" title="Dyspraxia ">Dyspraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/frontotemporal-dementia" title="Frontotemporal Dementia ">Frontotemporal Dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/intellectual-disability-intellectual-developmental-disorder" title="Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder) ">Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/lewy-body-dementia" title="Lewy Body Dementia ">Lewy Body Dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/neurocognitive-disorders-mild-and-major" title="Neurocognitive Disorders (Mild and Major) ">Neurocognitive Disorders (Mild and Major)</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dermatillomania-skin-picking" title="Dermatillomania (Skin Picking) ">Dermatillomania (Skin Picking)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/hoarding-disorder" title="Hoarding Disorder ">Hoarding Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder" title="Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ">Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/onychophagia-nail-biting" title="Onychophagia (Nail Biting) ">Onychophagia (Nail Biting)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/trichotillomania-hair-pulling" title="Trichotillomania (Hair Pulling) ">Trichotillomania (Hair Pulling)</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Personality</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/antisocial-personality-disorder" title="Antisocial Personality Disorder ">Antisocial Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/avoidant-personality-disorder" title="Avoidant Personality Disorder ">Avoidant Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/borderline-personality-disorder" title="Borderline Personality Disorder ">Borderline Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/dependent-personality-disorder" title="Dependent Personality Disorder ">Dependent Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/histrionic-personality-disorder" title="Histrionic Personality Disorder ">Histrionic Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/malingering" title="Malingering ">Malingering</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/narcissistic-personality-disorder" title="Narcissistic Personality Disorder ">Narcissistic Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/obsessive-compulsive-personality-disorder" title="Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder ">Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/paranoid-personality-disorder" title="Paranoid Personality Disorder ">Paranoid Personality Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Psychosis/Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/brief-psychotic-disorder" title="Brief Psychotic Disorder ">Brief Psychotic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/catatonia" title="Catatonia ">Catatonia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/delusional-disorder" title="Delusional Disorder ">Delusional Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/hallucinogen-persisting-perception-disorder" title="Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) ">Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) </a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/paranoid-personality-disorder" title="Paranoid Personality Disorder ">Paranoid Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/psychotic-disorder-due-another-medical-condition" title="Psychotic Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition ">Psychotic Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/schizoaffective-disorder" title="Schizoaffective Disorder ">Schizoaffective Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/schizoid-personality-disorder" title="Schizoid Personality Disorder ">Schizoid Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia ">Schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/schizophreniform-disorder" title="Schizophreniform Disorder ">Schizophreniform Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/schizotypal-personality-disorder" title="Schizotypal Personality Disorder ">Schizotypal Personality Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/substancemedication-induced-psychotic-disorder" title="Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder ">Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Sexuality</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/erectile-disorder" title="Erectile Disorder ">Erectile Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/exhibitionism" title="Exhibitionism ">Exhibitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/fetishistic-disorder" title="Fetishistic Disorder ">Fetishistic Disorder </a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/frotteuristic-disorder" title="Frotteuristic Disorder ">Frotteuristic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/gender-dysphoria" title="Gender Dysphoria ">Gender Dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/genito-pelvic-pain-or-penetration-disorder-sexual-pain-disorder" title="Genito-Pelvic Pain or Penetration Disorder (Sexual Pain Disorder) ">Genito-Pelvic Pain or Penetration Disorder (Sexual Pain Disorder)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/hypersexuality-sex-addiction" title="Hypersexuality (Sex Addiction) ">Hypersexuality (Sex Addiction)</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/orgasmic-disorder" title="Orgasmic Disorder ">Orgasmic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/paraphilias" title="Paraphilias ">Paraphilias</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/pedophilia" title="Pedophilia ">Pedophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/sexual-desire-disorder" title="Sexual Desire Disorder ">Sexual Desire Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/sexual-masochism-disorder" title="Sexual Masochism Disorder ">Sexual Masochism Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/sexual-sadism-disorder" title="Sexual Sadism Disorder ">Sexual Sadism Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/transvestic-disorder" title="Transvestic Disorder ">Transvestic Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/voyeuristic-disorder" title="Voyeuristic Disorder ">Voyeuristic Disorder</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="h2 block-title accordion--title"><span class="title-text">Sleep Disorders</span></div> <ul class="list-unstyled accordion--content accordion--content--closed"> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/circadian-rhythm-sleep-wake-disorders" title="Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders ">Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/hypersomnolence" title="Hypersomnolence ">Hypersomnolence</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/insomnia" title="Insomnia ">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/sg/conditions/narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy ">Narcolepsy</a></li> <li><a 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