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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Arianese</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Italy (<a href="/wiki/Ariano_Irpino" title="Ariano Irpino">Ariano Irpino</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Italo-Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Arianese</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i> (<code>mis</code>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Arianese_dialect_map.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Arianese_dialect_map.jpeg/320px-Arianese_dialect_map.jpeg" decoding="async" width="320" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Arianese_dialect_map.jpeg/480px-Arianese_dialect_map.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Arianese_dialect_map.jpeg/640px-Arianese_dialect_map.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">The diffusion area of the Arianese dialect (in red) within the Italian territory</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>Arianese dialect</b>, typical of the territorial area of <a href="/wiki/Ariano_Irpino" title="Ariano Irpino">Ariano Irpino</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular language">vernacular variety</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian dialect</a>, belonging in turn to the <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolitan dialect">Neapolitan group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Italian languages">southern Italian dialects</a>. Like all <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, it descends directly from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>, a language of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> stock that has been widespread in the area since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> times. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_context">Geographic context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianese_dialect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geographic context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The characteristics of the Arianese dialect appear rather atypical compared to the usual Irpinia vernacular canons by virtue of the geographical position of the town, located along the northern edge of <a href="/wiki/Irpinia" title="Irpinia">Irpinia</a> at the height of the main pass of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Campanian_Apennines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Campanian Apennines (page does not exist)">Campanian Apennines</a> (the so-called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddle_of_Ariano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saddle of Ariano (page does not exist)">saddle of Ariano</a>), therefore in the extreme hinterland of <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> and immediately close to the <a href="/wiki/Daunian_Mountains" title="Daunian Mountains">Dauno</a>-<a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulian</a> side.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arianese dialect was able to resist relatively better the contamination of the lower Campania region in general and the <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a> one in particular (<a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> became the capital of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">the Kingdom</a> since the 13th century),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it remained exposed in some measure to the <a href="/wiki/Apulian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Apulian dialect">Apulian</a> (and more precisely Daunian) dialectal influences,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather evident above all at a phonetic level.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For similar reasons, there is also a certain influence of the <a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinia dialects</a>, and especially for the Arianese dialect, on the vernaculars spoken along the Apulian side of the <a href="/wiki/Daunian_Mountains" title="Daunian Mountains">Daunia mountains</a> (the so-called Dauno-Irpinia dialects)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even, albeit only superficially, on the <a href="/wiki/Language_island" title="Language island">linguistic islands</a> present there.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It should also be noted the presence of a certain contact with the large <a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Benevento dialect</a> area,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mainly attributable to the geographical proximity as well as to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Medieval">Early Medieval</a> historical events.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the first half of the 19th century, however, Arianese has been considered one of the main dialects of the entire Campanian group.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_context">Historical context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianese_dialect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conspicuous was the historical importance of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Ariano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County of Ariano (page does not exist)">county of Ariano</a> which, in <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> times, extended on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Apennines" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennines">Apennines</a>, so much so that under the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman domain</a> it became a great county (within the vast <a href="/wiki/County_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="County of Apulia and Calabria">County of Apulia and Calabria</a>) and expanded as far as at the gates of <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a> on one side and up to the threshold of the <a href="/wiki/Tavoliere_delle_Puglie" title="Tavoliere delle Puglie">Tavoliere</a> on the other;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> moreover Ariano itself was elevated to ducal seat from 1495, and from 1585 to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_city_in_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal city in Italy (page does not exist)">royal city</a>, the only one in the whole <a href="/w/index.php?title=Principiato_Ultra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principiato Ultra (page does not exist)">Principiato Ultra</a> (within which it was by far the most populous center).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role played by the great traffic routes was also fundamental,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the medieval <a href="/wiki/Via_Francigena" title="Via Francigena">via Francigena</a> and the modern <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apulian_royal_road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apulian royal road (page does not exist)">Apulian royal road</a> as well as the ancient routes of <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Tratturo_Pescasseroli-Candela" title="Tratturo Pescasseroli-Candela">tratturo Pescasseroli-Candela</a> (to which a modest lexical influence from <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a> is also attributable) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tratturello_Camporeale-Foggia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tratturello Camporeale-Foggia (page does not exist)">tratturello Camporeale-Foggia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Via_Francigena_-_Ariano_Irpino,_localit%C3%A0_Sprinia.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Via_Francigena_-_Ariano_Irpino%2C_localit%C3%A0_Sprinia.jpeg/292px-Via_Francigena_-_Ariano_Irpino%2C_localit%C3%A0_Sprinia.jpeg" decoding="async" width="292" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Via_Francigena_-_Ariano_Irpino%2C_localit%C3%A0_Sprinia.jpeg/438px-Via_Francigena_-_Ariano_Irpino%2C_localit%C3%A0_Sprinia.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Via_Francigena_-_Ariano_Irpino%2C_localit%C3%A0_Sprinia.jpeg/584px-Via_Francigena_-_Ariano_Irpino%2C_localit%C3%A0_Sprinia.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2757" data-file-height="1813" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Via_Francigena" title="Via Francigena">Via Francigena</a> in the direction of Puglia on the <i>Sprinia</i> plateau, near the homonymous <i>masseria</i> in the upper <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscano_valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miscano valley (page does not exist)">Miscano valley</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the context of the Kingdom of Naples, the town was then nicknamed "<i>la chiave delle puglie</i>" (the key to Apulia) as it was an essential key in the connections between the capital <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and the nearby Apulian provinces,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with which there were intense contacts and exchanges:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to this, in the 15th century there was a massive influx of refugees from <a href="/wiki/Trani" title="Trani">Trani</a>, who settled in the extramural village which took its name from them ("<i>Tranìsi</i>", i.e. "Tranesi", people from Trani);<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this rock quarter would later house the numerous <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ariano_Irpino_ceramics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ariano Irpino ceramics (page does not exist)">Ariano Irpino ceramics</a> kilns,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is precisely on some locally produced glazed ceramic tiles (dated 1772 and depicting <a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">big-game hunting</a> scenes) that we find the first written attestations of the Arianese dialect, consisting in a complex series of covertly licentious or allusive slang expressions and as such not always easily interpretable.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, dialectal inflections, already significantly permeated by elements of Apulian origin, emerge from much more ancient times and even in documents of the early Middle Ages written in the local <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">vulgar Latin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It should also be considered that the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Ariano" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Ariano">diocese of Ariano</a>, from the moment of its establishment and until the <a href="/wiki/Great_Schism_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Schism (Christianity)">great schism</a>, followed the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> similarly to the Apulian dioceses, although it depended on a <a href="/wiki/Longobard" class="mw-redirect" title="Longobard">Longobard</a> archbishopric such as that of Benevento.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And it is also significant that until 1930 the city was known under the eloquent denomination of <i>Ariano di Puglia</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made official starting from 1868<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but already in use for many centuries by writers<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (even in the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">medieval Latin</a> form <i>Arianum in Apulia</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the local vernacular has always favored the simple original form Ariano, attested as far back as 782.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianese_dialect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the salient features of the local dialect is the pronunciation of the tonic <i>e</i> / <i>o</i> vowels which, due to a partial syllabic isochronism of clear Adriatic origin,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are generally closed in a free syllable in plain words,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unlike than in the rest of Irpinia where the open stamp prevails.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore in Ariano it's said: "<i>la mugliéra téne nóve sóre</i>" (= "the wife has nine sisters"), whereas in the standard Irpinia it's have "<i>(l) a muglièra tene nòve sòre</i>". On the other hand, in <a href="/wiki/Proparoxytone" title="Proparoxytone">slippery words</a> the local pronunciation of the tonic vowels tends to reopen, as is well evident in the case of nouns combined with <a href="/wiki/Enclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclitic">enclitic</a> possessives: "<i>muglièrima</i>" (="my wife"), "<i>sòreta</i>" (="your sister").<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peculiar, and likely attributable to an Apulian influence,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is also the way of pronouncing the tonic vowel a which in Ariano<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tends towards <i>e</i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while elsewhere in Irpinia it tends rather towards <i>o</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in a free or final syllable; thus, for example, the word "<i>fare</i>" is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fæ:/</span> in Arianese, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fɑː/</span> in standard Irpino. </p><p>Consider also, in compound tenses, the anomalous vowel alternation in the different persons of the auxiliary verb: </p> <ul><li><i><b>à</b> ritto</i> (="hai detto", "you said")</li> <li><i><b>è</b> dditto</i> (="ha detto", "he/she/it said");</li></ul> <p>actually, while the first construct probably derives from the trivial truncation of a primitive *<i>ài ritto</i> (this can be deduced from the lack of <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_gemination" title="Syntactic gemination">syntactic gemination</a> of the following syllable), the second would instead have originated from an ancient *<i>à dditto</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other cases the local use of the stressed vowels <i>a</i> / <i>e</i> in the pronunciation of an auxiliary verb is instead freely interchangeable and independent of external factors: thus, for example, one can say "<i>àggiu capito</i>" or "<i>èggiu capito</i>" (="ho capito", "i understood" ), without there being any difference in meaning between the two expressions.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a purely orthographic level, in addition to the almost systematic omission of the etymological <i>h</i> in the conjugated forms of the auxiliary verb "<i>avere</i>", we note the frequent use of the letter <i>j</i> (and sometimes also of the <i>w</i>) to indicate a <a href="/wiki/Semiconsonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconsonant">semiconsonant</a> in initial or intervocalic position, while the graphemes <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0" title="Š">š</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92" title="Ẓ">ẓ</a></i> (or similar ones) are often used to signal respectively the possible <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a> of <i>s</i> (in a preconsonantal position) and the rather infrequent sonorization of <i>z</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, however, the differences between the Arianese dialect and the various vernaculars widespread in the small neighboring towns are quite evident (although not excessively profound), where the typical Irpinia cadences tend to be preserved in an even more genuine way,in fact in the rest of Irpinia it is said everywhere <i>à dditto</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although even these appear more or less dissimilar from each other, sometimes altered by a usually inconspicuous slang component but in some cases very well marked (an example is given by the slang <i><a href="/wiki/Castel_Baronia" title="Castel Baronia">ciaschino</a></i>, once spoken in the nearby <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baronia,_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baronia, Italy (page does not exist)">Baronia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronia_(Italia)" class="extiw" title="it:Baronia (Italia)">it</a>]</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ariano_Irpino_-_Rione_Sambuco.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Ariano_Irpino_-_Rione_Sambuco.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Ariano_Irpino_-_Rione_Sambuco.jpg/270px-Ariano_Irpino_-_Rione_Sambuco.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Ariano_Irpino_-_Rione_Sambuco.jpg/405px-Ariano_Irpino_-_Rione_Sambuco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Ariano_Irpino_-_Rione_Sambuco.jpg/540px-Ariano_Irpino_-_Rione_Sambuco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Sambuco district (Saùco in dialect), full of caves populated since the time of the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Angevins</a> by a small <a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a> community, whose <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Romance">Gallo-Romance</a> linguistic traits were still recognizable in the nineteenth-century local vernacular</figcaption></figure> <p>Radically different, despite the continuous and frequent interchanges,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are instead the idioms used by the communities belonging to the territorial linguistic minorities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Albanians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greci,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greci, Italy">Greci</a> (once also present in Ariano),<sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valmaggiore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valmaggiore (page does not exist)">Valmaggiore</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmaggiore" class="extiw" title="it:Valmaggiore">it</a>]</span> (also infiltrated as far as the city of Ariano,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where conspicuous traces of their presence remain)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the ancient Schiavoni<sup id="cite_ref-:6_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also present in Ariano and surroundings);<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latter, unlike the related <a href="/wiki/Molise_Croats" title="Molise Croats">Molise Croats</a>, have lost their linguistic individuality after however having had a decisive influence on the history and culture of <a href="/wiki/Ginestra_degli_Schiavoni" title="Ginestra degli Schiavoni">Ginestra degli Schiavoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Arcangelo_Trimonte" title="Sant'Arcangelo Trimonte">Sant'Arcangelo Trimonte</a> (formerly known as Montemale or Montemalo) and <a href="/wiki/Villanova_del_Battista" title="Villanova del Battista">Villanova del Battista</a> (the ancient Polcarino degli Schiavoni),<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> three communities linked since the very beginning to the diocese of Ariano (although since 1997 the parish of Sant'Arcangelo Trimonte has been transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Benevento" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Benevento">archdiocese of Benevento</a> in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Savignano_Irpino" title="Savignano Irpino">Savignano Irpino</a> and the already cited Greeks).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Moreover, some vernacular differences, albeit small, are even felt between one area and another of the same municipality: thus, for example, the word "<i>dietro</i>" (behind) is translated into dialect as <i>addréto</i> in some sectors of the Arianese territory, while <i>arréto</i> in others (from note, however, how both forms present the typical closed tonic); such a variety of nuances is attributable to the wide diffusion of rural settlements scattered over a very vast (the largest in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and somewhat impervious countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Added to this is a certain sociolinguistic differentiation between a "cultured" and a "peasant" vernacular, the latter characterized by more altered but at the same time more colorful forms and cadences, with a greater propensity for <a href="/wiki/Rhotacism" title="Rhotacism">rhotacism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Betacism" title="Betacism">betacism</a> (for example, "due o tre volte" (two or three times) will be pronounced "doj-tre vvote" in the "cultured" variant, but "roj-tre bbote" in the "peasant" one).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not infrequently the subtle vernacular differences between the various localities of the countryside, as well as between the different social classes, have offered easy starting points for local political satire.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Italian: </p><p>Tutti abbracciano il contadino:<br />"Tu sei il miglior compare mio;<br />Ti darò la libertà,<br />ma porta sempre roba qua" </p><p>Arianese: </p><p>Tutti abbràzzano lu cafone:<br />"Tu si lu meglio cumparone;<br />T'aggia rà la libertà,<br />ma porta sàrcine sempe qua" </p><p>English: </p><p> Everyone hugs the farmer:<br />"You are my best friend;<br />I will give you freedom,<br />but always bring stuff here"</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Nicola Di Gruttola, February 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_notes">References and notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianese_dialect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References and notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGregorio1907" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gregorio, Giacomo de (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IuMNAAAAYAAJ"><i>Studi glottologici italiani ...</i></a> (in Italian) (4th ed.). E. Loescher. p. 172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studi+glottologici+italiani+...&rft.pages=172&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=E.+Loescher.&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Gregorio&rft.aufirst=Giacomo+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIuMNAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://italicsmag.com/2018/08/24/italian-language-latin/">"Italy's 50 Shades of Latin"</a>. <i>Italics Magazine</i>. 2018-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Italics+Magazine&rft.atitle=Italy%27s+50+Shades+of+Latin&rft.date=2018-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitalicsmag.com%2F2018%2F08%2F24%2Fitalian-language-latin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturaariano.it/HOME/tabid/66/Default.aspx">"Benvenuti nel Portale della Cultura Arianese"</a>. <i>www.culturaariano.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.culturaariano.it&rft.atitle=Benvenuti+nel+Portale+della+Cultura+Arianese&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturaariano.it%2FHOME%2Ftabid%2F66%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltusMetzeltinSchmitt2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holtus, Günter; Metzeltin, Michael; Schmitt, Christian (2011-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B5meJKtzHUgC"><i>Italienisch, Korsisch, Sardisch</i></a> (in Italian) (4th ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 703. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-096610-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-096610-7"><bdi>978-3-11-096610-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italienisch%2C+Korsisch%2C+Sardisch&rft.pages=703&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011-06-01&rft.isbn=978-3-11-096610-7&rft.aulast=Holtus&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnter&rft.au=Metzeltin%2C+Michael&rft.au=Schmitt%2C+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB5meJKtzHUgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKattenbusch1982" class="citation book cs1">Kattenbusch, Dieter (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9539237"><i>Das Frankoprovenzalische in Süditalien : Studien zur synchronischen und diachronischen Dialektologie</i></a>. Tübingen: G. Narr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87808-997-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-87808-997-X"><bdi>3-87808-997-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9539237">9539237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Frankoprovenzalische+in+S%C3%BCditalien+%3A+Studien+zur+synchronischen+und+diachronischen+Dialektologie&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=G.+Narr&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9539237&rft.isbn=3-87808-997-X&rft.aulast=Kattenbusch&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F9539237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitolo2011–2012" class="citation journal cs1">Vitolo, Giuseppe (2011–2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3882656">"Analisi della realtà sociolinguistica della comunità albanofona di Greci in provincia di Avellino"</a>. <i>Dipartimento di Linguistica – Università di Firenze</i>: 165–191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dipartimento+di+Linguistica+%E2%80%93+Universit%C3%A0+di+Firenze&rft.atitle=Analisi+della+realt%C3%A0+sociolinguistica+della+comunit%C3%A0+albanofona+di+Greci+in+provincia+di+Avellino&rft.pages=165-191&rft.date=2011%2F2012&rft.aulast=Vitolo&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3882656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.napolitoday.it/cronaca/mappa-lingue-dialetti-parlati-campania.html">"Lingua napoletana e tanti dialetti: la mappa di come si parla in Campania"</a>. <i>NapoliToday</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NapoliToday&rft.atitle=Lingua+napoletana+e+tanti+dialetti%3A+la+mappa+di+come+si+parla+in+Campania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.napolitoday.it%2Fcronaca%2Fmappa-lingue-dialetti-parlati-campania.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suggestions coming from the <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a> area can be attributed, for example, to the widespread diffusion of the myth of the <a href="/wiki/Janara" class="mw-redirect" title="Janara">janara</a>, a sort of evil witch who, unlike the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazzamauriello&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazzamauriello (page does not exist)">mazzamurello</a> (a benevolent goblin), struck terror among the populations.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelloni2019" class="citation book cs1">Belloni, Alessandra (2019-04-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YOFsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT408"><i>Healing Journeys with the Black Madonna: Chants, Music, and Sacred Practices of the Great Goddess</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59143-343-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59143-343-9"><bdi>978-1-59143-343-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Healing+Journeys+with+the+Black+Madonna%3A+Chants%2C+Music%2C+and+Sacred+Practices+of+the+Great+Goddess&rft.pages=408&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2019-04-02&rft.isbn=978-1-59143-343-9&rft.aulast=Belloni&rft.aufirst=Alessandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYOFsDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolcino1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Polcino, Nicolino (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-JwHcgAACAAJ"><i>Dizionario del dialetto tra l'ùbere chioma della "Dormiente del Sannio" e il bacino del "Basso calore": Zibaldone e cenni di grammatica idiomatica</i></a> (in Italian). N. Polcino.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dizionario+del+dialetto+tra+l%27%C3%B9bere+chioma+della+%22Dormiente+del+Sannio%22+e+il+bacino+del+%22Basso+calore%22%3A+Zibaldone+e+cenni+di+grammatica+idiomatica&rft.pub=N.+Polcino&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Polcino&rft.aufirst=Nicolino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-JwHcgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PW3hAzhSQ2EC"><i>*Dizionario generale di scienze, lettere, arti, storia, geografia</i></a> (in Italian) (7th ed.). Giuseppe Pomba e comp. 1846. p. 863.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%2ADizionario+generale+di+scienze%2C+lettere%2C+arti%2C+storia%2C+geografia&rft.pages=863&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Giuseppe+Pomba+e+comp.&rft.date=1846&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPW3hAzhSQ2EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantoneMarcucciManzo2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cantone, Gaetana; Marcucci, Laura; Manzo, Elena (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YpdIAQAAIAAJ&q=buonalbergo"><i>Architettura nella storia: scritti in onore di Alfonso Gambardella</i></a> (in Italian) (1st ed.). Skira. pp. 41–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7624-850-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7624-850-4"><bdi>978-88-7624-850-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architettura+nella+storia%3A+scritti+in+onore+di+Alfonso+Gambardella&rft.pages=41-42&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Skira&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-88-7624-850-4&rft.aulast=Cantone&rft.aufirst=Gaetana&rft.au=Marcucci%2C+Laura&rft.au=Manzo%2C+Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYpdIAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dbuonalbergo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacco1609" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bacco, Enrico (1609). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1dGxg4AawDgC&pg=PA30"><i>Il regno di Napoli diviso in dodici provincie: con vna breve descrittione delle cose pi ù notabili, i nomi delle citta, terre et i vicere ..., i sette officii del regno, con i cavalieri del Resone ..., i vescovadi, et arcives. covadi, che sono in ciascuna provincia ... e le famiglie nobili delle città più principali</i></a> (in Italian). appresso Gio. Giacomo Carlino, e Constantino Vitale. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+regno+di+Napoli+diviso+in+dodici+provincie%3A+con+vna+breve+descrittione+delle+cose+pi+%C3%B9+notabili%2C+i+nomi+delle+citta%2C+terre+et+i+vicere+...%2C+i+sette+officii+del+regno%2C+con+i+cavalieri+del+Resone+...%2C+i+vescovadi%2C+et+arcives.+covadi%2C+che+sono+in+ciascuna+provincia+...+e+le+famiglie+nobili+delle+citt%C3%A0+pi%C3%B9+principali&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=appresso+Gio.+Giacomo+Carlino%2C+e+Constantino+Vitale&rft.date=1609&rft.aulast=Bacco&rft.aufirst=Enrico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1dGxg4AawDgC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MHgbAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA134"><i>Archivio storico per le province napoletane</i></a> (in Italian) (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Napoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoli">Napoli</a>: Presso gli editori Detken & Rocholl e F. Giannini. 1877. p. 134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archivio+storico+per+le+province+napoletane&rft.place=Napoli&rft.pages=134&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Presso+gli+editori+Detken+%26+Rocholl+e+F.+Giannini&rft.date=1877&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMHgbAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcato2016" class="citation book cs1">Marcato, Gianna (June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/952962161"><i>Il dialetto nel tempo e nella storia</i></a> (Prima edizione ed.). <a href="/wiki/Padova" class="mw-redirect" title="Padova">Padova</a>: Giovanni Abete. p. 380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6787-527-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6787-527-6"><bdi>978-88-6787-527-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/952962161">952962161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+dialetto+nel+tempo+e+nella+storia&rft.place=Padova&rft.pages=380&rft.edition=Prima+edizione&rft.pub=Giovanni+Abete&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F952962161&rft.isbn=978-88-6787-527-6&rft.aulast=Marcato&rft.aufirst=Gianna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F952962161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/952962161"><i>Il dialetto nel tempo e nella storia</i></a> (in Italian). Gianna Marcato (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Padova" class="mw-redirect" title="Padova">Padova</a>. June 2016. p. 380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6787-527-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6787-527-6"><bdi>978-88-6787-527-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/952962161">952962161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+dialetto+nel+tempo+e+nella+storia&rft.place=Padova&rft.pages=380&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F952962161&rft.isbn=978-88-6787-527-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F952962161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaoloVillani1990" class="citation book cs1">Paolo, Macrì; Villani, Pasquale (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24840413"><i>La Campania</i></a>. Paolo Macry, Pasquale Villani (9th ed.). Torino: G. Einaudi. pp. 110–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-06-11876-5" title="Special:BookSources/88-06-11876-5"><bdi>88-06-11876-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24840413">24840413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Campania&rft.place=Torino&rft.pages=110-111&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=G.+Einaudi&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24840413&rft.isbn=88-06-11876-5&rft.aulast=Paolo&rft.aufirst=Macr%C3%AC&rft.au=Villani%2C+Pasquale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F24840413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DrojAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA88"><i>Faenza</i></a> (in Italian). Museo internazionale delle ceramiche in Faenza. 1976. p. 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faenza&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Museo+internazionale+delle+ceramiche+in+Faenza.&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDrojAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlammia1893" class="citation book cs1">Flammia, Nicola (1893). <i>Storia della città di Ariano</i>. Ariano di Puglia: Tipografia Marino. pp. 129–131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+della+citt%C3%A0+di+Ariano&rft.place=Ariano+di+Puglia&rft.pages=129-131&rft.pub=Tipografia+Marino&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Flammia&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoineSabbionesi2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moine, Cecilia; Sabbionesi, Lara (2016-05-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nHY2DAAAQBAJ"><i>In&Around. Ceramiche e comunità. Secondo convegno tematico dell'AIECM3 (Faenza, Museo Internazionale delle Ceramiche, 17–19 aprile 2015)</i></a> (in Italian). All’Insegna del Giglio. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7814-699-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7814-699-0"><bdi>978-88-7814-699-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In%26Around.+Ceramiche+e+comunit%C3%A0.+Secondo+convegno+tematico+dell%27AIECM3+%28Faenza%2C+Museo+Internazionale+delle+Ceramiche%2C+17%E2%80%9319+aprile+2015%29&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=All%E2%80%99Insegna+del+Giglio&rft.date=2016-05-19&rft.isbn=978-88-7814-699-0&rft.aulast=Moine&rft.aufirst=Cecilia&rft.au=Sabbionesi%2C+Lara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnHY2DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonatone1980" class="citation book cs1">Donatone, Guido (1980). <i>La Maiolica di Ariano Irpino</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cava_de%27_Tirreni" title="Cava de' Tirreni">Cava de' Tirreni</a>. p. 202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Maiolica+di+Ariano+Irpino&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Cava+de%27+Tirreni&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Donatone&rft.aufirst=Guido&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, note the following deed (signed in Ariano in the year 1062) "<i>Declaro me abere undecim trophe de olibe in loco Balle</i>", where the word <i>trophe</i> (="young plants") is an ancient word of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> origin now disappeared everywhere , but very common in medieval writings albeit in the exclusively Apulian area.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiuliani2007" class="citation book cs1">Giuliani, Mariafrancesca (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/227016916"><i>Saggi di stratigrafia linguistica dell'Italia meridionale</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>: PLUS-Pisa University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8492-469-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8492-469-8"><bdi>978-88-8492-469-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/227016916">227016916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saggi+di+stratigrafia+linguistica+dell%27Italia+meridionale&rft.place=Pisa&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=PLUS-Pisa+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F227016916&rft.isbn=978-88-8492-469-8&rft.aulast=Giuliani&rft.aufirst=Mariafrancesca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F227016916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f3ZoAAAAMAAJ"><i>Archeologia</i></a> (in Italian) (8th ed.). 2000. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archeologia&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=8th&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df3ZoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ariano-di-puglia_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)">"ARIANO di Puglia in "Enciclopedia Italiana"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.treccani.it</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.treccani.it&rft.atitle=ARIANO+di+Puglia+in+%22Enciclopedia+Italiana%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fariano-di-puglia_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elesh.it/storiacomuni/storia_comune.asp?istat=064005">"Comuni d'Italia – Storia del Comune 064005 Ariano Irpino (Codice Catastale A399)"</a>. <i>www.elesh.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.elesh.it&rft.atitle=Comuni+d%27Italia+%E2%80%93+Storia+del+Comune+064005+Ariano+Irpino+%28Codice+Catastale+A399%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elesh.it%2Fstoriacomuni%2Fstoria_comune.asp%3Fistat%3D064005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManni1733" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Manni, Domenico Maria (1733). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fn1MAAAAMAAJ"><i>Cronichette antiche di varj scrittori del buon secolo della lingua toscana</i></a> (in Italian). Appresso Domenico Maria Manni. p. 143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cronichette+antiche+di+varj+scrittori+del+buon+secolo+della+lingua+toscana&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Appresso+Domenico+Maria+Manni&rft.date=1733&rft.aulast=Manni&rft.aufirst=Domenico+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfn1MAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontanini1729" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fontanini, Giusto (1729). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r-FIAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA147"><i>Codex Constitutionum quas summi Pontifices ediderunt in solemni canonizatione Sanctorum: a Johanne XV. ad Benedictum XIII., sive ab A. D. 993 ad A. D. 1729</i></a> (in Latin). Cam. Apostol. pp. 147–150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Codex+Constitutionum+quas+summi+Pontifices+ediderunt+in+solemni+canonizatione+Sanctorum%3A+a+Johanne+XV.+ad+Benedictum+XIII.%2C+sive+ab+A.+D.+993+ad+A.+D.+1729&rft.pages=147-150&rft.pub=Cam.+Apostol.&rft.date=1729&rft.aulast=Fontanini&rft.aufirst=Giusto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr-FIAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Leo_of_Ostia" title="Leo of Ostia">Leo of Ostia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronica_monasterii_Casinensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronica monasterii Casinensis">Chronica monasterii casinensis.</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronica_monasterii_Casinensis" class="extiw" title="it:Chronica monasterii Casinensis">it</a>]</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanco2012" class="citation book cs1">Stanco, Gianfranco (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/883623241"><i>Gli statuti di Ariano : diritto municipale e identità urbana tra Campania e Puglia</i></a>. Ariano Irpino: Centro europeo di studi normanni. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-98028-08-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-98028-08-5"><bdi>978-88-98028-08-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/883623241">883623241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gli+statuti+di+Ariano+%3A+diritto+municipale+e+identit%C3%A0+urbana+tra+Campania+e+Puglia&rft.place=Ariano+Irpino&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Centro+europeo+di+studi+normanni&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F883623241&rft.isbn=978-88-98028-08-5&rft.aulast=Stanco&rft.aufirst=Gianfranco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F883623241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VA9dAAAAMAAJ"><i>"Dati empirici e teorie linguistiche": atti del XXXIII Congresso internazionale di studi della Società linguistica italiana, Napoli, 28–30 ottobre 1999</i></a> (in Italian). Bulzoni. 2001. p. 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8319-609-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8319-609-6"><bdi>978-88-8319-609-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=%22Dati+empirici+e+teorie+linguistiche%22%3A+atti+del+XXXIII+Congresso+internazionale+di+studi+della+Societ%C3%A0+linguistica+italiana%2C+Napoli%2C+28%E2%80%9330+ottobre+1999&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Bulzoni&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-88-8319-609-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVA9dAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbete2017" class="citation book cs1">Abete, Giovanni (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1045920273"><i>Parole e cose della pastorizia in Alta Irpinia</i></a>. Napoli: Giannini. pp. 43–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7431-888-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7431-888-9"><bdi>978-88-7431-888-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1045920273">1045920273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parole+e+cose+della+pastorizia+in+Alta+Irpinia&rft.place=Napoli&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=Giannini&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1045920273&rft.isbn=978-88-7431-888-9&rft.aulast=Abete&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1045920273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNittoli1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nittoli, Salvatore (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mK9JAQAAMAAJ"><i>Vocabolario di varî dialetti del Sannio in rapporto con la lingua d'Italia</i></a> (in Italian). V. Basile.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vocabolario+di+var%C3%AE+dialetti+del+Sannio+in+rapporto+con+la+lingua+d%27Italia&rft.pub=V.+Basile&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Nittoli&rft.aufirst=Salvatore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmK9JAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusso2002" class="citation journal cs1">Russo, Michela (2002-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36548691">"Metafonesi opaca e differenziazione vocalica nei dialetti della Campania"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie</i>. <b>118</b> (2): 195–223 [195–202].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+romanische+Philologie&rft.atitle=Metafonesi+opaca+e+differenziazione+vocalica+nei+dialetti+della+Campania&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-223+195-202&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Michela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36548691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This phenomenon is also found in <a href="/wiki/Lacedonia" title="Lacedonia">Lacedonia</a>, another Irpinia municipality located on the border with Apulia. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel_Donno1965" class="citation book cs1">Del Donno, Manfredi (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Crs0AQAAIAAJ"><i>Idiomi dialettali della Campania</i></a>. Montemurro. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Idiomi+dialettali+della+Campania&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Montemurro&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Del+Donno&rft.aufirst=Manfredi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCrs0AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadtke1997" class="citation book cs1">Radtke, Edgar (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37612723"><i>I dialetti della Campania</i></a>. Paolo Di Giovine, Franco Fanciullo (44th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a>: Il calamo. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-85134-45-9" title="Special:BookSources/88-85134-45-9"><bdi>88-85134-45-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0392-9361">0392-9361</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37612723">37612723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+dialetti+della+Campania&rft.place=Roma&rft.pages=55&rft.edition=44th&rft.pub=Il+calamo&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37612723&rft.issn=0392-9361&rft.isbn=88-85134-45-9&rft.aulast=Radtke&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F37612723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This form of vocalic change can be traced back not in Apulia, but in low Campania (<a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pagani,_Campania" title="Pagani, Campania">Pagani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amalfi" title="Amalfi">Amalfi</a>) instead. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiuseppe_Vitolo" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Giuseppe Vitolo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oaj.fupress.net/index.php/bsfm-qulso/article/download/1896/1896">"Quaderni di linguistica e studi orientali. Fenomeni fonetici e morfo-sintattici nel dialetto campano di Pagani"</a>. <i>Open Access Journal</i> (in Italian). Firenze University Press. pp. 224–226. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229160454/https://oaj.fupress.net/index.php/bsfm-qulso/article/download/1896/1896">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Access+Journal&rft.atitle=Quaderni+di+linguistica+e+studi+orientali.+Fenomeni+fonetici+e+morfo-sintattici+nel+dialetto+campano+di+Pagani&rft.pages=224-226&rft.au=Giuseppe+Vitolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foaj.fupress.net%2Findex.php%2Fbsfm-qulso%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F1896%2F1896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattheier2001" class="citation book cs1">Mattheier, Klaus (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44877013"><i>Dialect and migration in a changing Europe</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>: P. Lang. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8204-4787-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8204-4787-0"><bdi>0-8204-4787-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44877013">44877013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialect+and+migration+in+a+changing+Europe&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=P.+Lang&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44877013&rft.isbn=0-8204-4787-0&rft.aulast=Mattheier&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F44877013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As in various other <a href="/wiki/Central-Southern_Calabrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central-Southern Calabrian">central-southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicilian dialect">Sicilian dialects</a>, the palatalization of <i>s</i> derives from ancient links <i>-squ-</i> / <i>-scl-</i> / <i>-spl-</i> / <i>-stl-</i> (with contextual drop of the phonemes <i>u</i> / <i>l</i>), or from <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> from <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a>. The sonorization of the <i>z</i> is instead found only in loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a>, French or Italian.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohlfs1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rohlfs, Gerhard (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uuMwAAAAMAAJ"><i>Grammatica storica della lingua italiana e dei suoi dialetti: fonetica</i></a> (in Italian) (1st ed.). Einaudi. pp. 232–261.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammatica+storica+della+lingua+italiana+e+dei+suoi+dialetti%3A+fonetica&rft.pages=232-261&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Einaudi&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Rohlfs&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuuMwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note, for example, the difference in pronunciation between <i>scasà</i> (="to move") and <i>šcascià</i> (="to break down"), where the monogram <i>š-</i> actually has the same sound as the subsequent trigram <i>-sci-</i>; or between <i>spitazzà</i> (="to break") and <i>smiẓẓà</i> (="to halve"), in this case analogously to Italian. Furthermore, consonant doublings are constantly transcribed, even at the beginning of the word (for example <i>ssuppilà</i>, "to uncork").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMario1988" class="citation book cs1">Mario, Sicuranza (1988). <i>Prima Lingua – Piccolo Dizionario del Dialetto Arianese</i>. <a href="/wiki/Foggia" title="Foggia">Foggia</a>: Centro Grafico Meridionale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prima+Lingua+%E2%80%93+Piccolo+Dizionario+del+Dialetto+Arianese&rft.place=Foggia&rft.pub=Centro+Grafico+Meridionale&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Mario&rft.aufirst=Sicuranza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusso2004" class="citation book cs1">Russo, Aniello (2004). <i>Grammatica del dialetto irpino</i>. <a href="/wiki/Avellino" title="Avellino">Avellino</a>: International Printing Editore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammatica+del+dialetto+irpino&rft.place=Avellino&rft.pub=International+Printing+Editore&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Aniello&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://giornalelirpinia.it/index.php/cultura/cultura2/16568-dalla-carboneria-del-regno-di-napoli-le-origini-della-lingua-ciaschina">"Dalla carboneria del Regno di Napoli le origini della lingua ciaschina"</a>. <i>giornalelirpinia.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=giornalelirpinia.it&rft.atitle=Dalla+carboneria+del+Regno+di+Napoli+le+origini+della+lingua+ciaschina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgiornalelirpinia.it%2Findex.php%2Fcultura%2Fcultura2%2F16568-dalla-carboneria-del-regno-di-napoli-le-origini-della-lingua-ciaschina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBitonti2012" class="citation book cs1">Bitonti, Alessandro (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/809971928"><i>Luoghi, lingue, contatto : Italiano, dialetti e Francoprovenzale in Puglia</i></a>. Galatina: Congedo Editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8086-982-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8086-982-5"><bdi>978-88-8086-982-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/809971928">809971928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luoghi%2C+lingue%2C+contatto+%3A+Italiano%2C+dialetti+e+Francoprovenzale+in+Puglia&rft.place=Galatina&rft.pub=Congedo+Editore&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F809971928&rft.isbn=978-88-8086-982-5&rft.aulast=Bitonti&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F809971928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This information is confirmed in 1788 by Abbot Francesco Antonio Vitale, infra, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nOIWBOxoEJIC&pg=PA27">pp. 27–28</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Around 1500 the feudal lords of Ariano used to keep Albanian and Schiavoni winemakers at their service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w19FAAAAYAAJ">Proceedings of the Pontaniana Academy (1825)</a>, Giannini, 1920, p. 60. See also T. Vitale, infra, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YltfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA112">p. 112</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTouring_club_italiano1978" class="citation book cs1">Touring club italiano (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5172282"><i>Puglia</i></a> (4. ed. Con 13 carte geografiche, 14 piante di città, 28 piante di antichità ed edifici e 21 stemmi ed.). Milano: Touring club italiano. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-365-0020-X" title="Special:BookSources/88-365-0020-X"><bdi>88-365-0020-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5172282">5172282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puglia.&rft.place=Milano&rft.pages=62&rft.edition=4.+ed.+Con+13+carte+geografiche%2C+14+piante+di+citt%C3%A0%2C+28+piante+di+antichit%C3%A0+ed+edifici+e+21+stemmi&rft.pub=Touring+club+italiano&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5172282&rft.isbn=88-365-0020-X&rft.au=Touring+club+italiano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F5172282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGemmellaro" class="citation web cs1">Gemmellaro, Ferruccio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201014051858/http://www.literary.it/dati/literary/G/gemmellaro_fer/Vocab%20etimologico%20comparativo%204-03-2020.pdf">"Vocabolario etimologico comparativo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Literary</i>. p. 184. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.literary.it/dati/literary/G/gemmellaro_fer/Vocab%20etimologico%20comparativo%204-03-2020.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-10-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Literary&rft.atitle=Vocabolario+etimologico+comparativo&rft.pages=184&rft.aulast=Gemmellaro&rft.aufirst=Ferruccio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.literary.it%2Fdati%2Fliterary%2FG%2Fgemmellaro_fer%2FVocab%2520etimologico%2520comparativo%25204-03-2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Franco-Provençal presence must have concentrated in the Sambuco district (Saùco in dialect), and in particular in the caves that are part of it, since in that district the vernacular had a marked <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a> cadence (in both phonetic and lexical terms) at least until the first half of the 18th century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanchez1833" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sanchez, Giuseppe (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L3I5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA62"><i>La Campania Sotterranea e brevi notizie degli edificii scavati entro Roccia nelle due sicilie ed in altre regioni</i></a> (in Italian). Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>: Trani Editore. p. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Campania+Sotterranea+e+brevi+notizie+degli+edificii+scavati+entro+Roccia+nelle+due+sicilie+ed+in+altre+regioni&rft.place=Naples&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Trani+Editore&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=Sanchez&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL3I5AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to a local popular legend, the Arianese dialect itself derives from a hypothetical Provençal idiom (="franco-provençal") which penetrated the territory following the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbanese2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Albanese, Anna Maria (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uIY4swEACAAJ"><i>Iu sacciu 'na canzona di Valle e ddi Capone</i></a> (in Italian). Graus Editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8346-619-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8346-619-9"><bdi>978-88-8346-619-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iu+sacciu+%27na+canzona+di+Valle+e+ddi+Capone&rft.pub=Graus+Editore&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-88-8346-619-9&rft.aulast=Albanese&rft.aufirst=Anna+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuIY4swEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRešetar" class="citation web cs1">Rešetar, Milan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614044854/http://www.uni-konstanz.de:80/FuF/Philo/Sprachwiss/slavistik/acqua/RES-1_storia.pdf">"Le colonie serbocroate nell'Italia meridionale"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-konstanz.de:80/FuF/Philo/Sprachwiss/slavistik/acqua/RES-1_storia.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+colonie+serbocroate+nell%27Italia+meridionale&rft.pages=25&rft.aulast=Re%C5%A1etar&rft.aufirst=Milan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-konstanz.de%3A80%2FFuF%2FPhilo%2FSprachwiss%2Fslavistik%2Facqua%2FRES-1_storia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDisconzi1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Disconzi, Luciano, ed. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gOBbMwEACAAJ"><i>Progetto Itinerari turistici Campania interna: la valle del Miscano</i></a> (in Italian). Vol. 1. Archeoclub d'Italia Sede di Casalbore. <a href="/wiki/Avellino" title="Avellino">Avellino</a>: Poligrafica Ruggiero. p. 165.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Progetto+Itinerari+turistici+Campania+interna%3A+la+valle+del+Miscano&rft.place=Avellino&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Poligrafica+Ruggiero&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgOBbMwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200713215040/http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-90-1998-ocr.pdf">"Acta Apostolicae Sedis n° 90"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 58–60 and 239–240. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-90-1998-ocr.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-07-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acta+Apostolicae+Sedis+n%C2%B0+90&rft.pages=58-60+and+239-240&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Faas%2Fdocuments%2FAAS-90-1998-ocr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171211235103/http://www.tuttitalia.it/campania/96-comuni/superficie/">"Comuni della Campania per superficie territoriale"</a>. <i>Tuttitalia.it</i> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tuttitalia.it/campania/96-comuni/superficie/">the original</a> on 2017-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tuttitalia.it&rft.atitle=Comuni+della+Campania+per+superficie+territoriale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuttitalia.it%2Fcampania%2F96-comuni%2Fsuperficie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrasso2002" class="citation book cs1">Grasso, Gaetano (2002). "Note introduttive". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/satanagregoso/vocabolario-arianese---italiano"><i>Vocabolario Arianese-Italiano</i></a>. Edizioni La Ginestra.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Note+introduttive&rft.btitle=Vocabolario+Arianese-Italiano&rft.pub=Edizioni+La+Ginestra&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Grasso&rft.aufirst=Gaetano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fsatanagregoso%2Fvocabolario-arianese---italiano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In particular we refer to the rhotacism of the <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> D. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=odhweJXAw6EC&pg=PA21"><i>Rassegna pugliese di scienze, lettere ed arti</i></a>. 1900. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rassegna+pugliese+di+scienze%2C+lettere+ed+arti&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DodhweJXAw6EC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'AntuonoGuardabascio1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">D'Antuono, Ottaviano; Guardabascio, Raffaele, eds. (1989). <i>"Poeti a la scuria e... poeti alluttrinati" – La satira politica ad Ariano dal 1889 al 1989</i> (in Italian). Associazione circoli culturali – Ariano Irpino. Lioni: Poligrafica Irpina.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Poeti+a+la+scuria+e...+poeti+alluttrinati%22+%E2%80%93+La+satira+politica+ad+Ariano+dal+1889+al+1989&rft.place=Lioni&rft.pub=Poligrafica+Irpina&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_Gruttola1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Di Gruttola, Nicola (1982). <i>Lu llorgio di tatone</i> (in Italian). Lioni: Melito.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lu+llorgio+di+tatone&rft.place=Lioni&rft.pub=Melito&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Di+Gruttola&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Otantonio_Lappazzo",_pseudonym_of_di_Gruttola1946" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Otantonio Lappazzo", pseudonym of di Gruttola, Nicola (1946). <i>Puvisia sciolda a pere di ranogna</i> (in Italian). Ariano Irpino.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puvisia+sciolda+a+pere+di+ranogna&rft.place=Ariano+Irpino&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=%22Otantonio+Lappazzo%22%2C+pseudonym+of+di+Gruttola&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArianese+dialect" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arianese_dialect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dialetto_arianese_(example).oga" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Dialetto arianese (example).oga">"The North Wind and the Sun" in Arianese dialect</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy#Historical_language_minorities" title="Languages of Italy">Historical linguistic minorities</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Franco-Provençal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_German_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of German speakers">Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central-Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchigiano_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Marchigiano dialect">Marchigiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marino_dialect" title="Marino dialect">Marinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Beneventano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bari_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bari dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Cosentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arianese</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central-Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other Italo-Dalmatian<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sardinian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Campidanese dialect">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cellese (page does not exist)">Cellese</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western Lombard</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö dialects</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco and Legnanese</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Legnanese_dialect" title="Legnanese dialect">Legnanese</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco-Lecchese dialects</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern Lombard</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spasell" title="Spasell">Spasell</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Lombard dialect">Eastern Lombard</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol_linguistic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian–Romagnol linguistic group">Emilian–Romagnol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Romagnol dialects">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other Gallo-Italic<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Venetian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rhaeto-Romance" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Arbëresh_language" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vaccarizzo_Albanian" title="Vaccarizzo Albanian">Vaccarizzo Albanian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian language">Slovenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brda_dialect" title="Brda dialect">Brda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gail_Valley_dialect" title="Gail Valley dialect">Gail Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Carniolan_dialect" title="Inner Carniolan dialect">Inner Carniolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_dialect" title="Istrian dialect">Istrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_dialect" title="Karst dialect">Karst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natisone_Valley_dialect" title="Natisone Valley dialect">Natisone Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Valley_dialect" title="Torre Valley dialect">Torre Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Italy#Triestine_Serbs" title="Serbs in Italy">Triestine Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Italiot_Greek" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Italiot_Greek" title="Italiot Greek">Italiot Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Calabrian Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Griko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other German dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian Hebrew</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte Romani</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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