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Otomandar Inperioa - Wikipedia, entziklopedia askea.

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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Historia azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jatorria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jatorria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Jatorria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jatorria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europarantz_hedatzea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europarantz_hedatzea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Europarantz hedatzea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europarantz_hedatzea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nahaste_garaia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nahaste_garaia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Nahaste garaia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nahaste_garaia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konstantinopla_erori_zenekoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konstantinopla_erori_zenekoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Konstantinopla erori zenekoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konstantinopla_erori_zenekoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goren_garaiak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goren_garaiak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Goren garaiak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goren_garaiak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inperio_berria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inperio_berria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Inperio berria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inperio_berria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urrezko_aroa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urrezko_aroa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Urrezko aroa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urrezko_aroa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Munduko_potentzia_zalantzan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Munduko_potentzia_zalantzan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Munduko potentzia zalantzan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Munduko_potentzia_zalantzan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gainbeheraren_atarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gainbeheraren_atarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Gainbeheraren atarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gainbeheraren_atarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Garai_nahasiak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garai_nahasiak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Garai nahasiak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garai_nahasiak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jenizaroen_goraldia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jenizaroen_goraldia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Jenizaroen goraldia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jenizaroen_goraldia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Berpizkunde_labur_bat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berpizkunde_labur_bat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Berpizkunde labur bat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berpizkunde_labur_bat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inperioa_setiatua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inperioa_setiatua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Inperioa setiatua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inperioa_setiatua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jenizaroen_indarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jenizaroen_indarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>Jenizaroen indarra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jenizaroen_indarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gainbehera_eta_porrota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gainbehera_eta_porrota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Gainbehera eta porrota</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gainbehera_eta_porrota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modernizatzeko_ahalegina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernizatzeko_ahalegina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Modernizatzeko ahalegina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernizatzeko_ahalegina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Porrota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Porrota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Porrota</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Porrota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Errepublikarantz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Errepublikarantz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Errepublikarantz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Errepublikarantz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inperioaren_antolaketa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inperioaren_antolaketa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Inperioaren antolaketa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inperioaren_antolaketa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Probintziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Probintziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Probintziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Probintziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kultura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iruditegia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iruditegia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Iruditegia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iruditegia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Otomandar Inperioa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 179 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-179" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">179 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Османтәи аимпериа – abkhaziera" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Османтәи аимпериа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turuki_Utsmani" title="Turuki Utsmani – acehnera" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Turuki Utsmani" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="acehnera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BE" title="Осмэн Пачъыхьыгъо – adigera" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Осмэн Пачъыхьыгъо" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adigera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottomaanse_Ryk" title="Ottomaanse Ryk – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ottomaanse Ryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanisches_Reich" title="Osmanisches Reich – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Osmanisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A6%E1%89%B6%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B5" title="የኦቶማን መንግሥት – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የኦቶማን መንግሥት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Otom%C3%A1n" title="Imperio Otomán – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Imperio Otomán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C3%BEomanisce_R%C4%ABce" title="Oþomanisce Rīce – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Oþomanisce Rīce" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ij%E1%BB%8Dn%CC%84-ub%E1%BB%8D%E1%BB%8Dn%CC%84_Otoman" title="Ijọn̄-ubọọn̄ Otoman – oboloera" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ijọn̄-ubọọn̄ Otoman" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="oboloera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الدولة العثمانية – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدولة العثمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الدولة لعتمانية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="الدولة لعتمانية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="امبراطوريه عثمانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امبراطوريه عثمانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="অটোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অটোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_Otomanu" title="Imperiu Otomanu – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu Otomanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="ГӀусманияб империя – avarera" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀусманияб империя" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Osmanlı imperiyası – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Osmanlı imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="عثمانلی ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عثمانلی ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Ғосман империяһы – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғосман империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanischs_Reich" title="Osmanischs Reich – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Osmanischs Reich" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uosmanu_imper%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Uosmanu imperėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Uosmanu imperėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Ottoman" title="Imperyong Ottoman – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Imperyong Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Асманская імперыя – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Асманская імперыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Асманская імпэрыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Асманская імпэрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Османска империя – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Османска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="উসমানীয় সাম্রাজ্য – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উসমানীয় সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_otoman" title="Impalaeriezh otoman – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh otoman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansko_Carstvo" title="Osmansko Carstvo – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Osmansko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Османай эзэнтэ гүрэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Османай эзэнтэ гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Otom%C3%A0" title="Imperi Otomà – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Otomà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_D%C3%A1%CC%A4-gu%C3%B3k" title="Osman Dá̤-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Osman Dá̤-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Iусманойн шуре – txetxenera" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Iусманойн шуре" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی عوسمانی – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی عوسمانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_Devleti" title="Osmanlı Devleti – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Osmanlı Devleti" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Osmanská říše – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Osmanská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Осман империйĕ – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Осман империйĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Osmanniske_Rige" title="Det Osmanniske Rige – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det Osmanniske Rige" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanisches_Reich" title="Osmanisches Reich – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Osmanisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mperatoriya_Usman%C4%B1can" title="İmperatoriya Usmanıcan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İmperatoriya Usmanıcan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B8%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Οθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ottoman Empire" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomana_Imperio" title="Otomana Imperio – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Otomana Imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_otomano" title="Imperio otomano – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio otomano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanite_riik" title="Osmanite riik – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Osmanite riik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperiu_otomanu" title="Emperiu otomanu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Emperiu otomanu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="امپراتوری عثمانی – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری عثمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanien_valtakunta" title="Osmanien valtakunta – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Osmanien valtakunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmann%C3%B5_riik" title="Osmannõ riik – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Osmannõ riik" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanska_r%C3%ADki%C3%B0" title="Osmanska ríkið – faroera" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Osmanska ríkið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_ottoman" title="Empire ottoman – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire ottoman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmaansk_Rik" title="Osmaansk Rik – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Osmaansk Rik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmaanske_Ryk" title="Osmaanske Ryk – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Osmaanske Ryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Impireacht_Otam%C3%A1nach" title="An Impireacht Otamánach – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Impireacht Otamánach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_Devleti" title="Osmanlı Devleti – gagauzera" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Osmanlı Devleti" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagauzera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampir_otoman" title="Ampir otoman – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ampir otoman" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impireachd_nan_Otomanach" title="Impireachd nan Otomanach – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Impireachd nan Otomanach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Otom%C3%A1n" title="Imperio Otomán – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Otomán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mburuvi_otom%C3%A1no" title="Mburuvi otománo – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mburuvi otománo" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daular_Usmaniyya" title="Daular Usmaniyya – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Daular Usmaniyya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_Ti-koet" title="Osman Ti-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Osman Ti-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA%27%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה העות&#039;מאנית – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה העות&#039;מאנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="उस्मानी साम्राज्य – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उस्मानी साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Samrajya" title="Ottoman Samrajya – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ottoman Samrajya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansko_Carstvo" title="Osmansko Carstvo – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Osmansko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anpi_Otoman" title="Anpi Otoman – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anpi Otoman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oszm%C3%A1n_Birodalom" title="Oszmán Birodalom – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oszmán Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Օսմանյան կայսրություն – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օսմանյան կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Օսմանեան Կայսրութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Օսմանեան Կայսրութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Ottoman" title="Imperio Ottoman – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Imperio Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Ottoman" title="Empayar Ottoman – ibanera" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Empayar Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ibanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Utsmaniyah" title="Kesultanan Utsmaniyah – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesultanan Utsmaniyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Imperie" title="Ottoman Imperie – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ottoman Imperie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_nga_Otomano" title="Imperio nga Otomano – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Imperio nga Otomano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Хьункархой импери – ingushera" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хьункархой импери" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingushera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otoman_imperio" title="Otoman imperio – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Otoman imperio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkjaveldi" title="Tyrkjaveldi – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tyrkjaveldi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_ottomano" title="Impero ottomano – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero ottomano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="オスマン帝国 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オスマン帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataman_Empaya" title="Ataman Empaya – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ataman Empaya" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaisaran_Ottoman" title="Kakaisaran Ottoman – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kakaisaran Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ოსმალეთის იმპერია – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოსმალეთის იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamnekda_n_Iturkiyen" title="Tamnekda n Iturkiyen – kabiliera" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamnekda n Iturkiyen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Уэсмэн империэ – kabardiera" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Уэсмэн империэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1byintyokshan_A%CC%B1toman" title="A̱byintyokshan A̱toman – tyapa" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱byintyokshan A̱toman" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyapa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Осман империясы – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Осман империясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="ចក្រភពអូតូម៉ង់ – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចក្រភពអូតូម៉ង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಆಟೋಮನ್ ಚಕ್ರಾಧಿಪತ್ಯ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಟೋಮನ್ ಚಕ್ರಾಧಿಪತ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%EB%A7%8C_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="오스만 제국 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스만 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8F%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8E%D8%AA" title="عُثمانیہ سلطنَت – kaxmirera" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="عُثمانیہ سلطنَت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kaxmirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emperatoriya_Osman%C3%AE" title="Împeratoriya Osmanî – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împeratoriya Osmanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperoureth_Ottoman" title="Emperoureth Ottoman – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Emperoureth Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Осмон империясы – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Осмон империясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Ottomanicum" title="Imperium Ottomanicum – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Ottomanicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Otomano" title="Imperio Otomano – ladinoa" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Imperio Otomano" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladinoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanescht_R%C3%A4ich" title="Osmanescht Räich – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Osmanescht Räich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Усманрин империя – lezginera" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Усманрин империя" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezginera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Osmanan" title="Impero Osmanan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Impero Osmanan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottomaans_Riek" title="Ottomaans Riek – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ottomaans Riek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imper_Otoman" title="Imper Otoman – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Imper Otoman" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imper_Otoman" title="Imper Otoman – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Imper Otoman" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ຈັກກະວັດໂອສະມັນ – laosera" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຈັກກະວັດໂອສະມັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman%C5%B3_imperija" title="Osmanų imperija – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Osmanų imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osma%C5%86u_imp%C4%93rija" title="Osmaņu impērija – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Osmaņu impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empira_%C3%94t%C3%B4m%C3%A0na" title="Empira Ôtômàna – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Empira Ôtômàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Отоманско Царство – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Отоманско Царство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഓട്ടൊമൻ സാമ്രാജ്യം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓട്ടൊമൻ സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Османы эзэнт гүрэн – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Османы эзэнт гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="ओस्मानी साम्राज्य – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओस्मानी साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Uthmaniyah" title="Empayar Uthmaniyah – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Uthmaniyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperu_Ottoman" title="Imperu Ottoman – maltera" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Imperu Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp%C3%A9rio_Outomano" title="Ampério Outomano – mirandesa" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ampério Outomano" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="အော့တမန် အင်ပိုင်ယာ – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အော့တမန် အင်ပိုင်ယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="عثمانی – mazandarandera" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="عثمانی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmaansch_Riek" title="Osmaansch Riek – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Osmaansch Riek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottomaanse_Riek" title="Ottomaanse Riek – behe-saxoiera" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ottomaanse Riek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="behe-saxoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="अटोमन साम्राज्य – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अटोमन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="उस्मान साम्राज्य – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="उस्मान साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottomaanse_Rijk" title="Ottomaanse Rijk – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ottomaanse Rijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_osmanske_riket" title="Det osmanske riket – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det osmanske riket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_osmanske_rike" title="Det osmanske rike – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det osmanske rike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8F%DF%95%DF%8F%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%B2_%DF%9D%DF%8A%DF%B0%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%8A" title="ߏߕߏߡߊ߲ ߝߊ߰ߡߊ߬ߟߊ – n’koera" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߏߕߏߡߊ߲ ߝߊ߰ߡߊ߬ߟߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’koera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman" title="Empèri Otoman – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri Otoman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Османты импери – osetiera" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Османты импери" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਉਸਮਾਨੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉਸਮਾਨੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Otomano" title="Imperio Otomano – papiamentoa" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Imperio Otomano" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamentoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanisches_Reich" title="Osmanisches Reich – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Osmanisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Osma%C5%84skie" title="Imperium Osmańskie – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Imperium Osmańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="سلطنت عثمانیہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلطنت عثمانیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="عثماني سترواکي – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عثماني سترواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Otomano" title="Império Otomano – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Otomano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utumanu_qhapaq_suyu" title="Utumanu qhapaq suyu – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Utumanu qhapaq suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomano_Thagaripen" title="Otomano Thagaripen – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Otomano Thagaripen" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Otoman" title="Imperiul Otoman – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Otoman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Mbere_Ottomane" title="&#039;Mbere Ottomane – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="&#039;Mbere Ottomane" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Османская империя – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Османская империя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Османьска імперія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Османьска імперія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Осмаан Импиэрийэтэ – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Осмаан Импиэрийэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A8riu_otomanu" title="Impèriu otomanu – sardiniera" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Impèriu otomanu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpiru_uttumanu" title="Mpiru uttumanu – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mpiru uttumanu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ottoman Empire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="عثماني سلطنت – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عثماني سلطنت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansko_Carstvo" title="Osmansko Carstvo – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Osmansko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%95%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="ඕටමන් අධිරාජ්‍යය – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඕටමන් අධිරාජ්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ottoman Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansk%C3%A1_r%C3%AD%C5%A1a" title="Osmanská ríša – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Osmanská ríša" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmansko_cesarstvo" title="Osmansko cesarstvo – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Osmansko cesarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimintooyada_Cosmaniya" title="Rimintooyada Cosmaniya – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Rimintooyada Cosmaniya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_Osmane" title="Perandoria Osmane – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria Osmane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Османско царство – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Османско царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmoansk_Riek" title="Osmoansk Riek – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Osmoansk Riek" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasultanan_Utsmaniyah" title="Kasultanan Utsmaniyah – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kasultanan Utsmaniyah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanska_riket" title="Osmanska riket – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Osmanska riket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milki_ya_Osmani" title="Milki ya Osmani – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Milki ya Osmani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94sma%C5%84ske_Imperyjum" title="Ôsmańske Imperyjum – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ôsmańske Imperyjum" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="உதுமானியப் பேரரசு – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உதுமானியப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Имперотурии Усмонӣ – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Имперотурии Усмонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="จักรวรรดิออตโตมัน – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิออตโตมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_imperi%C3%BDasy" title="Osman imperiýasy – turkmenera" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Osman imperiýasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Otomano" title="Imperyong Otomano – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imperyong Otomano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanijon_Imperij%C9%99" title="Osmanijon Imperijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Osmanijon Imperijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Osmanlı İmparatorluğu – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Osmanlı İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Госман империясе – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Госман империясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="ئوسمان ئىمپېرىيىسى – uigurrera" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئوسمان ئىمپېرىيىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurrera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Османська імперія – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Османська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="سلطنت عثمانیہ – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلطنت عثمانیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usmoniylar_davlati" title="Usmoniylar davlati – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Usmoniylar davlati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inpero_otoman" title="Inpero otoman – veneziera" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Inpero otoman" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanan_imperii" title="Osmanan imperii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Osmanan imperii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_Ottoman" title="Đế quốc Ottoman – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Ottoman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyo_Otomano" title="Imperyo Otomano – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Imperyo Otomano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥斯曼帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ოსმალეთიშ იმპერია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოსმალეთიშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אטאמאנישע אימפעריע – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אטאמאנישע אימפעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%E1%BB%8Cba_%C3%92tt%C3%B3m%C3%A1n%C3%AC" title="Ilẹ̀-Ọba Òttómánì – jorubera" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilẹ̀-Ọba Òttómánì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_Daeqgoz" title="Osman Daeqgoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Osman Daeqgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥斯曼帝国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="奧斯曼帝國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="奧斯曼帝國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Osman Tè-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Osman Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%82%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="鄂圖曼帝國 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鄂圖曼帝國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12560#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #ddd;">Otomandar Inperioa<br /><small>دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه<br />Devlet-i ʿAliyye-i ʿOsmâniyye <br />Yüce Osmanlı Devleti <br />Otomandar Estatu Gorena</small></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/1299" title="1299">1299</a>&#160;–&#160;<a href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;border-top: 2px solid #ddd; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd; background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Autokrazia" title="Autokrazia">Autokrazia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span> <table style="width:100%; background:none"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle" align="center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Otomandar Inperioko bandera"><img alt="Otomandar Inperioko bandera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/117px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/176px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/234px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle" align="center"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Otomandar Inperioko armarria"><img alt="Otomandar Inperioko armarria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/74px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="74" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/110px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/147px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #ddd;">Geografia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width: 50%;"><a href="/wiki/Hiriburu_(politika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiriburu (politika)">Hiriburua</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B6%C4%9F%C3%BCt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Söğüt (sortu gabe)">Söğüt</a> (1302–26)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> (1326–65)<br /><a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> (1365–1453)<br /><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> (Constantinopla) (1453–1922)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #ddd;">Kultura</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width: 50%;">Hizkuntza(k)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Otomandar_turkiera" title="Otomandar turkiera">Otomandar turkiera</a> (ofiziala) eta beste asko</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width: 50%;">Erlijioa</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunismo" title="Sunismo">Islam sunia</a> eta beste gutxiengo batzuk.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #ddd;">Historia</th></tr><tr style="line-height: 110%; font-size: 90%;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width: 50%;">Sorrera</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1299" title="1299">1299</a></td></tr><tr style="line-height: 110%; font-size: 90%;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width: 50%;">I. Konstituzioa</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1876" title="1876">1876</a> - <a href="/wiki/1878" title="1878">1878</a></td></tr><tr style="line-height: 110%; font-size: 90%;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width: 50%;">Sultanerriaren ezeztapena</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Azaroaren_1" title="Azaroaren 1">azaroaren 1a</a></td></tr><tr style="line-height: 110%; font-size: 90%;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width: 50%;"><a href="/wiki/Lausannako_Tratatua" class="mw-redirect" title="Lausannako Tratatua">Lausannako Tratatua</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Uztailaren_24" title="Uztailaren 24">uztailaren 24</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><table style="width: 100%; border: none; font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="width:50%; background: transparent; padding: 5px; text-align: left; border-right: 2px solid #eee;"><div align="center"><small><b><big>←</big> Aurrekoak</b></small></div><table style="background:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="width:20px; padding:none;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Byzantine_imperial_flag,_14th_century,_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/20px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/30px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Egiptoko_Kediverria" title="Egiptoko Kediverria">Egiptoko Kediverria</a></td><td style="padding:none;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Flag_of_Egypt_(1882-1922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Bosnia_%281908%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bosnia_%281908%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Diriyahko_Emirerria" title="Diriyahko Emirerria">Diriyahko Emirerria</a></td><td style="padding:none;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Flag_of_the_Third_Saudi_State-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_the_Third_Saudi_State-01.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Third_Saudi_State-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_the_Third_Saudi_State-01.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Third_Saudi_State-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_the_Third_Saudi_State-01.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Third_Saudi_State-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albaniako_Behin-behineko_Gobernua&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Albaniako Behin-behineko Gobernua (sortu gabe)">Albaniako Behin-behineko Gobernua</a></td><td style="padding:none;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Flag_of_Albanian_Provisional_Government_(1912-1914).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Albanian_Provisional_Government_%281912-1914%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Albanian_Provisional_Government_%281912-1914%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Albanian_Provisional_Government_%281912-1914%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Albanian_Provisional_Government_%281912-1914%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Bulgariako_Printzerria" title="Bulgariako Printzerria">Bulgariako Printzerria</a></td><td style="padding:none;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britainiar_Zipre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Britainiar Zipre (sortu gabe)">Britainiar Zipre</a></td><td style="padding:none;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwaiteko_Sheiksuna&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuwaiteko Sheiksuna (sortu gabe)">Kuwaiteko Sheiksuna</a></td><td style="padding:none;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Flag_of_Kuwait_(1915-1956).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Kuwait_%281915-1956%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Kuwait_%281915-1956%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" 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/></a></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Yemengo_Erresuma" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemengo Erresuma">Yemengo Erresuma</a></td><td style="padding:none;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ottoman_Empire_World_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ottoman_Empire_World_Map.jpg/300px-Ottoman_Empire_World_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ottoman_Empire_World_Map.jpg/450px-Ottoman_Empire_World_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ottoman_Empire_World_Map.jpg/600px-Ottoman_Empire_World_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption>Otomandar Inperioaren mapa.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Otomandar Inperioa</b><sup id="cite_ref-Euskal_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euskal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Otomandar_turkiera" title="Otomandar turkiera">otomandar turkiera</a> zaharrean: <span lang="ota">دولت عالیه عثمانیه</span>, <i>Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye</i>; azken otomandar turkieran eta egungo <a href="/wiki/Turkiera" title="Turkiera">turkieraz</a>&#58; <span lang="tr"><i>Osmanlı Devleti</i> edo <i>Osmanlı İmparatorluğu</i></span>) <a href="/wiki/1299" title="1299">1299tik</a> <a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a> arte turkiarrak buru zituen inperioa izan zen, <a href="/wiki/Etnia" title="Etnia">etnia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Erlijio" title="Erlijio">erlijio</a> anitzekoa.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Boterearen erpinean (<a href="/wiki/XVI._mendea" title="XVI. mendea">XVI.</a> eta <a href="/wiki/XVII._mendea" title="XVII. mendea">XVII. mendeetan</a>), hiru <a href="/wiki/Kontinente" title="Kontinente">kontinentetan</a> zehar hedatzen zen: hego-ekialdeko <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekialde_Hurbila" title="Ekialde Hurbila">Ekialde Hurbilean</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Iparraldeko_Afrika" title="Iparraldeko Afrika">Iparraldeko Afrikan</a>. Mendebaldean, egungo <a href="/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko">Marokoko</a> mugetaraino; ekialdean, <a href="/wiki/Kaspiar_itsasoa" title="Kaspiar itsasoa">Kaspiar itsasoraino</a>; iparraldean, egungo <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austriako</a> mugetaraino; eta hegoaldean, egungo <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somaliaraino</a>. Hogeita bederatzi probintzia —gehi bere mendeko <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania">Transilvania</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Valakia" title="Valakia">Valakia</a> printzerriak— izatera iritsi zen. Inperioari batzuetan <i><a href="/wiki/Ate_Gorena" title="Ate Gorena">Ate Gorena</a></i> ere esaten zaio. Hala ere, horrek berez Otomandar Gobernua izendatzen du, sultanaren jauregian kanpotarrentzat irekita zegoen ate bakarra baitzen.<sup id="cite_ref-Euskal_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euskal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Konstantinopla" title="Konstantinopla">Konstantinopla</a> hiriburua izanik, eta <a href="/wiki/Mediterraneoko_arroa" title="Mediterraneoko arroa">Mediterraneoko</a> arroaren inguruko lurren kontrola hartuta, Otomandar Inperioa ekialdeko eta mendebaldeko munduen arteko elkarrekintzen erdian egon zen sei mendez. Nahiz eta lehen uste izan Inperioa gainbeheran sartu zela <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_I.a" title="Suleiman I.a">Suleiman I.a</a> hil ondoren, iritzi hori ez dute babesten unibertsitateko <a href="/wiki/Historialari" class="mw-redirect" title="Historialari">historialari</a> gehienek. Inperioak ekonomia, gizartea eta <a href="/wiki/Armada" title="Armada">armada</a> indartsu eta malguak mantendu zituen XVII. eta XVIII. mendearen zati handi batean.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Otomandarrek <a href="/wiki/Porrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Porrot">porrot</a> militar larriak jasan zituzten XVIII. mendearen amaieran eta XIX. mendearen hasieran, eta, horren ondorioz, <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> izeneko eraberritze eta gaurkotze prozesu zabal bati ekin zioten. Hala, XIX. mendean zehar, Otomandar estatua askoz indartsuago eta antolatuago bihurtu zen, nahiz eta lurralde galera gehiago izan, batez ere <a href="/wiki/Balkanak" title="Balkanak">Balkanetan</a>, non estatu berriak sortu baitziren.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Inperioa XX. mendearen hasieran <a href="/wiki/Alemaniar_Inperioa" title="Alemaniar Inperioa">Alemaniarekin</a> aliatu zen, azken lurralde galerak eragin zituen isolamendu diplomatikotik ihes egin nahirik, eta, hala, <a href="/wiki/Lehen_Mundu_Gerra" title="Lehen Mundu Gerra">Lehen Mundu Gerran</a> sartu zen <a href="/wiki/Erdialdeko_Inperioak" title="Erdialdeko Inperioak">Erdialdeko Inperioekin</a> batera.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ez zen oso prestatua gerra moderno batean parte hartzeko, eta inperioak barne tentsio garrantzitsuei ere aurre egin behar izan zien, batez ere bere arabiar lurraldeetan, <a href="/wiki/Arabiar_Iraultza" title="Arabiar Iraultza">1916-1918ko arabiar iraultzarekin</a>. Bien bitartean, Otomandar gobernuak abusuak egin zituen, baita <a href="/wiki/Genozidioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Genozidioa">genozidioa</a> ere, <a href="/wiki/Armeniar_genozidioa" title="Armeniar genozidioa">armeniarren</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Asiriar_genozidioa" title="Asiriar genozidioa">asiriarren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Greziar" title="Greziar">greziarren</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> aurka. </p><p>Inperioaren gainbeheraren erdian, <a href="/wiki/Lehen_Mundu_Gerra" title="Lehen Mundu Gerra">Lehen Mundu Gerraren</a> ondoren <a href="/wiki/Lehen_Mundu_Gerrako_Aliatuak" title="Lehen Mundu Gerrako Aliatuak">potentzia aliatuek</a> haren lurraldearen zati bat okupatu zutelarik, Otomandar Inperioa zatitu egin zen; <a href="/wiki/Ekialde_Hurbila" title="Ekialde Hurbila">Ekialde Hurbileko</a> lurraldeak galdu zituen, <a href="/wiki/Erresuma_Batua" title="Erresuma Batua">Erresuma Batuaren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Frantzia" title="Frantzia">Frantziaren</a> artean banatuta, <a href="/wiki/Nazioen_Liga" title="Nazioen Liga">Nazioen Ligaren</a> aginduen arabera, aintzat hartutako lurraldeen independentziaren zain: <a href="/wiki/Palestinako_Britainiar_Mandatua" title="Palestinako Britainiar Mandatua">Palestina</a>, Mesopotamia (geroago <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a> izango zena), <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Libano" title="Libano">Libano</a>. <a href="/wiki/Turkiako_Independentzia_Gerra" title="Turkiako Independentzia Gerra">Turkiako independentzia gerrak</a> okupatzaile aliatuen aurka izandako arrakastaren ondorioz, <a href="/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia">Turkiako Errepublika</a> sortu zen, 1923ko urriaren 29an, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankaran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatoliaren</a> bihotzean aldarrikatua, eta monarkia otomandarra indargabetu zen.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:OttomanEmpireIn1683.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/OttomanEmpireIn1683.png/220px-OttomanEmpireIn1683.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/OttomanEmpireIn1683.png/330px-OttomanEmpireIn1683.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/OttomanEmpireIn1683.png/440px-OttomanEmpireIn1683.png 2x" data-file-width="1966" data-file-height="1850" /></a><figcaption> Otomandar Inperioa, 1683. urtean.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jatorria">Jatorria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Jatorria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Jatorria"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turkiarren jatorria Asia erdialdeko <a href="/wiki/Estepa" title="Estepa">estepetan</a> aurki daiteke, <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestanen</a>, abeltzaintza transhumanteari, bereziki zaldiei, eskainitako etnia batean, eta merkataritzan, modu sasi nomadan. Turkiarrak laster erlazionatzen dira inguruko kultura <a href="/wiki/Musulman" title="Musulman">musulmanekin</a>, haiekin harreman komertzialak sortu zituzten eta islama hartu zuten beren adar <a href="/wiki/Sunita" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunita">sunitan</a>. Harreman hori <a href="/wiki/Zetaren_Bidea" title="Zetaren Bidea">Zetaren Bideari</a> zor dakioke, merkatari musulmanak segur aski otomandarrak bizi ziren lurraldeetan ibiliko baitziren. </p><p>Geroago Otomandar Inperioa izango zen eskualdean tribu turkiarren lehen sarrerak eremu militarrean eman ziren, <a href="/wiki/Abbastar_Kalifa-herria" title="Abbastar Kalifa-herria">Abbastar Kalifa-herriko</a> armadek <a href="/wiki/IX._mendea" title="IX. mendea">IX. mendean</a> zehar barne borroketarako eta kristau eta bizantziarren aurkako borroketarako soldaduak behar izan zituztenean. Horregatik, mugako lurraldeetara jo zuten hango herritarrak erreklutatuz. Kalifa-herriaren barruan ikus daiteke turkiarrak armadan eta administrazioan posizioak igotzen ari zirela. Eremu horretan tribu turkiarren sartze motela bi modutara egin zen: talde tribalek lurraldea pixkanaka okupatuz eta denbora luzez eskualde hau menperatu zuen, eta militarki deuseztatu zuten Bizantziar Inperioaren aurka borrokatuz. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Seljuktarrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuktarrak">Seljuktarren</a> etxea <a href="/wiki/Turkiar" title="Turkiar">turkiarren</a> adar bat zen, <a href="/wiki/IX._mendea" title="IX. mendea">IX. mendean</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaspiar_itsasoa" title="Kaspiar itsasoa">Kaspiar itsasoaren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Aral_itsasoa" title="Aral itsasoa">Aral itsasoaren</a> iparraldean kokatua. <a href="/wiki/X._mendea" title="X. mendea">X. mendean</a>, seljuktarrak mendebaldera mugitzen hasi ziren, Anatolia aldera. <a href="/wiki/Manzikerteko_gudua" title="Manzikerteko gudua">Manzikerteko guduaren</a> ostean, tribu horiek hortxe finkatu ziren <a href="/wiki/1071" title="1071">1071n</a>. Horren ondorioz, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatoliako</a> seljuktar sultanerria osatu zen, <a href="/wiki/Erdialdeko_Asia" title="Erdialdeko Asia">Asiako erdialdea</a> bereganatuta zeukan <a href="/wiki/Seljuktar_Inperioa" title="Seljuktar Inperioa">Seljuktar Inperioaren</a> adar independentea. <a href="/wiki/1243" title="1243">1243an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongol" title="Mongol">mongolek</a> seljuktar armadak garaitu eta suntsitu zituzten. Astiro, inperioa desegin zen. Kinka horretan, <a href="/wiki/Osman_I.a" title="Osman I.a">Osman (edo Otman) I.a</a> buru zuen turkiar estatua garatu zen, Otomandar Inperioa eratu arte, seljuktar eta bizantziarren hutsunea betetzeko. <a href="/wiki/Osman_(izena)" title="Osman (izena)">Osman</a> izenetik eratorria da estatuaren izena beraz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europarantz_hedatzea">Europarantz hedatzea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Europarantz hedatzea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Europarantz hedatzea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haren ondorengoek hedapen politikari eutsi zioten. Otomandar Inperioak <a href="/wiki/Gelibolu" title="Gelibolu">Gallipoli</a> hartu zuen, bere lehen </p><p>europar lurraldea, 1347an. <a href="/wiki/Balkanetako_historia" title="Balkanetako historia">Balkanetako</a> egoera politikoa oso ezegonkorra zen. <a href="/wiki/Erromatar_Inperioa" title="Erromatar Inperioa">Erromatar Inperioa</a> etengabeko gerra zibilean zegoen, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">duke</a> aurkariaren artean zatituta eta <a href="/wiki/Grezia" title="Grezia">Grezia</a> potentzia lokalen eta latindarren artean banatzen zuten. Italiako itsas errepublikek ekialdeko <a href="/wiki/Mediterraneoa" title="Mediterraneoa">Mediterraneoko</a> <a href="/wiki/Merkataritza" title="Merkataritza">merkataritza</a> kontrolatzen zuten eta eskaintzaile onenari ematen zioten zerbitzua. Bestalde, <a href="/wiki/Venezia" title="Venezia">Veneziak</a> eman zien bidea turkiarrei ―funtsean lurrekoa den herria― <a href="/wiki/Dardaneloak" title="Dardaneloak">Dardaneloen</a> itsasartea zeharkatzeko, Gallipolira bidean. Otomandar Estatuak armada eraginkorra zuen, eta inguru horretara hedatzeko aprobetxatu zuen. Aurre egin zezakeen potentzia bakarra <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> zen. Arazo hori 1389an konpondu zen, <a href="/wiki/Kosovoko_gudua_(1389)" title="Kosovoko gudua (1389)">Kosovoko guduan</a> garaipen erabakigarria lortu baitzuen inperioak, eta erresuma serbiarrak bertan amaitu ziren. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Balkanak" title="Balkanak">Balkanak</a> konkistatzea abantaila bikoitza izan zen otomandarrentzat. Alde batetik, horrek aukera eman zion baliabide fiskalak lortzeko, otomandarren mende dauden kristauek <i>djizia</i> ordaindu behar baitzuten beren erlijioa praktikatu ahal izateko. Bestetik, lege sistemari esker, gazte kristauak beren familietatik erauziak izan zitezkeen otomandarren guda talde berezietan sarrarazteko. Izan ere, <a href="/wiki/Jenizaro" title="Jenizaro">jenizaroek</a> osatzen zuten armadako elitea, baina baita administrazio atal bereziki eraginkorra ere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nahaste_garaia">Nahaste garaia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Nahaste garaia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Nahaste garaia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sultan nabarmen bat <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I.a" title="Bayezid I.a">Bayezid I.a</a> «Yildirim» izan zen. <a href="/wiki/Kosovoko_gudua_(1389)" title="Kosovoko gudua (1389)">1389ko Kosovoko guduan</a> aita hil zitzaionean, botereaz jabetu zen, bere ugazanaia hil ostean. </p><p>Buruzagi militar bikaina izan zen, eta kanpaina handiak egin zituen, konkista ugarirekin. <a href="/wiki/Grezia" title="Grezia">Greziako</a> iparraldea eta <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> beraren esku erori ziren. Gero, Germiyanen eta Karamanen Turkiako <a href="/wiki/Emirerri" title="Emirerri">emirerri</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">anatoliarrak</a> menderatzea lortu zuen, printze <a href="/wiki/Kristautasun" title="Kristautasun">kristauen</a> laguntza bikainarekin. <a href="/wiki/Konstantinopla" title="Konstantinopla">Konstantinoplako</a> hormak bakarrik egin zioten aurre. Bitan, 1391n eta batez ere 1394tik 1398ra, hiria <a href="/wiki/Setio" title="Setio">setiaturik</a> eduki zuen. Turkiarrek, ordea, ez zuten <a href="/wiki/Itsas_armada" title="Itsas armada">itsas armadarik</a> hiriaren blokeo eraginkor baten bitartez hiria <a href="/wiki/Gose" title="Gose">gosez</a> errendiarazteko, ez eta hiriaren babes hormak zulatzeko adinako indarreko gailurik ere. Hala ere, 1398an arrisku bat iritsi zen ekialdetik, Bayezid setioa altxatzera behartu zuena: <a href="/wiki/Tamerlan" title="Tamerlan">Tamerlan</a> garaiezinak Anatolia mendean hartu zuen. Mehatxuaren aurrean, Bayezidek bere armada bildu behar izan zuen hari aurre egiteko. Hala eta guztiz ere, Tamerlanen tropa mongolek garaitu egin zuten, estrategikoki eta taktikoki aurreratuago baitzeuden. Bayezid atxilo hartu zuten </p><p>Turkiar-mongol herrien etengabeko barne liskarren atal askik ezagun bat hasi zen orduan: ondorengotza gerra. Sultanaren ondorengotzari dagokionez araurik ez zutenez, Bayeziden seme bakoitzak botere gorena eskuratu nahi izan zuen.&#160;Hamar urteko gerra zibilaren ondoren, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_I.a" title="Mehmed I.a">Mehmed I.a</a> izan zen irabazlea. Kostua, baina, astuna izan zen: inguruko potentziek beren onera etortzeko astia hartu zuten, anatoliar emirerriek independentzia berreskuratu zuten eta <a href="/wiki/Erromatar_Inperioa" title="Erromatar Inperioa">Erromatar Inperioak</a> lurralderen bat eskuratzea lortu zuen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Konstantinopla_erori_zenekoa">Konstantinopla erori zenekoa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Konstantinopla erori zenekoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Konstantinopla erori zenekoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:308px;"> <table style="background: transparent; border: 0; padding: 0; margin: 0;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0;" class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Bellini,_Gentile_-_Sultan_Mehmet_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Otomandar Inperioa Mehmed II.a hil zenean. Mendeko lurraldeak berde argiz agertzen dira."><img alt="Otomandar Inperioa Mehmed II.a hil zenean. Mendeko lurraldeak berde argiz agertzen dira." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bellini%2C_Gentile_-_Sultan_Mehmet_II.jpg/150px-Bellini%2C_Gentile_-_Sultan_Mehmet_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bellini%2C_Gentile_-_Sultan_Mehmet_II.jpg/225px-Bellini%2C_Gentile_-_Sultan_Mehmet_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bellini%2C_Gentile_-_Sultan_Mehmet_II.jpg/300px-Bellini%2C_Gentile_-_Sultan_Mehmet_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3132" data-file-height="4226" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0; width: 2px"> </td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0;" class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ottoman_1481_(orthographic_projection).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Otomandar Inperioa Mehmed II.a hil zenean. Mendeko lurraldeak berde argiz agertzen dira."><img alt="Otomandar Inperioa Mehmed II.a hil zenean. Mendeko lurraldeak berde argiz agertzen dira." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ottoman_1481_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/150px-Ottoman_1481_%28orthographic_projection%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ottoman_1481_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/225px-Ottoman_1481_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ottoman_1481_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/300px-Ottoman_1481_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;" colspan="3"><div class="thumbcaption">Otomandar Inperioa <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II.a" title="Mehmed II.a">Mehmed II.a</a> hil zenean. Mendeko lurraldeak berde argiz agertzen dira.</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg/159px-Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg/239px-Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg/319px-Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Konstantinoplaren_erorialdia" title="Konstantinoplaren erorialdia">Konstantinoplaren erorialdia</a> (1453).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> menderatu zuten otomandarrek, 1459an, <a href="/wiki/Smederevo" title="Smederevo">Smederevo</a> erori ondoren. 1453an, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II.a" title="Mehmed II.a">Mehmed II.a</a> sultanak gidatuta, otomandar armadek <a href="/wiki/Konstantinoplaren_erorialdia" title="Konstantinoplaren erorialdia">Konstantinopla</a> hartu eta <a href="/wiki/Bizantziar_Inperioa" title="Bizantziar Inperioa">Bizantziar Inperioari</a> amaiera eman zioten, 1453an. Hala, Otomandarren Inperioa Ekialdeko <a href="/wiki/Mediterraneoa" title="Mediterraneoa">Mediterraneoko</a> kristau gehienen gainera hedatu zen. Europako <a href="/wiki/Gurutzada" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurutzada">gurutzada</a> batzuk <a href="/wiki/Nikopolis" title="Nikopolis">Nikopolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varna" title="Varna">Varnan</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Aljer" title="Aljer">Aljerren</a> izan ziren garaituak eta deseginak. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Konstantinopla" title="Konstantinopla">Konstantinopla</a> hartu eta gutxira, hiriburuaren historia mitikoari buruzko testu ugari agertu ziren. <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II.a" title="Mehmed II.a">Mehmed II.ak</a> eskatuko zien <a href="/wiki/Apaiz" title="Apaiz">apaizei</a> eta jakintsu <a href="/wiki/Bizantziar_literatura" title="Bizantziar literatura">bizantziarrei</a> hiriaren historia aurkezteko.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goren_garaiak">Goren garaiak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Goren garaiak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Goren garaiak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inperio_berria">Inperio berria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Inperio berria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Inperio berria"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Otomandarrek <i>roumi</i> deitzen zieten <a href="/wiki/Kristau" title="Kristau">kristau</a> herrietako biztanleei, <a href="/wiki/Bizantziar_Inperioa" title="Bizantziar Inperioa">Ekialdeko Erromatar Inperioko</a> herritarren estatutu zaharrari aipamen eginez. Otomandar Inperioak pixkanaka bere subiranotasuna Mediterraneoko munduaren hego-ekialdean zabaldu zuen, <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> inguruetatik <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Raguseraino</a> (Dubrovnik), <a href="/wiki/Iparraldeko_Afrika" title="Iparraldeko Afrika">Afrika iparraldeko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekialde_Hurbila" title="Ekialde Hurbila">Ekialde Hurbileko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itsaso_Beltza" title="Itsaso Beltza">Itsaso Beltzeko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grezia" title="Grezia">Greziako</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albaniako</a> kostaldeak ia osorik hartuz. Hala ere, esan beharra dago Inperioaren agintea nominala dela lurralde askorentzat. Hain zuzen, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbuldik</a> zenbat eta urrunago egon, orduan eta ahulagoak ziren inperioaren eta probintzien arteko loturak. Hala, <a href="/wiki/Egipto" title="Egipto">Egipto</a> <a href="/wiki/Mameluko" title="Mameluko">mamelukoek</a> gobernatzen zuten, autonomia handiz. Erregeordea zuten <a href="/wiki/Tripoli" title="Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aljer" title="Aljer">Aljer</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> tropa <a href="/wiki/Jenizaro" title="Jenizaro">jenizaroz</a> ongi hornituak zeuden, Europatik etor zitezkeen inbasioei aurre egiteko, baina politika propio bat gauzatzen zuten praktikan. <a href="/wiki/Danubio" title="Danubio">Danubioko</a> printzerriak (<a href="/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania">Transilvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valakia" title="Valakia">Valakia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>) zergapean zeuden, baina beren bidea egiten hala zuten, batzuetan nagusiaren aurkako matxinada egiteraino. </p><p>Otomandar sultanek beren titulua aberastu egin zuten XV. mendean, turkiarren <i><a href="/wiki/Khan_(titulua)" title="Khan (titulua)">khan</a></i> klasikoari erantsita <i>padishah</i> pertsiarra, eta XVI. mendean, <a href="/wiki/Kalifa" title="Kalifa">kalifa</a> izenburu turkiarrarekin, hau da, <a href="/wiki/Mahoma" title="Mahoma">Mahomaren</a> ondorengoa eta <a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma"><i>umma</i></a> edo komunitate musulmanaren burua. </p><p>Inperioaren lurraldeetan lotura edo menderatze estatus desberdinak aplikatzen ziren: <i>iyi</i> edo probintziak zeuden, <i>paxa-beylerbey</i> batek gobernatuak, baita zatiketa txikiagoak ere (<i>sandjakak</i>, <i>xarifatak</i> edo <a href="/wiki/Valierri" title="Valierri"><i>valierriak</i></a>). Mendeko estatuek urtero zerga behar zuten, leialtasun soilik formala zuten eta «opariak» bidali behar zituzten (<i>pexkex</i>, <i>bakxix</i>) une edo data jakin batzuetan; batzuk <a href="/wiki/Kristau" title="Kristau">kristauak</a> ziren (printzerri <a href="/wiki/Errumaniar" title="Errumaniar">errumaniarrak</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Georgiar" title="Georgiar">georgiarrak</a>), beste batzuk <a href="/wiki/Musulman" title="Musulman">musulmanak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aljer" title="Aljer">Aljer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Tripoli" title="Tripoli">Tripoliko</a> erregeordetzak, <a href="/wiki/Krimeako_Khanerria" title="Krimeako Khanerria">Krimeako Khanerria</a>). <a href="/wiki/Libanoko_historia" title="Libanoko historia">Libano</a> aldi baterako banandu zen Fachr ad-Dīn II.a (1590-1613) <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a> <a href="/wiki/Druzo" title="Druzo">druzoaren</a> garaian. </p><p>Salbuespen batzuk izan ezik ―herrialdearen egituragatik edo Inperioaren erdigunean egoteagatik― <i>paxa-beylerbey</i> bakoitza «errege zen bere erresuman», diban izeneko kontseilu baten laguntzaz eta tokiko ohiturak nahiz egitura tradizionalak errespetatuz.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Beren lurraldeetan duten kontrola aldakorra da. <a href="/wiki/Valakia" title="Valakia">Valakiako</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldaviako</a> <a href="/wiki/Printzerri" title="Printzerri">printzerri</a> <a href="/wiki/Kristau" title="Kristau">kristauak</a>, eta, aldi batez, <a href="/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania">Transilvania</a> ez ziren otomandar probintzia bihurtu, baina <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultanari</a> <a href="/wiki/Tributu" title="Tributu">tributu</a> bat ordaintzen ziotenez, <i>Dar al-Ahd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabiera" title="Arabiera">arabieraz</a> دار العهد, «itunaren eremua») eremuan kokatzen ziren, ez <a href="/wiki/Habsburgo" title="Habsburgo">Habsburgotarrak</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Errusia" title="Errusia">Errusia</a> bezala, haiek <i>Dar al-Harb</i> (arabieraz دار الحرب, «gerraren eremua») eremuan baitzeuden. </p><p>Otomandar Inperioa <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Otomandar_Inperioa)" title="Millet (Otomandar Inperioa)"><i>millet</i></a> sistemaren arabera antolatzen zen. <a href="/wiki/Bosniako" title="Bosniako">Bosniatik</a> hasi eta <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatoliaren</a> azken bazterreraino, <i>pomaktarrak</i> ere tartean hartuta, <a href="/wiki/Kristau" title="Kristau">kristau</a> pobre asko (<a href="/wiki/Eslaviar" title="Eslaviar">eslaviar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greziar" title="Greziar">greko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armeniar" title="Armeniar">armeniar</a>...), baita <a href="/wiki/Judu" title="Judu">judu</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Erromani" title="Erromani">erromani</a> asko ere <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islamera</a> bihurtu ziren, ez gehiago ordaindu behar izateko <i>jizya</i> (musulmanak ez direnen gaineko zergapetze bikoitza), eta <i>πνδιδοάμθω</i> edo <i>devşirme</i> ―haurren bahiketa, <a href="/wiki/Jenizaro" title="Jenizaro">jenizaroen</a> gudarosteetan borrokatzera behartuta. </p><p><i>Dönme</i> edo sinestun berri bihurturik, gehienetan <a href="/wiki/Ate_Gorena" title="Ate Gorena">Ate Gorenaren</a> leialak baino ez ziren, <i>mumīnīn edo</i> fededunei zor zitzaien konfiantzaz baliatzeko. Horregatik, <a href="/wiki/Turkiar_herriak" title="Turkiar herriak">Turkiako</a> gaur egungo biztanle gehienak <a href="/wiki/Kaukasoar" title="Kaukasoar">kaukasoar</a> tipokoak dira, baina <a href="/wiki/Erdialdeko_Asia" title="Erdialdeko Asia">Erdialdeko Asiako</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkiar_herriak" title="Turkiar herriak">turkiar herriak</a> asiar <a href="/wiki/Fenotipo" title="Fenotipo">fenotipokoak</a> dira. Era berean, horregatik ere XIX. mendean <a href="/wiki/Erromani" title="Erromani">erromani</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Armeniar" title="Armeniar">armeniar</a> <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Otomandar_Inperioa)" title="Millet (Otomandar Inperioa)"><i>milletetako</i></a> kide gehienak jabe eta merkatari aberatsak ziren, langile txiroak baino askoz gehiago, aberatsek soilik ordaintzen ahal baitzuten <i>jizya</i> zerga bikoitza. </p><p>Inperio berriak bere kohesioa finkatu zuen <i>otomandar igogailu soziala</i> aise erabilita: <a href="/wiki/Jenizaro" title="Jenizaro">jenizaro</a> guztiek, behin gudarostea utzi ondoren eta norberaren gaitasunen arabera, funtzio gorenetara iristeko aukera zuten, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey"><i>bey</i></a>, <i>drogman</i>, paxa edo <a href="/wiki/Bisir" title="Bisir"><i>bisir</i></a>, eta adibideak ugariak dira. <a href="/wiki/Konstantinoplako_Patriarkatza_Ekumenikoa" title="Konstantinoplako Patriarkatza Ekumenikoa">Kristau</a> iraun zuten greziar <i>fanariota</i> aristokratek ere aukera izan zezaketen <a href="/wiki/Voivoda" title="Voivoda"><i>voivoda</i></a> izendatuak izateko, zergapeko kristau printzerrietan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urrezko_aroa">Urrezko aroa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Urrezko aroa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Urrezko aroa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ottoman_1520_(orthographic_projection).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ottoman_1520_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/220px-Ottoman_1520_%28orthographic_projection%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ottoman_1520_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/330px-Ottoman_1520_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ottoman_1520_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/440px-Ottoman_1520_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Otomandar inperioa <a href="/wiki/Selim_I.a" title="Selim I.a">Selim I</a>.aren heriotzan. Mendeko estatuak berde argiz adierazita daude.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pragmatikoak eta ez dogmatikoak, otomandar <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultanek</a> ez zuten <a href="/wiki/Bizantziar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bizantziar">bizantziar</a> zibilizazio deuseztatu, baizik egokitu eta garatu egin zuten; horren lekuko dira <a href="/wiki/Meskita_Urdina" title="Meskita Urdina">Meskita Urdina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia" title="Santa Sofia">Santa Sofia</a> basilikaren arkitektura erabiltzen duena edo <a href="/wiki/Terma" title="Terma">termak</a>, aro modernoan <a href="/wiki/Turkiar_bainu" title="Turkiar bainu">turkiar bainu</a> izendatzen direnak. Bizantziar hezkuntza, zientziak, teknikak eta unibertsitateak oinordetzan hartzen jakin zuen Inperioak, otomandar bihurtuta eta <a href="/wiki/Erdi_Aroa" title="Erdi Aroa">Erdi Aroaren</a> amaieran Europa osoan ospe handikoak. Ekialdeko unibertsitate haiek, gainera, <a href="/wiki/Mendebalde" title="Mendebalde">mendebaldean</a> egindako aurkikuntzen berri izan zuten: Piri Reis <a href="/wiki/Almirante_(armada)" title="Almirante (armada)">almiranteak</a> <a href="/wiki/Kristobal_Kolon" title="Kristobal Kolon">Kristobal Kolonek</a> egindako Amerikaren maparen kopia bat egin ahal izan zuen, eta mapa galdu zelarik, Reisen kopia da kontinente berriaren mapa zaharrena.Mundu guztiko intelektual eta finantzari ugarik hartu zuten Inperioan babes, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Sefardi" title="Sefardi">judu sefardiek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espainia" title="Espainia">Espainiaren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Inkisizioa" title="Inkisizioa">Inkisizioaren</a> errepresiotik ihesi, eta, ondoren, Andaluziako <a href="/wiki/Morisko" title="Morisko">moriskoak</a>. </p><p>1517an, <a href="/wiki/Selim_I.a" title="Selim I.a">Selim I.ak</a> <a href="/wiki/Egipto" title="Egipto">Egipto</a> mendean hartu eta mamelukoen sultanerriari amaiera eman zion. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mutawakkil_III.a&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Mutawakkil III.a (sortu gabe)">Al-Mutawakkil III.a</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbastar_Kalifa-herria" title="Abbastar Kalifa-herria">abbastar</a> kalifa <a href="/wiki/Konstantinopla" title="Konstantinopla">Konstantinoplara</a> eraman zuten bahituta, eta <i>Sinestunen komandante</i> titulua (<i>Emir al-mumimin</i>) utzi behar izan zuen. Selimek <a href="/wiki/Mahoma" title="Mahoma">Mahomaren</a> <a href="/wiki/Erlikia" title="Erlikia">erlikia</a> batzuk Konstantinoplara eraman bazituen ere, zalantzagarria da <a href="/wiki/Abbastar_Kalifa-herria" title="Abbastar Kalifa-herria">abbastar kalifa-herriaren</a> herentzia jaso nahi ote zuen, tesi hori askoz geroago agertu baitzen.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bizantziar inperioa amaitu eta handik ia mende batera, otomandar turkiarrek <a href="/wiki/Abbastarren_dinastia" title="Abbastarren dinastia">abbastarren dinastia</a> arabiarraren ondorengotza hartu zuten. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:EmperorSuleiman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EmperorSuleiman.jpg/220px-EmperorSuleiman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EmperorSuleiman.jpg/330px-EmperorSuleiman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EmperorSuleiman.jpg/440px-EmperorSuleiman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2117" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_I.a" title="Suleiman I.a">Suleiman I.a</a></figcaption></figure> <p>XVI. mendean, <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_I.a" title="Suleiman I.a">Suliman Handiaren</a> erregealdiaren garaian, otomandar armadak <a href="/wiki/Viena" title="Viena">Vienaraino</a> iritsi ziren, 1529an eta 1532an, baina ezarritako <a href="/wiki/Setio" title="Setio">setioa</a> alferrikakoa izan zen. Gertakari hark ezarri zuen Inperioaren mendebaldeko hedapenaren muga. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Battle_of_Preveza_(1538).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9vezako_gudaldia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prévezako gudaldia (sortu gabe)">Prévezako gudaldia</a>(1538).</figcaption></figure> <p>1533tik 1536ra, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemengo</a> ekialdea gehitu zituen inperioak, mendeko lurraldeen zerrendara. <a href="/wiki/Aljer" title="Aljer">Aljerren</a> ezarriak ziren turkiar <a href="/wiki/Kortsario" title="Kortsario">kortsarioek</a> <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunisia</a> kendu zieten <a href="/wiki/Hafsidar_leinua" title="Hafsidar leinua">Hafsidarrei</a> 1534an, nahiz gero galdu egin zuten <a href="/wiki/Karlos_V.a_Germaniako_Erromatar_Inperio_Santukoa" title="Karlos V.a Germaniako Erromatar Inperio Santukoa">Karlos V.ren</a> tropen aurrean. Tripoliko paxa turkiarrak <a href="/wiki/Kairuan" title="Kairuan">Kairuan</a> hartu zuen 1557an, eta 1569an berreskuratu zen behin betiko Tunisia. Otomandarrek <a href="/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko">Marokon</a> egindako esku hartzeei esker, <a href="/wiki/Fez" title="Fez">Fez</a> hiria mendean hartu zuen Inperioak 1554an eta 1576an, <a href="/wiki/Watasiden_dinastia" title="Watasiden dinastia">Watasiden</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Saadiak" title="Saadiak">Saadien</a> arteko botere gatazketan sartu ziren, portugaldarren aurka <a href="/wiki/Ksar_el-Kebirreko_gudua" title="Ksar el-Kebirreko gudua">Ksar el-Kebirreko guduan</a> azken horien alde egiteko 1578an,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> eta, ondoren, <a href="/wiki/Alauiak" title="Alauiak">Alauien</a> aurkako zenbait mugimendu lagundu zituzten, azken horiek boterea hartu ondoren. <a href="/wiki/Kabilia" title="Kabilia">Kabyliak</a>, oro har, burujabe izaten jarraitu zuen; Aljerreko erregeordetzako tropek hiru aldiz egiten zuten porrot Beni Abbesen erresumaren aurka (1553an, 1559an eta 1590ean). </p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:308px;"> <table style="background: transparent; border: 0; padding: 0; margin: 0;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0;" class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:LocationByzantineEmpire_550.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bizantziar Inperioa bere goren aroan Justiniano I.aren garaian, 550. urtean (ezkerreko mapa). Otomandarren konkistak hark utzitako hutsunea bete zuen hein handi batean (eskuineko mapa).[15]"><img alt="Bizantziar Inperioa bere goren aroan Justiniano I.aren garaian, 550. urtean (ezkerreko mapa). Otomandarren konkistak hark utzitako hutsunea bete zuen hein handi batean (eskuineko mapa).[15]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/LocationByzantineEmpire_550.png/150px-LocationByzantineEmpire_550.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/LocationByzantineEmpire_550.png/225px-LocationByzantineEmpire_550.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/LocationByzantineEmpire_550.png/300px-LocationByzantineEmpire_550.png 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0; width: 2px"> </td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0;" class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ottoman_1590.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bizantziar Inperioa bere goren aroan Justiniano I.aren garaian, 550. urtean (ezkerreko mapa). Otomandarren konkistak hark utzitako hutsunea bete zuen hein handi batean (eskuineko mapa).[15]"><img alt="Bizantziar Inperioa bere goren aroan Justiniano I.aren garaian, 550. urtean (ezkerreko mapa). Otomandarren konkistak hark utzitako hutsunea bete zuen hein handi batean (eskuineko mapa).[15]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ottoman_1590.png/150px-Ottoman_1590.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ottoman_1590.png/225px-Ottoman_1590.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ottoman_1590.png/300px-Ottoman_1590.png 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="846" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;" colspan="3"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bizantziar_Inperioa" title="Bizantziar Inperioa">Bizantziar Inperioa</a> bere goren aroan <a href="/wiki/Justiniano_I.a" title="Justiniano I.a">Justiniano I.aren</a> garaian, 550. urtean (ezkerreko mapa). Otomandarren konkistak hark utzitako hutsunea bete zuen hein handi batean (eskuineko mapa).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>Inperioak flota militar bat sortu zuen, <a href="/wiki/Mediterraneoa" title="Mediterraneoa">Mediterraneoan</a> nagusitu nahirik <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italiako</a> hirien gainetik, eta une batez eskura izan bazuen ere, <a href="/wiki/Lepantoko_gudua" title="Lepantoko gudua">Lepantoko guduan</a> izandako porrotak, 1571n, <a href="/wiki/Espainia" title="Espainia">Espainiako</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Veneziako_Errepublika" title="Veneziako Errepublika">Veneziako</a> floten aurka, Inperioaren nagusitasuna deusean utzi zuen. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokollu_Mehmet_Paxa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sokollu Mehmet Paxa (sortu gabe)">Sokollu Mehmet Paxak</a> berrantolatua, otomandar flota potentzia garrantzitsua izan zen gerora ere, eta <a href="/wiki/Veneziako_Errepublika" title="Veneziako Errepublika">Veneziaren</a> jabetzak (<a href="/wiki/Zipre" title="Zipre">Zipre</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Egeo" title="Egeo">Egeo itsasoko</a> uharteak) Inperioari gehitu zitzaizkion pixkanaka, baina Mediterraneoko merkataritzaren alderdrdi garrantzitsuenak <a href="/wiki/Veneziako_Errepublika" title="Veneziako Errepublika">Veneziaren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genovako_Errepublika" title="Genovako Errepublika">Genovaren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugaldar_Inperioa" title="Portugaldar Inperioa">Portugalen</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Espainiar_Inperioa" title="Espainiar Inperioa">Espainiaren</a> kontrolpean zeuden.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inperioak bere lekua hartu zuen <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europako</a> joko <a href="/wiki/Diplomazia" title="Diplomazia">diplomatikoan</a>, non <a href="/wiki/Frantzia" title="Frantzia">Frantziaren</a> <a href="/wiki/Aliatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliatu">aliatu</a> bat bilakatu baitzen, <a href="/wiki/Habsburgotar_monarkia" title="Habsburgotar monarkia">Habsburgotarren</a> aurkako zeharkako aliantza batean, <a href="/wiki/Frantzisko_I.a_Frantziakoa" title="Frantzisko I.a Frantziakoa">Frantzisko I.aren</a> erregealditik aurrera. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:SiegeOfViennaByOttomanForces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/SiegeOfViennaByOttomanForces.jpg/220px-SiegeOfViennaByOttomanForces.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/SiegeOfViennaByOttomanForces.jpg/330px-SiegeOfViennaByOttomanForces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/SiegeOfViennaByOttomanForces.jpg/440px-SiegeOfViennaByOttomanForces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="1853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viena" title="Viena">Vienako</a> setioa (1529).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Munduko_potentzia_zalantzan">Munduko potentzia zalantzan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Munduko potentzia zalantzan»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Munduko potentzia zalantzan"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_I.a" title="Suleiman I.a">Suleiman I.aren</a> heriotzak, 1566an, Otomandar Inperioaren urrezko aroaren amaiera markatu zuen; XVI. mendean, Inperioaren azalerak 5.200.000 km<sup>2</sup> zituen. <a href="/wiki/Portugaldar_Inperioa" title="Portugaldar Inperioa">Portugaldarrak</a> <a href="/wiki/Indiako_ozeanoa" title="Indiako ozeanoa">Indiako Ozeanoan</a> sartu zirelarik, <a href="/wiki/Ozeano_Atlantikoa" title="Ozeano Atlantikoa">Atlantikora</a> bideratu zen <a href="/wiki/Ekialdeko_Indiak" title="Ekialdeko Indiak">Indietako</a> merkataritzaren zati handi bat, eta <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Maskat" title="Maskat">Maskaten</a> aurka otomandarrek antolatutako espedizioek ez zuten eraginik ukan. Hala ere, <a href="/wiki/Sortalde_(Ekialde_Hurbila)" title="Sortalde (Ekialde Hurbila)">Sortaldeko</a> merkataritza XVI. mendearen amaieran berpizten hasi zen berriro. </p><p>Otomandar Inperioak itsas espedizio handien bitartekoak zeuzkan oraindik (<a href="/wiki/Zipre" title="Zipre">Zipre</a> konkistatu zuen 1570ean, eta <a href="/wiki/Kandiako_Gerra" title="Kandiako Gerra">Kreta</a> 1669an), eta lurrez <a href="/wiki/Austriar" title="Austriar">austriarren</a> zein <a href="/wiki/Errusiar" title="Errusiar">errusiarren</a> aurka egiteko gaitasuna ukan zuen. <a href="/wiki/Mosku" title="Mosku">Mosku</a> 1571n erre zuten, eta <a href="/wiki/Viena" title="Viena">Viena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austriako</a> <a href="/wiki/Habsburgotar_monarkia" title="Habsburgotar monarkia">Habsburgotarren</a> hiriburua, 1683an setiatu zuten. Inperioak mundu mailako botere sena gordetzen zuen oraindik. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokollu_Mehmet_Paxa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sokollu Mehmet Paxa (sortu gabe)">Sokollu Mehmet Paxa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selim_II.a" title="Selim II.a">Selim II.aren</a> <a href="/wiki/Bisir_Handia" title="Bisir Handia">bisir handiak</a> kanal proiektu bati ekin zion <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suezen</a>, eta beste bat <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Don_(ibaia)" title="Don (ibaia)">Don</a> artean, baina ez zuen egiterik lortu. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hego_Europa" title="Hego Europa">Hego Europan</a>, estatuen koalizio bat sortu zen Otomandar Inperioa itsasoetan garaitzeko asmoz, lehorreko borroketan garaiezina baitzirudien. <a href="/wiki/Lepantoko_gudua" title="Lepantoko gudua">Lepanton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felipe_II.a" class="mw-redirect" title="Felipe II.a">Felipe II.a</a> erregeak bidalia, koalizioko flota batek (<a href="/wiki/Aita_Santuen_Lurraldea" title="Aita Santuen Lurraldea">Aita Santuen Lurraldea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veneziako_Errepublika" title="Veneziako Errepublika">Veneziako Errepublika</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Espainiar_Inperioa" title="Espainiar Inperioa">Espainia</a>) aurre egin zion turkiar flota handiari. 1571n, <a href="/wiki/Lepantoko_gudua" title="Lepantoko gudua">Lepantoko guduan</a> 250 galera turkiar baino gehiago suntsitu zituen koalizioko flotak. Alabaina, etorkizunik gabeko garaipena izan zen, ez baitzituen otomandar boterearen oinarriak ukitu. Otomandar <a href="/wiki/Bisir" title="Bisir">bisir</a> handiak ministro veneziar bati hala esan zion gudu osteko negoziazioetan: «<a href="/wiki/Zipre" title="Zipre">Zipre</a> hartuta, besoa moztu dizuegu. Gure flota hondoratuta, bizarra moztu diguzue. Moztutako besoa, ordea, ez da berriro hazten».<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1573an, otomandar itsas armada berrituak bakea negoziatzera behartu zituen veneziarrak. Horri esker, <a href="/wiki/Iparraldeko_Afrika" title="Iparraldeko Afrika">Iparraldeko Afrikari</a> berriro begira jartzeko aukera eman zion sultanari. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:TurkischeHauptArmeeHochenleitterBGHistory_(randlos).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/TurkischeHauptArmeeHochenleitterBGHistory_%28randlos%29.jpg/220px-TurkischeHauptArmeeHochenleitterBGHistory_%28randlos%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/TurkischeHauptArmeeHochenleitterBGHistory_%28randlos%29.jpg/330px-TurkischeHauptArmeeHochenleitterBGHistory_%28randlos%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/TurkischeHauptArmeeHochenleitterBGHistory_%28randlos%29.jpg/440px-TurkischeHauptArmeeHochenleitterBGHistory_%28randlos%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>Otomandar armadaren desfilea <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> inguruan; hurbileko gotorlekuetatik kanoi tiroak (<a href="/wiki/Grabatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Grabatu">grabatu</a> alemana, 1788). Sultanak bere mendekoen gainean ―musulmanak izan ala ez― zeukan nagusitasuna adierazteko eta nekazari gazteak konprometitzera bultzatzeko modu bat zen.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1341" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lepantoko_gudua" title="Lepantoko gudua">Lepantoko gudua</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Otomandar mugak ez ziren ia aldatuko ehun urte luzez, 1566tik 1683ra bitarte. Gerrak <i>statu quo</i> bihurtzen dira, eta <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_I.a" title="Suleiman I.a">Suleiman I.aren</a> garaipenak iragan loriatsu gisa gelditu ziren oroimenean. Pertsiako <a href="/wiki/Safaviden_dinastia" title="Safaviden dinastia">Sefavidek</a> etengabe bota zituzten atzera turkiarren erasoak. <a href="/wiki/Danubio" title="Danubio">Danubioko</a> eskualdeetan, Inperioak aurre egin behar zien <a href="/wiki/Austriar_Inperioa" title="Austriar Inperioa">Austriaren</a> botere aurkariari eta printzerri errumaniarren matxinadei, <a href="/wiki/Mihai_Viteazu" title="Mihai Viteazu">Mihai Viteazu</a> (1593-1601) buru zutela. </p><p>Borroka eremuetan, otomandar armadak, edo, hobeto esanda, Turkiako kronistek deitzen zioten moduan, «islamaren armadak» potentzia izugarria izaten jarraitzen zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Indar ugari, logistika handia, eliteko <a href="/wiki/Jenizaro" title="Jenizaro">jenizaroak</a>, eta beti arkuz edo erriflez hornitutako soldadu samalda ikaragarriak. <a href="/wiki/Austriar_Inperioa" title="Austriar Inperioa">Austriaren</a> aurkako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerra_Luzea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerra Luzea (sortu gabe)">Gerra Luzeak</a> (1593-1606) giza baliabide handiak eskatu zizkien otomandarrei. 30 milioi biztanleren kemenari esker, gerra ahalegin handiak egin ahal izan zituzten, baina nabaritzen hasia zen <a href="/wiki/Mendebalde" title="Mendebalde">Mendebaldearekiko</a> atzerapen ekonomiko eta teknikoa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gainbeheraren_atarian">Gainbeheraren atarian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gainbeheraren atarian»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Gainbeheraren atarian"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Garai_nahasiak">Garai nahasiak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Garai nahasiak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Garai nahasiak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_III.a" title="Mehmed III.a">Mehmed III.aren</a> (1595-1603) eta haren seme <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_I.a" title="Ahmed I.a">Ahmed I.aren</a> (1603-1617) erregealdien garaian, Inperioak matxinada eta altxamendu militarrei egin behar izan zien aurre, batez ere <a href="/wiki/Konstantinopla" title="Konstantinopla">Konstantinoplako</a> <i>sipahi</i> edo <a href="/wiki/Zipaio" title="Zipaio">zipaioei</a>, 1603. urtearen hasieran. Beren boterea ziurtatzeko, sultan otomandarrek maiz aldatzen zituzten <a href="/wiki/Bisir" title="Bisir">bisirrak</a>, kontseilariak, buru militarrak eta goi administrazioko kideak. Horren ondorioz, izendatutako kargudunak bide guztietatik dirutza azkarrak lortzen saiatzen ziren; beste horrenbeste, menpeko funtzionarioak.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ustelkeria giro hartan, menderatutako herriak turkiarren kontra altxatzen hasi ziren, batez ere <a href="/wiki/Druzo" title="Druzo">druzoak</a>. </p><p>1590ean <a href="/wiki/Safaviden_dinastia" title="Safaviden dinastia">Sefavidekin</a> sinatutako itun umiliagarriaren ondotik, otomandarrek <a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a>, Chirvan, <a href="/wiki/Lorestan" title="Lorestan">Lorestan</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> hartu zituzten, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijanen</a> parte batekin.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gerra 1603an hasi zen berriro, <a href="/wiki/Abbas_I.a_Persiakoa" title="Abbas I.a Persiakoa">Abbas I.a Pertsiakoak</a> <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> berreskuratu zuenean; urte gutxiren buruan, ostera mendean hartu zituen <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> barne (1612).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Cecora_1620_111.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cecora_1620_111.JPG/220px-Cecora_1620_111.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cecora_1620_111.JPG/330px-Cecora_1620_111.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cecora_1620_111.JPG/440px-Cecora_1620_111.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="1670" /></a><figcaption>Poloniaren eta Otomandar Inperioaren arteko gerra (1620-1621).</figcaption></figure> <p>Europan, <a href="/wiki/Radva%C5%88_nad_Dunajom" title="Radvaň nad Dunajom">Zsitvatorokeko</a> itunak amaiera eman zion <a href="/wiki/Germaniako_Erromatar_Inperio_Santua" title="Germaniako Erromatar Inperio Santua">Germaniako Erromatar Inperio Santuaren</a> aurkako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerra_Luzea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerra Luzea (sortu gabe)">Gerra Luzeari</a>. Sultanak lehenengoz onartu behar izan zuen enperadorearekin parez pare solastatzea, eta urteko zerga «opari» bihurtu zuten.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Otomandarrek <a href="/wiki/Nagykanizsa" title="Nagykanizsa">Nagykanizsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esztergom" title="Esztergom">Esztergom</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Eger" title="Eger">Eger</a> gorde zituzten, baina <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A1c&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vác (sortu gabe)">Vác</a> eskualdea utzi behar izan zuten. Mendebalderanzko bidea eten egin zitzaien. </p><p>XVII. mendearen hasieran, otomandar armadak 150.000-200.000 bat gizon zituen. Hiru osagai zituen: </p> <ul><li><i>odjak</i>, Estatuaren ordainpeko <a href="/wiki/Milizia" title="Milizia">miliziak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jenizaro" title="Jenizaro">jenizaroak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zipaio" title="Zipaio">zipaioak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artilleria" title="Artilleria">artilariak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tren" title="Tren">treneko</a> soldaduak, <a href="/wiki/Arma" title="Arma">armagileak</a>, jauregiko <a href="/wiki/Lorategi" title="Lorategi">lorategietako</a> zaindariak);</li> <li><i>Başı bozuk</i>: tropa irregularrak ziren, gero eta gutxiago erreklutatuak;</li> <li>eta probintzietako tropak, mendeko lurraldeek halabeharrez hornituak, haiek baitziren ugarienak.</li></ul> <p>Kontingente bat eman behar zuten mendeko lurralde militarrei (<a href="/wiki/Zipaio" title="Zipaio">zipaio</a>) esleitutakoak (<i>timar</i> eta <i>zaim</i>) jauregiko zerbitzarien esku gelditu ziren pixkanaka, eta horren ondorioz armadarekiko betebeharretatik aske. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jenizaroen_goraldia">Jenizaroen goraldia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Jenizaroen goraldia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Jenizaroen goraldia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Probintzietako tropatan gero eta soldadu gutxiago zenbatzen ziren; 1560tik 1630era, <i>odjakak</i> ugaritu egin ziren, batez ere <a href="/wiki/Jenizaro" title="Jenizaro">jenizaroen</a> gorputza, lau aldiz biderkatuta. Presio fiskala areagotu egin zenez, probintzietan gero eta arazo gehiago sortu ziren. Jenizaroek, berriz, estatu bat osatzen zuten Estatuaren barruan, gero eta gehiago musulmanen artean <a href="/wiki/Errekrutatze" title="Errekrutatze">errekrutatuta</a>. Ezkontzeko eskubidea zutenez, <a href="/wiki/Garnizio" title="Garnizio">garnizio</a> bizitzan kokatzen ziren, batez ere <a href="/wiki/Konstantinopla" title="Konstantinopla">Konstantinoplan</a>. Turkiarrek jenizaroen artean zerbitzatzeko baimena lortu zuten, lehen <a href="/wiki/Esklabo" class="mw-redirect" title="Esklabo">esklabo</a> <a href="/wiki/Kristau" title="Kristau">kristauek</a> bakarrik osatzen zuten bitartean. Horrela, <a href="/wiki/Goardia_pretoriar" class="mw-redirect" title="Goardia pretoriar">pretoriar guardia</a> bat bihurtu zen, lehiaketa dinastikoen arbitro.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1648an <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_I.a" title="Ibrahim I.a">Ibrahim I.a</a> sultana hil ondoren eta 1656ra arte, <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Kopr%C3%BCl%C3%BC" title="Mehmet Koprülü">Mehmet Köprülü</a> <a href="/wiki/Bisir" title="Bisir">bisirrarekin</a> batera, aldi bat nabarmendu zen: <i>emakumeen sultanatoa</i> deitutakoa. Izan ere, garai hartako sultan gehienek benetako botere gutxi zuten. Sultanaren amak zuzendutako <a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a> inperialak zuzentzen zuen botere politikoa. Emakume <i>boteretsu</i> haietako bat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nur-banu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nur-banu (sortu gabe)">Nur-banu</a> izan zen, 1560ko hamarkadako Inperioko benetako zuzendaria. <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_I.a" title="Suleiman I.a">Suleiman I.aren</a> emazte <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrrem_Sultan" title="Hürrem Sultan">Hürrem Sultan</a> nabarmendu zen, emakume boteretsuen artean. <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_I.a" title="Ibrahim I.a">Ibrahim I.aren</a> ondorengotzan (1640-1648), harem inperiala gatazka orokor baten eszenatokia izan zen konkubina batzuen eta Ibrahimen ondorengo <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_IV.a" title="Mehmed IV.a">Mehmed IV.aren</a> amaren artean.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Berpizkunde_labur_bat">Berpizkunde labur bat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Berpizkunde labur bat»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Berpizkunde labur bat"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Azkenik, garai horretan kontrabotere bat sortu zen, <a href="/wiki/Bisir" title="Bisir">bisir</a> handiena, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC" title="Köprülü">Köprülü familiako</a> kideak bisir handi izendatuak izan baitziren. 1656tik 1703ra bitarte, Inperioa eta haren handitasuna berregituratzen hasi ziren. <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Kopr%C3%BCl%C3%BC" title="Mehmet Koprülü">Mehmed Paxa Köprülü</a> armadaren erreformarekin hasi zen. Gero, haren ondorengo semeak «emakume sultanen» boterea ezabatu zuen. Köprülütarren bisir garaiak sultanen boterearen murrizpena baliatu zuen beren botere eta handitasun nahia asetzeko. Batez ere eremu militarrean lortu zuten otomandarren ospe higatua pixka bat edertzea. <a href="/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania">Transilvanian</a> Inperioaren botere berrezarri zen, <a href="/wiki/Kreta" title="Kreta">Kreta</a> 1669an erabat mendean hartu zuten, <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a> 1676an poloniarrei hartu zieten.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Vienna_Battle_1683.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vienna_Battle_1683.jpg/220px-Vienna_Battle_1683.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vienna_Battle_1683.jpg/330px-Vienna_Battle_1683.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Vienna_Battle_1683.jpg/440px-Vienna_Battle_1683.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2783" data-file-height="1842" /></a><figcaption>Kara Mustafa bisirraren setioa <a href="/wiki/Viena" title="Viena">Vienaren</a> aurka, 1683an.</figcaption></figure> <p>Etengabeko gatazka aldi hura <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kara_Mustafa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kara Mustafa (sortu gabe)">Kara Mustafa</a> (Köprülütar bat, baina familiak adoptatua) bisir handiaren agintaritza osoan luzatu zen, gerra piztu baitzuen austriarrekin, ez baitzuen berritu nahi izan Vasvárreko bake ituna, 1664an epemugara iritsi ostean. 1683an <a href="/wiki/Vienako_gudua" title="Vienako gudua">Viena</a> setiatu zuen. Azkenik, Poloniako <a href="/wiki/Joan_III.a_Sobieski" title="Joan III.a Sobieski">Joan III.a Sobieski</a> erregeak turkiarrak garaitu zituen. Köprülü familiaren boterea ia guztiz hautsi zen <a href="/wiki/Jenizaro" title="Jenizaro">jenizaroek</a> Kara Mustafa hil zutenean, sultanaren aginduz. Liga Sainduaren <a href="/wiki/Kristau" title="Kristau">kristau</a> aliantzak tropa turkiarrak garaitu zituelarik, 1699an <a href="/wiki/Karlowitzeko_Ituna" title="Karlowitzeko Ituna">Karlowitzeko ituna</a> sinatzera behartu zuen Otomandar Inperioa. Itunaren ondorioz, Inperioak lurraldeak galdu zituen lehen aldiz, besteak beste <a href="/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria">Hungaria</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>. Ekonomikoki porrot eginda eta etsaiek militarki itota, kale itsuan sartuta gelditu zen. </p><p>Bi sultanek bakarrik jakin zuten beren denbora boterearekin markatzen: <a href="/wiki/Murad_IV.a" title="Murad IV.a">Murad IV.a</a> (1623-1640), berreskuratu zituena <a href="/wiki/Erevan" title="Erevan">Erevan</a> 1635ean eta <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> 1639an, <a href="/wiki/Safaviden_dinastia" title="Safaviden dinastia">Safaviden</a> dinastiaren lepotik; eta <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_II.a" title="Mustafa II.a">Mustafa II.a</a> (1695-1703), <a href="/wiki/Habsburgotar_monarkia" title="Habsburgotar monarkia">Habsburgotarren</a> aurka gerran jarraitu zuena, eta Lipoya. Lugoj eta Caransebeş berreskuratu zituena, nahiz porrota jaso zuen Sentako guduan (<a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, 1697-09-11). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inperioa_setiatua">Inperioa setiatua</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Inperioa setiatua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Inperioa setiatua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Guerre_turcs_autrichiens_1716-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Guerre_turcs_autrichiens_1716-18.jpg/220px-Guerre_turcs_autrichiens_1716-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Guerre_turcs_autrichiens_1716-18.jpg/330px-Guerre_turcs_autrichiens_1716-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Guerre_turcs_autrichiens_1716-18.jpg/440px-Guerre_turcs_autrichiens_1716-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3868" data-file-height="2771" /></a><figcaption>Austriaren eta Inperioaren arteko gerra, 1716-1718. Mihise gaineko olioa, Hungariako Museo Nazionalean ikusgai.</figcaption></figure> <p>Geldialdi garai hartan, Danubioko lurraldeetako batzuk Austriaren esku laga zituen Otomandar Inperioak. <a href="/wiki/Aljer" title="Aljer">Aljerreko</a> erregeordetza eta <a href="/wiki/Egipto" title="Egipto">Egipto</a>, esaterako, gero eta independenteagoak dira <a href="/wiki/Konstantinopla" title="Konstantinopla">Konstantinoplari</a> buruz. Iparraldeko mugan, gaur egungo <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukrainarantz</a>, otomandarrek <a href="/wiki/Petri_I.a_Errusiakoa" title="Petri I.a Errusiakoa">Petri I.aren</a> <a href="/wiki/Errusiako_Inperioa" title="Errusiako Inperioa">errusiar inperioa</a> atzerarazi zuten, baina <a href="/wiki/Katalina_II.a_Errusiakoa" title="Katalina II.a Errusiakoa">Katalina II.aren</a> erregealdian porrot sail handi bat pairatu zuten, errusiarren ontzidiak <a href="/wiki/Egeo" title="Egeo">Egeo itsasoan</a> <a href="/wiki/Krimeako_penintsula" title="Krimeako penintsula">Krimea</a> hartu baitzuen 1782an. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Levni_002_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Levni_002_detail.jpg/220px-Levni_002_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Levni_002_detail.jpg/330px-Levni_002_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Levni_002_detail.jpg/440px-Levni_002_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III.a" title="Ahmed III.a">Ahmed III.a</a> sultana.</figcaption></figure> <p>Garai hartan, <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultanak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Bisir" title="Bisir">bisirrak</a> buru-belarri ahalegindu ziren gainbeheran zetorkien inperioa indarberritzen. <i>Tulipen mendean</i> (<i>Lâle Devri</i> turkieraz, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III.a" title="Ahmed III.a">Ahmed III.a</a> sultanak loreari zion maitasunagatik hala deitua), Otomandar Inperioaren itzulera antzeko bat gertatu zen, Europako eszena ekonomiko eta politikoen buru. <a href="/wiki/Austriar_Inperioa" title="Austriar Inperioa">Austriaren</a> aurkako gerra bat berriro ere galdu bazuen ere 1718an, eta Passarowitzeko itunean inperioa belaunikatu behar izan bazen ere, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III.a" title="Ahmed III.a">Ahmed</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III.a" title="Ahmed III.a">III.ak</a> berebiziko ahalegina egin zuen erreforma berriak sartzen: <a href="/wiki/Zerga" title="Zerga">zergak</a> arindu zituen, inperioaren irudiak ospea hartu zuen berriro eta Europako <a href="/wiki/Manufaktura" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufaktura">manufakturen</a> antzeko enpresa ugari sortu ziren. <a href="/wiki/Armada" title="Armada">Armada</a> modernizatzen ere saiatzen da, Europako aholkulariekin. </p><p>1730ean, Albaniar jatorriko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrona_Halil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrona Halil (sortu gabe)">Patrona Halil</a> <a href="/wiki/Jenizaro" title="Jenizaro">jenizaroak</a> konplot bat antolatu zuen <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III.a" title="Ahmed III.a">Ahmed III.a</a> sultanaren aurka, ez baitzituen bete Halilek proposatutako erreforma proposamenak. Horren aurrean, Patrona Halilk eta beste jenizaro batzuek <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I.a" title="Mahmud I.a">Mahmud I.a</a> aldarrikatu zuten sultan. Ahmed III.ak astia izan zuen Halil exekutatzeko, baina boterea utzi behar izan zuen matxinadaren ondoren. </p><p>Beste arazo bat gehitu zitzaion 1731n Otomandar Inperioaren egoera txarrari: <a href="/wiki/Kaukasia" title="Kaukasia">Kaukasia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Errusiako_Inperioa" title="Errusiako Inperioa">Errusiarrek</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Persiar_Inperioa" title="Persiar Inperioa">persiarrek</a> Kaukasiaren gaineko burujabetza aldarrikatzen zuten. Errusiarren aitzakia zen lurralde haietan antzinako <a href="/wiki/Kosako" title="Kosako">kosakoak</a> bizi zirela; persiarren zuribidea, urte luzez haien mende egon zirela. Kaukasoko iparraldeko <a href="/wiki/Zirkasiar" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirkasiar">zirkasiar</a> haiek, berez, <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukrainako</a> antzinako <a href="/wiki/Kosako" title="Kosako">kosako</a> etorkinak ziren. Azkenean, tirabira politikoak gerrara eraman zituen <a href="/wiki/Errusiar" title="Errusiar">Errusiar</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Austriar_Inperioa" title="Austriar Inperioa">Austriar</a> Inperioak, alde batetik, eta Otomandar Inperioa, bestetik, 1735etik 1739ra. Errusiarrek <a href="/wiki/Krimeako_penintsula" title="Krimeako penintsula">Krimea</a> eta Danubioko printzerriak (<a href="/wiki/Valakiako_Printzerria" title="Valakiako Printzerria">Valakia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Moldaviako_Printzerria" title="Moldaviako Printzerria">Moldavia</a>) hartu eta otomandarren mendeko <a href="/wiki/Tartaro_(herria)" title="Tartaro (herria)">ta</a>r<a href="/wiki/Tartaro_(herria)" title="Tartaro (herria)">taroak</a> zapaldu eta gero, <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> ibaia zeharkatuta, <a href="/wiki/Besarabia" title="Besarabia">Besarabia</a> ere mendean hartu zuten. Errusiak ez zituen, ordura arte, otomandarrenak izandako hainbeste lurralde kontrolatu. </p><p>Otomandarren egoera zaila profitatuta, <a href="/wiki/Nadir_Xah" title="Nadir Xah">Nadir Xah</a> <a href="/wiki/Afxariden_dinastia" title="Afxariden dinastia">Persiako</a> xah berria erasora atera zen Inperioaren aurka. Lehenik, sultanarentzat preziatuak ziren hiri edo probintziak mendean hartu zituen (<a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a>, kasu), berari interesatzen zaizkionen truke aldatzeko; horrela, Bagdad otomandarrei itzuli zien, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armeniaren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgiaren</a> truke. 1735ean, itun bat sinatu zuen errusiarrekin, besteak beste haiek otomandarren aurka zeukaten gerra amaitzen zuena. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Turkish_guns_1750-1800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Turkish_guns_1750-1800.jpg/220px-Turkish_guns_1750-1800.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Turkish_guns_1750-1800.jpg/330px-Turkish_guns_1750-1800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Turkish_guns_1750-1800.jpg/440px-Turkish_guns_1750-1800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2330" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>XVIII. mendeko <a href="/wiki/Moskete" title="Moskete">moskete</a> otomandarrak (1750-1800).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jenizaroen_indarra">Jenizaroen indarra</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Jenizaroen indarra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Jenizaroen indarra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Battle_of_Vienna.SultanMurads_with_janissaries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Battle_of_Vienna.SultanMurads_with_janissaries.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Vienna.SultanMurads_with_janissaries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Battle_of_Vienna.SultanMurads_with_janissaries.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Vienna.SultanMurads_with_janissaries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Battle_of_Vienna.SultanMurads_with_janissaries.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Vienna.SultanMurads_with_janissaries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="1061" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jenizaro" title="Jenizaro">Jenizaroak</a>. Antzinako Erromako <a href="/wiki/Pretoriar_Guardia" title="Pretoriar Guardia">pretoriar guardiak</a> bezala, XVIII. mendearen amaieran sultanei ezarri zieten beren politika.</figcaption></figure> <p>Inperioaren boterea gero eta itxurazkoagoa zen. Gainbehera nabarmena izan zen XVIII. mendean, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_III.a" title="Mustafa III.a">Mustafa</a> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_III.a" title="Mustafa III.a">III.aren</a> erregealdian. 1763an, Raghib Paxa <a href="/wiki/Bisir" title="Bisir">bisirra</a> hil zenean, boterean bakarka jarraitzea erabaki zuen. Politikari trebeziarik gabea zenez, ez zekien aholkulari edo komandante militarrak egokiz inguratzen. <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltairek</a> «ezjakin handi» bat zela zioen, <a href="/wiki/Katalina_II.a_Errusiakoa" title="Katalina II.a Errusiakoa">Katalina II.a Errusiakoari</a> bidalitako gutun batean.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ezgaitasun nabarion aurrean, <a href="/wiki/Jenizaro" title="Jenizaro">jenizaroek</a> beren boterea nagusiarazi zuten, sultanak egin nahi zituen erreforma guztiak blokeatuta. Ez zen lehenengo aldiz gertatzen eliteko soldaduen esku hartzea politikan, XVII. mendean lau sultan hil edo boteretik kendu baitzituzten (<a href="/wiki/Mustafa_I.a" title="Mustafa I.a">Mustafa I.a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osman_II.a" title="Osman II.a">Osman II.a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_I.a" title="Ibrahim I.a">Ibrahim I.a</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_IV.a" title="Mehmed IV.a">Mehmed IV.a</a>). OInezko soldatuen gorputz horren boterea handituz joan zen etengabe. <a href="/wiki/Abdulhamid_I.a" title="Abdulhamid I.a">Abdulhamid I.ak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_III.a" title="Mustafa III.a">Mustafa III.aren</a> anaiak, ezin izan zuen eragotzi Krimea mendean hartzea, 1783an, <a href="/wiki/Katalina_II.a_Errusiakoa" title="Katalina II.a Errusiakoa">Katalina II.ak</a>. Ordutik aurrera, <a href="/wiki/Itsaso_Beltza" title="Itsaso Beltza">Itsaso Beltza</a> ez zen gehiago otomandarren kontrol bakarraren mende. <a href="/wiki/Selim_III.a" title="Selim III.a">Selim III.aren</a> erregetzan, aurrekoari jarraituta, jenizaroen boterea goratu besterik ez zen egin, eta haren ideia erreformatzaileak onartzen ez zituztenez, 1807an matxinatu egin ziren: Selim III.a boteretik kendu eta haren ordez <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_IV.a" title="Mustafa IV.a">Mustafa IV.a</a> jarri zuten, eta 1808an hil egin zuten. Jenizaroen gorputza 1826an desegin zutelarik, indartu egin zuen <a href="/wiki/Ekialdeko_auzia" title="Ekialdeko auzia">Ekialdeko auziari</a> buruz Europako indarrek zeukaten norgehiagoka. Izan ere, Europako potentzia handiak (batez ere <a href="/wiki/Frantzia" title="Frantzia">Frantzia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erresuma_Batua" title="Erresuma Batua">Erresuma Batua</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Errusiako_Inperioa" title="Errusiako Inperioa">Errusia</a>, eta, neurri txikiagoan, <a href="/wiki/Austriar_Inperioa" title="Austriar Inperioa">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Alemaniar_Inperioa" title="Alemaniar Inperioa">Alemaniar Inperioa</a>) lehian ari ziren, pixkanaka desegiten ari zen inperio haren eskualdeetan nolabaiteko eragina edukitzeko.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gainbehera_eta_porrota">Gainbehera eta porrota</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gainbehera eta porrota»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Gainbehera eta porrota"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modernizatzeko_ahalegina">Modernizatzeko ahalegina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Modernizatzeko ahalegina»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Modernizatzeko ahalegina"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Map.Turquie.d%27Asie-1806-Herisson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map.Turquie.d%27Asie-1806-Herisson.jpg/220px-Map.Turquie.d%27Asie-1806-Herisson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map.Turquie.d%27Asie-1806-Herisson.jpg/330px-Map.Turquie.d%27Asie-1806-Herisson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map.Turquie.d%27Asie-1806-Herisson.jpg/440px-Map.Turquie.d%27Asie-1806-Herisson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4329" data-file-height="3389" /></a><figcaption>Otomandar Inperioaren mapa 1806an, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina">Palestina</a> eta abar barne.</figcaption></figure><div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a>»</div><p> XIX. mendean, Inperioak lurraldeak galdu zituen, baina modernizazio prozesu bati ekin zion, garai bateko boterea eta oparotasuna berreskuratzeko xedez. Aldi hori 1808an hasi zen Aliantzaren Gutunarekin (<a href="/wiki/Turkiera" title="Turkiera">turkieraz</a> <i>Sened-i Ittifak</i>); sultanaren eta buruzagi feudalen artean sinatutako itun bat zen, azken horiek administrazio zentralaren aurrean zuten boterea berresten zuena. Haren ondotik hasi zen <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> (Berrantolaketa) izeneko berrikuntza aroa, 1839tik aurrera, non administrazio zentralak Inperioa modernizatzeko lege neurriak iragarri baitzituen. Garai hartan, Europako zenbait herrialdek, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Frantzia" title="Frantzia">Frantziak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Erresuma_Batua" title="Erresuma Batua">Erresuma Batuak</a>, eragin handia izan zuten Otomandar Inperioan. Une hartan hasitako beste erreforma bat izan zen <a href="/wiki/Esklabotza" title="Esklabotza">esklabotza</a> indargabetzea, 1847an. Erreformak 1856an sinatutako <a href="/wiki/Parisko_Ituna_(1856)" title="Parisko Ituna (1856)">Parisko Itunak</a> azkartu zituen, eta 1876ko abenduaren 23an lehen Konstituzio monarkikoa onartu zen.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png/220px-Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png/330px-Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png/440px-Greek_lithograph_celebrating_the_Ottoman_Constitution.png 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>Litografia grekoa, 1908ko Otomandar Konstituzioari agur egiten diona. Kateetaik askatzen diren Inperioaren eta Otomandar Nazioaren komunitateak biltzen ditu. Aingeruak idazkun bat darama, «askatasuna, berdintasuna, anaitasuna» aipatuz.</figcaption></figure> <p>1830ean, <a href="/wiki/Grezia" title="Grezia">Greziak</a>, mendebaldeko potentzien laguntzarekin, <a href="/wiki/Greziako_Independentzia_Gerra" title="Greziako Independentzia Gerra">independentzia</a> lortu zuen. <a href="/wiki/Egipto" title="Egipto">Egiptoko</a> gobernadore <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Ali" title="Mehmet Ali">Mehmet Alik</a> subirano independente gisa jokatzen zuen, eta bere semea haren ondorengoa izatea lortu zuen, aurrekari bat ezarriz. Inperioak Errusiaren hedapenari aurre egin ahal izan zion, soilik <a href="/wiki/Erresuma_Batua" title="Erresuma Batua">Erresuma Batuak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Frantzia" title="Frantzia">Frantziak</a> babesten zutelako, batez ere <a href="/wiki/Krimeako_Gerra" title="Krimeako Gerra">Krimeako gerran</a>. Babes garestia izan zen, baina: Frantziak Aljeria hartu zuen lehenbizi, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> gero; Erresuma Batuak, <a href="/wiki/Egipto" title="Egipto">Egipto</a>, <i>de facto</i> XIX. mendearen hasieratik independentea zena. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Krimeako_Gerra" title="Krimeako Gerra">Krimeako Gerrak</a> Inperioaren ahultasun finantzarioa jarri zuen agerian: ez zuen benetako aurrekonturik, diru sarrera fiskalak guztiz irregularrak ziren, zorpetze gero eta handiagoa zeukan. Inperioaren finantza eta aduanak 1863an partzuergo frantses-ingeles batek sortutako Otomandar Bankuaren begiradapean pasatzen ziren.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inperioa ez zen gauza izan <a href="/wiki/Balkanetako_historia" title="Balkanetako historia">Balkanetako</a> zenbait herrialderen independentzia galarazteko, Europan gero eta lurralde gehiago galduz. 1876ko urtarrilaz geroztik, zailtasunak izan zituen <a href="/wiki/Bosniako" title="Bosniako">Bosniarren</a> matxinada baten eraginez, <a href="/wiki/Apirileko_Altxaldia" title="Apirileko Altxaldia">Bulgarian altxaldi</a> handi batekin batera gertatu baitzen, finean <a href="/wiki/Errusia-Turkia_Gerra_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Errusia-Turkia Gerra (1877–1878)">gatazka militarra</a> sortu zuena <a href="/wiki/Errusiako_Inperioa" title="Errusiako Inperioa">Errusiaren</a> eta Otomandar Inperioaren artean.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Azpiratua, Turkiak errefusatu egin zuen potentzia handiek Londresen egindako protokoloa sinatzea, eta horrek kezka handia sortu zuen inbertitzaileen artean: hilabete bakar batean, erreferentziako mailegu publiko frantsesak lau puntu galdu zituen, italiarrak sei puntu eta errusiarrak hamar puntu. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Otomandar dirua</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 80px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 78px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:OTTOMAN_EMPIRE_Banknotes,_20_Kurush_ND(1852).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1852"><img alt="1852" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/OTTOMAN_EMPIRE_Banknotes%2C_20_Kurush_ND%281852%29.jpg/117px-OTTOMAN_EMPIRE_Banknotes%2C_20_Kurush_ND%281852%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/OTTOMAN_EMPIRE_Banknotes%2C_20_Kurush_ND%281852%29.jpg/176px-OTTOMAN_EMPIRE_Banknotes%2C_20_Kurush_ND%281852%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/OTTOMAN_EMPIRE_Banknotes%2C_20_Kurush_ND%281852%29.jpg/235px-OTTOMAN_EMPIRE_Banknotes%2C_20_Kurush_ND%281852%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1852</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:An_%E2%80%9COttomanist%E2%80%9D_banknote_(12965961093).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1880"><img alt="1880" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/An_%E2%80%9COttomanist%E2%80%9D_banknote_%2812965961093%29.jpg/284px-An_%E2%80%9COttomanist%E2%80%9D_banknote_%2812965961093%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/An_%E2%80%9COttomanist%E2%80%9D_banknote_%2812965961093%29.jpg/426px-An_%E2%80%9COttomanist%E2%80%9D_banknote_%2812965961093%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/An_%E2%80%9COttomanist%E2%80%9D_banknote_%2812965961093%29.jpg/567px-An_%E2%80%9COttomanist%E2%80%9D_banknote_%2812965961093%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1242" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1880</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Porrota">Porrota</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Porrota»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Porrota"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Balkan%2BMikrasia_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Balkan%2BMikrasia_1914.jpg/220px-Balkan%2BMikrasia_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Balkan%2BMikrasia_1914.jpg/330px-Balkan%2BMikrasia_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Balkan%2BMikrasia_1914.jpg/440px-Balkan%2BMikrasia_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Balkanak" title="Balkanak">Balkanetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ekialde_Hurbila" title="Ekialde Hurbila">Ekialde Hurbilean</a> mintzatzen ziren hizkuntzak (1913).</figcaption></figure> <p>1908an, <a href="/wiki/Abdulhamid_II.a" title="Abdulhamid II.a">Abdulhamid II.a</a> sultan zurrunaren eta korronte erreformisten arteko tentsioak bultzatu zuen <a href="/wiki/Turkiar_Gazteak" title="Turkiar Gazteak">Turkiako Gazteen</a> alderdia boterea hartzera. Erreformak aurrera eraman arren, Inperioak Ipar Afrikako lurraldeak galdu zituen lehenbizi; gero <a href="/wiki/Dodekaneso" title="Dodekaneso">Dodekanesoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkiar_Gerra" title="Italo-Turkiar Gerra">Italiaren eta Tuirkiaren arteko gerran</a> (1911); eta, azkenik, Europako ia lurralde guztiak <a href="/wiki/Balkanetako_Gerrak" title="Balkanetako Gerrak">Balkanetako gerretan</a> (1912-1913). </p><p>Inperioa berriro altxatu nahirik, <a href="/wiki/Alemaniar_Inperioa" title="Alemaniar Inperioa">Alemaniar Inperioarekin</a> aliantza bat egin zuten otomandarrek. 1914an gerra deklaratu zioten <a href="/wiki/Entente_Hirukoitza" title="Entente Hirukoitza">Entente Hirukoitzari</a>, eta eraso handiak egin zizkioten <a href="/wiki/Egipto" title="Egipto">Egiptori</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Kaukasia" title="Kaukasia">Kaukasoari</a>. Porrotak izan ziren guztiak: Inperioak ez zuen bitartekorik ekimen politiko haiei erantzun egokirik emateko, <a href="/wiki/Epidemia" title="Epidemia">epidemiek</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Gosete" title="Gosete">goseteek</a> suntsiturik zeukaten. Egoera ahul hartan, barne tentsioak ugaritu egin ziren inperio osoan. <a href="/wiki/Arabiar_Iraultza" title="Arabiar Iraultza">Arabiar matxinada handia</a> gertatu zen 1916 eta 1918 artean, <a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali_(Mekako_xerifea)" title="Hussein bin Ali (Mekako xerifea)">Hussein bin Ali</a>, Mekako xerifea, buru zela, <a href="/wiki/Arabia" title="Arabia">Arabiako penintsula</a> askatzeko eta <a href="/wiki/Alepo" title="Alepo">Alepotik</a> <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Adenera</a> doan estatu arabiar bateratua sortzeko. Sultanak islamaren <a href="/wiki/Kalifa" title="Kalifa">kalifa</a> gisa egindako <a href="/wiki/Gerra_Santua" title="Gerra Santua">gerra santurako</a> deiak ez zuen oihartzun handirik ukan. Inperioaren beraren existentzia mehatxupean gelditu zen, bai barne bai kanpo arazoengatik. </p><p>1915ean, alderdiaren muinak, <a href="/wiki/Talat_Pasha" title="Talat Pasha">Talat Pasha</a> barne ministroaren agindupean, armeniar otomandarrak erbesteratu eta erailtzeko ekimen bat antolatu zuen, <a href="/wiki/Armeniar_genozidioa" title="Armeniar genozidioa">armeniar genozidioa</a> izenez ezagutzen dena: 1.200.000-1.500.000 hildako eragin zituen, historialari gehienen arabera,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> eta 600.000-800.000 biktima inguru, egungo <a href="/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia">Estatu turkiarraren</a> arabera. Talat, <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a> eta Turkiako beste buruzagi batzuen erruduntasuna Otomandar justiziak aitortu bazuen ere (1919ko uztailean heriotzara zigortu zituen), egungo turkiar Estatuak ukatu egiten du «<a href="/wiki/Genozidioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Genozidioa">genozidioa»</a> egon zenik, eta nahiago du «sarraskiak» egon zirela esatea. Orobat, justifikatu egiten ditu, esanez <a href="/wiki/Armeniar" title="Armeniar">armeniar</a> populazio <a href="/wiki/Kristau" title="Kristau">kristauak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Pontoko_greziar" title="Pontoko greziar">Pontoko greziarrak</a> ―Errusiar tropen aldekotzat jotzen zirenak― Turkiaren osotasunerako mehatxu bat zirela.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frantziako_Parlamentua" title="Frantziako Parlamentua">Frantziako Parlamentuak</a> 1998ko maiatzaren 26an onartutako txostenak azpimarratzen duenez, 1923ko <a href="/wiki/Lausanako_Hitzarmena" title="Lausanako Hitzarmena">Lausanako Hitzarmenaren</a> ondoren, «dozenaka mila armeniar batzuk baino ez dira geratzen Turkian, gehientsuenak <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbulen</a>».<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armeniaren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Grezia" title="Grezia">Greziaren</a> aburuz, armeniarren eta Pontoko greziarren genozidioak (azken horiez, 1916 eta 1923 artean, 350.000-360.000 bat hildako)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> XX. mendean gertatutako lehenengoetakoak izan ziren.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Otomandar Inperioko kristau populazio horien bi heren suntsituak izan ziren. Testuinguru nahasgarri hartan gertatu zen, baita ere, <a href="/wiki/Asiriar_genozidioa" title="Asiriar genozidioa">asiriar genozidioa</a>, 1914tik 1920ra bitartean, 500.000-750.000 bat pertsona hil zituena; hau da, garai hartako asiriar populazioaren&#160;%&#160;70 inguru.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Turquie_1919-1921_d%27apr%C3%A8s_Luisao_Araujo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Turquie_1919-1921_d%27apr%C3%A8s_Luisao_Araujo.png/220px-Turquie_1919-1921_d%27apr%C3%A8s_Luisao_Araujo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Turquie_1919-1921_d%27apr%C3%A8s_Luisao_Araujo.png/330px-Turquie_1919-1921_d%27apr%C3%A8s_Luisao_Araujo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Turquie_1919-1921_d%27apr%C3%A8s_Luisao_Araujo.png/440px-Turquie_1919-1921_d%27apr%C3%A8s_Luisao_Araujo.png 2x" data-file-width="14583" data-file-height="8733" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vresko_Ituna" title="Sèvresko Ituna">Sèvreseko Itunaren</a> baldintzak.</figcaption></figure> <p>Otomandar Inperioarentzat, <a href="/wiki/Lehen_Mundu_Gerra" title="Lehen Mundu Gerra">Lehen Mundu Gerraren</a> ondorioa erabat kaltegarria izan zen, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungariako_Inperioa" title="Austria-Hungariako Inperioa">austro-hungariarrentzat</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Alemaniar_Inperioa" title="Alemaniar Inperioa">alemaniarrentzat</a> bezala, garaituen eremuan baitzegoen. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vresko_Ituna" title="Sèvresko Ituna">Sèvresko Ituna</a> guztiz zorrotza izan zen: </p> <ul><li>Gehiengo arabiarreko lurraldeak (<a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina">Palestina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libano" title="Libano">Libano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hijaz" title="Al-Hijaz">Al-Hijaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asiria" title="Asiria">Asiria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>) Inperiotik bananduak izan ziren, eta <a href="/wiki/Ilgora_Emankorra" title="Ilgora Emankorra">Ilgora Emankorreko</a> lurraldeak <a href="/wiki/Frantzia" title="Frantzia">frantziarren</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Britainia_Handia" title="Britainia Handia">britainiarren</a> mende geratu ziren <a href="/wiki/Nazioen_Liga" title="Nazioen Liga">Nazioen Ligak</a> hala erabakita, arabiar nazionalistei emandako hitza aldatuta (ikus <a href="/wiki/Sykes-Picot_Hitzarmena" title="Sykes-Picot Hitzarmena">Sykes-Picot Hitzarmena</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egeo" title="Egeo">Egeoko</a> itsasertza <a href="/wiki/Grezia" title="Grezia">greziarrek</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">italiarrek</a> hartu zuten.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardaneloak" title="Dardaneloak">Dardaneloetako</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Bosforo" title="Bosforo">Bosforoko</a> <a href="/wiki/Itsasarte" title="Itsasarte">itsasarteak</a> Turkiaren burujabetzatik kanpo gelditu ziren.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trazia" title="Trazia">Traziako</a> zatirik handiena Greziaren barruan gelditu zen.</li> <li>Ipar-ekialdean, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> banandu egin zen.</li> <li>Ekialdean, etorkizuneko <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> bat aurreikusi zen eta <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian</a> bertan <a href="/wiki/Kurdu" title="Kurdu">kurduen</a> eraginpeko zonak zehaztu ziren.</li></ul> <p>Otomandar Inperioak <a href="/wiki/Burujabetza" title="Burujabetza">burujabetza</a> osoa Anatolia zentral eta iparraldekoan bakarrik gorde zuen. Herritarren eta armadaren begietara, <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultanak</a> zilegitasun guztia galdu zuen, halako itun bat sinatzeagatik. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Errepublikarantz">Errepublikarantz</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Errepublikarantz»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Errepublikarantz"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vresko_Ituna" title="Sèvresko Ituna">Sèvresko Itunaren</a> baldintza ezin zorrotzagoek turkiar sentimendu nazionala piztu zuten. Soldadu ohiak Mustafa <a href="/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> militarraren inguruan bildu ziren. Europarrak Anatoliatik kanporatuta, gobernuburu gisa nagusitu zen, sultana ohorezko zereginetara zokoratuta. 1923an, Otomandar Inperioa eta <a href="/wiki/Kalifa" title="Kalifa">kalifatoa</a> deuseztatu zituen, independentzia gerraren bidez Turkia modernoa edo <a href="/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia">Turkiako Errepublika</a> sortzeko, Otomandar Inperioaren ondorengo estatua gelditzen ziren lurraldean: <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armeniar_goi-ordokia" title="Armeniar goi-ordokia">Armeniar goi-ordokiaren</a> mendebaldeko zati handi bat eta <a href="/wiki/Trazia" title="Trazia">Ekialdeko Trazia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Kemal Atatürk">Kemal Atatürk</a> presidente bihurtu zen 1923an. Otomandar azken sultana, <a href="/wiki/Abdulmezid_II.a" title="Abdulmezid II.a">Abdulmezid II.a</a> kargugabetzean, 1923an, Kemal Atatürkek aldaketa politiko bat burutu zuen, otomandar dinastia amaiarazi baitzuen. <a href="/wiki/Kalifa-herri" title="Kalifa-herri">Kalifatoa</a> deuseztatuta, 1924an, aldaketa erlijioso bat eragin zuen, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunismo" title="Sunismo">sunitaren</a> mendez mendeko erakunde nagusia suntsitu baitzuen (<a href="/wiki/Abdulmezid_II.a" title="Abdulmezid II.a">Abdulmezid II.a</a> mundu musulmaneko 101. eta azken ohiko kalifa izan zen). 1990eko hamarkadatik aurrera, <a href="/wiki/Kalifa-herri" title="Kalifa-herri">kalifa-herria</a> berpiztu eta <a href="/wiki/Kalifa" title="Kalifa">kalifa</a> autoizendatzeko saioak ugaritu ziren, besteak beste <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abou Bakr al-Baghdadi</a> irakiarrarena. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a><figcaption>Otomandar Inperioaren <a href="/wiki/Armarria" class="mw-redirect" title="Armarria">armarria</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inperioaren_antolaketa">Inperioaren antolaketa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Inperioaren antolaketa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Inperioaren antolaketa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Otomandar Inperioak mendeetan zehar garatu zuen <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> inguruan oso gobernu zentralizatua. Estatuaren antolamendua, probintzien, herritarren eta funtzionarioen gaineko kontrol eraginkorra izan zuen. Aberastasuna eta posizio soziala ez ziren nahitaez herentziaz jaso behar, baina merituak aitortzearen bidez eskuratu zitekeen. Kargu sozialen bilakaera hori, hala nola, <a href="/wiki/Bisir" title="Bisir">Bisirren</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aghar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aghar (sortu gabe)">Agharren</a> izenburuen esleipenak markatzen zuen. Zerbitzu militarra funtsezko elementua zen hierarkian aurrera egiteko. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Probintziak">Probintziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Probintziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Probintziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Otomandar Inperioko probintziak erakunde administratiboak ziren, administrazio militarrean eta zibiletan eta funtzio exekutiboetan oinarritutakoak. Administrazio horren ezartzea bi fasetan egin zen: lehena Inperioaren eraikuntzarekin lotuta dago eta boterearen igoerarekin eboluzionatu da; bigarrena 1864ko administrazio-erreforma zabalengatik eta inperioaren deseginarekin amaitu zen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kultura">Kultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kultura»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Kultura"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hainbat mendetan, Otomandar Inperioak ikuspuntu ekonomiko zein kultural batetik aldi aberatsak ezagutu zituen. Inguruko herrialdeetan eragin handia izan zuen: <a href="/wiki/Mendebalde" title="Mendebalde">Mendebaldean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iparraldeko_Afrika" title="Iparraldeko Afrika">Afrika iparraldea</a>), eta <a href="/wiki/Ekialde" title="Ekialde">Ekialdean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erdialdeko_Asia" title="Erdialdeko Asia">Erdialdeko Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persiar_Inperioa" title="Persiar Inperioa">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>). Bere posizio geoestrategikoak asko lagundu zion botere kultural nagusia izateko garaian. </p><p>Inperioaren hizkuntza ofiziala <a href="/wiki/Otomandar_turkiera" title="Otomandar turkiera">Otomandar turkiera</a> izan zen, Turkiako, arabiar eta persiar nahasketa, arabiar karaktereetan idatzita zegoena. Inperioan, hainbat esparruetan, idaztea ezinbestekoa zen: jarduera ekonomikoetan, antolaketa judizialean, administrazioan, erlijioan eta hezkuntzan. Artxiboetan gordetako dokumentu ugariek garrantzi honi erakusten dute.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Otomandarrek hainbat idazkera desberdin erabiltzen zituzten, estiloan zein funtzioetan. Zerbitzari zibilek <i>divanî</i> estiloan idazten zuten, hau da, kantzilerraren idazketa erabiltzen zuten. Idazlan horren helburua boteretik zetozen dokumentuak identifikatzea zen. Gutunen eta hitzen arteko diseinua ez zuen etenik, eta horrek ezinezkoa egiten zuen dokumentuak faltsutzea. Idazketa estilo batzuk apenas irakurtzen ziren otomandar gehienentzat. Hori da, bereziki, kontabilitaterako erabiltzen zen <i>siyakat</i> idazkera; oso azkar idazten duenak, hau da, idazkera oso kurbagarria dela esan nahi du. Gaur egun, idazkerari dagokionez, <i>Nesih</i> estiloan idazten da; hau zen kopiatzaileen idazketa. Bziren ere beste estilo batzuk baina hauek ziren nagusiak.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iruditegia">Iruditegia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Iruditegia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Iruditegia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ottoman_women.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ottoman_women.jpg/120px-Ottoman_women.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ottoman_women.jpg/180px-Ottoman_women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ottoman_women.jpg/240px-Ottoman_women.jpg 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="183" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; 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font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDonald_Quataert,_Halil_İnalcık">Donald Quataert, Halil İnalcık.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/419899820"><i>An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914. </i></a>&#32;www.worldcat.org&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0521574563" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0521574563">978-0521574563</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFVirginia_H._Aksan2007">Virginia H. Aksan. &#32;(2007).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=cjbYxqoJyZoC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>Ottoman Wars 1700-1870: An Empire Besieged. </i></a>&#32;Longman/Pearson&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-582-30807-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-582-30807-7">978-0-582-30807-7</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCarter_V._Findley">Carter V. Findley.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/751821052"><i>Turkey, Islam, nationalism, and modernity&#160;: a history, 1789-2007. </i></a>&#32;www.worldcat.org&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0300152616" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0300152616">978-0300152616</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDonald_Quataert">Donald Quataert.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/875094027"><i>The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922. </i></a>&#32;www.worldcat.org&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0521839105" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0521839105">978-0521839105</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDominik_J._SchallerJürgen_Zimmerer2008-03">Dominik J. Schaller&#59;&#32;Jürgen Zimmerer. &#32;(2008-03).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623520801950820">«Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies—introduction»</a>&#32;<i>Journal of Genocide Research</i>&#32;10&#32;(1): 7–14.&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520801950820">10.1080/14623520801950820</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1462-3528">1462-3528</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDouglas_A._Howard2017-01-09">Douglas A. Howard. &#32;(2017-01-09).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=e57eDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA318&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>A History of the Ottoman Empire. </i></a>&#32;Cambridge University Press&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-108-10747-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-108-10747-1">978-1-108-10747-1</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFFrédéric_Hitzel">Frédéric Hitzel.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/918352690"><i>L' empire ottoman&#160;: XVe - XVIIe siècles. </i></a>&#32;WorldCat.org&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-2251410166" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-2251410166">978-2251410166</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLemnouar_Merouche">Lemnouar Merouche.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/51843745"><i>Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane. </i></a>&#32;WorldCat.org&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-2912946317" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-2912946317">978-2912946317</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDominique_Sourdel1978">Dominique Sourdel. &#32;(1978).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bibliotheque.nat.tn/KHNU/doc/SYRACUSE/485875/encyclopedie-de-l-islam">«Khalifa»</a>&#32;<i>Encyclopédie de l'islam</i>&#32;(G.P. Maisonneuve et Larose)&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMarinos_Sariyannis_(editore_nagusia),_Gülsün_Aksoy-Aivali,_Marina_Demetriadou,_Yannis_Spyropoulos,_Katerina_Stathi_eta_Yorgos_Vidras2021-10-23">Marinos Sariyannis (editore nagusia), Gülsün Aksoy-Aivali, Marina Demetriadou, Yannis Spyropoulos, Katerina Stathi eta Yorgos Vidras. &#32;(2021-10-23).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023205920/https://www.ims.forth.gr/en/publication/view?id=7"><i>New Trends in Ottoman Studies: Papers presented at the 20th CIÉPO Symposium, Rethymno, 27 June–1 July 2012. </i></a>&#32;IMS Publications (web.archive.org)&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFYves_Ternon2002">Yves Ternon. &#32;(2002).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/50598584"><i>Empire ottoman&#160;: le déclin, la chute, l'effacement. </i></a>&#32;WorldCat.org&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-2866454258" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-2866454258">978-2866454258</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLouis_Gardet1977">Louis Gardet. &#32;(1977).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/164789597"><i>Les hommes de l'Islam. </i></a>&#32;WorldCat.org&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMichel_Lesure2021">Michel Lesure. &#32;(2021).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/1301272940"><i>Lépante&#160;: La crise de l'Empire ottoman. </i></a>&#32;WorldCat.org&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-2072564055" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-2072564055">978-2072564055</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFEvliya_Çelebi,_Faruk_Bilici2000">Evliya Çelebi, Faruk Bilici. &#32;(2000).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/43803394"><i>La guerre des Turcs&#160;: récits de batailles&#160;: extraits du "Livre de voyages". </i></a>&#32;WorldCat.org&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-2742725496" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-2742725496">978-2742725496</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPierre_Claude_François_Daunou_et_al._(ed.)1832">Pierre Claude François Daunou et al. (ed.). &#32;(1832).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=MDkbAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA731&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>Journal des sçavans. </i></a>&#32;Éditions Klincksieck&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFJoseph_Hammer-Purgstall,_J._J._Hellert1993">Joseph Hammer-Purgstall, J. J. Hellert. &#32;(1993).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/954302438"><i>Histoire de l'Empire ottoman depuis son origine jusqu'à nos jours. </i></a>&#32;Les Éditions Isis (WorldCat.org)&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-9754280425" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-9754280425">978-9754280425</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFM._Th_Houtsma1993">M. Th Houtsma. &#32;(1993).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/28557785"><i>E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936. </i></a>&#32;WorldCat.org&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-9004097964" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-9004097964">978-9004097964</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPierre_Claude_François_Daunou_et_al._(ed.)1832">Pierre Claude François Daunou et al. (ed.). &#32;(1832).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=MDkbAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA731&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>Journal des sçavans. </i></a>&#32;Éditions Klincksieck&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGábor_Ágoston2014">Gábor Ágoston. &#32;(2014).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/5/article/551240">«Firearms and Military Adaptation: The Ottomans and the European Military Revolution, 1450–1800»</a>&#32;<i>Journal of World History</i>&#32;25&#32;(1): 85–124.&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.2014.0005">10.1353/jwh.2014.0005</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1527-8050">1527-8050</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLeslie_P._Peirce,_Ayşe._Berktay1996">Leslie P. Peirce, Ayşe. Berktay. &#32;(1996).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/1030067051"><i>Harem-i Hümayun&#160;: Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda hükümranlık ve kadınlar = The imperial Harem&#160;: women and sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. </i></a>&#32;WorldCat.org&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171129220407/https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/koprulu">«Köprülü»</a>&#32;<i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i>&#32;(web.archive.org)&#32;2017-11-29&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFVoltaire">Voltaire.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2006/books-and-manuscripts-pf6008/lot.44.html"><i>26 lettres autographes à l'impératrice Catherine II de Russie | Ferney, 29 janvier 1768 - 24 janvier 1777. </i></a>&#32;Sotheby's</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMarc_Nouschi2016">Marc Nouschi. &#32;(2016).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/957671911"><i>Petit atlas historique du XIXe siècle. </i></a>&#32;Armand Colin&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-2200614638" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-2200614638">978-2200614638</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-27)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAndré_Autheman,_Jacques_Thobie2018">André Autheman, Jacques Thobie. &#32;(2018).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/1191227040"><i>La Banque impériale ottomane. </i></a>&#32;Institut de la gestion publique et du développement économique&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-2111294219" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-2111294219">978-2111294219</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-28)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAlfred_Colling1949">Alfred Colling. &#32;(1949).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/2649231"><i>La prodigieuse histoire de la Bourse. </i></a>&#32;Paris:&#32;Société d'éditions économiques et financières&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-28)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMerrill_D._Peterson2004">Merrill D. Peterson. &#32;(2004).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/52901294"><i>"Starving Armenians": America and the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1930 and after. </i></a>&#32;Charlottesville:&#32;University of Virginia Press&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0813922676" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0813922676">978-0813922676</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-28)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528110638/https://www.lexpress.fr/monde/europe/genocide-armenien-erevan-menage-la-turquie_756286.html">«Génocide arménien: Erevan ménage la Turquie»</a>&#32;<i>L'Express</i>&#32;(web.archive.org)&#32;2009-04-24&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-28)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417132218/https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/11/rapports/r0925.asp">«Nª&#160;925 - Rapport de M. René Rouquet, proposition de loi relative à la reconnaissance du génocide arménien de 1915»</a>&#32;<i>web.archive.org</i>&#32;(Assemblée Nationale)&#32;1998-05-28&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-28)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFVasileios_Th_Meichanetsidis2015-01-01">Vasileios Th Meichanetsidis. &#32;(2015-01-01).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/5748073614">«The Genocide of the Greeks of the Ottoman Empire, 1913–1923: A Comprehensive Overview»</a>&#32;<i>Genocide Studies International, 9</i>: 104.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2291-1847">2291-1847</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-28)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221004131432/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-8-2018-002754_EN.html">«Parliamentary question | Recognition of the Pontic Greek genocide | E-002754/2018 |»</a>&#32;<i>web.archive.org</i>&#32;(European Parliament)&#32;2018-06-06&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-28)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herero_eta_nama_herrien_genozidioa" title="Herero eta nama herrien genozidioa">Herero eta nama herrien genozidioa</a> hartzen da lehenengotzat, alemaniar kolonialistek <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibian</a> egindakoa 1904-1908 bitarte.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAnahit_Khosroeva2007">Anahit Khosroeva. &#32;(2007).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/774928175"><i>The Assyrian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire and Adjacent Territories. </i></a>&#32;New Brunswick:&#32;Transaction&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-28)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHannibal_Travis2006">Hannibal Travis. &#32;(2006).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228215254_%27Native_Christians_Massacred%27_The_Ottoman_Genocide_of_the_Assyrians_During_World_War_I">«'Native Christians Massacred': The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I»</a>&#32;<i>Genocide Studies International</i>&#32;1(3)&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2291-1847">2291-1847</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHenry_Laurens2003">Henry Laurens. &#32;(2003).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417132102/https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2003/04/LAURENS/10102">«Comment l'Empire ottoman fut dépecé»</a>&#32;<i>Le Monde diplomatique</i>&#32;(Archive.org)&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-05-28)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://al-shorfa.com/en_GB/articles/meii/features/2013/12/16/feature-01">«&#160;Al-Qaeda leader's claims to exalted lineage signal desperation: experts&#160;»</a>, al-shorfa.com, 16 décembre 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Frédéric Hitzel, <i>L'empire ottoman: XVe - XVIIIe siècles</i>, Paris, Société d'édition Les Belles Lettres, 2010, 319 or. (ISBN 9-782251-410166), 193.or.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Ibidem, 194.or.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkiako_historia" title="Turkiako historia">Turkiako Errepublikaren historia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomandar_Dinastia" title="Otomandar Dinastia">Otomandar Dinastia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeniar_genozidioa" title="Armeniar genozidioa">Armeniar genozidioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolen_Inperioa" title="Mongolen Inperioa">Mongolen Inperioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomandar_turkiera" title="Otomandar turkiera">Otomandar turkiera</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomandar_Inperioa&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courses.washington.edu/otap/">Ottoman Text Archive Project – University of Washington</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="mw-authority-control"><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9236167">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritate_kontrola" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritate_kontrola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12560" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q12560">Q12560</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&amp;search=%22Q12560%22">Q12560</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/viaf-1775152140023111100001">WorldCat</a></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1775152140023111100001/">1775152140023111100001</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4075720-1">4075720-1</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046527">10046527</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ottoman-Empire">url</a></span></li> <li><b>Lekuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Getty_Thesaurus_of_Geographic_Names" title="Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names">TGN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/tgn/7024412">7024412</a></span></li> <li><b>Medikuntzako identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D057214">D057214</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12560" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q12560">Q12560</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&amp;search=%22Q12560%22">Q12560</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5dc468848‐z4vnm Cached time: 20241122094253 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.650 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