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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=End+user" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Empowerment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empowerment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Empowerment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empowerment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_user_documentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_user_documentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>End user documentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_user_documentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="مستخدم نهائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستخدم نهائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_istifad%C9%99%C3%A7i" title="Son istifadəçi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Son istifadəçi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%86" title="سون ایشلدن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سون ایشلدن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Краен потребител – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Краен потребител" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumidor_final" title="Consumidor final – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Consumidor final" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slutbruger" title="Slutbruger – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slutbruger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endbenutzer" title="Endbenutzer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Endbenutzer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usuario_final" title="Usuario final – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Usuario final" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="کاربر نهایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاربر نهایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilisateur_final" title="Utilisateur final – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Utilisateur final" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B5%9C%EC%A2%85_%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90" title="최종 사용자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="최종 사용자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%85%D5%A3%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%B2" title="Վերջնական օգտագործող – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վերջնական օգտագործող" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilizzatore_finale" title="Utilizzatore finale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Utilizzatore finale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%A9_%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%94" title="משתמש קצה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משתמש קצה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9gfelhaszn%C3%A1l%C3%B3" title="Végfelhasználó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Végfelhasználó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC" title="エンドユーザー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エンドユーザー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%BCytkownik_ko%C5%84cowy" title="Użytkownik końcowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Użytkownik końcowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Конечный покупатель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конечный покупатель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loppuk%C3%A4ytt%C3%A4j%C3%A4" title="Loppukäyttäjä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Loppukäyttäjä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slutanv%C3%A4ndare" title="Slutanvändare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slutanvändare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE%D3%A3" title="Корбари ниҳоӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Корбари ниҳоӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_d%C3%B9ng_cu%E1%BB%91i" title="Người dùng cuối – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người dùng cuối" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%82%E7%AB%AF%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="終端用家 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="終端用家" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=End-user&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="End-user">End-user</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Regular user of a product</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"End-user" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/End-user_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="End-user (disambiguation)">End-user (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nurses_in_a_nurses%27_station,_USA_1987.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Nurses_in_a_nurses%27_station%2C_USA_1987.jpg/220px-Nurses_in_a_nurses%27_station%2C_USA_1987.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Nurses_in_a_nurses%27_station%2C_USA_1987.jpg/330px-Nurses_in_a_nurses%27_station%2C_USA_1987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Nurses_in_a_nurses%27_station%2C_USA_1987.jpg/440px-Nurses_in_a_nurses%27_station%2C_USA_1987.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Nurses as information systems end users</figcaption></figure> <p>In product development, an <b>end user</b> (sometimes <b>end-user</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a person who ultimately uses or is intended to ultimately use a product.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOLDOC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOLDOC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end user stands in contrast to users who support or maintain the product,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Sysop" title="Sysop">sysops</a>, <a href="/wiki/System_administrator" title="System administrator">system administrators</a>, database administrators,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> (IT) experts, software professionals, and computer technicians. End users typically do not possess the technical understanding or skill of the product designers,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a fact easily overlooked and forgotten by designers: leading to features creating low customer satisfaction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOLDOC_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOLDOC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In information technology, end users are not <a href="/wiki/Customer" title="Customer">customers</a> in the usual sense—they are typically employees of the customer.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, if a large <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail</a> corporation buys a software package for its employees to use, even though the large retail corporation was the <i>customer</i> that purchased the software, the end users are the employees of the company, who will use the software at work. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=End_user&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>End users are one of the three major factors contributing to the complexity of <a href="/wiki/Information_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Systems">managing information systems</a>. The end user's position has changed from a position in the 1950s (where end users did not interact with the <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe</a>; computer experts programmed and ran the mainframe) to one in the 2010s where the end user collaborates with and advises the <a href="/wiki/Management_information_system" title="Management information system">management information system</a> and Information Technology department about his or her needs regarding the system or product. This raises new questions, such as: Who manages each resource?, What is the role of the <a href="/wiki/Management_information_system" title="Management information system">MIS Department</a>? and What is the optimal relationship between the end-user and the MIS Department?<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Empowerment">Empowerment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=End_user&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Empowerment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of end-user first surfaced in the late 1980s and has since then raised many debates. One challenge was the goal to give both the user more freedom, by adding advanced features and functions (for more advanced users) and adding more constraints (to prevent a neophyte user from accidentally erasing an entire company's database).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This phenomenon appeared as a consequence of <a href="/wiki/Consumerization" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumerization">consumerization</a> of computer products and software. In the 1960s and 1970s, computer users were generally programming experts and <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientists</a>. However, in the 1980s, and especially in the mid-to-late 1990s and the early 2000s, everyday, regular people began using computer devices and software for personal and work use. IT specialists needed to cope with this trend in various ways. In the 2010s, users now want to have more control over the systems they operate, to solve their own problems, and be able to customize the systems to suit their needs. The apparent drawbacks were the risk of corruption of the systems and data the users had control of, due to their lack of knowledge on how to properly operate the computer/software at an advanced level.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For companies to appeal to the user, it took primary care to accommodate and think of end-users in their new products, software launches, and updates. A partnership needed to be formed between the programmer-developers and the everyday end users so both parties could maximize the use of the products effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major example of the public's effects on end user's requirements were the public libraries. They have been affected by new technologies in many ways, ranging from the digitalization of their card catalog, the shift to <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">e-books</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-journal" class="mw-redirect" title="E-journal">e-journals</a>, and offering online services. Libraries have had to undergo many changes in order to cope,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including training existing librarians in <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> and <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> skills, to hiring IT and software experts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_user_documentation">End user documentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=End_user&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: End user documentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This section is about generic system users materials. For consumable guides to software, see <a href="/wiki/Software_user_documentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Software user documentation">Software user documentation</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pravetz_8d_with_manual.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pravetz_8d_with_manual.png/220px-Pravetz_8d_with_manual.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pravetz_8d_with_manual.png/330px-Pravetz_8d_with_manual.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pravetz_8d_with_manual.png/440px-Pravetz_8d_with_manual.png 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>1980s-era personal computer with end-user documentation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:120625-F-UZ487-014_(7567150378).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/120625-F-UZ487-014_%287567150378%29.jpg/220px-120625-F-UZ487-014_%287567150378%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/120625-F-UZ487-014_%287567150378%29.jpg/330px-120625-F-UZ487-014_%287567150378%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/120625-F-UZ487-014_%287567150378%29.jpg/440px-120625-F-UZ487-014_%287567150378%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>NATO official and Afghan colonel going through end-user documentation to transfer control of barracks to the Afghan army in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>The aim of end user <a href="/wiki/Documentation_Centre_of_Austrian_Resistance" title="Documentation Centre of Austrian Resistance">documentation</a> (e.g., manuals and guidebooks for products) is to help the user understand certain aspects of the systems and to provide all the answers in one place.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lot of documentation is available for users to help them understand and properly use a certain product or service. Due to the fact that the information available is usually very vast, inconsistent or ambiguous (e.g., a user manual with hundreds of pages, including guidance on using advanced features), many users suffer from an <a href="/wiki/Information_overload" title="Information overload">information overload</a>. Therefore, they become unable to take the right course of action. This needs to be kept in mind when developing products and services and the necessary documentation for them.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Well-written documentation is needed for a user to reference. Some key aspects of such a documentation are:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Specific titles and subtitles for subsections to aid the reader in finding sections</li> <li>Use of videos, annotated <a href="/wiki/Screenshot" title="Screenshot">screenshots</a>, text and links to help the reader understand how to use the device or program</li> <li>Structured provision of information, which goes from the most basic instructions, written in plain language, without specialist <a href="/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon">jargon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronyms</a>, progressing to the information that intermediate or advanced users will need (these sections can include jargon and acronyms, but each new term should be defined or spelled out upon its first use)</li> <li>Easy to search the help guide, find information and access information</li> <li>Clear end results are described to the reader (e.g., "When the program is installed properly, an icon will appear in the left-hand corner of your screen and the <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a> will turn on...")</li> <li>Detailed, numbered steps, to enable users with a range of proficiency levels (from novice to advanced) to go step-by-step to install, use and <a href="/wiki/Troubleshoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Troubleshoot">troubleshoot</a> the product or service</li> <li>Unique <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">Uniform Resource Locator</a> (URLs) so that the user can go to the product website to find additional help and resources.</li></ul> <p>At times users do not refer to the documentation available to them due to various reasons, ranging from finding the manual too large or due to not understanding the jargon and acronyms it contains. In other cases, the users may find that the manual makes too many assumptions about a user having pre-existing knowledge of computers and software, and thus the directions may skip over these initial steps (from the users' point of view). Thus, frustrated user may report false problems because of their inability to understand the software or computer hardware. This in turn causes the company to focus on perceived problems instead of focusing on the actual problems of the software.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=End_user&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/User_(computing)" title="User (computing)">User (computing)</a></div> <p>In the 2010s, there is a lot of emphasis on user's security and privacy. With the increasing role that computers are playing in people's lives, people are carrying <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> with them and using them for scheduling appointments, making online purchases using credit cards and searching for information. These activities can potentially be observed by companies, governments or individuals, which can lead to breaches of privacy, <a href="/wiki/Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">identity theft</a>, by, <a href="/wiki/Blackmailing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackmailing">blackmailing</a> and other serious concerns. As well, many businesses, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Small_business" title="Small business">small business</a> <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startups</a> to huge corporations are using computers and software to design, manufacture, market and sell their products and services, and businesses also use computers and software in their <a href="/wiki/Back_office" title="Back office">back office</a> processes (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">human resources</a>, <a href="/wiki/Payroll" title="Payroll">payroll</a>, etc.). As such, it is important for people and organizations to need know that the information and data they are storing, using, or sending over computer networks or storing on computer systems is secure. </p><p>However, developers of software and hardware are faced with many challenges in developing a system that can be both <a href="/wiki/User_friendly" class="mw-redirect" title="User friendly">user friendly</a>, accessible 24/7 on almost any device and be truly secure. Security leaks happen, even to individuals and organizations that have security measures in place to protect their data and information (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">firewalls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strong_password" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong password">strong passwords</a>). The complexities of creating such a secure system come from the fact that the behaviour of humans is not always rational or predictable. Even in a very-well secured computer system, a malicious individual can telephone a worker and pretend to be a <a href="/wiki/Private_investigator" title="Private investigator">private investigator</a> working for the software company, and ask for the individual's password, a dishonest process called <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a>. As well, even with a well-secured system, if a worker decides to put the company's electronic files on a USB drive to take them home to work on them over the weekend (against many companies' policies), and then loses this USB drive, the company's data may be compromised. Therefore, developers need to make systems that are intuitive to the user in order to have <a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">information security</a> and system security.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another key step to end user security is informing the people and employees about the security threats and what they can do to avoid them or protect themselves and the organization. Clearly underlining, the capabilities and risks makes users more aware and informed whilst they are using the products. </p><p>Some situations that could put the user at risk are: </p> <ul><li>Auto-logon as administrator options</li> <li>Auto-fill options, in which a computer or program remembers a user's personal information and <a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">HTTP cookies</a></li> <li>Opening <a href="/wiki/E-mail_spam" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail spam">junk</a> emails of suspicious emails and/or opening/running attachments or computer files contained in these</li> <li>Email can be monitored by third parties, especially when using Wi-Fi connections</li> <li>Unsecure <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> or use of a public Wi-Fi network at a coffee shop or hotel</li> <li>Weak <a href="/wiki/Password" title="Password">passwords</a> (using a person's own name, own birthdate, name or birthdate of children, or easy-to-guess passwords such as "1234")</li> <li>Malicious programs such as viruses</li></ul> <p>Even if the security measures in place are strong, the choices the user makes and his/her behavior have a major impact on how secure their information really is. Therefore, an informed user is one who can protect and achieve the best security out of the system they use.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the importance of end-user security and the impact it can have on organizations the UK government set out a guidance for the public sector, to help <a href="/wiki/Civil_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil servant">civil servants</a> learn how to be more security aware when using government networks and computers. While this is targeted to a certain sector, this type of educational effort can be informative to any type of user. This helps developers meet security norms and end users be aware of the risks involved.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reimers and Andersson have conducted a number of studies on end-user security habits and found that the same type of repeated education/training in security best practices can have a marked effect on the perception of compliance with good end-user network security habits, especially concerning malware and ransomware.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law">Law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=End_user&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/End-user_license_agreement" title="End-user license agreement">end-user license agreements</a>, the end user is distinguished from the value-added reseller, who installs the software or the organization that purchases and manages the software.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Source does not mention end-user license agreements or resellers explicitly. (December 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Certain American defense-related products and information require export approval from the United States Government under the <a href="/wiki/International_Traffic_in_Arms_Regulations" title="International Traffic in Arms Regulations">International Traffic in Arms Regulations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Export_Administration_Regulations" title="Export Administration Regulations">Export Administration Regulations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to obtain a license to export, the exporter must specify both the end user and the end use for undertaking an <a href="/wiki/End-user_certificate" title="End-user certificate">end-user certificate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the UK, there exist documents that accompany licenses for products named in the end user undertaking statements.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=End_user&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/End-user_computing" title="End-user computing">End-user computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-user_development" title="End-user development">End-user development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_the_customer" title="Voice of the customer">Voice of the customer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_guide" title="User guide">User guide</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=End_user&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When used as an adjective, <i>end-user</i> is generally <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hyphenated_compound" class="extiw" title="wikt:hyphenated compound">hyphenated</a>; when used as a noun, <i>end user</i> is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/open_compound" class="extiw" title="wikt:open compound">left unhyphenated</a>. Thus, "good end-user experience" versus "good experience to the end user".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=End_user&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Dictionary of Computer and Internet Terms</i>. <a href="/wiki/Barron%27s_Educational_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Barron's Educational Series">Barron's</a> Business Guides (8 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Hauppauge,_New_York" title="Hauppauge, New York">Hauppauge, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barron%27s_Educational_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Barron's Educational Series">Barron's Educational Series</a>. 2003. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0764121661" title="Special:BookSources/978-0764121661"><bdi>978-0764121661</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50480181">50480181</a>. <q>the person ultimately intended to use a product</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Computer+and+Internet+Terms&rft.place=Hauppauge%2C+New+York&rft.series=Barron%27s+Business+Guides&rft.pages=171&rft.edition=8&rft.pub=Barron%27s+Educational+Series&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50480181&rft.isbn=978-0764121661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+user" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOLDOC-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOLDOC_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOLDOC_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe1997" class="citation web cs1">Howe, Denis (1997-03-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foldoc.org/end-user">"FOLDOC entry for "end-user"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>foldoc.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-28</span></span>. <q>The person who uses a computer application, as opposed to those who developed or it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=foldoc.org&rft.atitle=FOLDOC+entry+for+%22end-user%22&rft.date=1997-03-29&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffoldoc.org%2Fend-user&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+user" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegal_Information_Institute" class="citation web cs1">Legal Information Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/8541">"U.S. Code § 8541 - Definitions"</a>. <i>www.law.cornell.edu</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Law_School" title="Cornell Law School">Cornell Law School</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-28</span></span>. <q>The term "end-user", with respect to a good, service, or technology, means the person that receives and ultimately uses the good, service, or technology.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.law.cornell.edu&rft.atitle=U.S.+Code+%C2%A7+8541+-+Definitions&rft.au=Legal+Information+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F22%2F8541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+user" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFIPS_Task_Group_on_Database_Management_System_Standards1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standards" title="Federal Information Processing Standards">FIPS</a> Task Group on Database Management System Standards (1979). <i>Recommendations for Database Management System Standards</i>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Bureau of Standards</a>. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6862471">6862471</a>. <q>The end users are persons who perform the application functions. End users include "parametric" and generalized function users, but they are not system support personnel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recommendations+for+Database+Management+System+Standards&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Standards&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6862471&rft.au=FIPS+Task+Group+on+Database+Management+System+Standards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+user" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd1990" class="citation book cs1">Shepherd, John C. (1990). <i>Database Management: Theory and Application</i>. <a href="/wiki/Homewood,_Illinois" title="Homewood, Illinois">Homewood, Illinois</a>: Irwin Professional Publishing. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0256078299" title="Special:BookSources/978-0256078299"><bdi>978-0256078299</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20491157">20491157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Database+Management%3A+Theory+and+Application&rft.place=Homewood%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Irwin+Professional+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20491157&rft.isbn=978-0256078299&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+user" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neil1994" class="citation book cs1">O'Neil, Patrick (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/databaseprincipl0000onei"><i>Database Principles Programming Performance</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>: <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Kaufmann_Publishers" title="Morgan Kaufmann Publishers">Morgan Kaufmann Publishers</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/databaseprincipl0000onei/page/4">4–5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1558602199" title="Special:BookSources/978-1558602199"><bdi>978-1558602199</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30777731">30777731</a>. <q>One of the most important features of a DBMS is that relatively inexperienced users, called <i>end users</i>, are empowered to retrieve information from the database. The user poses a <i>query</i> at the terminal keyboard, requesting the database system to display the answer on a terminal screen or on a printed sheet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Database+Principles+Programming+Performance&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30777731&rft.isbn=978-1558602199&rft.aulast=O%27Neil&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdatabaseprincipl0000onei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+user" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrissisKonradShrum2011" class="citation book cs1">Chrissis, Mary Beth; Konrad, Mike; Shrum, Sandy (2011). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cmmifordevelopme00chri"><i>CMMI for Development: Guidelines for Process Integration and Product Improvement</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saddle_River,_New_Jersey" title="Upper Saddle River, New Jersey">Upper Saddle River, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Addison-Wesley" title="Addison-Wesley">Addison-Wesley</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cmmifordevelopme00chri/page/n607">581</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780321711502" title="Special:BookSources/9780321711502"><bdi>9780321711502</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/884168009">884168009</a>. <q>A party that ultimately uses a delivered product or that receives the benefit of a delivered service. (See also "customer".) End users may or may not also be customers (who can establish and accept agreements or authorize payments).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CMMI+for+Development%3A+Guidelines+for+Process+Integration+and+Product+Improvement&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=581&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F884168009&rft.isbn=9780321711502&rft.aulast=Chrissis&rft.aufirst=Mary+Beth&rft.au=Konrad%2C+Mike&rft.au=Shrum%2C+Sandy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcmmifordevelopme00chri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+user" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRainer_Jr.PrinceCegielski2014" class="citation book cs1">Rainer Jr., R. Kelly; Prince, Brad; Cegielski, Casey (2014). <i>Introduction to Information Systems. Supporting and Transforming Businesses</i> (Fifth ed.). Wiley. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-67436-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-67436-9"><bdi>978-1-118-67436-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Information+Systems.+Supporting+and+Transforming+Businesses&rft.pages=12-13&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-118-67436-9&rft.aulast=Rainer+Jr.&rft.aufirst=R.+Kelly&rft.au=Prince%2C+Brad&rft.au=Cegielski%2C+Casey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+user" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLUPTON1998" class="citation journal cs1">LUPTON, CAROL (1998-02-01). 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The Family Group Conference Model". <i>The British Journal of Social Work</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 107–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.bjsw.a011302">10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjsw.a011302</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23714792">23714792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Social+Work&rft.atitle=User+Empowerment+or+Family+Self-Reliance%3F+The+Family+Group+Conference+Model&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=107-128&rft.date=1998-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.bjsw.a011302&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23714792%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=LUPTON&rft.aufirst=CAROL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+user" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/ciocentral/2010/12/07/can-it-cope-with-empowered-end-users/">"Can IT Cope With Empowered End-Users?"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2019-12-06), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429346101-3">"Teaching University Student End-Users about Online Searching"</a>, <i>Serving End-Users in Sci-Tech Libraries</i>, Routledge, pp. 17–32, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429346101-3">10.4324/9780429346101-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-34610-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-34610-1"><bdi>978-0-429-34610-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-23</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Serving+End-Users+in+Sci-Tech+Libraries&rft.atitle=Teaching+University+Student+End-Users+about+Online+Searching&rft.pages=17-32&rft.date=2019-12-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429346101-3&rft.isbn=978-0-429-34610-1&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Sandra+N.&rft.au=Osegueda%2C+Laura+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9780429346101-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnd+user" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=End_user&oldid=1256048269">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=End_user&oldid=1256048269</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computing_terminology" title="Category:Computing terminology">Computing terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Export_and_import_control" title="Category:Export and import control">Export and import control</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Consumer" title="Category:Consumer">Consumer</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources" title="Category:All articles with self-published sources">All articles with self-published sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_December_2022" title="Category:Articles with self-published sources from December 2022">Articles with self-published sources from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from December 2023">Articles with failed verification from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_December_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2023">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 November 2024, at 23:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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