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searchaux" style="display:none">Martial art, folk music and war dance originating among people of African descent</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Calinda_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Calinda (disambiguation)">Calinda (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalinda_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kalinda (disambiguation)">Kalinda (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Calinda</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calinda-Dumoulin-IMG_5527.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Calinda-Dumoulin-IMG_5527.JPG/300px-Calinda-Dumoulin-IMG_5527.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Calinda-Dumoulin-IMG_5527.JPG/450px-Calinda-Dumoulin-IMG_5527.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Calinda-Dumoulin-IMG_5527.JPG/600px-Calinda-Dumoulin-IMG_5527.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3390" data-file-height="2155" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><small><i>Calinda, dance of the Negroes in America</i>, 1783, watercolour by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Aim%C3%A9_Louis_Dumoulin" title="François Aimé Louis Dumoulin">François Aimé Louis Dumoulin</a></small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also known as</th><td class="infobox-data">Kalinda, kalenda</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Focus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stick_Fighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Stick Fighting">Stick Fighting</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/46px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parenthood</th><td class="infobox-data">Old Kalenda</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Calinda</b> (also spelled <b>kalinda</b> or <b>kalenda</b>) is a martial art, as well as a kind of folk music and <a href="/wiki/War_dance" title="War dance">war dance</a> in the Caribbean which arose in the 1720s. It was brought to the Caribbean by Africans In the transatlantic slave trade and is based on native African combat dances. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calinda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stick_Licking1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Stick_Licking1.png/220px-Stick_Licking1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Stick_Licking1.png/330px-Stick_Licking1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Stick_Licking1.png/440px-Stick_Licking1.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Caribbean stick fight</figcaption></figure> <p>Calinda is a kind of stick-fighting commonly seen practiced during <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival" title="Trinidad and Tobago Carnival">Trinidad and Tobago Carnival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the national <a href="/wiki/Martial_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial art">martial art</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>. French planters with their slaves, free coloureds and mulattos from neighboring islands of <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a> migrated to Trinidad during the <a href="/wiki/Cedula_of_Population" title="Cedula of Population">Cedula of Population</a> in 1783. </p><p>Carnival had arrived with the French, and slaves who could not participate formed a parallel celebration (which eventually became known as <a href="/wiki/Canboulay" title="Canboulay">Canboulay</a> between 1858 and 1884). After the Emancipation of Slavery in 1833, a lead vocalist or <a href="/wiki/Chantwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Chantwell">chantwell</a> (<i>chantuelle</i>) would sing <a href="/wiki/Call-and-response" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-and-response">call-and-response</a> chants called <i>lavways</i> lionising and cheering on the stickfighters. There, Carnival songs are considered to be derived from calinda chants and "lavways". This form of music gradually evolved into the modern <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a>. </p><p>Before the Emancipation from slavery and its integration into Carnival, Calinda was used as a type of performance to provide ways of entertainment for slaves. Once the French came to Trinidad, stick fighters were no longer known as stick men but as boismen (bois meaning stick in French). There were different factors involved in stick fighting, including a costume that the performers would have to wear and the gayelles (or arenas) they would fight in. There are also special rituals that are done in the gayelle before the fight starts that include different ceremonial songs.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though it is more commonly practiced as a dance because of the violent outcome of stick-fighting, its roots are still that of a martial art originating from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kingdom of Kongo</a>, and stick-fights still occur in Trinidad. They also have been formalised into annual Carnival competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origin of this tradition has also been related to Afro-Iberian brotherhoods and the <a href="/wiki/Calends" title="Calends">calends</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elsewhere_in_the_Caribbean">Elsewhere in the Caribbean</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calinda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Elsewhere in the Caribbean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is practiced in other parts of the Caribbean, such as <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> (under various names such as <i>l'agya</i>, <i>damaye</i> and <i>mayolé</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kalenda is one name assigned to an Afro-Caribbean form of stick fighting as practiced in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> and entering the United States through the port city of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This is not a proper reference citation. Use Template:Cite_web or similar to provide source details. (June 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Similar forms of this martial art exist elsewhere in the Caribbean. For example, in Barbados it is commonly referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Bajan_stick-licking" title="Bajan stick-licking">stick-licking</a>" or "stick science." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Louisiana">In Louisiana</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calinda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In Louisiana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The well-known <a href="/wiki/Cajun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun">Cajun</a> song "Allons danser Colinda" is about a Cajun boy asking a girl named Colinda to do a risqué dance with him; probably derived from the Calinda dance which was reported to have been performed in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> by Afro-Caribbean slaves brought to <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dancing the "Calinda" is also referred to in one of Louisiana writer Kate Chopin's most famous stories from <i>Bayou Folk</i> (1894), "La Belle Zoraïde," which stresses the strong Afro-Caribbean presence in Louisiana.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calinda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juego_de_man%C3%AD" title="Juego de maní">Juego de maní</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">Capoeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajan_stick-licking" title="Bajan stick-licking">Bajan stick-licking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_calypsos_with_sociopolitical_influences#Culture_-_Kalenda_/_Stick_fighting" title="List of calypsos with sociopolitical influences">Calypsos on Kalenda / Stick Fighting</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calinda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shane K. Bernard and Julia Girouard, "'Colinda': Mysterious Origins of a Cajun Folksong," <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Folklore_Research" title="Journal of Folklore Research">Journal of Folklore Research</a></i> 29 (January–April 1992: 37–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKCG" class="citation web cs1">KCG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mypanyard.co.uk/History-stick-fighting-bois.html">"Stick Fighting – Steelpan teaching resources @mypanyard ... UK loves pan"</a>. <i>www.mypanyard.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mypanyard.co.uk&rft.atitle=Stick+Fighting+%E2%80%93+Steelpan+teaching+resources+%40mypanyard+...+UK+loves+pan&rft.au=KCG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mypanyard.co.uk%2FHistory-stick-fighting-bois.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalinda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Trinidad Sweet – The People, Their Culture, Their Island</i> – Bird, Adrian Curtis (1992) Inprint Publications LTD, Port of Spain, Trinidad, W.I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"From the Calendas to the Calenda: On the Afro-Iberian Substratum in Black Performance Culture in the Americas" by Jeroen Dewulf, <i>Journal of American Folklore</i> 131 (519): 3–29 (2018)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Tangled Roots: Kalenda and Other Neo-African Dances in the Circum-Caribbean" by Julian Gerstin, <i>New West Indies Guide</i> 78 (1&2): 5–41 (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140313132436/http://www.lameca.org/dossiers/kalinda_trinidad/p6.htm">"Lameca : kalinda"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lameca.org/dossiers/kalinda_trinidad/p6.htm">the original</a> on 2014-03-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lameca+%3A+kalinda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lameca.org%2Fdossiers%2Fkalinda_trinidad%2Fp6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalinda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kalenda</i> by Dennis Newsome at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://malandros-touro.com/kalenda.html">http://malandros-touro.com/kalenda.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170703173857/http://malandros-touro.com/kalenda.html">Archived</a> 2017-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/southlit/chopinbayou/bayou.html#bayouf280">"La Belle Zoraïde"</a>. <i>docsouth.unc.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docsouth.unc.edu&rft.atitle=La+Belle+Zora%C3%AFde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocsouth.unc.edu%2Fsouthlit%2Fchopinbayou%2Fbayou.html%23bayouf280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalinda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calinda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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