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href="#Commemoration_and_cultural_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Commemoration and cultural depictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration_and_cultural_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nonfiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonfiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Nonfiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonfiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Marie Curie</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 183 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-183" aria-hidden="true" > 183 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Склодовская-Кюри, Мария – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Склодовская-Кюри, Мария" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AA_%E1%8A%A9%E1%88%AA" title="ማሪ ኩሪ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማሪ ኩሪ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="ماري كوري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماري كوري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80" title="মেৰী কুৰী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মেৰী কুৰী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariya_K%C3%BCri" title="Mariya Küri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mariya Küri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ماریا کوری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماریا کوری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="মারি ক্যুরি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মারি ক্যুরি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Мария Склодовская-Кюри – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мария Склодовская-Кюри" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Марыя Складоўская-Кюры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марыя Складоўская-Кюры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Марыя Складоўская-Кюры – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Марыя Складоўская-Кюры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="मैरी क्यूरी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मैरी क्यूरी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Мария Кюри – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мария Кюри" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Мари Кюри – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мари Кюри" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кюри, Мария – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кюри, Мария" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie-Sk%C5%82odowsk%C3%A1" title="Marie Curie-Skłodowská – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Marie Curie-Skłodowská" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="मारिया क्युरी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मारिया क्युरी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF" title="Μαρία Κιουρί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαρία Κιουρί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ماری کوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماری کوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Curie-Sk%C5%82odowska" title="Maria Curie-Skłodowska – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Maria Curie-Skłodowska" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="居里夫人 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="居里夫人" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%85%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80" title="મૅરી ક્યુરી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મૅરી ક્યુરી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A6%AC_%ED%80%B4%EB%A6%AC" title="마리 퀴리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마리 퀴리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D4%BF%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Մարի Կյուրի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարի Կյուրի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="मेरी क्युरी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मेरी क्युरी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99" title="מארי קירי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מארי קירי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF" title="ಮೇರಿ ಕ್ಯೂರಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೇರಿ ಕ್ಯೂರಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90-%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მარი სკლოდოვსკა-კიური – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარი სკლოდოვსკა-კიური" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%90%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="میرِی کیوری – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="میرِی کیوری" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Мария Кюри – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мария Кюри" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Мария Склодовская-Кюри – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мария Склодовская-Кюри" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B5_%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B5" title="ມາຣີ ຄູຣີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມາຣີ ຄູຣີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Curie" title="Maria Curie – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Maria Curie" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Sklodovska-Kir%C4%AB" title="Marija Sklodovska-Kirī – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Marija Sklodovska-Kirī" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/maris.kuris" title="maris.kuris – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="maris.kuris" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="मारिया क्युरी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मारिया क्युरी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Марија Кири – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Марија Кири" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="മേരി ക്യൂറി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മേരി ക്യൂറി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="मेरी क्युरी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मेरी क्युरी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90-%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მარი სკლოდოვსკა-კიური – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარი სკლოდოვსკა-კიური" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89" title="مارى كورى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارى كورى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ماری کوری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ماری کوری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯃꯦꯔꯤ ꯀꯨꯔꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯦꯔꯤ ꯀꯨꯔꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Мари Кюри – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мари Кюри" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE_%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="မာရီ ကျူးရီး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မာရီ ကျူးရီး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="मारिया क्युरी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मारिया क्युरी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="मेरी क्युरी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मेरी क्युरी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="マリ・キュリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マリ・キュリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Склодовски-Кюри, Мари – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Склодовски-Кюри, Мари" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80" title="ମେରୀ କ୍ୟୁରୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମେରୀ କ୍ୟୁରୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marii_Kurii" title="Marii Kurii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Marii Kurii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਮੈਰੀ ਕਿਊਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੈਰੀ ਕਿਊਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="میری کیوری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میری کیوری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="ماري کیوري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ماري کیوري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marii_Kiuri" title="Marii Kiuri – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Marii Kiuri" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8_%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6_%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8" title="ម៉ារី ស្កូដូស្កា គុយរី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ារី ស្កូដូស្កា គុយរី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_K%C3%BCri" title="Mari Küri – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Mari Küri" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Мария Кюри – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мария Кюри" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Склодовская-Кюри, Мария – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Склодовская-Кюри, Мария" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кюри Мария – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кюри Мария" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="मेरी क्यूरी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मेरी क्यूरी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱢᱮᱨᱤ ᱠᱭᱩᱨᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱮᱨᱤ ᱠᱭᱩᱨᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92" title="මාරි කියුරි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මාරි කියුරි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A_%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="ميري ڪيوري – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ميري ڪيوري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Curieov%C3%A1-Sk%C5%82odowsk%C3%A1" title="Maria Curieová-Skłodowská – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maria Curieová-Skłodowská" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie" title="Marie Skłodowska-Curie – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Marie Skłodowska-Curie" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ماری کووری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماری کووری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Марија Кири – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марија Кири" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="மேரி கியூரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேரி கியூரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Kuri" title="Mari Kuri – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Mari Kuri" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Мария Склодовская-Кюри – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мария Склодовская-Кюри" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80" title="మేరీ క్యూరీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మేరీ క్యూరీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="มารี กูว์รี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มารี กูว์รี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF" title="ಮೇರಿ ಕ್ಯೂರಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಮೇರಿ ಕ್ಯೂರಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Склодовская-Кюри, Мария – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Склодовская-Кюри, Мария" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кюри, Мария – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кюри, Мария" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%96" title="Марія Склодовська-Кюрі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марія Склодовська-Кюрі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="میری کیوری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میری کیوری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklodovskaja-K%C3%BCri_Marija" title="Sklodovskaja-Küri Marija – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Sklodovskaja-Küri Marija" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%E5%B1%85%E7%A6%AE" title="瑪麗居禮 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="瑪麗居禮" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="玛丽·居里 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="玛丽·居里" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99" title="מארי קירי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מארי קירי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="瑪麗·居里 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="瑪麗·居里" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C4%97j%C4%97_Skluoduovska-Kior%C4%97" title="Marėjė Skluoduovska-Kiorė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Marėjė Skluoduovska-Kiorė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="玛丽·居里 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="玛丽·居里" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Kurie" title="Marie Kurie – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Marie Kurie" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Kiri-Sklodowska" title="Mariah Kiri-Sklodowska – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mariah Kiri-Sklodowska" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Marie Curie" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" 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For the musician, see <a href="/wiki/Marie_Currie" title="Marie Currie">Marie Currie</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Marie Curie (disambiguation)">Marie Curie (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Marie Curie</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Curie_c._1920s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Marie_Curie_c._1920s.jpg/220px-Marie_Curie_c._1920s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Marie_Curie_c._1920s.jpg/330px-Marie_Curie_c._1920s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Marie_Curie_c._1920s.jpg/440px-Marie_Curie_c._1920s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1549" data-file-height="2105" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Curie, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1920</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Maria Salomea Skłodowska</div> (1867-11-07)7 November 1867 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (now Poland)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 July 1934(1934-07-04) (aged 66) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Passy,_Haute-Savoie" title="Passy, Haute-Savoie">Passy, Haute-Savoie</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> (now France)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aplastic_anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aplastic anaemia">Aplastic anaemia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">France (1895–1934)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Pioneering research on <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a> Discoveries of <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1895; died 1906)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%88ve_Curie" title="Ève Curie">Ève</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sk%C5%82odowski" title="Władysław Skłodowski">Władysław Skłodowski</a></li><li>Bronisława Boguska</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Sk%C5%82odowski" title="Józef Skłodowski">Józef Skłodowski</a> (grandfather)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82awa_D%C5%82uska" title="Bronisława Dłuska">Bronisława Skłodowska</a> (sister)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Sk%C5%82odowska-Szalay" title="Helena Skłodowska-Szalay">Helena Skłodowska</a> (sister)</li><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Boguski" title="Józef Boguski">Józef Boguski</a> (cousin)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sk%C5%82odowski_family" title="Skłodowski family">Skłodowski</a> (by birth) <a href="/wiki/Curie_family" title="Curie family">Curie</a> (by marriage)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Medal" title="Davy Medal">Davy Medal</a> (1903)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1903)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" title="Matteucci Medal">Matteucci Medal</a> (1904)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Actonian_Prize" title="Actonian Prize">Actonian Prize</a> (1907)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> (1909)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)" title="Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)">Albert Medal</a> (1910)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> (1911)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Gibbs_Award" title="Willard Gibbs Award">Willard Gibbs Award</a> (1921)</li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Medal" title="John Scott Medal">John Scott Medal</a> (1921)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_Prize_for_Therapeutics_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh">Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh</a> (1931)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>University of Paris <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curie_Institute_(Paris)" title="Curie Institute (Paris)">Institut du Radium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">École Normale Supérieure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="French Academy of Medicine">French Academy of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_on_Intellectual_Cooperation" title="International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation">International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1013413307">Recherches sur les substances radioactives (Research on Radioactive Substances)</a> (1903)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Gabriel Lippmann</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Louis_Debierne" title="André-Louis Debierne">André-Louis Debierne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gioacchino_Failla" title="Gioacchino Failla">Gioacchino Failla</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ladislas_Goldstein" title="Ladislas Goldstein">Ladislas Goldstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Henriot_(chemist)" title="Émile Henriot (chemist)">Émile Henriot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Moreno" title="Óscar Moreno">Óscar Moreno</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Perey" title="Marguerite Perey">Marguerite Perey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Perrin_(physicist)" title="Francis Perrin (physicist)">Francis Perrin</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Curie_Sk%C5%82odowska_Signature_Polish.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Marie_Curie_Sk%C5%82odowska_Signature_Polish.svg/150px-Marie_Curie_Sk%C5%82odowska_Signature_Polish.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Marie_Curie_Sk%C5%82odowska_Signature_Polish.svg/225px-Marie_Curie_Sk%C5%82odowska_Signature_Polish.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Marie_Curie_Sk%C5%82odowska_Signature_Polish.svg/300px-Marie_Curie_Sk%C5%82odowska_Signature_Polish.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="96" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warszawa,_ul._Freta_16_20170516_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Warszawa%2C_ul._Freta_16_20170516_002.jpg/260px-Warszawa%2C_ul._Freta_16_20170516_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Warszawa%2C_ul._Freta_16_20170516_002.jpg/390px-Warszawa%2C_ul._Freta_16_20170516_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Warszawa%2C_ul._Freta_16_20170516_002.jpg/520px-Warszawa%2C_ul._Freta_16_20170516_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5996" data-file-height="4003" /></a><figcaption>Marie Curie's <a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Museum" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum">birthplace</a>, 16 Freta Street, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> Maria Salomea Skłodowska-Curie<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Polish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈmarja salɔˈmɛa skwɔˈdɔfska kʲiˈri]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/68\/Pl-Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie.ogg\/Pl-Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Pl-Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie.ogg/Pl-Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie.ogg" title="File:Pl-Maria Skłodowska-Curie.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Skłodowska; 7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934), known simply as Marie Curie (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkjʊəri/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KURE-ee</a>;<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[maʁi kyʁi]</a>), was a Polish and <a href="/wiki/Naturalised" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalised">naturalised</a>-French <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> who conducted pioneering research on <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a>. She was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Nobel_laureates" title="List of female Nobel laureates">first woman to win a Nobel Prize</a>, the first person to <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize#Multiple_laureates" title="Nobel Prize">win a Nobel Prize twice</a>, and the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two scientific fields. Her husband, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a>, was a co-winner of her first Nobel Prize, making them the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize#Statistics" title="Nobel Prize">first married couple</a> to win the Nobel Prize and launching the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize#Family_laureates" title="Nobel Prize">Curie family legacy</a> of five Nobel Prizes. She was, in 1906, the first woman to become a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Madame_Curie's_Passion-3">[2]</a> She was born in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, in what was then the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. She studied at Warsaw's clandestine <a href="/wiki/Flying_University" title="Flying University">Flying University</a> and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw. In 1891, aged 24, she followed her elder sister <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82awa_D%C5%82uska" title="Bronisława Dłuska">Bronisława</a> to study in Paris, where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work. In 1895, she married the French physicist <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a>, and she shared the 1903 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> with him and with the physicist <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> for their pioneering work developing the theory of "radioactivity"—a term she coined.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> In 1906, Pierre Curie died in a Paris street accident. Marie won the 1911 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> for her discovery of the elements <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>, using techniques she invented for isolating radioactive <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>. Under her direction, the world's first studies were conducted into the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">neoplasms</a> by the use of radioactive isotopes. She founded the <a href="/wiki/Curie_Institute_(Paris)" title="Curie Institute (Paris)">Curie Institute in Paris</a> in 1920, and the <a href="/wiki/Maria_Sklodowska-Curie_National_Research_Institute_of_Oncology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology">Curie Institute in Warsaw</a> in 1932; both remain major medical research centres. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, she developed mobile radiography units to provide <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> services to <a href="/wiki/Field_hospital" title="Field hospital">field hospitals</a>. While a French citizen, Marie Skłodowska Curie, who used both surnames,<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> never lost her sense of Polish identity. She taught her daughters the Polish language and took them on visits to Poland.<a href="#cite_note-goldsmith-8">[7]</a> She named the first <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a> she discovered <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a>, after her native country.<a href="#cite_note-10">[b]</a> Marie Curie died in 1934, aged 66, at the <a href="/wiki/Sancellemoz" title="Sancellemoz">Sancellemoz</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanatorium" title="Sanatorium">sanatorium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Passy,_Haute-Savoie" title="Passy, Haute-Savoie">Passy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haute-Savoie" title="Haute-Savoie">Haute-Savoie</a>), France, of <a href="/wiki/Aplastic_anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aplastic anaemia">aplastic anaemia</a> likely from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and in the course of her radiological work at field hospitals during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> In addition to her Nobel Prizes, she received numerous other honours and tributes; in 1995 she became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Paris <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-12">[10]</a> and Poland declared 2011 the Year of Marie Curie during the <a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Chemistry" title="International Year of Chemistry">International Year of Chemistry</a>. She is the subject of numerous biographical works. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sklodowski_Family_Wladyslaw_and_his_daughters_Maria_Bronislawa_Helena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sklodowski_Family_Wladyslaw_and_his_daughters_Maria_Bronislawa_Helena.jpg/170px-Sklodowski_Family_Wladyslaw_and_his_daughters_Maria_Bronislawa_Helena.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sklodowski_Family_Wladyslaw_and_his_daughters_Maria_Bronislawa_Helena.jpg/255px-Sklodowski_Family_Wladyslaw_and_his_daughters_Maria_Bronislawa_Helena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sklodowski_Family_Wladyslaw_and_his_daughters_Maria_Bronislawa_Helena.jpg/340px-Sklodowski_Family_Wladyslaw_and_his_daughters_Maria_Bronislawa_Helena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Władysław Skłodowski and daughters (from left) Maria, <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82awa_D%C5%82uska" title="Bronisława Dłuska">Bronisława</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Helena_Sk%C5%82odowska-Szalay" title="Helena Skłodowska-Szalay">Helena</a>, 1890</figcaption></figure> Maria Skłodowska was born in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, on 7 November 1867, the fifth and youngest child of well-known teachers<a href="#cite_note-nobelprize-13">[11]</a> Bronisława, née Boguska, and <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sk%C5%82odowski" title="Władysław Skłodowski">Władysław Skłodowski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-psb111-14">[12]</a> The elder siblings of Maria (nicknamed Mania) were Zofia (born 1862, nicknamed Zosia), <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Sk%C5%82odowski" title="Józef Skłodowski">Józef</a> (born 1863, nicknamed Józio), <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82awa_D%C5%82uska" title="Bronisława Dłuska">Bronisława</a> (born 1865, nicknamed Bronia) and <a href="/wiki/Helena_Sk%C5%82odowska-Szalay" title="Helena Skłodowska-Szalay">Helena</a> (born 1866, nicknamed Hela).<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> On both the <a href="/wiki/Sk%C5%82odowski_family" title="Skłodowski family">paternal</a> and maternal sides, the family had lost their property and fortunes through patriotic involvements in Polish national uprisings aimed at restoring Poland's independence (the most recent had been the <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a> of 1863–65).<a href="#cite_note-gwiazdapolarna-17">[15]</a> This condemned the subsequent generation, including Maria and her elder siblings, to a difficult struggle to get ahead in life.<a href="#cite_note-gwiazdapolarna-17">[15]</a> Maria's paternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Sk%C5%82odowski" title="Józef Skłodowski">Józef Skłodowski</a> had been principal of the <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a> primary school attended by <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Prus#Early_years" title="Bolesław Prus">Bolesław Prus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> who became a leading figure in Polish literature.<a href="#cite_note-undoubtedly-19">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sk%C5%82odowski" title="Władysław Skłodowski">Władysław Skłodowski</a> taught mathematics and physics, subjects that Maria was to pursue, and was also director of two Warsaw <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasia</a> (secondary schools) for boys. After Russian authorities eliminated laboratory instruction from the Polish schools, he brought much of the laboratory equipment home and instructed his children in its use.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)-15">[13]</a> He was eventually fired by his Russian supervisors for pro-Polish sentiments and forced to take lower-paying posts; the family also lost money on a bad investment and eventually chose to supplement their income by lodging boys in the house.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)-15">[13]</a> Maria's mother Bronisława operated a prestigious Warsaw boarding school for girls; she resigned from the position after Maria was born.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)-15">[13]</a> She died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> in May 1878, when Maria was ten years old.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)-15">[13]</a> Less than three years earlier, Maria's oldest sibling, Zofia, had died of <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> contracted from a boarder.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)-15">[13]</a> Maria's father was an <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>, her mother a devout Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-Barker2011-20">[18]</a> The deaths of Maria's mother and sister caused her to give up Catholicism and become agnostic.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie-21">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Sklodowska_et_sa_s%C5%93ur_Bronislawa_en_1886.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Maria_Sklodowska_et_sa_s%C5%93ur_Bronislawa_en_1886.jpg/170px-Maria_Sklodowska_et_sa_s%C5%93ur_Bronislawa_en_1886.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Maria_Sklodowska_et_sa_s%C5%93ur_Bronislawa_en_1886.jpg/255px-Maria_Sklodowska_et_sa_s%C5%93ur_Bronislawa_en_1886.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Maria_Sklodowska_et_sa_s%C5%93ur_Bronislawa_en_1886.jpg/340px-Maria_Sklodowska_et_sa_s%C5%93ur_Bronislawa_en_1886.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Maria (left) and sister <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82awa_D%C5%82uska" title="Bronisława Dłuska">Bronisława</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1886</figcaption></figure> When she was ten years old, Maria began attending the boarding school of J. Sikorska; next, she attended a <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium</a> for girls, from which she graduated on 12 June 1883 with a gold medal.<a href="#cite_note-psb111-14">[12]</a> After a collapse, possibly due to depression,<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)-15">[13]</a> she spent the following year in the countryside with relatives of her father, and the next year with her father in Warsaw, where she did some tutoring.<a href="#cite_note-psb111-14">[12]</a> Unable to enrol in a regular institution of higher education because she was a woman, she and her sister Bronisława became involved with the clandestine <a href="/wiki/Flying_University" title="Flying University">Flying University</a> (sometimes translated as Floating University), a Polish patriotic institution of higher learning that admitted women students.<a href="#cite_note-psb111-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)-15">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krakowskie_Przedmiescie,_Warsaw.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Krakowskie_Przedmiescie%2C_Warsaw.JPG/170px-Krakowskie_Przedmiescie%2C_Warsaw.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Krakowskie_Przedmiescie%2C_Warsaw.JPG/255px-Krakowskie_Przedmiescie%2C_Warsaw.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Krakowskie_Przedmiescie%2C_Warsaw.JPG/340px-Krakowskie_Przedmiescie%2C_Warsaw.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1655" data-file-height="2773" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Krakowskie_Przedmiescie" class="mw-redirect" title="Krakowskie Przedmiescie">Krakowskie Przedmiescie</a> 66, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, where Maria did her first scientific work, 1890–91</figcaption></figure> Maria made an agreement with her sister, Bronisława, that she would give her financial assistance during Bronisława's medical studies in Paris, in exchange for similar assistance two years later.<a href="#cite_note-psb111-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)1-22">[20]</a> In connection with this, Maria took a position first as a home tutor in Warsaw, then for two years as a <a href="/wiki/Governess" title="Governess">governess</a> in <a href="/wiki/Szczuki,_Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Szczuki, Masovian Voivodeship">Szczuki</a> with a landed family, the Żorawskis, who were relatives of her father.<a href="#cite_note-psb111-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)1-22">[20]</a> While working for the latter family, she fell in love with their son, <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_%C5%BBorawski" title="Kazimierz Żorawski">Kazimierz Żorawski</a>, a future eminent mathematician.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)1-22">[20]</a> His parents rejected the idea of his marrying the penniless relative, and Kazimierz was unable to oppose them.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)1-22">[20]</a> Maria's loss of the relationship with Żorawski was tragic for both. He soon earned a doctorate and pursued an academic career as a mathematician, becoming a professor and <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Kraków University</a>. Still, as an old man and a mathematics professor at the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Polytechnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Polytechnic">Warsaw Polytechnic</a>, he would sit contemplatively before the statue of Maria Skłodowska that had been erected in 1935 before the <a href="/wiki/Curie_Institute,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Curie Institute, Warsaw">Radium Institute</a>, which she had founded in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-gwiazdapolarna-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-robert2-23">[21]</a> At the beginning of 1890, Bronisława—who a few months earlier had married <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_D%C5%82uski" title="Kazimierz Dłuski">Kazimierz Dłuski</a>, a Polish physician and social and political activist—invited Maria to join them in Paris. Maria declined because she could not afford the university tuition; it would take her a year and a half longer to gather the necessary funds.<a href="#cite_note-psb111-14">[12]</a> She was helped by her father, who was able to secure a more lucrative position again.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)1-22">[20]</a> All that time she continued to <a href="/wiki/Autodidacticism" title="Autodidacticism">educate herself</a>, reading books, exchanging letters, and being tutored herself.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)1-22">[20]</a> In early 1889 she returned home to her father in Warsaw.<a href="#cite_note-psb111-14">[12]</a> She continued working as a governess and remained there until late 1891.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)1-22">[20]</a> She tutored, studied at the Flying University, and began her practical scientific training (1890–91) in a chemistry laboratory at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Industry_and_Agriculture" title="Museum of Industry and Agriculture">Museum of Industry and Agriculture</a> at <a href="/wiki/Krakowskie_Przedmie%C5%9Bcie" title="Krakowskie Przedmieście">Krakowskie Przedmieście</a> 66, near <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Old_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Old Town">Warsaw's Old Town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-psb111-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)1-22">[20]</a> The laboratory was run by her cousin <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Boguski" title="Józef Boguski">Józef Boguski</a>, who had been an assistant in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> to the Russian chemist <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleyev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-psb111-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)1-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-teachers-24">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_in_Paris">Life in Paris</h3></div> In late 1891, she left Poland for France.<a href="#cite_note-psb112-25">[23]</a> In Paris, Maria (or Marie, as she would be known in France) briefly found shelter with her sister and brother-in-law before renting a <a href="/wiki/Garret" title="Garret">garret</a> closer to the university, in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Quarter">Latin Quarter</a>, and proceeding with her studies of physics, chemistry, and mathematics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>, where she enrolled in late 1891.<a href="#cite_note-robert3-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris-27">[25]</a> She subsisted on her meagre resources, keeping herself warm during cold winters by wearing all the clothes she had. She focused so hard on her studies that she sometimes forgot to eat.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris-27">[25]</a> Skłodowska studied during the day and tutored evenings, barely earning her keep. In 1893, she was awarded a degree in physics and began work in an industrial laboratory of <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Gabriel Lippmann</a>. Meanwhile, she continued studying at the University of Paris and with the aid of a fellowship she was able to earn a second degree in 1894.<a href="#cite_note-psb111-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[c]</a> Skłodowska had begun her scientific career in Paris with an investigation of the magnetic properties of various steels, commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Encouragement_of_National_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for the Encouragement of National Industry">Society for the Encouragement of National Industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris-27">[25]</a> That same year, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> entered her life: it was their mutual interest in <a href="/wiki/Natural_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural sciences">natural sciences</a> that drew them together.<a href="#cite_note-Williams331-29">[26]</a> Pierre Curie was an instructor at <a href="/wiki/The_City_of_Paris_Industrial_Physics_and_Chemistry_Higher_Educational_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="The City of Paris Industrial Physics and Chemistry Higher Educational Institution">The City of Paris Industrial Physics and Chemistry Higher Educational Institution</a> (ESPCI Paris).<a href="#cite_note-psb111-14">[12]</a> They were introduced by Polish physicist <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Wierusz-Kowalski" title="Józef Wierusz-Kowalski">Józef Wierusz-Kowalski</a>, who had learned that she was looking for a larger laboratory space, something that Wierusz-Kowalski thought Pierre could access.<a href="#cite_note-psb111-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris-27">[25]</a> Though Curie did not have a large laboratory, he was able to find some space for Skłodowska where she was able to begin work.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris-27">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Curie_et_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pierre_Curie_et_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_1895.jpg/170px-Pierre_Curie_et_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pierre_Curie_et_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_1895.jpg/255px-Pierre_Curie_et_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pierre_Curie_et_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_1895.jpg/340px-Pierre_Curie_et_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="826" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> and Marie Skłodowska-Curie, 1895</figcaption></figure> Their mutual passion for science brought them increasingly closer, and they began to develop feelings for one another.<a href="#cite_note-psb111-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris-27">[25]</a> Eventually, Pierre proposed marriage, but at first Skłodowska did not accept as she was still planning to go back to her native country. Curie, however, declared that he was ready to move with her to Poland, even if it meant being reduced to teaching French.<a href="#cite_note-psb111-14">[12]</a> Meanwhile, for the 1894 summer break, Skłodowska returned to Warsaw, where she visited her family.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris-27">[25]</a> She was still labouring under the illusion that she would be able to work in her chosen field in Poland, but she was denied a place at <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Kraków University</a> because of <a href="/wiki/Sexism_in_academia" title="Sexism in academia">sexism in academia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gwiazdapolarna-17">[15]</a> A letter from Pierre convinced her to return to Paris to pursue a PhD.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris-27">[25]</a> At Skłodowska's insistence, Curie had written up his research on <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a> and received his own doctorate in March 1895; he was also promoted to professor at the School.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris-27">[25]</a> A contemporary quip would call Skłodowska "Pierre's biggest discovery".<a href="#cite_note-gwiazdapolarna-17">[15]</a> On 26 July 1895, they were married in <a href="/wiki/Sceaux,_Hauts-de-Seine" title="Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine">Sceaux</a>;<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> neither wanted a religious service.<a href="#cite_note-psb111-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris-27">[25]</a> Curie's dark blue outfit, worn instead of a bridal gown, would serve her for many years as a laboratory outfit.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris-27">[25]</a> They shared two pastimes: long bicycle trips and journeys abroad, which brought them even closer. In Pierre, Marie had found a new love, a partner, and a scientific collaborator on whom she could depend.<a href="#cite_note-gwiazdapolarna-17">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_elements">New elements</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_and_Marie_Curie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie.jpg/220px-Pierre_and_Marie_Curie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie.jpg/330px-Pierre_and_Marie_Curie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie.jpg/440px-Pierre_and_Marie_Curie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2163" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre</a> and Marie Curie in the laboratory, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1904</figcaption></figure> In 1895, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a> discovered the existence of <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a>, though the mechanism behind their production was not yet understood.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity-31">[28]</a> In 1896, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> discovered that <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> salts emitted rays that resembled X-rays in their penetrating power.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity-31">[28]</a> He demonstrated that this radiation, unlike <a href="/wiki/Phosphorescence" title="Phosphorescence">phosphorescence</a>, did not depend on an external source of energy but seemed to arise spontaneously from uranium itself. Influenced by these two important discoveries, Curie decided to look into uranium rays as a possible field of research for a thesis.<a href="#cite_note-psb111-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity-31">[28]</a> She used an innovative technique to investigate samples. Fifteen years earlier, her husband and his brother had developed a version of the <a href="/wiki/Electrometer" title="Electrometer">electrometer</a>, a sensitive device for measuring electric charge.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity-31">[28]</a> Using her husband's electrometer, she discovered that uranium rays caused the air around a sample to conduct electricity. Using this technique, her first result was the finding that the activity of the uranium compounds depended only on the quantity of uranium present.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity-31">[28]</a> She <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesized</a> that the radiation was not the outcome of some interaction of <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> but must come from the <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> itself.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity-31">[28]</a> This hypothesis was an important step in disproving the assumption that atoms were indivisible.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-robert4-32">[29]</a> In 1897, her daughter <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène</a> was born. To support her family, Curie began teaching at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">École Normale Supérieure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-psb112-25">[23]</a> The Curies did not have a dedicated laboratory; most of their research was carried out in a converted shed next to ESPCI.<a href="#cite_note-psb112-25">[23]</a> The shed, formerly a medical school dissecting room, was poorly ventilated and not even waterproof.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_2-33">[30]</a> They were unaware of the deleterious effects of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">radiation exposure</a> attendant on their continued unprotected work with radioactive substances. ESPCI did not sponsor her research, but she received subsidies from metallurgical and mining companies and from various organisations and governments.<a href="#cite_note-psb112-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_2-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris_2-34">[31]</a> Curie's systematic studies included two uranium minerals, <a href="/wiki/Pitchblende" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitchblende">pitchblende</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torbernite" title="Torbernite">torbernite</a> (also known as chalcolite).<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_2-33">[30]</a> Her electrometer showed that pitchblende was four times as active as uranium itself, and chalcolite twice as active. She concluded that, if her earlier results relating the quantity of uranium to its activity were correct, then these two minerals must contain small quantities of another substance that was far more active than uranium.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_2-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-robert5-35">[32]</a> She began a systematic search for additional substances that emit radiation, and by 1898 she discovered that the element <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> was also radioactive.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity-31">[28]</a> Pierre Curie was increasingly intrigued by her work. By mid-1898 he was so invested in it that he decided to drop his work on crystals and to join her.<a href="#cite_note-psb112-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_2-33">[30]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The [research] idea [writes Reid] was her own; no one helped her formulate it, and although she took it to her husband for his opinion she clearly established her ownership of it. She later recorded the fact twice in her biography of her husband to ensure there was no chance whatever of any ambiguity. It [is] likely that already at this early stage of her career [she] realized that... many scientists would find it difficult to believe that a woman could be capable of the original work in which she was involved.<a href="#cite_note-robert6-36">[33]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Pierre_Irene_Curie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Marie_Pierre_Irene_Curie.jpg/220px-Marie_Pierre_Irene_Curie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Marie_Pierre_Irene_Curie.jpg/330px-Marie_Pierre_Irene_Curie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Marie_Pierre_Irene_Curie.jpg/440px-Marie_Pierre_Irene_Curie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène</a>, and Marie Curie, ca. 1902</figcaption></figure> She was acutely aware of the importance of promptly publishing her discoveries and thus establishing her <a href="/wiki/Scientific_priority" title="Scientific priority">priority</a>. Had not Becquerel, two years earlier, presented his discovery to the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie des Sciences">Académie des Sciences</a> the day after he made it, credit for the discovery of radioactivity (and even a Nobel Prize), would instead have gone to <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="Silvanus Thompson">Silvanus Thompson</a>. Curie chose the same rapid means of publication. Women were not eligible for membership of the Académie des Sciences until 1979, so that all her presentations had to be made for her by male colleagues;<a href="#cite_note-spinney-37">[34]</a> her paper, giving a brief and simple account of her work, was presented for her to the Académie on 12 April 1898 by her former professor, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Gabriel Lippmann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-robert7-38">[35]</a> Even so, just as Thompson had been beaten by Becquerel, so Curie was beaten in the race to tell of her discovery that thorium gives off rays in the same way as uranium; two months earlier, <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Carl_Schmidt" title="Gerhard Carl Schmidt">Gerhard Carl Schmidt</a> had published his own finding in Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_Reid_p._65-39">[36]</a> At that time, no one else in the world of physics had noticed what Curie recorded in a sentence of her paper, describing how much greater were the activities of pitchblende and chalcolite than uranium itself: "The fact is very remarkable, and leads to the belief that these minerals may contain an element which is much more active than uranium." She later would recall how she felt "a passionate desire to verify this hypothesis as rapidly as possible."<a href="#cite_note-Robert_Reid_p._65-39">[36]</a> On 14 April 1898, the Curies optimistically weighed out a 100-gram sample of pitchblende and ground it with a pestle and mortar. They did not realise at the time that what they were searching for was present in such minute quantities that they would eventually have to process tonnes of the ore.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_Reid_p._65-39">[36]</a> In July 1898, Curie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element they named "<a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a>", in honour of her native Poland,<a href="#cite_note-curie98-po-40">[37]</a> which would for another twenty years remain <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitioned among three empires</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Prussian</a>).<a href="#cite_note-psb111-14">[12]</a> On 26 December 1898, the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named "<a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>", from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word for "ray".<a href="#cite_note-psb112-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_2-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Discovery_of_Radioactivity-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-curie89-ra-42">[39]</a> In the course of their research, they also coined the word "<a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a>".<a href="#cite_note-psb111-14">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Curie_(1859-1906)_and_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_(1867-1934),_c._1903_(4405627519).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pierre_Curie_%281859-1906%29_and_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_%281867-1934%29%2C_c._1903_%284405627519%29.jpg/220px-Pierre_Curie_%281859-1906%29_and_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_%281867-1934%29%2C_c._1903_%284405627519%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pierre_Curie_%281859-1906%29_and_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_%281867-1934%29%2C_c._1903_%284405627519%29.jpg/330px-Pierre_Curie_%281859-1906%29_and_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_%281867-1934%29%2C_c._1903_%284405627519%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pierre_Curie_%281859-1906%29_and_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_%281867-1934%29%2C_c._1903_%284405627519%29.jpg/440px-Pierre_Curie_%281859-1906%29_and_Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_%281867-1934%29%2C_c._1903_%284405627519%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2255" data-file-height="2547" /></a><figcaption>Pierre and Marie Curie, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1903</figcaption></figure> To prove their discoveries beyond any doubt, the Curies sought to isolate polonium and radium in pure form.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_2-33">[30]</a> Pitchblende is a complex mineral; the chemical separation of its constituents was an arduous task. The discovery of polonium had been relatively easy; chemically it resembles the element <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>, and polonium was the only bismuth-like substance in the ore.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_2-33">[30]</a> Radium, however, was more elusive; it is closely related chemically to <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>, and pitchblende contains both elements. By 1898 the Curies had obtained traces of radium, but appreciable quantities, uncontaminated with barium, were still beyond reach.<a href="#cite_note-williams-43">[40]</a> The Curies undertook the arduous task of separating out radium salt by differential <a href="/wiki/Crystallisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystallisation">crystallisation</a>. From a tonne of pitchblende, one-tenth of a gram of <a href="/wiki/Radium_chloride" title="Radium chloride">radium chloride</a> was separated in 1902. In 1910, she isolated pure radium metal.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_2-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams332-44">[41]</a> She never succeeded in isolating polonium, which has a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of only 138 days.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_2-33">[30]</a> Between 1898 and 1902, the Curies published, jointly or separately, a total of 32 scientific papers, including one that announced that, when exposed to <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>, diseased, <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumour-forming</a> cells were destroyed faster than healthy cells.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> In 1900, Curie became the first woman faculty member at the École Normale Supérieure and her husband joined the faculty of the University of Paris.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_3-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quinn1996-47">[44]</a> In 1902 she visited Poland on the occasion of her father's death.<a href="#cite_note-psb112-25">[23]</a> In June 1903, supervised by <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Gabriel Lippmann</a>, Curie was awarded her doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-psb112-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_discovery_of_radium_in_1898_by_Maria_Sklodowska-Curie_(1867–1934)_and_Pierre_Curie_(1859–1906)_with_commentary_on_their_life_and_times-48">[45]</a> That month the couple were invited to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a> in London to give a speech on radioactivity; being a woman, she was prevented from speaking, and Pierre Curie alone was allowed to.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_Rec_and_Dis-49">[46]</a> Meanwhile, a new industry began developing, based on radium.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_3-46">[43]</a> The Curies did not patent their discovery and benefited little from this increasingly profitable business.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_2-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_3-46">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_Prizes">Nobel Prizes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Curie_1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Polnische Frauen, Polnische Frau, Polish women, Polish Woman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Marie_Curie_1903.jpg/170px-Marie_Curie_1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Marie_Curie_1903.jpg/255px-Marie_Curie_1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Marie_Curie_1903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>1903 Nobel Prize portrait</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nobel_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie_1.jpg/170px-Nobel_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nobel_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie_1.jpg/255px-Nobel_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nobel_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie_1.jpg/340px-Nobel_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9277" data-file-height="6253" /></a><figcaption>1903 Nobel Prize diploma</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mme_P_Curie_P1300452_corrected2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mme_P_Curie_P1300452_corrected2.jpg/220px-Mme_P_Curie_P1300452_corrected2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mme_P_Curie_P1300452_corrected2.jpg/330px-Mme_P_Curie_P1300452_corrected2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mme_P_Curie_P1300452_corrected2.jpg/440px-Mme_P_Curie_P1300452_corrected2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4145" data-file-height="2502" /></a><figcaption>Marie Curie's business card as professor at the Faculty of Sciences</figcaption></figure> In December 1903 the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a> awarded Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, and Henri Becquerel the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">radiation</a> phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel."<a href="#cite_note-psb112-25">[23]</a> At first the committee had intended to honour only Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel, but a committee member and advocate for women scientists, Swedish mathematician <a href="/wiki/Magnus_G%C3%B6sta_Mittag-Leffler" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus Gösta Mittag-Leffler">Magnus Gösta Mittag-Leffler</a>, alerted Pierre to the situation, and after his complaint, Marie's name was added to the nomination.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_Rec_and_Dis2-51">[48]</a> Marie Curie was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize.<a href="#cite_note-psb112-25">[23]</a> Curie and her husband declined to go to <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> to receive the prize in person; they were too busy with their work, and Pierre Curie, who disliked public ceremonies, was feeling increasingly ill.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_Rec_and_Dis-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_Rec_and_Dis2-51">[48]</a> As Nobel laureates were required to deliver a lecture, the Curies finally undertook the trip in 1905.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_Rec_and_Dis2-51">[48]</a> The award money allowed the Curies to hire their first laboratory assistant.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_Rec_and_Dis2-51">[48]</a> Following the award of the Nobel Prize, and galvanised by an offer from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Geneva" title="University of Geneva">University of Geneva</a>, which offered Pierre Curie a position, the University of Paris gave him a professorship and the chair of physics, although the Curies still did not have a proper laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-psb112-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_3-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quinn1996-47">[44]</a> Upon Pierre Curie's complaint, the University of Paris relented and agreed to furnish a new laboratory, but it would not be ready until 1906.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_Rec_and_Dis2-51">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_Vanity_Fair_1904-12-22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_Vanity_Fair_1904-12-22.jpg/170px-Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_Vanity_Fair_1904-12-22.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_Vanity_Fair_1904-12-22.jpg/255px-Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_Vanity_Fair_1904-12-22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_Vanity_Fair_1904-12-22.jpg/340px-Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_Vanity_Fair_1904-12-22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Caricature of Marie and Pierre Curie, captioned "Radium", in the London magazine <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (British magazine)">Vanity Fair</a>, December 1904</figcaption></figure> In December 1904, Curie gave birth to their second daughter, <a href="/wiki/%C3%88ve_Curie" title="Ève Curie">Ève</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_Rec_and_Dis2-51">[48]</a> She hired Polish governesses to teach her daughters her native language, and sent or took them on visits to Poland.<a href="#cite_note-goldsmith-8">[7]</a> On 19 April 1906, Pierre Curie was killed in a road accident. Walking across the <a href="/wiki/Rue_Dauphine" title="Rue Dauphine">Rue Dauphine</a> in heavy rain, he was struck by a <a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">horse-drawn vehicle</a> and fell under its wheels, fracturing his skull and killing him instantly.<a href="#cite_note-psb112-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-obit-52">[49]</a> Curie was devastated by her husband's death.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_Tr_and_Ad-53">[50]</a> On 13 May 1906 the physics department of the University of Paris decided to retain the chair that had been created for her late husband and offer it to Marie. She accepted it, hoping to create a world-class laboratory as a tribute to her husband Pierre.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_Tr_and_Ad-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_Tr_and_Ad2-54">[51]</a> She was the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris.<a href="#cite_note-psb112-25">[23]</a> Curie's quest to create a new laboratory did not end with the University of Paris, however. In her later years, she headed the Radium Institute (Institut du radium, now <a href="/wiki/Curie_Institute_(Paris)" title="Curie Institute (Paris)">Curie Institute</a>, Institut Curie), a radioactivity laboratory created for her by the <a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Institute" title="Pasteur Institute">Pasteur Institute</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_Tr_and_Ad2-54">[51]</a> The initiative for creating the Radium Institute had come in 1909 from <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux">Pierre Paul Émile Roux</a>, director of the Pasteur Institute, who had been disappointed that the University of Paris was not giving Curie a proper laboratory and had suggested that she move to the Pasteur Institute.<a href="#cite_note-psb112-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-psb113-55">[52]</a> Only then, with the threat of Curie leaving, did the University of Paris relent, and eventually the Curie Pavilion became a joint initiative of the University of Paris and the Pasteur Institute.<a href="#cite_note-psb113-55">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1911_Solvay_conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/1911_Solvay_conference.jpg/220px-1911_Solvay_conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/1911_Solvay_conference.jpg/330px-1911_Solvay_conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/1911_Solvay_conference.jpg/440px-1911_Solvay_conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption>At the first <a href="/wiki/Solvay_Conference" title="Solvay Conference">Solvay Conference</a> (1911), Curie (seated, second from right) confers with <a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a>; standing nearby are <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherford</a> (fourth from right), <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a> (second from right), and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a> (far right).</figcaption></figure> In 1910 Curie succeeded in isolating radium; she also defined an international standard for radioactive emissions that was eventually named for her and Pierre: the <a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">curie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_Tr_and_Ad2-54">[51]</a> Nevertheless, in 1911 the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a> failed, by one<a href="#cite_note-psb112-25">[23]</a> or two votes,<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_Sc_and_Rec-56">[53]</a> to elect her to membership in the academy. Elected instead was <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Branly" title="Édouard Branly">Édouard Branly</a>, an inventor who had helped <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> develop the <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless telegraph">wireless telegraph</a>.<a href="#cite_note-goldsmith9-57">[54]</a> It was only over half a century later, in 1962, that a doctoral student of Curie's, <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Perey" title="Marguerite Perey">Marguerite Perey</a>, became the first woman elected to membership in the academy. Despite Curie's fame as a scientist working for France, the public's attitude tended toward <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>—the same that had led to the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a>—which also fuelled false speculation that Curie was Jewish.<a href="#cite_note-psb112-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_Sc_and_Rec-56">[53]</a> During the French Academy of Sciences elections, she was vilified by the right-wing press as a foreigner and atheist.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_Sc_and_Rec-56">[53]</a> Her daughter later remarked on the French press's hypocrisy in portraying Curie as an unworthy foreigner when she was nominated for a French honour, but portraying her as a French heroine when she received foreign honours such as her Nobel Prizes.<a href="#cite_note-psb112-25">[23]</a> In 1911 it was revealed that Curie was involved in a year-long affair with physicist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a>, a former student of Pierre Curie's,<a href="#cite_note-robert10-58">[55]</a> a married man who was estranged from his wife.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_Sc_and_Rec-56">[53]</a> This resulted in a press scandal that was exploited by her academic opponents. Curie (then in her mid-40s) was five years older than Langevin and was misrepresented in the tabloids as a foreign Jewish home-wrecker.<a href="#cite_note-goldsmith11-59">[56]</a> When the scandal broke, she was away at a conference in Belgium; on her return, she found an angry mob in front of her house and had to seek refuge, with her daughters, in the home of her friend <a href="/wiki/Camille_Marbo" title="Camille Marbo">Camille Marbo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_Sc_and_Rec-56">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie%27s_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry_1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Marie_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie%27s_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry_1911.jpg/220px-Marie_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie%27s_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry_1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Marie_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie%27s_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry_1911.jpg/330px-Marie_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie%27s_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry_1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Marie_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie%27s_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry_1911.jpg/440px-Marie_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie%27s_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry_1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1508" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>1911 Nobel Prize diploma</figcaption></figure> International recognition for her work had been growing to new heights, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, overcoming opposition prompted by the Langevin scandal, honoured her a second time, with the 1911 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gwiazdapolarna-17">[15]</a> This award was "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element."<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_Sc_and_Rec2-60">[57]</a> Because of the negative publicity due to her affair with Langevin, the chair of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel committee">Nobel committee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a>, attempted to prevent her attendance at the official ceremony for her Nobel Prize in Chemistry, citing her questionable moral standing. Curie replied that she would be present at the ceremony, because "the prize has been given to her for her discovery of polonium and radium" and that "there is no relation between her scientific work and the facts of her private life". She was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes, and remains alone with <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> as Nobel laureates in two fields each. A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning, headed by novelist <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a>, encouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research in her native country.<a href="#cite_note-gwiazdapolarna-17">[15]</a> Curie's second Nobel Prize enabled her to persuade the French government to support the Radium Institute, built in 1914, where research was conducted in chemistry, physics, and medicine.<a href="#cite_note-psb113-55">[52]</a> A month after accepting her 1911 Nobel Prize, she was hospitalised with depression and a kidney ailment. For most of 1912, she avoided public life but did spend time in England with her friend and fellow physicist <a href="/wiki/Hertha_Ayrton" title="Hertha Ayrton">Hertha Ayrton</a>. She returned to her laboratory only in December, after a break of about 14 months.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_Sc_and_Rec2-60">[57]</a> In 1912 the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Scientific_Society" title="Warsaw Scientific Society">Warsaw Scientific Society</a> offered her the directorship of a new laboratory in Warsaw but she declined, focusing on the developing Radium Institute to be completed in August 1914, and on a new street named Rue Pierre-Curie (today rue Pierre-et-Marie-Curie).<a href="#cite_note-psb113-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_Sc_and_Rec2-60">[57]</a> She was appointed director of the Curie Laboratory in the Radium Institute of the University of Paris, founded in 1914.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> She visited Poland in 1913 and was welcomed in Warsaw but the visit was mostly ignored by the Russian authorities. The institute's development was interrupted by the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, as most researchers were drafted into the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a>; it fully resumed its activities after the war, in 1919.<a href="#cite_note-psb113-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_Sc_and_Rec2-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_War-62">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Curie_-_Mobile_X-Ray-Unit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Marie_Curie_-_Mobile_X-Ray-Unit.jpg/220px-Marie_Curie_-_Mobile_X-Ray-Unit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Marie_Curie_-_Mobile_X-Ray-Unit.jpg/330px-Marie_Curie_-_Mobile_X-Ray-Unit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Marie_Curie_-_Mobile_X-Ray-Unit.jpg/440px-Marie_Curie_-_Mobile_X-Ray-Unit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Curie in a mobile X-ray vehicle, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1915</figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Curie recognised that wounded soldiers were best served if operated upon as soon as possible.<a href="#cite_note-Coppes-Zantinga,_A._R_1998-63">[60]</a> She saw a need for field radiological centres near the front lines to assist battlefield surgeons,<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_War-62">[59]</a> including to obviate amputations when in fact limbs could be saved.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> After a quick study of radiology, anatomy, and automotive mechanics, she procured X-ray equipment, vehicles, and auxiliary generators, and she developed mobile <a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">radiography</a> units, which came to be popularly known as petites Curies ("Little Curies").<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_War-62">[59]</a> She became the director of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> Radiology Service and set up France's first military radiology centre, operational by late 1914.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_War-62">[59]</a> Assisted at first by a military doctor and her 17-year-old daughter <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène</a>, Curie directed the installation of 20 mobile radiological vehicles and another 200 radiological units at field hospitals in the first year of the war.<a href="#cite_note-psb113-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_War-62">[59]</a> Later, she began training other women as aides.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_War2-66">[63]</a> In 1915, Curie produced hollow needles containing "radium emanation", a colourless, radioactive gas given off by radium, later identified as <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a>, to be used for sterilising infected tissue. She provided the radium from her own one-gram supply.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_War2-66">[63]</a> It is estimated that over a million wounded soldiers were treated with her X-ray units.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-psb113-55">[52]</a> Busy with this work, she carried out very little scientific research during that period.<a href="#cite_note-psb113-55">[52]</a> In spite of all her humanitarian contributions to the French war effort, Curie never received any formal recognition of it from the French government.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_War-62">[59]</a> Also, promptly after the war started, she attempted to donate her gold Nobel Prize medals to the war effort but the <a href="/wiki/Banque_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Banque de France">French National Bank</a> refused to accept them.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_War2-66">[63]</a> She did buy <a href="/wiki/War_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="War bonds">war bonds</a>, using her Nobel Prize money.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_War2-66">[63]</a> She said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I am going to give up the little gold I possess. I shall add to this the scientific medals, which are quite useless to me. There is something else: by sheer laziness I had allowed the money for my second Nobel Prize to remain in Stockholm in Swedish crowns. This is the chief part of what we possess. I should like to bring it back here and invest it in war loans. The state needs it. Only, I have no illusions: this money will probably be lost.<a href="#cite_note-Coppes-Zantinga,_A._R_1998-63">[60]</a> </blockquote> She was also an active member in committees of <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_France" title="Poles in France">Polonia in France</a> dedicated to the Polish cause.<a href="#cite_note-emigracja-67">[64]</a> After the war, she summarised her wartime experiences in a book, Radiology in War (1919).<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_War2-66">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_years">Postwar years</h3></div> In 1920, for the 25th anniversary of the discovery of radium, the French government established a stipend for her; its previous recipient was <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a>, who had died in 1895.<a href="#cite_note-psb113-55">[52]</a> In 1921, she was welcomed triumphantly when she toured the United States to raise funds for research on radium. <a href="/wiki/Marie_Mattingly_Meloney" title="Marie Mattingly Meloney">Mrs. William Brown Meloney</a>, after interviewing Curie, created a Marie Curie Radium Fund and raised money to buy radium, publicising her trip.<a href="#cite_note-psb113-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_in_America,_1921-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[d]</a> In 1921, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> received her at the White House to present her with the 1 gram of radium collected in the United States, and the First Lady praised her as an example of a professional achiever who was also a supportive wife.<a href="#cite_note-Madame_Curie's_Passion-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Radium_Institute-71">[67]</a> Before the meeting, recognising her growing fame abroad, and embarrassed by the fact that she had no French official distinctions to wear in public, the French government offered her a <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> award, but she refused.<a href="#cite_note-The_Radium_Institute-71">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pasachoff1996-72">[68]</a> In 1922 she became a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="French Academy of Medicine">French Academy of Medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-psb113-55">[52]</a> She also travelled to other countries, appearing publicly and giving lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain, and Czechoslovakia.<a href="#cite_note-amudeu-73">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irene_and_Marie_Curie_1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Irene_and_Marie_Curie_1925.jpg/170px-Irene_and_Marie_Curie_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Irene_and_Marie_Curie_1925.jpg/255px-Irene_and_Marie_Curie_1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Irene_and_Marie_Curie_1925.jpg/340px-Irene_and_Marie_Curie_1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2532" data-file-height="2904" /></a><figcaption>Marie and daughter <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Curie" class="mw-redirect" title="Irène Curie">Irène</a>, 1925</figcaption></figure> Led by Curie, the Institute produced four more Nobel Prize winners, including her daughter <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a> and her son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Radium_Institute_2-74">[70]</a> Eventually it became one of the world's four major radioactivity-research laboratories, the others being the <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory" title="Cavendish Laboratory">Cavendish Laboratory</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Radium_Research,_Vienna" title="Institute for Radium Research, Vienna">Institute for Radium Research, Vienna</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Meyer_(physicist)" title="Stefan Meyer (physicist)">Stefan Meyer</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Chemistry" title="Max Planck Institute for Chemistry">Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Radium_Institute_2-74">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chemistry_International_–_Newsmagazine_for_IUPAC-75">[71]</a> In August 1922 Marie Curie became a member of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>' newly created <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_on_Intellectual_Cooperation" title="International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation">International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-12">[10]</a> She sat on the committee until 1934 and contributed to League of Nations' scientific coordination with other prominent researchers such as <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> In 1923 she wrote a biography of her late husband, titled Pierre Curie.<a href="#cite_note-leg-78">[74]</a> In 1925 she visited Poland to participate in a ceremony laying the foundations for Warsaw's <a href="/wiki/Curie_Institute,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Curie Institute, Warsaw">Radium Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-psb113-55">[52]</a> Her second American tour, in 1929, succeeded in equipping the Warsaw Radium Institute with radium; the Institute opened in 1932, with her sister Bronisława its director.<a href="#cite_note-psb113-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Radium_Institute-71">[67]</a> These distractions from her scientific labours, and the attendant publicity, caused her much discomfort but provided resources for her work.<a href="#cite_note-The_Radium_Institute-71">[67]</a> In 1930 she was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">International Atomic Weights Committee</a>, on which she served until her death.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> In 1931, Curie was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Prize_for_Therapeutics_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh">Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sklodowska-Curie_statue,_Warsaw.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sklodowska-Curie_statue%2C_Warsaw.JPG/170px-Sklodowska-Curie_statue%2C_Warsaw.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sklodowska-Curie_statue%2C_Warsaw.JPG/255px-Sklodowska-Curie_statue%2C_Warsaw.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sklodowska-Curie_statue%2C_Warsaw.JPG/340px-Sklodowska-Curie_statue%2C_Warsaw.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>1935 statue, facing the Radium Institute, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></figcaption></figure> Curie visited Poland for the last time in early 1934.<a href="#cite_note-gwiazdapolarna-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Radium_Institute_3-81">[77]</a> A few months later, on 4 July 1934, she died aged 66 at the <a href="/wiki/Sancellemoz" title="Sancellemoz">Sancellemoz</a> sanatorium in <a href="/wiki/Passy,_Haute-Savoie" title="Passy, Haute-Savoie">Passy, Haute-Savoie</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Aplastic_anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aplastic anaemia">aplastic anaemia</a> believed to have been contracted from her long-term exposure to radiation, causing damage to her bone marrow.<a href="#cite_note-psb113-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> The damaging effects of ionising radiation were not known at the time of her work, which had been carried out without the safety measures later developed.<a href="#cite_note-The_Radium_Institute_3-81">[77]</a> She had carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket,<a href="#cite_note-ShipmanWilson2012-83">[79]</a> and she stored them in her desk drawer, remarking on the <a href="/wiki/Radioluminescence" title="Radioluminescence">faint light</a> that the substances gave off in the dark.<a href="#cite_note-The_Vertigo_Years:_Europe,_1900–1914-84">[80]</a> Curie was also exposed to X-rays from unshielded equipment while serving as a radiologist in field hospitals during the First World War.<a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_War2-66">[63]</a> When Curie's body was exhumed in 1995, the French Office de Protection contre les Rayonnements Ionisants (OPRI) "concluded that she could not have been exposed to lethal levels of radium while she was alive". They pointed out that radium poses a risk only if it is ingested, and speculated that her illness was more likely to have been due to her use of radiography during the First World War.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> She was interred at the cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Sceaux,_Hauts-de-Seine" title="Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine">Sceaux</a>, alongside her husband Pierre.<a href="#cite_note-psb113-55">[52]</a> Sixty years later, in 1995, in honour of their achievements, the remains of both were transferred to the Paris <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a>. Their remains were sealed in a lead lining because of the radioactivity.<a href="#cite_note-bi-2015-86">[82]</a> She became the second woman to be interred at the Panthéon (after <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Berthelot" title="Sophie Berthelot">Sophie Berthelot</a>) and the first woman to be honoured with interment in the Panthéon on her own merits.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-12">[10]</a> Because of their levels of radioactive contamination, her papers from the 1890s are considered too dangerous to handle.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> Even her cookbooks are highly radioactive.<a href="#cite_note-everything-88">[84]</a> Her papers are kept in lead-lined boxes, and those who wish to consult them must wear protective clothing.<a href="#cite_note-everything-88">[84]</a> In her last year, she worked on a book, Radioactivity, which was published posthumously in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-The_Radium_Institute_3-81">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lublin_UMCS_Pomnik_Marii_Curie-Sk%C5%82odowskiej.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lublin_UMCS_Pomnik_Marii_Curie-Sk%C5%82odowskiej.jpg/170px-Lublin_UMCS_Pomnik_Marii_Curie-Sk%C5%82odowskiej.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lublin_UMCS_Pomnik_Marii_Curie-Sk%C5%82odowskiej.jpg/255px-Lublin_UMCS_Pomnik_Marii_Curie-Sk%C5%82odowskiej.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lublin_UMCS_Pomnik_Marii_Curie-Sk%C5%82odowskiej.jpg/340px-Lublin_UMCS_Pomnik_Marii_Curie-Sk%C5%82odowskiej.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie_Monument_in_Lublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Curie Monument in Lublin">Marie Curie Monument in Lublin</a></figcaption></figure> The physical and societal aspects of the Curies' work contributed to shaping the world of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.<a href="#cite_note-psb114-89">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> professor <a href="/wiki/L._Pearce_Williams" title="L. Pearce Williams">L. Pearce Williams</a> observes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The result of the Curies' work was epoch-making. Radium's radioactivity was so great that it could not be ignored. It seemed to contradict the principle of the conservation of energy and therefore forced a reconsideration of the foundations of physics. On the experimental level the discovery of radium provided men like Ernest Rutherford with sources of radioactivity with which they could probe the structure of the atom. As a result of Rutherford's experiments with alpha radiation, the nuclear atom was first postulated. In medicine, the radioactivity of radium appeared to offer a means by which cancer could be successfully attacked.<a href="#cite_note-Williams332-44">[41]</a></blockquote> In addition to helping to overturn established ideas in physics and chemistry, Curie's work has had a profound effect in the societal sphere. To attain her scientific achievements, she had to overcome barriers, in both her native and her adoptive country, that were placed in her way because she was a woman.<a href="#cite_note-gwiazdapolarna-17">[15]</a> She was known for her honesty and moderate lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-psb112-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-psb114-89">[85]</a> Having received a small scholarship in 1893, she returned it in 1897 as soon as she began earning her keep.<a href="#cite_note-psb111-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris_2-34">[31]</a> She gave much of her first Nobel Prize money to friends, family, students, and research associates.<a href="#cite_note-gwiazdapolarna-17">[15]</a> In an unusual decision, Curie intentionally refrained from patenting the radium-isolation process so that the scientific community could do research unhindered.<a href="#cite_note-robert8-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[e]</a> She insisted that monetary gifts and awards be given to the scientific institutions she was affiliated with rather than to her.<a href="#cite_note-psb114-89">[85]</a> She and her husband often refused awards and medals.<a href="#cite_note-psb112-25">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> reportedly remarked that she was probably the only person who could not be corrupted by fame.<a href="#cite_note-gwiazdapolarna-17">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration_and_cultural_depictions">Commemoration and cultural depictions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CERN,_Marie_Curie,_Ginebra,_Suiza,_2015_19.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/CERN%2C_Marie_Curie%2C_Ginebra%2C_Suiza%2C_2015_19.JPG/170px-CERN%2C_Marie_Curie%2C_Ginebra%2C_Suiza%2C_2015_19.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/CERN%2C_Marie_Curie%2C_Ginebra%2C_Suiza%2C_2015_19.JPG/255px-CERN%2C_Marie_Curie%2C_Ginebra%2C_Suiza%2C_2015_19.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/CERN%2C_Marie_Curie%2C_Ginebra%2C_Suiza%2C_2015_19.JPG/340px-CERN%2C_Marie_Curie%2C_Ginebra%2C_Suiza%2C_2015_19.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption> Bust of "Maria Skłodowska-Curie", <a href="/wiki/Microcosm_(CERN)" title="Microcosm (CERN)">CERN Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, 2015</figcaption></figure> As one of the most famous scientists in history, Marie Curie has become an icon in the scientific world and has received tributes from across the globe, even in the realm of <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">pop culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Borzendowski2009-36-92">[87]</a> She also received many honorary degrees from universities across the world.<a href="#cite_note-The_Radium_Institute-71">[67]</a> Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person to win two Nobel Prizes, the only woman to win in two fields, and the only person to win in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize#Multiple_laureates" title="Nobel Prize">multiple sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Prize_Facts-93">[88]</a> Awards and honours that she received include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1903, with her husband Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel)<a href="#cite_note-psb112-25">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Medal" title="Davy Medal">Davy Medal</a> (1903, with Pierre)<a href="#cite_note-amudeu-73">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-CurieSheean1999-94">[89]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" title="Matteucci Medal">Matteucci Medal</a> (1904, with Pierre)<a href="#cite_note-CurieSheean1999-94">[89]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actonian_Prize" title="Actonian Prize">Actonian Prize</a> (1907)<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> (1909)<a href="#cite_note-winners-96">[91]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> (1909, rejected)<a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> (1911)<a href="#cite_note-gwiazdapolarna-17">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Order_of_Alfonso_XII" title="Civil Order of Alfonso XII">Civil Order of Alfonso XII</a> (1919)<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_(American_Philosophical_Society)" title="Benjamin Franklin Medal (American Philosophical Society)">Franklin Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (1921)<a href="#cite_note-Minutes-99">[94]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Poland)">Order of the White Eagle</a> (2018, posthumously)<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a></li></ul> Entities that have been named after Marie Curie include: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">curie</a> (symbol Ci), a unit of radioactivity, is named in honour of her and Pierre Curie (although the commission which agreed on the name never clearly stated whether the standard was named after Pierre, Marie, or both).<a href="#cite_note-How_the_Curie_Came_to_Be-101">[96]</a></li> <li>The element with atomic number 96 was named <a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a> (symbol Cm).<a href="#cite_note-Curium-102">[97]</a></li> <li>Three radioactive minerals are also named after the Curies: <a href="/wiki/Curite" title="Curite">curite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sklodowskite" title="Sklodowskite">sklodowskite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cuprosklodowskite" title="Cuprosklodowskite">cuprosklodowskite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Borzendowski2009-37-103">[98]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Marie_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Actions" title="Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions">Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions</a> fellowship program of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> for young scientists wishing to work in a foreign country<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a></li> <li>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_et_Marie_Curie_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris Métro)">a metro station in Paris</a> was renamed after both of the Curies.<a href="#cite_note-Borzendowski2009-37-103">[98]</a></li> <li>The Polish research <a href="/wiki/Maria_reactor" title="Maria reactor">nuclear reactor Maria</a><a href="#cite_note-IEA_–_reaktor_Maria-105">[100]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/7000_Curie" class="mw-redirect" title="7000 Curie">7000 Curie</a> asteroid<a href="#cite_note-Borzendowski2009-37-103">[98]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie_(charity)" title="Marie Curie (charity)">Marie Curie charity</a>, in the United Kingdom<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Marie_Sklodowska-Curie_Award" title="IEEE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award">IEEE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award</a>, an international award presented for outstanding contributions to the field of nuclear and plasma sciences and engineering, was established by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie_Medal" title="Marie Curie Medal">Marie Curie Medal</a>, an annual <a href="/wiki/Science_awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Science awards">science award</a> established in 1996 and conferred by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Chemical_Society" title="Polish Chemical Society">Polish Chemical Society</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a></li> <li>The Marie Curie–Sklodowska Medal and Prize, an annual award conferred by the London-based <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics" title="Institute of Physics">Institute of Physics</a> for distinguished contributions to physics education<a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Curie-Sk%C5%82odowska_University" title="Maria Curie-Skłodowska University">Maria Curie-Skłodowska University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>, Poland<a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_University" title="Pierre and Marie Curie University">Pierre and Marie Curie University</a> in Paris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_National_Research_Institute_of_Oncology" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology">Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology</a> in Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaire_Marie-Curie" title="École élémentaire Marie-Curie">École élémentaire Marie-Curie</a> in London, Ontario, Canada; <a href="/wiki/Curie_Metropolitan_High_School" title="Curie Metropolitan High School">Curie Metropolitan High School</a> in Chicago, United States; <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie_High_School" title="Marie Curie High School">Marie Curie High School</a> in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_fran%C3%A7ais_Marie_Curie_de_Zurich" title="Lycée français Marie Curie de Zurich">Lycée français Marie Curie de Zurich</a>, Switzerland; see <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Marie_Curie_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lycée Marie Curie (disambiguation)">Lycée Marie Curie</a> for a list of other schools named after her</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_Madame_Curie" title="Rue Madame Curie">Rue Madame Curie</a> in Beirut, Lebanon.</li></ul> Numerous biographies are devoted to her, including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%88ve_Curie" title="Ève Curie">Ève Curie</a> (Marie Curie's daughter), Madame Curie, 1938.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Giroud" title="Françoise Giroud">Françoise Giroud</a>, Marie Curie: A Life, 1987.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Quinn" title="Susan Quinn">Susan Quinn</a>, Marie Curie: A Life, 1996.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Goldsmith" title="Barbara Goldsmith">Barbara Goldsmith</a>, Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie, 2005.<a href="#cite_note-cosm-111">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Redniss" title="Lauren Redniss">Lauren Redniss</a>, Radioactive: Marie and Pierre Curie, a Tale of Love and Fallout, 2011,<a href="#cite_note-Radioactive:_Marie_and_Pierre_Curie,_a_Tale_of_Love_and_Fallout-112">[107]</a> adapted into the 2019 British film.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSobel2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dava_Sobel" title="Dava Sobel">Sobel, Dava</a> (24 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groveatlantic.com/book/the-elements-of-marie-curie/">The Elements of Marie Curie: How the Glow of Radium Lit a Path for Women in Science</a>. Fourth Estate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-853691-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-853691-6"><bdi>978-0-00-853691-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Marie+Curie%3A+How+the+Glow+of+Radium+Lit+a+Path+for+Women+in+Science&rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&rft.date=2024-10-24&rft.isbn=978-0-00-853691-6&rft.aulast=Sobel&rft.aufirst=Dava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroveatlantic.com%2Fbook%2Fthe-elements-of-marie-curie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"><a href="#cite_note-spinney-37">[34]</a></li></ul> Marie Curie has been the subject of a number of films: <ul><li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Madame_Curie_(film)" title="Madame Curie (film)">Madame Curie</a>, a U.S. Oscar-nominated film by <a href="/wiki/Mervyn_LeRoy" title="Mervyn LeRoy">Mervyn LeRoy</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Greer_Garson" title="Greer Garson">Greer Garson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-leg-78">[74]</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Les_Palmes_de_M._Schutz" title="Les Palmes de M. Schutz">Les Palmes de M. Schutz</a>, a French film adapted from a play of the same title, and directed by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Pinoteau" title="Claude Pinoteau">Claude Pinoteau</a>. Marie Curie is played by <a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Huppert" title="Isabelle Huppert">Isabelle Huppert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Les-Palmes-de-M-Schutz_–_Trailer_–_Cast_–_Showtimes_–_NYTimes.com-113">[108]</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie,_une_femme_sur_le_front" title="Marie Curie, une femme sur le front">Marie Curie, une femme sur le front</a>, a French-Belgian film, directed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_Brunard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alain Brunard (page does not exist)">Alain Brunard</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Brunard" class="extiw" title="fr:Alain Brunard">fr</a>] and starring <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Reymond" title="Dominique Reymond">Dominique Reymond</a>.</li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie:_The_Courage_of_Knowledge" title="Marie Curie: The Courage of Knowledge">Marie Curie: The Courage of Knowledge</a>, a European co-production by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_No%C3%ABlle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie Noëlle (page does not exist)">Marie Noëlle</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Karolina_Gruszka" title="Karolina Gruszka">Karolina Gruszka</a>.</li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Super_Science_Friends" title="Super Science Friends">Super Science Friends</a>, an American Internet animated series created by Brett Jubinville with Hedy Gregor as Marie Curie.</li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_(film)" title="Radioactive (film)">Radioactive</a>, a British film by <a href="/wiki/Marjane_Satrapi" title="Marjane Satrapi">Marjane Satrapi</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Rosamund_Pike" title="Rosamund Pike">Rosamund Pike</a>.</li></ul> Curie is the subject of the 2013 play False Assumptions by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Aronovitch" title="Lawrence Aronovitch">Lawrence Aronovitch</a>, in which the ghosts of three other women scientists observe events in her life.<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> Curie has also been portrayed by Susan Marie Frontczak in her play, Manya: The Living History of Marie Curie, a one-woman show which by 2014 had been performed in 30 U.S. states and nine countries.<a href="#cite_note-Main,_Douglas-115">[110]</a> Lauren Gunderson's 2019 play The Half-Life of Marie Curie portrays Curie during the summer after her 1911 Nobel Prize victory, when she was grappling with depression and facing public scorn over the revelation of her affair with Paul Langevin. The life of the scientist was also the subject of a 2018 Korean musical, titled <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie_(musical)" title="Marie Curie (musical)">Marie Curie</a>. The show was since translated in English (as Marie Curie a New Musical) and has been performed several times across Asia and Europe, receiving its official <a href="/wiki/Off_West_End" title="Off West End">Off West End</a> premiere in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross_Theatre" title="Charing Cross Theatre">Charing Cross Theatre</a> in summer 2024.<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> Curie has appeared on more than 600 postage stamps in many countries across the world.<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> Between 1989 and 1996, she was depicted on a 20,000-<a href="/wiki/Zloty" class="mw-redirect" title="Zloty">zloty</a> banknote designed by <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Heidrich" title="Andrzej Heidrich">Andrzej Heidrich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> In 2011, a commemorative 20-zloty banknote depicting Curie was issued by the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Poland" title="National Bank of Poland">National Bank of Poland</a> on the 100th anniversary of the scientist receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a> In 1994, the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Bank of France</a> issued a 500-<a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">franc</a> banknote depicting Marie and Pierre Curie.<a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> As of the middle of 2024, Curie is depicted on French <a href="/wiki/50_euro_cent_coin" title="50 euro cent coin">50 euro cent coins</a> to commemorate her importance in French history.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Kellogg#Marie_Curie" title="Charlotte Kellogg">Charlotte Hoffman Kellogg</a>, who sponsored Marie Curie's visit to the US</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusapia_Palladino#France" title="Eusapia Palladino">Eusapia Palladino</a>: <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualist</a> <a href="/wiki/Medium_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium (spirituality)">medium</a> whose Paris <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ances" class="mw-redirect" title="Séances">séances</a> were attended by an intrigued Pierre Curie and a sceptical Marie Curie</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Nobel_laureates" title="List of female Nobel laureates">List of female Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize">List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Poles#Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Poles">List of Poles in Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Poles#Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Poles">List of Poles in Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Polish Nobel laureates">List of Polish Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women_in_science" title="Timeline of women in science">Timeline of women in science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Radioactivity" title="Treatise on Radioactivity">Treatise on Radioactivity</a>, by Marie Curie</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_chemistry" title="Women in chemistry">Women in chemistry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> In this <a href="/wiki/Polish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish name">Polish name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is Skłodowska. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Poland had been <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitioned in the 18th century among Russia, Prussia, and Austria</a>, and it was Maria Skłodowska Curie's hope that naming the element after her native country would bring world attention to Poland's lack of independence as a sovereign state. <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> may have been the first chemical element named to highlight a political question.<a href="#cite_note-independence-9">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Sources vary concerning the field of her second degree. <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Estreicher" title="Tadeusz Estreicher">Tadeusz Estreicher</a>, in the 1938 <a href="/wiki/Polski_s%C5%82ownik_biograficzny" class="mw-redirect" title="Polski słownik biograficzny">Polski słownik biograficzny</a> entry, writes that, while many sources state she earned a degree in mathematics, this is incorrect, and that her second degree was in chemistry.<a href="#cite_note-psb111-14">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Marie Skłodowska Curie was escorted to the United States by the American author and social activist <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Kellogg" title="Charlotte Kellogg">Charlotte Hoffman Kellogg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> However, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">historian of science</a> <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Fara" title="Patricia Fara">Patricia Fara</a> writes: "Marie Skłodowska Curie's reputation as a scientific martyr is often supported by quoting her denial (carefully crafted by her American publicist, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Meloney" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Meloney">Marie Meloney</a>) that she derived any personal gain from her research: 'There were no patents. We were working in the interests of science. Radium was not to enrich anyone. Radium... belongs to all people.' As Eva Hemmungs Wirtén pointed out in Making Marie Curie, this claim takes on a different hue once you learn that, under French law, Curie was banned from taking out a patent in her own name, so that any profits from her research would automatically have gone to her husband, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre</a>." <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Fara" title="Patricia Fara">Patricia Fara</a>, "It leads to everything" (review of Paul Sen, Einstein's Fridge: The Science of Fire, Ice and the Universe, William Collins, April 2021, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B0%2B00%2B826279%2B2" title="Special:BookSources/978+0+00+826279+2">978 0 00 826279 2</a>, 305 pp.), <a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a>, vol. 43, no. 18 (23 September 2021), pp. 20–21 (quotation, p. 21). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). Roach, Peter; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; Esling, John (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a> (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15253-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15253-2"><bdi>978-0-521-15253-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15253-2&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madame_Curie's_Passion-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madame_Curie's_Passion_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madame_Curie's_Passion_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulie_Des_Jardins2011" class="citation web cs1">Julie Des Jardins (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Madame-Curies-Passion.html">"Madame Curie's Passion"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121127184144/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Madame-Curies-Passion.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Madame+Curie%27s+Passion&rft.date=2011-10&rft.au=Julie+Des+Jardins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory-archaeology%2FMadame-Curies-Passion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151101075508/http://www2.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/03/4.html">"The Discovery of Radioactivity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Lab" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkeley Lab">Berkeley Lab</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/03/4.html">the original</a> on 1 November 2015. <q>The term radioactivity was actually coined by Marie Curie ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Berkeley+Lab&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+of+Radioactivity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.lbl.gov%2Fabc%2Fwallchart%2Fchapters%2F03%2F4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180730115737/https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/nobelprize_info/curie-edu.html">"Marie Curie and the radioactivity, The 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics"</a>. nobelprize.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/nobelprize_info/curie-edu.html">the original</a> on 30 July 2018. <q>Marie called this radiation radioactivity—'radio' means radiation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=Marie+Curie+and+the+radioactivity%2C+The+1903+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Feducational%2Fnobelprize_info%2Fcurie-edu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> See her signature, "M. Skłodowska Curie", in the infobox. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Her 1911 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> was granted to "Marie Sklodowska Curie" <a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie%27s_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry_1911.jpg" title="File:Marie Skłodowska-Curie's Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911.jpg">File:Marie Skłodowska-Curie's Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911.jpg</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-goldsmith-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goldsmith_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goldsmith_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmith2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Goldsmith" title="Barbara Goldsmith">Goldsmith, Barbara</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xuYSLk_tHfgC">Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05137-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05137-7"><bdi>978-0-393-05137-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505041336/https://books.google.com/books?id=xuYSLk_tHfgC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obsessive+Genius%3A+The+Inner+World+of+Marie+Curie&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05137-7&rft.aulast=Goldsmith&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxuYSLk_tHfgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-independence-9"><a href="#cite_ref-independence_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabzińska1998" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kabzińska, Krystyna (1998). "Chemiczne i polskie aspekty odkrycia polonu i radu" [Chemical and Polish Aspects of Polonium and Radium Discovery]. Przemysł Chemiczny (The Chemical Industry) (in Polish). 77: 104–107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Przemys%C5%82+Chemiczny+%28The+Chemical+Industry%29&rft.atitle=Chemiczne+i+polskie+aspekty+odkrycia+polonu+i+radu&rft.volume=77&rft.pages=104-107&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Kabzi%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Krystyna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zz7Q-zZ4onc">"The Genius of Marie Curie: The Woman Who Lit Up the World"</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (a 2013 <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> documentary) </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/21/world/marie-curie-enshrined-in-pantheon.html">"Marie Curie Enshrined in Pantheon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 21 April 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120122093842/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/21/world/marie-curie-enshrined-in-pantheon.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Marie+Curie+Enshrined+in+Pantheon&rft.date=1995-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F04%2F21%2Fworld%2Fmarie-curie-enshrined-in-pantheon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelprize-13"><a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1903/marie-curie/facts/">"Marie Curie Facts"</a>. Nobelprize.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042916/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1903/marie-curie/facts/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie+Facts&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F1903%2Fmarie-curie%2Ffacts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-psb111-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-psb111_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb111_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb111_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb111_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb111_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb111_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb111_14-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb111_14-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb111_14-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb111_14-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb111_14-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb111_14-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb111_14-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb111_14-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb111_14-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb111_14-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb111_14-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb111_14-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb111_14-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb111_14-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb111_14-20">u</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstreicher1938" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Estreicher" title="Tadeusz Estreicher">Estreicher, Tadeusz</a> (1938). "Curie, Maria ze Skłodowskich". <a href="/wiki/Polski_s%C5%82ownik_biograficzny" class="mw-redirect" title="Polski słownik biograficzny">Polski słownik biograficzny, vol. 4</a> (in Polish). p. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Curie%2C+Maria+ze+Sk%C5%82odowskich&rft.btitle=Polski+s%C5%82ownik+biograficzny%2C+vol.+4&rft.pages=111&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Estreicher&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)_15-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)_15-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/exhibits/curie/polgirl1.htm">"Marie Curie – Polish Girlhood (1867–1891) Part 1"</a>. American Institute of Physics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111102131239/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/polgirl1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie+%E2%80%93+Polish+Girlhood+%281867%E2%80%931891%29+Part+1&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fexhibits%2Fcurie%2Fpolgirl1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2014" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Craig (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vTcGAQAAQBAJ&q=bronislawa%20bronya&pg=PA18">The Age of Radiance: The Epic Rise and Dramatic Fall of the Atomic Era</a>. Simon & Schuster. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-6045-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-6045-6"><bdi>978-1-4516-6045-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170423082643/https://books.google.com/books?id=vTcGAQAAQBAJ&lpg=PA18&dq=bronislawa%20bronya&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Radiance%3A+The+Epic+Rise+and+Dramatic+Fall+of+the+Atomic+Era&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-6045-6&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvTcGAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbronislawa%2520bronya%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gwiazdapolarna-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gwiazdapolarna_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gwiazdapolarna_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gwiazdapolarna_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gwiazdapolarna_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gwiazdapolarna_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gwiazdapolarna_17-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gwiazdapolarna_17-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gwiazdapolarna_17-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gwiazdapolarna_17-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gwiazdapolarna_17-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gwiazdapolarna_17-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gwiazdapolarna_17-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gwiazdapolarna_17-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWojciech_A._Wierzewski2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wojciech A. Wierzewski (21 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090321193811/http://www.gwiazdapolarna.com/czytaj.php?nr=813&cat=4&art=04-01.txt">"Mazowieckie korzenie Marii"</a> [Maria's Mazowsze Roots]. <a href="/wiki/Gwiazda_Polarna" title="Gwiazda Polarna">Gwiazda Polarna</a> (in Polish). 100 (13): 16–17. Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gwiazda+Polarna&rft.atitle=Mazowieckie+korzenie+Marii&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=16-17&rft.date=2008-06-21&rft.au=Wojciech+A.+Wierzewski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwiazdapolarna.com%2Fczytaj.php%3Fnr%3D813%26cat%3D4%26art%3D04-01.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monika_Pi%C4%85tkowska" class="extiw" title="pl:Monika Piątkowska">Monika Piątkowska</a>, Prus: Śledztwo biograficzne (Prus: A Biographical Investigation), <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wydawnictwo_Znak" class="mw-redirect" title="Wydawnictwo Znak">Wydawnictwo Znak</a>, 2017, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-240-4543-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-240-4543-3">978-83-240-4543-3</a>, pp. 49–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-undoubtedly-19"><a href="#cite_ref-undoubtedly_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiłosz1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Miłosz, Czesław</a> (1983). The History of Polish Literature. University of California Press. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04477-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04477-7"><bdi>978-0-520-04477-7</bdi></a>. <q>Undoubtedly the most important novelist of <a href="/wiki/Positivism_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Positivism in Poland">the period</a> was Bolesław Prus...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Polish+Literature&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04477-7&rft.aulast=Mi%C5%82osz&rft.aufirst=Czes%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barker2011-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Barker2011_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Barker" title="Dan Barker">Barker, Dan</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ruzL8ogol2sC&pg=PA171">The Good Atheist: Living a Purpose-Filled Life Without God</a>. Ulysses Press. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56975-846-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56975-846-5"><bdi>978-1-56975-846-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151102033101/https://books.google.com/books?id=ruzL8ogol2sC&pg=PA171">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Good+Atheist%3A+Living+a+Purpose-Filled+Life+Without+God&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Ulysses+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-56975-846-5&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DruzL8ogol2sC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marie_Curie-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_William_Reid1974" class="citation book cs1">Robert William Reid (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p81XAAAAYAAJ">Marie Curie</a>. New American Library. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211539-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211539-1"><bdi>978-0-00-211539-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611033456/https://books.google.com/books?id=p81XAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016. <q>Unusually at such an early age, she became what T.H. Huxley had just invented a word for: agnostic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-00-211539-1&rft.au=Robert+William+Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp81XAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)1-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)1_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)1_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)1_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)1_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)1_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)1_22-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)1_22-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)1_22-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Polish_Girlhood_(1867–1891)1_22-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/exhibits/curie/polgirl2.htm">"Marie Curie – Polish Girlhood (1867–1891) Part 2"</a>. American Institute of Physics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111102134102/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/polgirl2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie+%E2%80%93+Polish+Girlhood+%281867%E2%80%931891%29+Part+2&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fexhibits%2Fcurie%2Fpolgirl2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-robert2-23"><a href="#cite_ref-robert2_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_William_Reid1974" class="citation book cs1">Robert William Reid (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p81XAAAAYAAJ">Marie Curie</a>. New American Library. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211539-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211539-1"><bdi>978-0-00-211539-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611033456/https://books.google.com/books?id=p81XAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-00-211539-1&rft.au=Robert+William+Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp81XAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-teachers-24"><a href="#cite_ref-teachers_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_William_Reid1974" class="citation book cs1">Robert William Reid (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p81XAAAAYAAJ">Marie Curie</a>. New American Library. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211539-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211539-1"><bdi>978-0-00-211539-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611033456/https://books.google.com/books?id=p81XAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-00-211539-1&rft.au=Robert+William+Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp81XAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-psb112-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-psb112_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb112_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb112_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb112_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb112_25-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb112_25-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb112_25-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb112_25-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb112_25-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb112_25-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb112_25-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb112_25-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb112_25-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb112_25-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb112_25-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb112_25-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb112_25-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb112_25-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb112_25-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb112_25-19">t</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstreicher1938" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Estreicher" title="Tadeusz Estreicher">Estreicher, Tadeusz</a> (1938). "Curie, Maria ze Skłodowskich". <a href="/wiki/Polski_s%C5%82ownik_biograficzny" class="mw-redirect" title="Polski słownik biograficzny">Polski słownik biograficzny, vol. 4</a> (in Polish). p. 112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Curie%2C+Maria+ze+Sk%C5%82odowskich&rft.btitle=Polski+s%C5%82ownik+biograficzny%2C+vol.+4&rft.pages=112&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Estreicher&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-robert3-26"><a href="#cite_ref-robert3_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_William_Reid1974" class="citation book cs1">Robert William Reid (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p81XAAAAYAAJ">Marie Curie</a>. New American Library. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211539-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211539-1"><bdi>978-0-00-211539-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611033456/https://books.google.com/books?id=p81XAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-00-211539-1&rft.au=Robert+William+Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp81XAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris_27-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris_27-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris_27-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris_27-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris_27-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris_27-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris_27-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/exhibits/curie/stud1.htm">"Marie Curie – Student in Paris (1891–1897) Part 1"</a>. American Institute of Physics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111028155638/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/stud1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie+%E2%80%93+Student+in+Paris+%281891%E2%80%931897%29+Part+1&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fexhibits%2Fcurie%2Fstud1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams331-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Williams331_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Pearce_Williams1986" class="citation book cs1">L. Pearce Williams (1986). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://janinetissot.fdaf.org/jt_curie_marie.htm">the original</a> on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie&rft.au=les+Actus+DN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjaninetissot.fdaf.org%2Fjt_curie_marie.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_31-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_31-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_31-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_31-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_31-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/exhibits/curie/resbr1.htm">"Marie Curie  – Research Breakthroughs (1807–1904) Part 1"</a>. American Institute of Physics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111028083750/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/resbr1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie+%E2%80%93+Research+Breakthroughs+%281807%E2%80%931904%29+Part+1&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fexhibits%2Fcurie%2Fresbr1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-robert4-32"><a href="#cite_ref-robert4_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_William_Reid1974" class="citation book cs1">Robert William Reid (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p81XAAAAYAAJ">Marie Curie</a>. New American Library. pp. 61–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211539-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211539-1"><bdi>978-0-00-211539-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611033456/https://books.google.com/books?id=p81XAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie&rft.pages=61-63&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-00-211539-1&rft.au=Robert+William+Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp81XAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_2-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_2_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_2_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_2_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_2_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_2_33-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_2_33-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_2_33-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_2_33-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_2_33-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_2_33-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_2_33-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/exhibits/curie/resbr2.htm">"Marie Curie  – Research Breakthroughs (1807–1904) Part 2"</a>. American Institute of Physics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111118025917/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/resbr2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie+%E2%80%93+Research+Breakthroughs+%281807%E2%80%931904%29+Part+2&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fexhibits%2Fcurie%2Fresbr2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris_2-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris_2_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_–_Student_in_Paris_2_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/exhibits/curie/stud2.htm">"Marie Curie – Student in Paris (1891–1897) Part 2"</a>. American Institute of Physics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110912012411/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/stud2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie+%E2%80%93+Student+in+Paris+%281891%E2%80%931897%29+Part+2&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fexhibits%2Fcurie%2Fstud2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-robert5-35"><a href="#cite_ref-robert5_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_William_Reid1974" class="citation book cs1">Robert William Reid (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p81XAAAAYAAJ">Marie Curie</a>. New American Library. pp. 63–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211539-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211539-1"><bdi>978-0-00-211539-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611033456/https://books.google.com/books?id=p81XAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie&rft.pages=63-64&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-00-211539-1&rft.au=Robert+William+Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp81XAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-robert6-36"><a href="#cite_ref-robert6_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_William_Reid1974" class="citation book cs1">Robert William Reid (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p81XAAAAYAAJ">Marie Curie</a>. New American Library. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211539-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211539-1"><bdi>978-0-00-211539-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611033456/https://books.google.com/books?id=p81XAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-00-211539-1&rft.au=Robert+William+Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp81XAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spinney-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spinney_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spinney_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpinney2024" class="citation news cs1">Spinney, Laura (11 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/nov/11/the-elements-of-marie-curie-by-dava-sobel-review-the-great-scientist-who-created-her-own-school">"The Elements of Marie Curie by Dava Sobel review – the great scientist who created her own school"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Elements+of+Marie+Curie+by+Dava+Sobel+review+%E2%80%93+the+great+scientist+who+created+her+own+school&rft.date=2024-11-11&rft.aulast=Spinney&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2024%2Fnov%2F11%2Fthe-elements-of-marie-curie-by-dava-sobel-review-the-great-scientist-who-created-her-own-school&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-robert7-38"><a href="#cite_ref-robert7_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_William_Reid1974" class="citation book cs1">Robert William Reid (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p81XAAAAYAAJ">Marie Curie</a>. New American Library. pp. 64–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211539-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211539-1"><bdi>978-0-00-211539-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611033456/https://books.google.com/books?id=p81XAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie&rft.pages=64-65&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-00-211539-1&rft.au=Robert+William+Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp81XAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_Reid_p._65-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Reid_p._65_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Reid_p._65_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Reid_p._65_39-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_William_Reid1974" class="citation book cs1">Robert William Reid (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p81XAAAAYAAJ">Marie Curie</a>. New American Library. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211539-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211539-1"><bdi>978-0-00-211539-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611033456/https://books.google.com/books?id=p81XAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-00-211539-1&rft.au=Robert+William+Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp81XAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-curie98-po-40"><a href="#cite_ref-curie98-po_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurie,_P.Curie,_M.1898" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Curie, P.; Curie, M. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/dossiers/Curie/Curie_pdf/CR1898_p175_178.pdf">"Sur une substance nouvelle radio-active, contenue dans la pechblende"</a> [On a new radioactive substance contained in pitchblende] (PDF). Comptes Rendus (in French). 127: 175–178. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surunesubstancen127curi/page/177/mode/1up?q=polonium">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2013. <q>Si l'existence de ce nouveau métal se confirme, nous proposons de l'appeler polonium, du nom du pays d'origine de l'un de nous.</q> [If the existence of this new metal is confirmed, we propose to call it polonium, after the country of origin of one of us.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus&rft.atitle=Sur+une+substance+nouvelle+radio-active%2C+contenue+dans+la+pechblende&rft.volume=127&rft.pages=175-178&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Curie%2C+P.&rft.au=Curie%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academie-sciences.fr%2Fpdf%2Fdossiers%2FCurie%2FCurie_pdf%2FCR1898_p175_178.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/curiespo.html">English translation.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Discovery_of_Radioactivity-41"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Discovery_of_Radioactivity_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/03/4.html">"The Discovery of Radioactivity"</a>. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. 9 August 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120814105054/http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/03/4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+Radioactivity&rft.pub=Lawrence+Berkeley+National+Laboratory&rft.date=2000-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbl.gov%2Fabc%2Fwallchart%2Fchapters%2F03%2F4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-curie89-ra-42"><a href="#cite_ref-curie89-ra_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurieCurieBémont1898" class="citation journal cs1">Curie, Pierre; Curie, Marie; Bémont, Gustave (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3731197#page/813/mode/1up">"Sur une nouvelle substance fortement radio-active, contenue dans la pechblende"</a> [On a new, strongly radioactive substance contained in pitchblende)]. Comptes Rendus. 127: 1215–1217. <q>Les diverses raisons que nous venons d'énumérer nous portent à croire que la nouvelle substance radioactive renferme un élément nouveau, auquel nous proposons de donner le nom de radium.</q> [The various reasons we have just listed lead us to believe that the new radioactive substance contains a new element, which we propose to give the name radium.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus&rft.atitle=Sur+une+nouvelle+substance+fortement+radio-active%2C+contenue+dans+la+pechblende&rft.volume=127&rft.pages=1215-1217&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Curie&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=Curie%2C+Marie&rft.au=B%C3%A9mont%2C+Gustave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F3731197%23page%2F813%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/curie/discover.htm">English translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090806083923/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/discover.htm">Archived</a> 6 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-williams-43"><a href="#cite_ref-williams_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Pearce_Williams1986" class="citation book cs1">L. Pearce Williams (1986). "Curie, Pierre and Marie". <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 8</a>. <a href="/wiki/Danbury,_Connecticut" title="Danbury, Connecticut">Danbury, Connecticut</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grolier" title="Grolier">Grolier</a>, Inc. pp. 331–332.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Curie%2C+Pierre+and+Marie&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana%2C+vol.+8&rft.place=Danbury%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=331-332&rft.pub=Grolier%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1986&rft.au=L.+Pearce+Williams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams332-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams332_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams332_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Pearce_Williams1986" class="citation book cs1">L. Pearce Williams (1986). "Curie, Pierre and Marie". <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 8</a>. <a href="/wiki/Danbury,_Connecticut" title="Danbury, Connecticut">Danbury, Connecticut</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grolier" title="Grolier">Grolier</a>, Inc. p. 332.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Curie%2C+Pierre+and+Marie&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana%2C+vol.+8&rft.place=Danbury%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Grolier%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1986&rft.au=L.+Pearce+Williams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> "Marie Sklodowska Curie", Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 4, Detroit, Gale, 2004, pp. 339–41. <a href="/wiki/Gale_Virtual_Reference_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale Virtual Reference Library">Gale Virtual Reference Library</a>. Web. 3 June 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_3-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_3_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_3_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_3_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_and_the_Science_of_Radioactivity_3_46-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/exhibits/curie/resbr3.htm">"Marie Curie  – Research Breakthroughs (1807–1904) Part 3"</a>. American Institute of Physics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111118025922/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/resbr3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie+%E2%80%93+Research+Breakthroughs+%281807%E2%80%931904%29+Part+3&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fexhibits%2Fcurie%2Fresbr3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quinn1996-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quinn1996_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quinn1996_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn1996" class="citation book cs1">Quinn, Susan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bteAVVwkeUIC&pg=PA176">Marie Curie: A Life</a>. Da Capo Press. pp. 176, 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-88794-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-88794-5"><bdi>978-0-201-88794-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151031071144/https://books.google.com/books?id=bteAVVwkeUIC&pg=PA176">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie%3A+A+Life&rft.pages=176%2C+203&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-201-88794-5&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbteAVVwkeUIC%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_discovery_of_radium_in_1898_by_Maria_Sklodowska-Curie_(1867–1934)_and_Pierre_Curie_(1859–1906)_with_commentary_on_their_life_and_times-48"><a href="#cite_ref-The_discovery_of_radium_in_1898_by_Maria_Sklodowska-Curie_(1867–1934)_and_Pierre_Curie_(1859–1906)_with_commentary_on_their_life_and_times_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMould1998" class="citation journal cs1">Mould, R. F. (1998). "The discovery of radium in 1898 by Maria Sklodowska-Curie (1867–1934) and Pierre Curie (1859–1906) with commentary on their life and times". The British Journal of Radiology. 71 (852): 1229–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1259%2Fbjr.71.852.10318996">10.1259/bjr.71.852.10318996</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10318996">10318996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Radiology&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+radium+in+1898+by+Maria+Sklodowska-Curie+%281867%E2%80%931934%29+and+Pierre+Curie+%281859%E2%80%931906%29+with+commentary+on+their+life+and+times&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=852&rft.pages=1229-54&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1259%2Fbjr.71.852.10318996&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10318996&rft.aulast=Mould&rft.aufirst=R.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marie_Curie_Rec_and_Dis-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_Rec_and_Dis_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_Rec_and_Dis_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/exhibits/curie/recdis1.htm">"Marie Curie  – Recognition and Disappointment (1903–1905) Part 1"</a>. American Institute of Physics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111028155633/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/recdis1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie+%E2%80%93+Recognition+and+Disappointment+%281903%E2%80%931905%29+Part+1&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fexhibits%2Fcurie%2Frecdis1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170926100024/https://www.espci.fr/en/espci-paris/prestige-82/">"ESPCI Paris: Prestige"</a>. www.espci.fr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espci.fr/en/espci-paris/prestige-82/">the original</a> on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.espci.fr&rft.atitle=ESPCI+Paris%3A+Prestige&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espci.fr%2Fen%2Fespci-paris%2Fprestige-82%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marie_Curie_Rec_and_Dis2-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_Rec_and_Dis2_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_Rec_and_Dis2_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_Rec_and_Dis2_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_Rec_and_Dis2_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_Rec_and_Dis2_51-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_Rec_and_Dis2_51-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/exhibits/curie/trag2.htm">"Marie Curie  – Recognition and Disappointment (1903–1905) Part 2"</a>. American Institute of Physics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110912055708/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/trag2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie+%E2%80%93+Recognition+and+Disappointment+%281903%E2%80%931905%29+Part+2&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fexhibits%2Fcurie%2Ftrag2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-obit-52"><a href="#cite_ref-obit_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1906/04/20/archives/prof-curie-killed-in-a-paris-street-the-discoverer-of-radium-run.html">"Prof. Curie killed in a Paris street"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. 20 April 1906. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725215446/https://www.nytimes.com/1906/04/20/archives/prof-curie-killed-in-a-paris-street-the-discoverer-of-radium-run.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Prof.+Curie+killed+in+a+Paris+street&rft.date=1906-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1906%2F04%2F20%2Farchives%2Fprof-curie-killed-in-a-paris-street-the-discoverer-of-radium-run.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marie_Curie_Tr_and_Ad-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_Tr_and_Ad_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_Tr_and_Ad_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/exhibits/curie/recdis2.htm">"Marie Curie  – Tragedy and Adjustment (1906–1910) Part 1"</a>. American Institute of Physics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111026022331/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/recdis2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie+%E2%80%93+Tragedy+and+Adjustment+%281906%E2%80%931910%29+Part+1&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fexhibits%2Fcurie%2Frecdis2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marie_Curie_Tr_and_Ad2-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_Tr_and_Ad2_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_Tr_and_Ad2_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_Tr_and_Ad2_54-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/exhibits/curie/trag1.htm">"Marie Curie  – Tragedy and Adjustment (1906–1910) Part 2"</a>. American Institute of Physics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111102133949/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/trag1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie+%E2%80%93+Tragedy+and+Adjustment+%281906%E2%80%931910%29+Part+2&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fexhibits%2Fcurie%2Ftrag1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-psb113-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-psb113_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb113_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb113_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb113_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb113_55-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb113_55-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb113_55-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb113_55-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb113_55-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb113_55-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb113_55-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb113_55-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb113_55-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb113_55-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb113_55-14">o</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstreicher1938" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Estreicher" title="Tadeusz Estreicher">Estreicher, Tadeusz</a> (1938). "Curie, Maria ze Skłodowskich". <a href="/wiki/Polski_s%C5%82ownik_biograficzny" class="mw-redirect" title="Polski słownik biograficzny">Polski słownik biograficzny, vol. 4</a> (in Polish). p. 113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Curie%2C+Maria+ze+Sk%C5%82odowskich&rft.btitle=Polski+s%C5%82ownik+biograficzny%2C+vol.+4&rft.pages=113&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Estreicher&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marie_Curie_Sc_and_Rec-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_Sc_and_Rec_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_Sc_and_Rec_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_Sc_and_Rec_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_Sc_and_Rec_56-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_Sc_and_Rec_56-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/exhibits/curie/scandal1.htm">"Marie Curie  – Scandal and Recovery (1910–1913) Part 1"</a>. American Institute of Physics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111218035026/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/scandal1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie+%E2%80%93+Scandal+and+Recovery+%281910%E2%80%931913%29+Part+1&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fexhibits%2Fcurie%2Fscandal1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-goldsmith9-57"><a href="#cite_ref-goldsmith9_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmith2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Goldsmith" title="Barbara Goldsmith">Goldsmith, Barbara</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xuYSLk_tHfgC">Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 170–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05137-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05137-7"><bdi>978-0-393-05137-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505041336/https://books.google.com/books?id=xuYSLk_tHfgC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obsessive+Genius%3A+The+Inner+World+of+Marie+Curie&rft.pages=170-71&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05137-7&rft.aulast=Goldsmith&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxuYSLk_tHfgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-robert10-58"><a href="#cite_ref-robert10_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_William_Reid1974" class="citation book cs1">Robert William Reid (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p81XAAAAYAAJ">Marie Curie</a>. New American Library. pp. 44, 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211539-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211539-1"><bdi>978-0-00-211539-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611033456/https://books.google.com/books?id=p81XAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie&rft.pages=44%2C+90&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-00-211539-1&rft.au=Robert+William+Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp81XAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-goldsmith11-59"><a href="#cite_ref-goldsmith11_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmith2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Goldsmith" title="Barbara Goldsmith">Goldsmith, Barbara</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xuYSLk_tHfgC">Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 165–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05137-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05137-7"><bdi>978-0-393-05137-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505041336/https://books.google.com/books?id=xuYSLk_tHfgC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obsessive+Genius%3A+The+Inner+World+of+Marie+Curie&rft.pages=165-76&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05137-7&rft.aulast=Goldsmith&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxuYSLk_tHfgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marie_Curie_Sc_and_Rec2-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_Sc_and_Rec2_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_Sc_and_Rec2_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_Sc_and_Rec2_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_Sc_and_Rec2_60-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/exhibits/curie/trag2.htm">"Marie Curie  – Scandal and Recovery (1910–1913) Part 2"</a>. American Institute of Physics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110912055708/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/trag2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie+%E2%80%93+Scandal+and+Recovery+%281910%E2%80%931913%29+Part+2&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fexhibits%2Fcurie%2Ftrag2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1903/marie-curie/biographical/">"Marie Curie-biographical"</a>. Nobel Prize.org. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180317165237/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie-bio.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobel+Prize.org&rft.atitle=Marie+Curie-biographical&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F1903%2Fmarie-curie%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marie_Curie_War-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_War_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_War_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_War_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_War_62-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_War_62-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_War_62-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/exhibits/curie/war1.htm">"Marie Curie  – War Duty (1914–1919) Part 1"</a>. American Institute of Physics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111102230854/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/war1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie+%E2%80%93+War+Duty+%281914%E2%80%931919%29+Part+1&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fexhibits%2Fcurie%2Fwar1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coppes-Zantinga,_A._R_1998-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coppes-Zantinga,_A._R_1998_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coppes-Zantinga,_A._R_1998_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppes-ZantingaCoppes1998" class="citation journal cs1">Coppes-Zantinga, Arty R.; Coppes, Max J. (1998). "Marie Curie's contributions to radiology during World War I". Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 31 (6): 541–543. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-911X%28199812%2931%3A6%3C541%3A%3AAID-MPO19%3E3.0.CO%3B2-0">10.1002/(SICI)1096-911X(199812)31:6<541::AID-MPO19>3.0.CO;2-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9835914">9835914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+and+Pediatric+Oncology&rft.atitle=Marie+Curie%27s+contributions+to+radiology+during+World+War+I&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=541-543&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-911X%28199812%2931%3A6%3C541%3A%3AAID-MPO19%3E3.0.CO%3B2-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9835914&rft.aulast=Coppes-Zantinga&rft.aufirst=Arty+R.&rft.au=Coppes%2C+Max+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Russell, Cristine (9 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-film-radioactive-shows-how-marie-curie-was-a-woman-of-the-future/">"The Film Radioactive Shows How Marie Curie Was a 'Woman of the Future'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211003554/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-film-radioactive-shows-how-marie-curie-was-a-woman-of-the-future/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Film+Radioactive+Shows+How+Marie+Curie+Was+a+%27Woman+of+the+Future%27&rft.date=2020-08-09&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Cristine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-film-radioactive-shows-how-marie-curie-was-a-woman-of-the-future%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Radioactive, the movie </li> <li id="cite_note-Marie_Curie_War2-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_War2_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_War2_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_War2_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_War2_66-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_War2_66-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Curie_War2_66-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/exhibits/curie/war2.htm">"Marie Curie  – War Duty (1914–1919) Part 2"</a>. American Institute of Physics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110912173614/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/war2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie+%E2%80%93+War+Duty+%281914%E2%80%931919%29+Part+2&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fexhibits%2Fcurie%2Fwar2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-emigracja-67"><a href="#cite_ref-emigracja_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŚladkowski1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Śladkowski, Wiesław (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0MwaAAAAMAAJ">Emigracja polska we Francji 1871–1918</a> (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Lubelskie. p. 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-222-0147-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-222-0147-3"><bdi>978-83-222-0147-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617100730/https://books.google.com/books?id=0MwaAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emigracja+polska+we+Francji+1871%E2%80%931918&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Lubelskie&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-83-222-0147-3&rft.aulast=%C5%9Aladkowski&rft.aufirst=Wies%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0MwaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_in_America,_1921-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Sklodowska_Curie_in_America,_1921_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnn_M._Lewicki2002" class="citation journal cs1">Ann M. Lewicki (2002). "Marie Sklodowska Curie in America, 1921". Radiology. 223 (2): 299–303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1148%2Fradiol.2232011319">10.1148/radiol.2232011319</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11997527">11997527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiology&rft.atitle=Marie+Sklodowska+Curie+in+America%2C+1921&rft.volume=223&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=299-303&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1148%2Fradiol.2232011319&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11997527&rft.au=Ann+M.+Lewicki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Kellogg" title="Charlotte Kellogg">Charlotte Kellogg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carmel,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmel, California">Carmel, California</a>), An intimate picture of Madame Curie, from diary notes covering a friendship of fifteen years. In the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.SCHAFFNER">Joseph Halle Schaffner Collection in the History of Science</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013140329/https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.SCHAFFNER">Archived</a> 13 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1642–1961, Special Collections, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Library" title="University of Chicago Library">University of Chicago Library</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Radium_Institute-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Radium_Institute_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Radium_Institute_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Radium_Institute_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Radium_Institute_71-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Radium_Institute_71-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/exhibits/curie/radinst1.htm">"Marie Curie – The Radium Institute (1919–1934) Part 1"</a>. American Institute of Physics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111028083629/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/radinst1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie+%E2%80%93+The+Radium+Institute+%281919%E2%80%931934%29+Part+1&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fexhibits%2Fcurie%2Fradinst1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pasachoff1996-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Pasachoff1996_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasachoff1996" class="citation book cs1">Pasachoff, Naomi (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mVCTHbdstdQC&pg=PA93">Marie Curie:And the Science of Radioactivity: And the Science of Radioactivity</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509214-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509214-1"><bdi>978-0-19-509214-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151128164641/https://books.google.com/books?id=mVCTHbdstdQC&pg=PA93">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie%3AAnd+the+Science+of+Radioactivity%3A+And+the+Science+of+Radioactivity&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509214-1&rft.aulast=Pasachoff&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmVCTHbdstdQC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amudeu-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amudeu_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-amudeu_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZwoliński" class="citation web cs1">Zwoliński, Zbigniew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120911201944/http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~zbzw/ph/sci/msc.htm">"Science in Poland – Maria Sklodowska-Curie"</a>. Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~zbzw/ph/sci/msc.htm">the original</a> on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Science+in+Poland+%E2%80%93+Maria+Sklodowska-Curie&rft.pub=Uniwersytet+im.+Adama+Mickiewicza+w+Poznaniu&rft.aulast=Zwoli%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Zbigniew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.staff.amu.edu.pl%2F~zbzw%2Fph%2Fsci%2Fmsc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Radium_Institute_2-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Radium_Institute_2_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Radium_Institute_2_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/exhibits/curie/radinst2.htm">"Marie Curie – The Radium Institute (1919–1934) Part 2"</a>. American Institute of Physics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111028083745/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/radinst2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie+%E2%80%93+The+Radium+Institute+%281919%E2%80%931934%29+Part+2&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fexhibits%2Fcurie%2Fradinst2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chemistry_International_–_Newsmagazine_for_IUPAC-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Chemistry_International_–_Newsmagazine_for_IUPAC_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2011/3301/3_boudia.html">"Chemistry International – Newsmagazine for IUPAC"</a>. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 5 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111107222809/http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2011/3301/3_boudia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chemistry+International+%E2%80%93+Newsmagazine+for+IUPAC&rft.pub=International+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.date=2011-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fci%2F2011%2F3301%2F3_boudia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandjean2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grandjean, Martin (2017). "Analisi e visualizzazioni delle reti in storia. L'esempio della cooperazione intellettuale della Società delle Nazioni". Memoria e Ricerca (in Italian) (2): 371–393. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14647%2F87204">10.14647/87204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoria+e+Ricerca&rft.atitle=Analisi+e+visualizzazioni+delle+reti+in+storia.+L%27esempio+della+cooperazione+intellettuale+della+Societ%C3%A0+delle+Nazioni&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=371-393&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14647%2F87204&rft.aulast=Grandjean&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> See also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01610098v2">French version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004313/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01610098v2">Archived</a> 7 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.martingrandjean.ch/complex-structures-and-international-organizations/">English summary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171102034717/http://www.martingrandjean.ch/complex-structures-and-international-organizations/">Archived</a> 2 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandjean2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grandjean, Martin (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document">Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres</a> [The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period] (in French). Lausanne: University of Lausanne. pp. 303–305. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180912022034/https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+r%C3%A9seaux+de+la+coop%C3%A9ration+intellectuelle.+La+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+des+Nations+comme+actrice+des+%C3%A9changes+scientifiques+et+culturels+dans+l%27entre-deux-guerres&rft.place=Lausanne&rft.pages=303-305&rft.pub=University+of+Lausanne&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Grandjean&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftel.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Ftel-01853903%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-leg-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leg_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leg_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/exhibits/curie/romleg.htm">"Marie Curie and Her Legend"</a>. American Institute of Physics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101142723/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/romleg.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie+and+Her+Legend&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fexhibits%2Fcurie%2Fromleg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolden2004" class="citation journal cs1">Holden, Norman E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2004/2601/1_holden.html">"Atomic Weights and the International Committee: A Historical Review"</a>. Chemistry International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181219161333/http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2004/2601/1_holden.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+International&rft.atitle=Atomic+Weights+and+the+International+Committee%3A+A+Historical+Review&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Norman+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fci%2F2004%2F2601%2F1_holden.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/exhibitions/pioneers/maria-sklodowska-curie">"Maria Skłodowska-Curie"</a>. Europeana Exhibitions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607004649/https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/exhibitions/pioneers/maria-sklodowska-curie">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Europeana+Exhibitions&rft.atitle=Maria+Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeana.eu%2Fportal%2Fen%2Fexhibitions%2Fpioneers%2Fmaria-sklodowska-curie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Radium_Institute_3-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Radium_Institute_3_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Radium_Institute_3_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Radium_Institute_3_81-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.aip.org/exhibits/curie/radinst3.htm">"Marie Curie – The Radium Institute (1919–1934) Part 3"</a>. American Institute of Physics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928120440/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/radinst3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie+%E2%80%93+The+Radium+Institute+%281919%E2%80%931934%29+Part+3&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.aip.org%2Fexhibits%2Fcurie%2Fradinst3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalstemcellfoundation.org/glossary/aplastic-anemia/#:~:text=Marie%20Curie%2C%20famous%20for%20her,radiation%20were%20not%20then%20known">Marie Curie profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527215049/https://nationalstemcellfoundation.org/glossary/aplastic-anemia/#:~:text=Marie%20Curie%2C%20famous%20for%20her,radiation%20were%20not%20then%20known">Archived</a> 27 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, National Stem Cell Foundation. Accessed 16 July 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-ShipmanWilson2012-83"><a href="#cite_ref-ShipmanWilson2012_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_ShipmanJerry_D._WilsonAaron_Todd2012" class="citation book cs1">James Shipman; Jerry D. Wilson; Aaron Todd (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dxoM93eNPVEC&pg=PA263">An Introduction to Physical Science</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-133-10409-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-133-10409-4"><bdi>978-1-133-10409-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151127120120/https://books.google.com/books?id=dxoM93eNPVEC&pg=PA263">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Physical+Science&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-133-10409-4&rft.au=James+Shipman&rft.au=Jerry+D.+Wilson&rft.au=Aaron+Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdxoM93eNPVEC%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Vertigo_Years:_Europe,_1900–1914-84"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Vertigo_Years:_Europe,_1900–1914_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlom2008" class="citation book cs1">Blom, Philipp (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-3G9gMNCpowC&pg=PA76">"1903: A Strange Luminescence"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vertigoyearseuro00blom/page/76">The Vertigo Years: Europe, 1900–1914</a>. Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vertigoyearseuro00blom/page/76">76</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01116-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01116-2"><bdi>978-0-465-01116-2</bdi></a>. <q>The glowing tubes looked like faint, fairy lights.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1903%3A+A+Strange+Luminescence&rft.btitle=The+Vertigo+Years%3A+Europe%2C+1900%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01116-2&rft.aulast=Blom&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-3G9gMNCpowC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1995" class="citation journal cs1">Butler, D. (14 September 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F377096b0">"X-rays, not radium, may have killed Curie"</a>. Nature. 377 (6545): 96. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Natur.377...96.">1995Natur.377...96.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F377096b0">10.1038/377096b0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7675094">7675094</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186242763">186242763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=X-rays%2C+not+radium%2C+may+have+killed+Curie&rft.volume=377&rft.issue=6545&rft.pages=96&rft.date=1995-09-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F377096b0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A186242763%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7675094&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995Natur.377...96.&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F377096b0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bi-2015-86"><a href="#cite_ref-bi-2015_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTasch2015" class="citation web cs1">Tasch, Barbera (24 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/marie-curie-radioactive-papers-2015-8">"These personal effects of 'the mother of modern physics' will be radioactive for another 1500 years"</a>. Business Insider Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115213929/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/marie-curie-radioactive-papers-2015-8">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider+Australia&rft.atitle=These+personal+effects+of+%27the+mother+of+modern+physics%27+will+be+radioactive+for+another+1500+years&rft.date=2015-08-24&rft.aulast=Tasch&rft.aufirst=Barbera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fmarie-curie-radioactive-papers-2015-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstes2014" class="citation web cs1">Estes, Adam Clark (4 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/marie-curies-100-year-old-notebook-is-still-too-radioac-1615847891">"Marie Curie's century-old radioactive notebook still requires lead box"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913230200/http://gizmodo.com/marie-curies-100-year-old-notebook-is-still-too-radioac-1615847891">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie%27s+century-old+radioactive+notebook+still+requires+lead+box&rft.date=2014-08-04&rft.aulast=Estes&rft.aufirst=Adam+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgizmodo.com%2Fmarie-curies-100-year-old-notebook-is-still-too-radioac-1615847891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-everything-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-everything_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-everything_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryson2004" class="citation book cs1">Bryson, Bill (2004). <a href="/wiki/A_Short_History_of_Nearly_Everything" title="A Short History of Nearly Everything">A Short History of Nearly Everything</a>. Broadway Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YjAnfhsAQ8wC&q=cookbooks">111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-0818-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-0818-4"><bdi>978-0-7679-0818-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Nearly+Everything&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7679-0818-4&rft.aulast=Bryson&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-psb114-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-psb114_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb114_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psb114_89-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstreicher1938" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Estreicher" title="Tadeusz Estreicher">Estreicher, Tadeusz</a> (1938). "Curie, Maria ze Skłodowskich". <a href="/wiki/Polski_s%C5%82ownik_biograficzny" class="mw-redirect" title="Polski słownik biograficzny">Polski słownik biograficzny, vol. 4</a> (in Polish). p. 114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Curie%2C+Maria+ze+Sk%C5%82odowskich&rft.btitle=Polski+s%C5%82ownik+biograficzny%2C+vol.+4&rft.pages=114&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Estreicher&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-robert8-90"><a href="#cite_ref-robert8_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_William_Reid1974" class="citation book cs1">Robert William Reid (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p81XAAAAYAAJ">Marie Curie</a>. New American Library. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211539-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211539-1"><bdi>978-0-00-211539-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611033456/https://books.google.com/books?id=p81XAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-00-211539-1&rft.au=Robert+William+Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp81XAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borzendowski2009-36-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Borzendowski2009-36_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorzendowski2009" class="citation book cs1">Borzendowski, Janice (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmOaiSNrs0IC&pg=PT37">Sterling Biographies: Marie Curie: Mother of Modern Physics</a>. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-5318-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-5318-3"><bdi>978-1-4027-5318-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151130091338/https://books.google.com/books?id=wmOaiSNrs0IC&pg=PT37">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2015. 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Retrieved 25 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iop.org&rft.atitle=Silver+Subject+Medals+and+Prizes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iop.org%2Fabout%2Fawards%2Fsilver-subject-medals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umcs.pl/en/biography-of-maria-curie-sklodowska,24559.htm">"Biography of Maria Curie–Skłodowska"</a>. umcs.pl. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cosmopolitanreview.com/articles/40-musings/342-2011-the-year-of-marie-sklodowska-curie">the original</a> on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cosmopolitanreview.com&rft.atitle=2011+%E2%80%93+The+Year+of+Marie+Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie&rft.date=2011-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cosmopolitanreview.com%2Farticles%2F40-musings%2F342-2011-the-year-of-marie-sklodowska-curie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radioactive:_Marie_and_Pierre_Curie,_a_Tale_of_Love_and_Fallout-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Radioactive:_Marie_and_Pierre_Curie,_a_Tale_of_Love_and_Fallout_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814005116/http://cosmopolitanreview.com/articles/41-reviews/341-radioactive-a-review">"Radioactive: Marie and Pierre Curie, a Tale of Love and Fallout"</a>. Cosmopolitanreview.com. 3 July 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cosmopolitanreview.com/articles/41-reviews/341-radioactive-a-review">the original</a> on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cosmopolitanreview.com&rft.atitle=Radioactive%3A+Marie+and+Pierre+Curie%2C+a+Tale+of+Love+and+Fallout&rft.date=2011-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cosmopolitanreview.com%2Farticles%2F41-reviews%2F341-radioactive-a-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Les-Palmes-de-M-Schutz_–_Trailer_–_Cast_–_Showtimes_–_NYTimes.com-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Les-Palmes-de-M-Schutz_–_Trailer_–_Cast_–_Showtimes_–_NYTimes.com_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandra_Brennan2012" class="citation web cs1">Sandra Brennan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102151603/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/154828/Les-Palmes-de-M-Schutz/overview">"Les-Palmes-de-M-Schutz (1997)"</a>. Movies & TV Dept. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/154828/Les-Palmes-de-M-Schutz/overview">the original</a> on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Les-Palmes-de-M-Schutz+%281997%29&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Sandra+Brennan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmovies.nytimes.com%2Fmovie%2F154828%2FLes-Palmes-de-M-Schutz%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ottawasun.com/2013/03/26/mixing-science-with-theatre">Mixing Science With Theatre</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512223248/http://www.ottawasun.com/2013/03/26/mixing-science-with-theatre">Archived</a> 12 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ottawa Sun, March 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-Main,_Douglas-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Main,_Douglas_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMain,_Douglas2014" class="citation web cs1">Main, Douglas (7 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popsci.com/article/science/famous-image-marie-curie-isnt-marie-curie">"This Famous Image of Marie Curie Isn't Marie Curie"</a>. Popular Science www.popsci.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110231415/http://www.popsci.com/article/science/famous-image-marie-curie-isnt-marie-curie">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Famous+Image+of+Marie+Curie+Isn%27t+Marie+Curie&rft.pub=Popular+Science+www.popsci.com&rft.date=2014-03-07&rft.au=Main%2C+Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsci.com%2Farticle%2Fscience%2Ffamous-image-marie-curie-isnt-marie-curie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkbar2024" class="citation news cs1">Akbar, Arifa (10 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/stage/article/2024/jun/10/marie-curie-musical-review-charing-cross-theatre-london">"Marie Curie review – musical dash through the scientist's life leaves your head spinning"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 27 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Marie+Curie+review+%E2%80%93+musical+dash+through+the+scientist%27s+life+leaves+your+head+spinning&rft.date=2024-06-10&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Akbar&rft.aufirst=Arifa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fstage%2Farticle%2F2024%2Fjun%2F10%2Fmarie-curie-musical-review-charing-cross-theatre-london&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicsworld.com/a/what-can-postage-stamps-tell-us-about-the-history-of-nuclear-physics/">"What can postage stamps tell us about the history of nuclear physics?"</a>. physicsworld.com. 27 October 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=physicsworld.com&rft.atitle=What+can+postage+stamps+tell+us+about+the+history+of+nuclear+physics%3F&rft.date=2023-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysicsworld.com%2Fa%2Fwhat-can-postage-stamps-tell-us-about-the-history-of-nuclear-physics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allaboutstamps.co.uk/stamp-guides/thematics/marie-curie-stamps/">"Marie Curie on stamps"</a>. allaboutstamps.co.uk. 26 November 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=allaboutstamps.co.uk&rft.atitle=Marie+Curie+on+stamps&rft.date=2018-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutstamps.co.uk%2Fstamp-guides%2Fthematics%2Fmarie-curie-stamps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://banknotedb.com/20-000-zlotych-february-1-1989">"20,000 Złotych February 1, 1989"</a>. banknotedb.com. Retrieved 26 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=banknotedb.com&rft.atitle=20%2C000+Z%C5%82otych+February+1%2C+1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbanknotedb.com%2F20-000-zlotych-february-1-1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/nbp-maria-sklodowska-curie-ponownie-na-banknocie">"NBP: Maria Skłodowska–Curie ponownie na banknocie"</a>. dzieje.pl (in Polish). 24 November 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dzieje.pl&rft.atitle=NBP%3A+Maria+Sk%C5%82odowska%E2%80%93Curie+ponownie+na+banknocie&rft.date=2011-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdzieje.pl%2Faktualnosci%2Fnbp-maria-sklodowska-curie-ponownie-na-banknocie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.numista.com/catalogue/note203759.html">"500 Francs – Pierre & Marie Curie type 1993"</a>. en.numista.com. Retrieved 26 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.numista.com&rft.atitle=500+Francs+%E2%80%93+Pierre+%26+Marie+Curie+type+1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.numista.com%2Fcatalogue%2Fnote203759.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240310-veil-baker-and-curie-acclaimed-women-to-appear-on-new-french-coins">"Veil, Baker and Curie: acclaimed women to appear on new French coins"</a>. RFI. 10 March 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RFI&rft.atitle=Veil%2C+Baker+and+Curie%3A+acclaimed+women+to+appear+on+new+French+coins&rft.date=2024-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fen%2Ffrance%2F20240310-veil-baker-and-curie-acclaimed-women-to-appear-on-new-french-coins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurie2001" class="citation book cs1">Curie, Eve (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_rTKVFr52a0C">Madame Curie: A Biography</a>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81038-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81038-1"><bdi>978-0-306-81038-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madame+Curie%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81038-1&rft.aulast=Curie&rft.aufirst=Eve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_rTKVFr52a0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurie1921" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Curie, Marie</a> (1921). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Radium">The Discovery of Radium </a>. Poughkeepsie: Vassar College.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+Radium&rft.place=Poughkeepsie&rft.pub=Vassar+College&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Curie&rft.aufirst=Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDzienkiewicz2017" class="citation book cs1">Dzienkiewicz, Marta (2017). Polish Pioneers: Book of Prominent Poles. Translated by Monod-Gayraud, Agnes. Illustrations: Rzezak, Joanna; Karski, Piotr. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Dwie Siostry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788365341686" title="Special:BookSources/9788365341686"><bdi>9788365341686</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1060750234">1060750234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polish+Pioneers%3A+Book+of+Prominent+Poles&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Dwie+Siostry&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1060750234&rft.isbn=9788365341686&rft.aulast=Dzienkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Marta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiroud1986" class="citation book cs1">Giroud, Françoise (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UqPuAAAAMAAJ">Marie Curie: A Life</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Davis" title="Lydia Davis">Lydia Davis</a>. New York: Holmes & Meier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8419-0977-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8419-0977-9"><bdi>978-0-8419-0977-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12946269">12946269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie%3A+A+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holmes+%26+Meier&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12946269&rft.isbn=978-0-8419-0977-9&rft.aulast=Giroud&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUqPuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaczorowska2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kaczorowska, Teresa (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTCkXwAACAAJ">Córka mazowieckich równin, czyli, Maria Skłodowska-Curie z Mazowsza</a> [Daughter of the Mazovian Plains: Maria Skłodowska–Curie of Mazowsze] (in Polish). Związek Literatów Polskich, Oddział w Ciechanowie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-89408-36-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-89408-36-5"><bdi>978-83-89408-36-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%C3%B3rka+mazowieckich+r%C3%B3wnin%2C+czyli%2C+Maria+Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie+z+Mazowsza&rft.pub=Zwi%C4%85zek+Literat%C3%B3w+Polskich%2C+Oddzia%C5%82+w+Ciechanowie&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-83-89408-36-5&rft.aulast=Kaczorowska&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyTCkXwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpfell1978" class="citation book cs1">Opfell, Olga S. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ladylaureateswom0000opfe">The Lady Laureates : Women Who Have Won the Nobel Prize</a>. Metuchen, N.J.& London: Scarecrow Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ladylaureateswom0000opfe/page/147">147–164</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-1161-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-1161-4"><bdi>978-0-8108-1161-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lady+Laureates+%3A+Women+Who+Have+Won+the+Nobel+Prize&rft.place=Metuchen%2C+N.J.%26+London&rft.pages=147-164&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-1161-4&rft.aulast=Opfell&rft.aufirst=Olga+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fladylaureateswom0000opfe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasachoff1996" class="citation book cs1">Pasachoff, Naomi (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mVCTHbdstdQC">Marie Curie and the Science of Radioactivity</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509214-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509214-1"><bdi>978-0-19-509214-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie+and+the+Science+of+Radioactivity&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509214-1&rft.aulast=Pasachoff&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmVCTHbdstdQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn1996" class="citation book cs1">Quinn, Susan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bteAVVwkeUIC&pg=PA330">Marie Curie: A Life</a>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-88794-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-88794-5"><bdi>978-0-201-88794-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Curie%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-201-88794-5&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbteAVVwkeUIC%26pg%3DPA330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedniss2010" class="citation book cs1">Redniss, Lauren (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HVL4QwAACAAJ">Radioactive: Marie & Pierre Curie: A Tale of Love and Fallout</a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-135132-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-135132-7"><bdi>978-0-06-135132-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radioactive%3A+Marie+%26+Pierre+Curie%3A+A+Tale+of+Love+and+Fallout&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-06-135132-7&rft.aulast=Redniss&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHVL4QwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWirten2015" class="citation book cs1">Wirten, Eva Hemmungs (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0-bIoAEACAAJ&q=Making+Marie+Curie">Making Marie Curie: Intellectual Property and Celebrity Culture in an Age of Information</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-23584-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-23584-4"><bdi>978-0-226-23584-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Marie+Curie%3A+Intellectual+Property+and+Celebrity+Culture+in+an+Age+of+Information&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-226-23584-4&rft.aulast=Wirten&rft.aufirst=Eva+Hemmungs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0-bIoAEACAAJ%26q%3DMaking%2BMarie%2BCurie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlov_Enquist2006" class="citation book cs1">Olov Enquist, Per (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookaboutblanche00enqu">The Book about Blanche and Marie</a>. New York: Overlook. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-668-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-668-2"><bdi>978-1-58567-668-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+about+Blanche+and+Marie&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Overlook&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-58567-668-2&rft.aulast=Olov+Enquist&rft.aufirst=Per&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookaboutblanche00enqu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarie+Curie" class="Z3988"> A 2004 novel by <a href="/wiki/Per_Olov_Enquist" title="Per Olov Enquist">Per Olov Enquist</a> featuring Maria Skłodowska-Curie, <a href="/wiki/Neurologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurologist">neurologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Martin_Charcot" title="Jean-Martin Charcot">Jean-Martin Charcot</a>, and his <a href="/wiki/Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Salpêtrière">Salpêtrière</a> patient "Blanche" (<a href="/wiki/Marie_Wittman" title="Marie Wittman">Marie Wittman</a>). The English translation was published in 2006.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Marie_Curie" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1551">Works by Marie Curie</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL58151A">Works by Marie Curie</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7186#P648" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/39174">Works by Marie Curie</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Curie%2C%20Marie%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Marie%20Curie%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Curie%2C%20Marie%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Marie%20Curie%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Marie%20Curie%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Curie%2C%20Marie%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Marie%20Curie%22%29%20OR%20%28%221867-1934%22%20AND%20Curie%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Marie Curie</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/003593">Newspaper clippings about Marie Curie</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/6">Marie Curie</a> on Nobelprize.org <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7186#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/Template:Marie_and_Pierre_Curie" title="Template:Marie and Pierre Curie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marie_and_Pierre_Curie" title="Template talk:Marie and Pierre Curie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marie_and_Pierre_Curie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marie and Pierre Curie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marie_and_Pierre_Curie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"> Marie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie"> Pierre</a> Curie</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curie%27s_law" title="Curie's law">Curie's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curie%E2%80%93Weiss_law" title="Curie–Weiss law">Curie–Weiss law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curie_temperature" title="Curie temperature">Curie temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean-field_theory" title="Mean-field theory">Mean-field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricity" title="Piezoelectricity">Piezoelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curie%27s_principle" title="Curie's principle">Curie's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Radioactivity" title="Treatise on Radioactivity">Treatise on Radioactivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Museum" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Curie_family" title="Curie family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%88ve_Curie" title="Ève Curie">Ève Curie</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Langevin-Joliot" title="Hélène Langevin-Joliot">Hélène Langevin-Joliot</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Joliot" title="Pierre Joliot">Pierre Joliot</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul-Jacques_Curie" title="Paul-Jacques Curie">Paul-Jacques Curie</a> (Pierre's brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curie_Institute_(Paris)" title="Curie Institute (Paris)">Curie Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Marie_Sklodowska-Curie_Award" title="IEEE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award">IEEE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie_Medal" title="Marie Curie Medal">Marie Curie Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Bridge,_Warsaw" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Bridge, Warsaw">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Park" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Park">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Curie-Sk%C5%82odowska_University" title="Maria Curie-Skłodowska University">Maria Curie-Skłodowska University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_University" title="Pierre and Marie Curie University">Pierre and Marie Curie University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_National_Research_Institute_of_Oncology" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology">Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curie_Island" title="Curie Island">Curie Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7000_Curie" class="mw-redirect" title="7000 Curie">7000 Curie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Monument_(Lublin)" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument (Lublin)">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument in Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Monument_(Downtown,_Warsaw)" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument (Downtown, Warsaw)">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument in Warsaw (Downtown)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Monument_(Ochota)" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument (Ochota)">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument in Warsaw (Ochota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie_Gargoyle" title="Marie Curie Gargoyle">Marie Curie Gargoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Medallion" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Medallion">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Medallion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Curie_(film)" title="Madame Curie (film)">Madame Curie</a> (1943 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Palmes_de_M._Schutz" title="Les Palmes de M. Schutz">Les Palmes de M. Schutz</a> (1997 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie,_une_femme_sur_le_front" title="Marie Curie, une femme sur le front">Marie Curie, une femme sur le front</a> (2014 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie:_The_Courage_of_Knowledge" title="Marie Curie: The Courage of Knowledge">Marie Curie: The Courage of Knowledge</a> (2016 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_(film)" title="Radioactive (film)">Radioactive</a> (2019 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1903_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1903_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1903 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1903_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1903 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1903_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1903 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1903_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1903 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a> (Sweden)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1903_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1903 Nobel Prize in Literature">1903</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a> (Norway)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Randal_Cremer" title="Randal Cremer">Randal Cremer</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> (France)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marie Skłodowska-Curie</a> (Poland/France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Ryberg Finsen</a> (Denmark)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1901_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1901 Nobel Prize winners">1901</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1902_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1902 Nobel Prize winners">1902</a></dd> <dd>1903 </dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1904_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1904 Nobel Prize winners">1904</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1905_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1905 Nobel Prize winners">1905</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1906_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1906 Nobel Prize winners">1906</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1907_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1907 Nobel Prize winners">1907</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1908_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1908 Nobel Prize winners">1908</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1911_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1911_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1911 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1911_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1911 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1911_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1911 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1911_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1911 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marie Skłodowska-Curie</a> (Poland/France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1911_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1911 Nobel Prize in Literature">1911</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a> (Belgium)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Asser" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hermann_Fried" title="Alfred Hermann Fried">Alfred Hermann Fried</a> (Austria)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wilhelm Wien</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Allvar Gullstrand</a> (Sweden)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1906_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1906 Nobel Prize winners">1906</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1907_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1907 Nobel Prize winners">1907</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1908_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1908 Nobel Prize winners">1908</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1909_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1909 Nobel Prize winners">1909</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1910_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1910 Nobel Prize winners">1910</a></dd> <dd>1911 </dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1912_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1912 Nobel Prize winners">1912</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1913_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1913 Nobel Prize winners">1913</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1914_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1914 Nobel Prize winners">1914</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1915_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1915 Nobel Prize winners">1915</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1916_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1916 Nobel Prize winners">1916</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" 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plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1901: <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus van 't Hoff</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer">Emil Fischer</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Adolf von Baeyer</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buchner" title="Eduard Buchner">Eduard Buchner</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wallach" title="Otto Wallach">Otto Wallach</a></li> <li>1911: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marie Curie</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Grignard" title="Victor Grignard">Victor Grignard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_(chemist)" title="Paul Sabatier (chemist)">Paul Sabatier</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Werner" title="Alfred Werner">Alfred Werner</a></li> <li>1914: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore Richards</a></li> <li>1915: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Willstätter">Richard Willstätter</a></li> <li>1916</li> <li>1917</li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a></li> <li>1919</li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Frederick Soddy</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis Aston</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pregl" title="Fritz Pregl">Fritz Pregl</a></li> <li>1924</li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy" title="Richard Adolf Zsigmondy">Richard Zsigmondy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Svedberg" title="Theodor Svedberg">Theodor Svedberg</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Otto_Wieland" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland">Heinrich Wieland</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Windaus" title="Adolf Windaus">Adolf Windaus</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harden" title="Arthur Harden">Arthur Harden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin" title="Hans von Euler-Chelpin">Hans von Euler-Chelpin</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Fischer" title="Hans Fischer">Hans Fischer</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius">Friedrich Bergius</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a></li> <li>1933</li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Haworth" title="Norman Haworth">Norman Haworth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Karrer" title="Paul Karrer">Paul Karrer</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Richard Kuhn</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Adolf Butenandt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Ru%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka" title="Leopold Ružička">Leopold Ružička</a></li> <li>1940</li> <li>1941</li> <li>1942</li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Artturi_Ilmari_Virtanen" title="Artturi Ilmari Virtanen">Artturi Virtanen</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/James_B._Sumner" title="James B. Sumner">James B. Sumner</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Northrop" title="John Howard Northrop">John Northrop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(chemist)" title="Robert Robinson (chemist)">Robert Robinson</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Arne Tiselius</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/William_Giauque" title="William Giauque">William Giauque</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Diels" title="Otto Diels">Otto Diels</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Alder" title="Kurt Alder">Kurt Alder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Archer_Martin" title="Archer Martin">Archer Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Laurence_Millington_Synge" title="Richard Laurence Millington Synge">Richard Synge</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Staudinger" title="Hermann Staudinger">Hermann Staudinger</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_du_Vigneaud" title="Vincent du Vigneaud">Vincent du Vigneaud</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Hinshelwood</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Semyonov" title="Nikolay Semyonov">Nikolay Semyonov</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Alexander Todd</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Heyrovsk%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Heyrovský">Jaroslav Heyrovský</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew" title="John Kendrew">John Kendrew</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler">Karl Ziegler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Giulio Natta</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Mulliken" title="Robert S. Mulliken">Robert S. Mulliken</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Manfred Eigen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish" title="Ronald George Wreyford Norrish">Ronald Norrish</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Derek Barton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Odd_Hassel" title="Odd Hassel">Odd Hassel</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Federico_Leloir" title="Luis Federico Leloir">Luis Federico Leloir</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg">Gerhard Herzberg</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Christian_B._Anfinsen" title="Christian B. Anfinsen">Christian B. Anfinsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Moore" title="Stanford Moore">Stanford Moore</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Stein" title="William Howard Stein">William Stein</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Otto_Fischer" title="Ernst Otto Fischer">Ernst Otto Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Geoffrey Wilkinson</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul Flory</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Cornforth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Prelog" title="Vladimir Prelog">Vladimir Prelog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/William_Lipscomb" title="William Lipscomb">William Lipscomb</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Mitchell" title="Peter D. Mitchell">Peter D. Mitchell</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wittig" title="Georg Wittig">Georg Wittig</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gilbert" title="Walter Gilbert">Walter Gilbert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Fukui" title="Kenichi Fukui">Kenichi Fukui</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Merrifield" title="Robert Bruce Merrifield">Robert Merrifield</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Hauptman" title="Herbert A. Hauptman">Herbert A. Hauptman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle">Jerome Karle</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Dudley R. Herschbach</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuan_T._Lee" title="Yuan T. Lee">Yuan T. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Polanyi" title="John Polanyi">John Polanyi</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram">Donald J. Cram</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lehn" title="Jean-Marie Lehn">Jean-Marie Lehn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Pedersen" title="Charles J. Pedersen">Charles J. Pedersen</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Deisenhofer" title="Johann Deisenhofer">Johann Deisenhofer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Huber" title="Robert Huber">Robert Huber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Michel" title="Hartmut Michel">Hartmut Michel</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Altman" title="Sidney Altman">Sidney Altman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias Corey</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Ernst" title="Richard R. Ernst">Richard R. Ernst</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Rudolph A. Marcus</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Kary_Mullis" title="Kary Mullis">Kary Mullis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(chemist)" title="Michael Smith (chemist)">Michael Smith</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah">George Olah</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen" title="Paul J. Crutzen">Paul J. Crutzen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina">Mario Molina</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._Sherwood_Rowland" title="F. Sherwood Rowland">F. Sherwood Rowland</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curl" title="Robert Curl">Robert Curl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Harold Kroto</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley">Richard Smalley</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Boyer" title="Paul D. Boyer">Paul D. Boyer</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_E._Walker" title="John E. Walker">John E. Walker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jens_Christian_Skou" title="Jens Christian Skou">Jens Christian Skou</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Pople" title="John Pople">John Pople</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Ahmed Zewail</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Heeger" title="Alan J. Heeger">Alan J. Heeger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">Alan MacDiarmid</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Shirakawa" title="Hideki Shirakawa">Hideki Shirakawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/William_Standish_Knowles" title="William Standish Knowles">William Knowles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dji_Noyori" title="Ryōji Noyori">Ryoji Noyori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">K. Barry Sharpless</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Fenn" title="John B. Fenn">John B. Fenn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Tanaka" title="Koichi Tanaka">Koichi Tanaka</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_W%C3%BCthrich" title="Kurt Wüthrich">Kurt Wüthrich</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre">Peter Agre</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">Roderick MacKinnon</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Ciechanover" title="Aaron Ciechanover">Aaron Ciechanover</a> / <a href="/wiki/Avram_Hershko" title="Avram Hershko">Avram Hershko</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Rose" title="Irwin Rose">Irwin Rose</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Grubbs" title="Robert H. Grubbs">Robert H. Grubbs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Schrock" title="Richard R. Schrock">Richard R. Schrock</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yves_Chauvin" title="Yves Chauvin">Yves Chauvin</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Kornberg" title="Roger D. Kornberg">Roger D. Kornberg</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Gerhard Ertl</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Shimomura" title="Osamu Shimomura">Osamu Shimomura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chalfie" title="Martin Chalfie">Martin Chalfie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Roger Y. Tsien</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Venki_Ramakrishnan" title="Venki Ramakrishnan">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Steitz" title="Thomas A. Steitz">Thomas A. Steitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada E. Yonath</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Heck" title="Richard F. Heck">Richard F. Heck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Suzuki" title="Akira Suzuki">Akira Suzuki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ei-ichi_Negishi" title="Ei-ichi Negishi">Ei-ichi Negishi</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Shechtman" title="Dan Shechtman">Dan Shechtman</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Robert Lefkowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kobilka" title="Brian Kobilka">Brian Kobilka</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus">Martin Karplus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Levitt_(biophysicist)" title="Michael Levitt (biophysicist)">Michael Levitt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arieh_Warshel" title="Arieh Warshel">Arieh Warshel</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Betzig" title="Eric Betzig">Eric Betzig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Hell" title="Stefan Hell">Stefan Hell</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_E._Moerner" title="William E. Moerner">William E. Moerner</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Tomas Lindahl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_L._Modrich" title="Paul L. Modrich">Paul L. Modrich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Sancar" title="Aziz Sancar">Aziz Sancar</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Sauvage" title="Jean-Pierre Sauvage">Jean-Pierre Sauvage</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Stoddart" title="Fraser Stoddart">Fraser Stoddart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Ben Feringa</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dubochet" title="Jacques Dubochet">Jacques Dubochet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Frank" title="Joachim Frank">Joachim Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henderson_(biologist)" title="Richard Henderson (biologist)">Richard Henderson</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold">Frances Arnold</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Gregory Winter</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(chemist)" title="George Smith (chemist)">George Smith</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a> / <a href="/wiki/M._Stanley_Whittingham" title="M. Stanley Whittingham">M. Stanley Whittingham</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Akira Yoshino</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/David_MacMillan" title="David MacMillan">David MacMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_List" title="Benjamin List">Benjamin List</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bertozzi" title="Carolyn Bertozzi">Carolyn R. Bertozzi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Morten_P._Meldal" title="Morten P. Meldal">Morten P. Meldal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Karl Barry Sharpless</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Moungi_Bawendi" title="Moungi Bawendi">Moungi G. Bawendi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_E._Brus" title="Louis E. Brus">Louis E. Brus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Ekimov" title="Alexey Ekimov">Alexei I. Ekimov</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/David_Baker_(biochemist)" title="David Baker (biochemist)">David Baker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_M._Jumper" title="John M. Jumper">John M. Jumper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">M. Curie</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></li> <li>1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></li> <li>1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></li> <li>1916</li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></li> <li>1931</li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></li> <li>1934</li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li>1940</li> <li>1941</li> <li>1942</li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001– present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_whose_names_are_used_in_chemical_element_names" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:People_whose_names_are_used_in_chemical_element_names" title="Template:People whose names are used in chemical element names"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:People_whose_names_are_used_in_chemical_element_names&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:People whose names are used in chemical element names (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:People_whose_names_are_used_in_chemical_element_names" title="Special:EditPage/Template:People whose names are used in chemical element names"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_whose_names_are_used_in_chemical_element_names" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">People whose names are used in chemical element names</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vassili_Samarsky-Bykhovets" title="Vassili Samarsky-Bykhovets">Vassili Samarsky-Bykhovets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Gadolin" title="Johan Gadolin">Johan Gadolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marie Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Flyorov" title="Georgy Flyorov">Georgy Flyorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Livermore" title="Robert Livermore">Robert Livermore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Oganessian" title="Yuri Oganessian">Yuri Oganessian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_SI_units" class="mw-redirect" title="List of scientists whose names are used as SI units">Scientists whose names are used as SI units</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_non_SI_units" class="mw-redirect" title="List of scientists whose names are used as non SI units">non SI units</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" title="List of scientists whose names are used in physical constants">Physical constants</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="Template:Scientists whose names are used as units"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="Template talk:Scientists whose names are used as units"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scientists whose names are used as units"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Scientists whose names are used as units</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SI base units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">André-Marie Ampère</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SI derived units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">becquerel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Celsius" title="Anders Celsius">Anders Celsius</a> (degree <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulomb</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">farad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Harold_Gray" title="Louis Harold Gray">Louis Harold Gray</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">gray</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Henry_(unit)" title="Henry (unit)">henry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ohm" title="Georg Ohm">Georg Ohm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">pascal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens" title="Werner von Siemens">Werner von Siemens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unit)" title="Siemens (unit)">siemens</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Maximilian_Sievert" title="Rolf Maximilian Sievert">Rolf Maximilian Sievert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">sievert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">tesla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Weber_(unit)" title="Weber (unit)">weber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-SI metric (<a href="/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Centimetre–gram–second system of units">cgs</a>) units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Jonas_%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Anders Jonas Ångström">Anders Jonas Ångström</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom">angstrom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a> (<a href="/wiki/Debye" title="Debye">debye</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lor%C3%A1nd_E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s" title="Loránd Eötvös">Loránd Eötvös</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eotvos_(unit)" title="Eotvos (unit)">eotvos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gal_(unit)" title="Gal (unit)">gal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gauss_(unit)" title="Gauss (unit)">gauss</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gilbert_(physicist)" title="William Gilbert (physicist)">William Gilbert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gilbert_(unit)" title="Gilbert (unit)">gilbert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kayser" title="Heinrich Kayser">Heinrich Kayser</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kayser_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayser (unit)">kayser</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lambert_(unit)" title="Lambert (unit)">lambert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Langley" title="Samuel Langley">Samuel Langley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Langley_(unit)" title="Langley (unit)">langley</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maxwell_(unit)" title="Maxwell (unit)">maxwell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oersted" title="Oersted">oersted</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_L%C3%A9onard_Marie_Poiseuille" title="Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille">Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poise_(unit)" title="Poise (unit)">poise</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stokes_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stokes (unit)">stokes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rayl" title="Rayl">rayl</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">US customary</a> units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gabriel_Fahrenheit" title="Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit">Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit</a> (degree <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foot-lambert" title="Foot-lambert">foot-lambert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macquorn_Rankine" class="mw-redirect" title="Macquorn Rankine">William John Macquorn Rankine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rankine_scale" title="Rankine scale">degree Rankine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-systematic units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bel_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel (unit)">bel</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marie Curie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">curie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">curie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">dalton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Faraday_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday (unit)">faraday</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mache" title="Heinrich Mache">Heinrich Mache</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mache_(unit)" title="Mache (unit)">Mache</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Napier" title="John Napier">John Napier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neper" title="Neper">neper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Antoine_Ferchault_de_R%C3%A9aumur" title="René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur">René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur</a> (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9aumur_scale" title="Réaumur scale">degree Réaumur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roentgen_(unit)" title="Roentgen (unit)">roentgen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thomson_(unit)" title="Thomson (unit)">thomson</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli" title="Evangelista Torricelli">Evangelista Torricelli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Torr" title="Torr">torr</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="List of scientists whose names are used as units">List of scientists whose names are used as units</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" title="List of scientists whose names are used in physical constants">Scientists whose names are used in physical constants</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">People whose names are used in chemical element names</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7186#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7186#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7186#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_Curie&oldid=1259325954">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_Curie&oldid=1259325954</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marie_Curie" title="Category:Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1867_births" title="Category:1867 births">1867 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1934_deaths" title="Category:1934 deaths">1934 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_French_chemists" title="Category:19th-century French chemists">19th-century French 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Polish women scientists">19th-century Polish women scientists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_chemists" title="Category:20th-century French chemists">20th-century French chemists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_inventors" title="Category:20th-century French inventors">20th-century French inventors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_physicists" title="Category:20th-century French physicists">20th-century French physicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_women_scientists" title="Category:20th-century French women scientists">20th-century French women scientists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Polish_chemists" title="Category:20th-century Polish chemists">20th-century Polish chemists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Polish_inventors" title="Category:20th-century Polish inventors">20th-century Polish inventors</a></li><li><a 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