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children literature</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: hapa children literature"> <meta name="keywords" content="hapa children literature"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="hapa children literature"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 9787</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: hapa children literature</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9787</span> A Study on Children's Literature for Multiracial Asian American Children</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaori%20Mori%20Want">Kaori Mori Want</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> American society is a racially diverse society and there are children books that tell the importance of respecting racial differences. Through reading books, children understand the world around them little by little along with their direct interaction with the world in reality. They find role models in books, strive to be like role models, and grow confidence in who they are. Books thus nurture the mind of children. On the other hand, because of their small presence, children books for multiracial Asian American children are scarce. Multiracial Asian American population is increasing but they are still minority in number. The lack of children’s books for these children may deprive the opportunities of them to embrace their multiraciality positively because they cannot find someone like them in any books. Children books for multiracial Asian American are still not that many, but a few have been being published recently. This paper introduces children books for multiracial Asian American children, and examines how they address issues pertaining to these children, and how they could nurture their self-esteem. Many states of the US used to ban interracial marriages and interracial families and their children once were discriminated against in American society. There was even a theory called the hybrid degeneracy theory which claimed that mixed race children were inferior mentally and physically. In this negative social environment, some multiracial Asian American people report that they had trouble embracing their multiracial identity positively. Yet, children books for these children are full of positive messages. This paper will argue the importance of children books for the mental growth of multiracial Asian American children, and how these books can contribute to the development of multiculturalism in the US in general. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20mixed%20race%20studies%20in%20the%20US" title="critical mixed race studies in the US">critical mixed race studies in the US</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hapa%20children%20literature" title=" hapa children literature"> hapa children literature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interracial%20marriage" title=" interracial marriage"> interracial marriage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiraciality" title=" multiraciality"> multiraciality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50767/a-study-on-childrens-literature-for-multiracial-asian-american-children" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50767.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">360</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9786</span> Children's Literature and the Study of the Sociological Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sulmaz%20Mozaffari">Sulmaz Mozaffari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zahra%20Mozaffari"> Zahra Mozaffari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saman%20Mozaffari"> Saman Mozaffari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Man has always tried to find the Ideal place for life and he has experienced a lot of problems. So many internal and external limits has been on his way. Today man is threatened by so many crisis because of his specific look to the world. Literature as a universal science has not ignored this problem either. Children's literature has tried to present the social, cultural, religious and economical problems in tales and novels. This research tries to analyse social and cultural problems related to 10th century children from social point of criticism. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20criticism" title="social criticism">social criticism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crisis" title=" crisis"> crisis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children%27s%20literature" title=" children's literature"> children's literature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tale" title=" tale"> tale</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30928/childrens-literature-and-the-study-of-the-sociological-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30928.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">480</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9785</span> Barriers and Strategies for Effective Communication between Parents and Children in the Family</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sadhana%20Ghnayiem">Sadhana Ghnayiem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article deals with the issue of effective communication between parents and children and its impact on the family in general and on the child in particular. The aim of this article is to provide information to parents, students, anyone interested in family communication between parents and children, and to provide them with tools to deal with barriers to communication in the family unit. The article presented a literature review of the importance of effective communication in the family, the definition of the concept of communication, and was a reference to factors and barriers in communication between parents and children leading to conflict destructive to the extent that barriers to effective communication in the family unit. At the end of the article, strategies were introduced to motivate children to behave appropriately, and to equip parents best to foster the healthy development of their children when they can create an atmosphere of effective communication. From the literature review, it's found that effective communication between parents and children prevents problematic behavior and helps children understand how to communicate effectively with others. Communication between parents and children is the cornerstone of a happy family life and is the basis for positive interactions between parents and children and increases self-esteem in children. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children" title="children">children</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communication" title=" communication"> communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conflict" title=" conflict"> conflict</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=family" title=" family"> family</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92072/barriers-and-strategies-for-effective-communication-between-parents-and-children-in-the-family" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92072.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">196</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9784</span> Female Tenderness in Children’s Literature: A Content Analysis of Gender Depiction in Greek Preschool Picture Books</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Theopoula%20Karanikolaou">Theopoula Karanikolaou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> During recent decades an increasing number of studies indicate the negative impact of gender stereotypes in various aspects of society as well as in everyday life. At the same time, children’s literature is considered an important factor of gender-role socialization as it provides young readers with socially accepted gender behavioral models. Using a content analysis approach, this research examines the female representations in Greek children’s literature published from 2009 to 2019. Results indicate that female characters are depicted as sensitive and tender both in texts and illustrations, traits that are almost absent in the male characters of the sample. Highlighting the emotional aspect of female characters in contrast with the restrained male attitude reproduces gender biases. Stereotypical gender representation in children’s literature cultivates further discrimination among men and women. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children%27s%20literature" title="children's literature">children's literature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=female%20representation" title=" female representation"> female representation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20socialization" title=" gender socialization"> gender socialization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20studies" title=" gender studies"> gender studies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161716/female-tenderness-in-childrens-literature-a-content-analysis-of-gender-depiction-in-greek-preschool-picture-books" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161716.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">89</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9783</span> Learning Difficulties of Children with Disabilities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chalise%20Kiran">Chalise Kiran</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The learning difficulties of children with disabilities are always a matter of concern when we talk about educational needs and quality education of children with disabilities. This paper is the outcome of the review of the literatures based on the literatures on the educational needs and learning difficulties of children with disabilities. For the paper, different studies written on children with disabilities and their education were collected through search engines. The literature put together was analyzed from the angle of learning difficulties faced by children with disabilities and the same were used as a precursor to arrive at the findings on the learning of the children. The analysis showed that children with disabilities face learning difficulties. The reasons for these difficulties could be attributed to factors in terms of authority, structure, school environment, and behaviors of teachers and parents, and the society as a whole. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children%20with%20disabilities" title="children with disabilities">children with disabilities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning%20difficulties" title=" learning difficulties"> learning difficulties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education" title=" education"> education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disabled%20children" title=" disabled children"> disabled children</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148186/learning-difficulties-of-children-with-disabilities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148186.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">114</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9782</span> Evidence Based Practice for Oral Care in Children</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Turan">T. Turan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C3%87.%20Erdo%C4%9Fan"> Ç. Erdoğan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As far as is known, general nursing care practices do not include specific evidence-based practices related to oral care in children. This study aimed to evaluate the evidence based nursing practice for oral care in children. This article is planned as a review article by searching the literature in this field. According to all age groups and the oral care in various specific situations located evidence in the literature were examined. It has been determined that the methods and frequency used in oral care practices performed by nurses in clinics differ from one hospital to another. In addition, it is seen that different solutions are used in basic oral care, oral care practices to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia and evidence-based practice in mucositis management in children. As a result, a standard should be established in oral care practices for children and education for children is recommended. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evidence-based%20practice" title="evidence-based practice">evidence-based practice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oral%20care" title=" oral care"> oral care</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nursing" title=" nursing"> nursing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children" title=" children"> children</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86702/evidence-based-practice-for-oral-care-in-children" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86702.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">294</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9781</span> Using Music in the Classroom to Help Syrian Refugees Deal with Post-War Trauma</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vartan%20Agopian">Vartan Agopian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Millions of Syrian families have been displaced since the beginning of the Syrian war, and the negative effects of post-war trauma have shown detrimental effects on the mental health of refugee children. While educational strategies have focused on vocational training and academic achievement, little has been done to include music in the school curriculum to help these children improve their mental health. The literature of music education and psychology, on the other hand, shows the positive effects of music on traumatized children, especially when it comes to dealing with stress. This paper presents a brief literature review of trauma, music therapy, and music in the classroom, after having introduced the Syrian war and refugee situation. Furthermore, the paper highlights the benefits of using music with traumatized children from the literature and offers strategies for teachers (such as singing, playing an instrument, songwriting, and others) to include music in their classrooms to help Syrian refugee children deal with post-war trauma. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children" title="children">children</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=music" title=" music"> music</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refugees" title=" refugees"> refugees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syria" title=" Syria"> Syria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=war" title=" war"> war</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74554/using-music-in-the-classroom-to-help-syrian-refugees-deal-with-post-war-trauma" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74554.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9780</span> Children's Literature As Pedagogy: Lessons For Literacy Practice </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alicia%20Curtin">Alicia Curtin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kathy%20Hall"> Kathy Hall</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper explores research and practice shared on a masters University module entitled Children's Literature as Pedagogy. Issues explored include the meaning of childhood and literature; the definition of what counts as text, textual and literacy practice for children and adolescents. A sociocultural framework is used to define literacy practice from this perspective and student voice and experience remains central. Lessons from classroom experience and the use of innovative, multi modal and non traditional texts and pedagogical approaches are offered as examples of innovative and inclusive pedagogy in the field of literacy practice. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non%20traditional" title="non traditional">non traditional</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pedagogy" title=" pedagogy"> pedagogy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=practice" title=" practice"> practice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sociocultural" title=" sociocultural"> sociocultural</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81246/childrens-literature-as-pedagogy-lessons-for-literacy-practice" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81246.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">585</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9779</span> Developing a Model for the Lexical Analysis of Key Works of Children's Literature</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leigha%20Inman">Leigha Inman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the most cutting-edge interdisciplinary topics in the social sciences is the application of understandings from the humanities to traditionally social scientific disciplines such as education studies. This paper proposes such a topic. It has often been observed that children enjoy literature. The role of reading in the development of reading ability is an important area of research. However, the role of vocabulary in reading development has long been neglected. This paper reports an investigation into the number of words found in key works of children's literature and attempts to correlate that figure with years elapsed since publication of the work. Pedagogical implications will be discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=educational%20pedagogy" title="educational pedagogy">educational pedagogy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=young%20learners" title=" young learners"> young learners</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vocabulary%20teaching" title=" vocabulary teaching"> vocabulary teaching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reading%20development" title=" reading development"> reading development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126910/developing-a-model-for-the-lexical-analysis-of-key-works-of-childrens-literature" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126910.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">118</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9778</span> Multilingualism and Unification of Teaching</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehdi%20Damaliamiri">Mehdi Damaliamiri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Firouzeh%20Akbari"> Firouzeh Akbari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Teaching literature to children at an early age is of great importance, and there have been different methods to facilitate learning literature. Based on the law, all children going to school in Iran should learn the Persian language and literature. This has been concomitant with two different levels of learning related to urban or rural bilingualism. For bilingual children living in the villages, learning literature and a new language (Persian) turns into a big challenge as it is done based on the translation the teacher does while in the city, it is easier as the confrontation of children with the Persian language is more. Over recent years, to change the trend of learning Persian by children speaking another language, the TV and radio programs have been considered to be effective, but the scores of the students in Persian language national exams show that these programs have not been so effective for the bilingual students living in the villages. To identify the determinants of weak learning of Persian by bilingual children, two different regions were chosen, Turkish-speaking and Kurdish-speaking communities, to compare their learning of Persian at the first and second levels of elementary school. The criteria of learning was based on the syllabification of Persian words, word order in the sentence, and compound sentences. Students were taught in Persian how to recognize syllabification without letting them translate the words in their own languages and were asked to produce simple sentences in Persian in response to situational questions. Teaching methods, language relatedness with Persian, and exposure to social media programs, especially TV and radio, were the factors that were considered to affect the potential of children in learning Persian. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bilingualism" title="bilingualism">bilingualism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=persian" title=" persian"> persian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education" title=" education"> education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Literature" title=" Literature"> Literature</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164899/multilingualism-and-unification-of-teaching" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164899.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">73</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9777</span> The Special Testimony as a Methodology for Social Workers to Ensure the Rights of Children and Adolescents Who Are Victims of Sexual Violence</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Natany%20Rodrigues%20De%20Carvalho">Natany Rodrigues De Carvalho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Denise%20Bomtempo%20Birche%20De%20Carvalho"> Denise Bomtempo Birche De Carvalho</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this study is to analyze the Special Testimony as a methodology for social workers to ensure the rights of children and adolescents who are victims of sexual violence. The specific objectives are: a) to contextualize, through the specialized literature, the social history of childhood and adolescence; b) to investigate, in the scientific literature, the sexual violence against children and adolescents as an analytical category; c) identify, with the social workers, if there is any defense of children and adolescents in the special testimony. To answer the research objectives we use qualitative research, in three axes that complement each other: a) participant observation through the insertion in the research field (supervised internship I and II); b) survey of literature on the subject; c) semi-structured interviews with social workers of the TJDFT. We used content analysis to systematize and interpret the collected data. The results of the research were organized into three chapters with the following contents: a) literature review, contextualizing the social history of childhood and adolescence to the present; b) sexual violence against children and adolescents and their categories of analysis; c) understanding of the special testimony in the Federal District and Territories in guaranteeing the rights of children and adolescents, identifying their main points from the perspective of social workers. The results showed how the lack of interdisciplinarity in the Special Testimony can lead to the non-integral protection of children and adolescents victims of sexual violence. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=childhood%20and%20adolescence" title="childhood and adolescence">childhood and adolescence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sexual%20violence" title=" sexual violence"> sexual violence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=special%20testimony" title=" special testimony"> special testimony</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20work" title=" social work"> social work</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87204/the-special-testimony-as-a-methodology-for-social-workers-to-ensure-the-rights-of-children-and-adolescents-who-are-victims-of-sexual-violence" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87204.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9776</span> Literature for Learning: Cultivating Global Competence in the Classroom</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=April%20Mattix%20Foster">April Mattix Foster</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kathleen%20A.%20Ramos"> Kathleen A. Ramos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarah%20Rich"> Sarah Rich</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rebecca%20Eisenberg"> Rebecca Eisenberg</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lisa%20Dornan"> Lisa Dornan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As the number of children from immigrant and refugee backgrounds in our schools continues to grow, the need to cultivate antiracist educators is crucial. This e-poster outlines the design of online university course modules, funded by the Longview Foundation, designed to support pre- and in-service educators in developing great awareness of, empathy for, and advocacy with immigrant and refugee students in the classroom. These modules guide educators in using children’s and adolescent literature that highlights the lived experiences of immigrant and refugee families, utilizing scaffolded reading and thinking protocols as a model for encouraging empathy and global competence in young learners. Educators reported several benefits of using the modules and curated literature, including greater awareness of the significance of diverse literature, deeper self-reflection and empathy, and stronger connections to classroom practice—ultimately benefiting both educators and their students. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antiracist" title="antiracist">antiracist</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children%E2%80%99s%20literature" title=" children’s literature"> children’s literature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20competence" title=" global competence"> global competence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=empathy" title=" empathy"> empathy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-reflection" title=" self-reflection"> self-reflection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191374/literature-for-learning-cultivating-global-competence-in-the-classroom" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191374.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">26</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9775</span> Factors Affecting the Caregiving Experience of Children with Parental Mental Illnesses: A Systematic Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Anjana">N. Anjana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Worldwide, the prevalence of mental illnesses is increasing. The issues of persons with mental illness and their caregivers have been well documented in the literature. However, data regarding the factors affecting the caregiving experience of children with parental mental illnesses is sparse. This systematic review aimed to examine the existing literature of the factors affecting the caregiving experience of children of parents with mental illnesses. A comprehensive search of databases such as PubMed, EBSCO, JSTOR, ProQuest Central, Taylor and Francis Online, and Google Scholar were performed to identify peer-reviewed papers examining the factors associated with caregiving experiences of children with parental mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and major depression, for the 10-year period ending November 2019. Two researchers screened studies for eligibility. One researcher extracted data from eligible studies while a second performed verification of results for accuracy and completeness. Quality appraisal was conducted by both reviewers. Data describing major factors associated with caregiving experiences of children with parental mental illnesses were synthesized and reported in narrative form. Five studies were considered eligible and included in this review. Findings are organized under major themes such as the impact of parental mental illness on children’s daily life, how children provide care to their mentally ill parents as primary carers, social and relationship factors associated with their caregiving, positive and negative experiences in caregiving and how children cope with their experiences with parental mental illnesses. Literature relating to the caregiving experiences of children with parental mental illnesses is sparse. More research is required to better understand the children’s caregiving experiences related to parental mental illnesses so as to better inform management for enhancing their mental health, wellbeing, and caregiving practice. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=caregiving%20experience" title="caregiving experience">caregiving experience</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children" title=" children"> children</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parental%20mental%20illnesses" title=" parental mental illnesses"> parental mental illnesses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wellbeing" title=" wellbeing"> wellbeing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117862/factors-affecting-the-caregiving-experience-of-children-with-parental-mental-illnesses-a-systematic-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117862.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">141</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9774</span> Efficacy of Social-emotional Learning Programs Amongst First-generation Immigrant Children in Canada and The United States- A Scoping Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Gabrielle%20%22Abby%22%20Dalmacio">Maria Gabrielle "Abby" Dalmacio</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Social-emotional learning is a concept that is garnering more importance when considering the development of young children. The aim of this scoping literature review is to explore the implementation of social-emotional learning programs conducted with first-generation immigrant young children ages 3-12 years in North America. This review of literature focuses on social-emotional learning programs taking place in early childhood education centres and elementary school settings that include the first-generation immigrant children population to determine if and how their understanding of social-emotional learning skills may be impacted by the curriculum being taught through North American educational pedagogy. Research on early childhood education and social-emotional learning reveals the lack of inter-cultural adaptability in social emotional learning programs and the potential for immigrant children as being assessed as developmentally delayed due to programs being conducted through standardized North American curricula. The results of this review point to a need for more research to be conducted with first-generation immigrant children to help reform social-emotional learning programs to be conducive for each child’s individual development. There remains to be a gap of knowledge in the current literature on social-emotional learning programs and how educators can effectively incorporate the intercultural perspectives of first-generation immigrant children in early childhood education. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=early%20childhood%20education" title="early childhood education">early childhood education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social-emotional%20learning" title=" social-emotional learning"> social-emotional learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=first-generation%20immigrant%20children" title=" first-generation immigrant children"> first-generation immigrant children</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=north%20america" title=" north america"> north america</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inter-cultural%20perspectives" title=" inter-cultural perspectives"> inter-cultural perspectives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20diversity" title=" cultural diversity"> cultural diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=early%20educational%20frameworks" title=" early educational frameworks"> early educational frameworks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173802/efficacy-of-social-emotional-learning-programs-amongst-first-generation-immigrant-children-in-canada-and-the-united-states-a-scoping-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173802.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">101</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9773</span> The Participation of Refugee Children with Disabilities in Educational Options in Turkey: A Systematic Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robert%20L.%20Williamson">Robert L. Williamson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baris%20%C3%87etin"> Baris Çetin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Turkey, due to its geographic location, finds itself the world’s largest host to refugees worldwide, and this nation has done much to educate their refugee population. Turkey’s considerable experience can inform other nations educating refugee children. This systematic review of the literature examined the context, barriers, and responses to successfully educating refugee children in Turkey. Additionally, because some refugee children may have an identified or unidentified disability, the educational experiences of refugee children with disabilities in Turkey were an ancillary focus. Results indicated that while some educational challenges have been successfully met within Turkey, others remain. Additionally, the education of children with disabilities in Turkey is largely unexamined. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disability" title="disability">disability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education" title=" education"> education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refugee" title=" refugee"> refugee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=systematic%20review" title=" systematic review"> systematic review</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Turkey" title=" Turkey"> Turkey</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100863/the-participation-of-refugee-children-with-disabilities-in-educational-options-in-turkey-a-systematic-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100863.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">291</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9772</span> The Preparation and Effectiveness of Picture Book for Increasing Knowledge about Divorce</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Denia%20Prameswari">Denia Prameswari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The impacts of divorce are not only felt by parents but also by children. Preschool children are the most distressed while facing parental divorce. The negative impacts of divorce on children can be minimized when children had pervious knowledge about the event. One of the method to give knowledge about divorce to children is through picture book. Unfortunately, in Indonesia, researchers have not found picture books for preschoolers about divorce. This study aims to test the effectiveness of picture book in increasing knowledge of preschool children about divorce. Formulation of picture books in this study is based on three sources of information: (1) the study of literature, (2) analysis of picture books, and (3) need assessment. This picture book that have been prepared, then used to test its effectiveness for increasing knowledge of preschool children about divorce. The test was conducted using pre and post test on 5 participants. The statistical method used in this study is paired sample t-test. The purposive sampling method was used to select the participants. The participants for this study are preschool children with parents that is undergoing divorce proceedings. The result shows that picture books in this study significantly increase preschool children's knowledge about divorce. As an additional result, parents find it easier to explain divorce to their children using the picture book from this study. For further study, researcher can make another picture book about divorce for children at different age or to face another challenging situation in life. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=divorce" title="divorce">divorce</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parent" title=" parent"> parent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=picture%20book" title=" picture book"> picture book</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=preschool%20children" title=" preschool children"> preschool children</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36882/the-preparation-and-effectiveness-of-picture-book-for-increasing-knowledge-about-divorce" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36882.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">323</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9771</span> The Benefits of Full Day Kindergarten versus Half Day Kindergarten: Review of Literature</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Majedah%20Fawzy%20Abu%20Alrub">Majedah Fawzy Abu Alrub</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this study was to assess the benefits of full-day vs. half-day kindergarten. Research suggests that there is a common trend among full-day kindergarten programs. Academic, social, and emotional benefits are evident, as well as preferential trends among the parents and teachers. The review began by identifying 20 references of literature on full-day kindergarten published in the last two decades (1997-2017). Of these, 20 passed an initial screening designed to identify research reports that examined academic, social, and emotional outcomes of full-day kindergarten programs as compared with half-day programs. Studies indicated that children who attend full-day kindergarten are positively related to high performance through their schools. There is much evidence to support a full-day program for children. Results indicated that full-day programs have obvious benefits for children; however, they may not be the best program for all children. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=preschool" title="preschool">preschool</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=full-day%20kindergarten" title=" full-day kindergarten"> full-day kindergarten</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=academic%20benefits" title=" academic benefits"> academic benefits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20and%20emotional%20benefits" title=" social and emotional benefits"> social and emotional benefits</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83420/the-benefits-of-full-day-kindergarten-versus-half-day-kindergarten-review-of-literature" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83420.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">170</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9770</span> Trends in Practical Research on Universal Design for Learning (UDL) in Japanese Elementary Schools</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zolzaya%20Badmaavanchig">Zolzaya Badmaavanchig</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shoko%20Miyamoto"> Shoko Miyamoto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years, universal design for learning (hereinafter referred to as "UDL"), which aims to establish an inclusive education system and to make all children, regardless of their disabilities, experts in learning, has been attracting attention, and there have been some attempts to incorporate it into regular classrooms where children with developmental disabilities and those who show such tendencies are enrolled. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness and challenges of implementing UDL in Japanese elementary schools based on the previous literature. As a method, we first searched for articles on UDL for learning and UDL in the classroom from 2010 to 2022. In addition, we selected practice studies that targeted children with special educational support needs and the classroom as a whole. In response to the extracted literature, this bridge examined the following five perspectives: (1) subjects and grades in which UDL was practiced, (2) methods to grasp the actual conditions of the children, (3) consideration for children with special needs during class, (4) form of class, and (5) effects of the practice. Based on the results, we would like to present issues related to future UDL efforts in Japanese elementary schools. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=universal%20design%20for%20learning" title="universal design for learning">universal design for learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regular%20elementary%20school%20class" title=" regular elementary school class"> regular elementary school class</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children%20with%20special%20education%20needs" title=" children with special education needs"> children with special education needs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=special%20educational%20support" title=" special educational support"> special educational support</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183070/trends-in-practical-research-on-universal-design-for-learning-udl-in-japanese-elementary-schools" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183070.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">62</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9769</span> A Case Study of Meaningful Learning in Play for Young Children</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baoliang%20Xu">Baoliang Xu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The future of education should focus on creating meaningful learning for learners. Play is a basic form and an important means of carrying out kindergarten educational activities, which promotes the creation and development of meaningful learning and is of great importance in the harmonious physical and mental development of young children. Through literature research and case studies, this paper finds that: meaningful learning has the characteristics of contextuality, interaction and constructiveness; teachers should pay great attention to the guidance of children's games, fully respect children's autonomy and create a prepared game environment; children's meaningful learning exists in games and hidden in things that interest them, and "the generation of questions The "generation of questions" fuels the depth of children's meaningful learning, and teachers' professional support helps children's meaningful learning to develop continuously. In short, teachers' guidance of young children's play should be emphasized to effectively provide scaffolding instruction to promote meaningful learning in a holistic manner. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meaningful%20learning" title="meaningful learning">meaningful learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=young%20childhood" title=" young childhood"> young childhood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=game" title=" game"> game</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=case%20study" title=" case study"> case study</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162268/a-case-study-of-meaningful-learning-in-play-for-young-children" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162268.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">71</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9768</span> Theoretical Literature Review on Lack of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Its Effects on Children</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Abdi">E. Abdi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this theoretical literature review is to study the relevant academic literature on lack of cardiorespiratory fitness and its effects on children. The total of thirty eight relevant documents were identified and considered for this review which nineteen of those were original research articles published in peer reviewed journals. The other nineteen articles were statistical documents. This document is structured to examine 4 effects in deficiency of cardiorespiratory fitness in school aged children: (a) obesity, (b) inadequate fitness level, (c) unhealthy life style, and (d) academics. The categories provide a theoretical framework for future studies. The results are broken down into 6 sections: (a) academics,( b) healthy life style, (c) low cost, (d) obesity, (e) Relative Age Effect (RAE), and (f) race/poverty. The study discusses that regular physical fitness assists children and adolescents to develop healthy physical activity behaviors which can be sustained throughout adult life. Conclusion suggests that advocacy for increasing physical activity and decreasing sedentary behaviors at school and home are necessary. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cardiorespiratory" title="cardiorespiratory">cardiorespiratory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endurance" title=" endurance"> endurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20activity" title=" physical activity"> physical activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20fitness" title=" physical fitness"> physical fitness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30349/theoretical-literature-review-on-lack-of-cardiorespiratory-fitness-and-its-effects-on-children" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30349.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">429</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9767</span> Improving English by Reading Local Literature: The Case for Thai Primary Children</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wipada%20Prasansaph">Wipada Prasansaph</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this research is twofold: to develop a local literature (simplified English translation version) reading booklet for Thai primary school children (the fourth graders) and to encourage the love of reading in English by reading local literature. An excerpt from Thai literature namely Phra-apaimani, the reading requirement for Primary 4 was selected to be translated into English in simplified language with cartoon pictures to illustrate the key happenings of the story. After the first draft of the booklet development, the samples of the booklets were distributed to 3 educator experts to call for validity and comments on 1) the appropriateness of the English language, 2) the organization of the booklet, 3) the comprehension of the story, and 4) the relevance to the core curriculum of Basic Education of Thailand (B.E.2551). The IOC (Index of Item – Objective Congruence) was 0.9 indicated that the material is applicable (with some comments and suggestions). After the first amendment, the booklets were distributed to 30 fourth graders (in 3 schools – 10 in each school), 10 English teachers of Primary 4, and 10 educational supervisors for English subjects (in primary level) to call for comments on 1) the comprehension of the story 2) the organization of the booklet, and 3) the encouragement for the love of reading in English. The English reading booklet on Phra-apaimani for Thai primary children, the IOC questionnaire (with the open-ended questions) for the educator experts, and the rating scales for the students, the teachers, and the educational supervisors were used as the instruments of the research. The findings revealed that most students rated ‘positive’ level for the comprehension of the story, while the teachers and the educational supervisors rated ‘highly positive’. The 3 groups rated ‘highly positive’ for both the organization of the booklet and for the encouragement for the love of reading in English. It is recommended that there should be more production of English reading texts for children, especially the texts that children already have some background knowledge. Moreover, illustration is the most crucial part for the children’s reading texts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20language" title="English language">English language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reading%20skill" title=" reading skill"> reading skill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=primary%20children" title=" primary children"> primary children</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thai%20literature" title=" Thai literature"> Thai literature</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9771/improving-english-by-reading-local-literature-the-case-for-thai-primary-children" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9771.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">366</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9766</span> Children of Syria: Using Drawings for Diagnosing and Treating Trauma</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatten%20F.%20Elkomy">Fatten F. Elkomy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Syrian refugees are the largest refugee population since World War II. Mostly, children, these individuals were exposed to intense traumatic events in their homeland, throughout their journey, and during settlement in foreign lands. Art is a universal language to express feelings and tough human experiences. It is also a medium for healing and promoting creativity and resilience. Literature review was conducted to examine the use of art to facilitate psychiatric interviews, diagnosis, and therapy with traumatized children. Results show a severe impact of childhood trauma on the increased risk for abuse, neglect, and psychiatric disorders. Clinicians must recognize, evaluated and provide help for these children. In conclusion, drawings are used to tell a story, reflect deep emotions, and create a meaningful self-recognition and determination. Participants will understand art therapy using the expressive therapies continuum framework to evaluate drawings and to promote healing for refugee children. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=art%20therapy" title="art therapy">art therapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children%20drawings" title=" children drawings"> children drawings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syrian%20refugees" title=" Syrian refugees"> Syrian refugees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trauma%20in%20childhood" title=" trauma in childhood"> trauma in childhood</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107071/children-of-syria-using-drawings-for-diagnosing-and-treating-trauma" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107071.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">165</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9765</span> Resilience in Children: A Comparative Analysis between Children with and without Parental Supervision Bandar Abbas</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Taghinejad">N. Taghinejad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Dortaj"> F. Dortaj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Khodabandeh"> N. Khodabandeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research aimed at comparing resilience among male and female children with and without parental supervision in Bandar Abbas. The sample consists of 200 subjects selected through cluster sampling. The research method was comparative causal and Conner and Davidson’s questionnaire form resilience was used for data collection. Results indicated that there is no difference between children with and without parental supervision regarding their resilience capacity. These findings may be challenging and useful for psychologists, officials of children’s affairs and legislators. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resilience" title="resilience">resilience</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children" title=" children "> children </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children%20with%20parental%20supervision" title="children with parental supervision">children with parental supervision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children%20without%20parental%20supervision" title=" children without parental supervision"> children without parental supervision</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44988/resilience-in-children-a-comparative-analysis-between-children-with-and-without-parental-supervision-bandar-abbas" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44988.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">456</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9764</span> Using Learning Apps in the Classroom</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Janet%20C.%20Read">Janet C. Read</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> UClan set collaboration with Lingokids to assess the Lingokids learning app's impact on learning outcomes in classrooms in the UK for children with ages ranging from 3 to 5 years. Data gathered during the controlled study with 69 children includes attitudinal data, engagement, and learning scores. Data shows that children enjoyment while learning was higher among those children using the game-based app compared to those children using other traditional methods. It’s worth pointing out that engagement when using the learning app was significantly higher than other traditional methods among older children. According to existing literature, there is a direct correlation between engagement, motivation, and learning. Therefore, this study provides relevant data points to conclude that Lingokids learning app serves its purpose of encouraging learning through playful and interactive content. That being said, we believe that learning outcomes should be assessed with a wider range of methods in further studies. Likewise, it would be beneficial to assess the level of usability and playability of the app in order to evaluate the learning app from other angles. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning%20app" title="learning app">learning app</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning%20outcomes" title=" learning outcomes"> learning outcomes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rapid%20test%20activity" title=" rapid test activity"> rapid test activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Smileyometer" title=" Smileyometer"> Smileyometer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=early%20childhood%20education" title=" early childhood education"> early childhood education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=innovative%20pedagogy" title=" innovative pedagogy"> innovative pedagogy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159129/using-learning-apps-in-the-classroom" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159129.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">71</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9763</span> The Use of Music Therapy to Improve Non-Verbal Communication Skills for Children with Autism</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Vinca%20Novenia">Maria Vinca Novenia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The number of school-aged children with autism in Indonesia has been increasing each year. Autism is a developmental disorder which can be diagnosed in childhood. One of the symptoms is the lack of communication skills. Music therapy is known as an effective treatment for children with autism. Music elements and structures create a good space for children with autism to express their feelings and communicate their thoughts. School-aged children are expected to be able to communicate non-verbally very well, but children with autism experience the difficulties of communicating non-verbally. The aim of this research is to analyze the significance of music therapy treatment to improve non-verbal communication tools for children with autism. This research informs teachers and parents on how music can be used as a media to communicate with children with autism. The qualitative method is used to analyze this research, while the result is described with the microanalysis technique. The result is measured specifically from the whole experiment, hours of every week, minutes of every session, and second of every moment. The samples taken are four school-aged children with autism in the age range of six to 11 years old. This research is conducted within four months started with observation, interview, literature research, and direct experiment. The result demonstrates that music therapy could be effectively used as a non-verbal communication tool for children with autism, such as changes of body gesture, eye contact, and facial expression. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autism" title="autism">autism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=improvisation" title=" improvisation"> improvisation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microanalysis" title=" microanalysis"> microanalysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=music%20therapy" title=" music therapy"> music therapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonverbal%20communication" title=" nonverbal communication"> nonverbal communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=school-aged" title=" school-aged"> school-aged</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97831/the-use-of-music-therapy-to-improve-non-verbal-communication-skills-for-children-with-autism" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97831.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">223</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9762</span> A Dream to Bicycle: A Curriculum Practice of Thematic Teaching Constructed by Scaffolding Theory</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gu%20Chun-Mei">Gu Chun-Mei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kung%20Mei-Juan"> Kung Mei-Juan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this research is to examine (1) how a kindergarten teacher followed the scaffolding theory to inspire children’s interest in bicycling and (2) how these children had learned the skill of bicycling. Results revealed that: first of all, the teacher (1) used questions during the teaching process to stimulate the levels of children’s abilities; (2) provided follow-up thematic clues and hints which are based on children’s abilities (e.g., would not provide instructions and demonstrations except children continued failing to solve the current problems); (3) assisted only when children needed it. Furthermore, when children continued failing the task and being frustrated, instead of providing more concrete guidance, the teacher would utilize the following strategies: (1) postulating children’s thoughts; (2) encouraging children to feel the difficulties; (3) giving children opportunities to reflect on how to solve the problems. In sum, by raising questions, allowing children to implement by themselves for the first attempt, then inducing children to correct their actions, the teacher built a scaffold with thematic teaching to develop children’s potential on bicycling. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thematic%20teaching" title="thematic teaching">thematic teaching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scaffold" title=" scaffold"> scaffold</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zone%20of%20proximal%20development" title=" zone of proximal development"> zone of proximal development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children" title=" children"> children</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129248/a-dream-to-bicycle-a-curriculum-practice-of-thematic-teaching-constructed-by-scaffolding-theory" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129248.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">193</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9761</span> Etiologies of Megaloblastic Anemia in a Pediatric Hospital</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atitallah%20Sofien">Atitallah Sofien</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bouyahia%20Olfa"> Bouyahia Olfa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohsen%20S."> Mohsen S.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boussetta%20Khadija"> Boussetta Khadija</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khemiri%20Monia"> Khemiri Monia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fitouri%20Zohra"> Fitouri Zohra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boukthir%20Samir"> Boukthir Samir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Megaloblastic anemia (MA) is rare in children. The diversity of its etiologies can lead to misdiagnosis and may, therefore, delay the treatment. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of children followed for MA at the Tunis children's hospital. Methodology: This is a retrospective study over a period of 25 years of all cases of MA in children in the Children's Hospital of Tunis. The diagnosis of MA was confirmed by myelogram in all patients. Results: We collected 29 observations, with an incidence of 1.2 cases/year and a sex ratio of 1. Sixty percent of the children were aged between 3 months and 2 years. The consultation time was between 15 and 30 days in a third of the patients. The clinical examination showed hypotrophy in 13% of cases, hepatosplenomegaly in 6% of cases, neurological or neurosensory damage in 23% of cases, and cardiac damage in 10% of children. MA was associated with thrombocytopenia in 65% of cases and leukoneutropenia in 24% of cases. One in 5 children had pancytopenia. The etiologies were mainly thiamine deficiency, Immerslund disease (20%), nutritional deficiency (13%), and Biermer anemia (13%). One of the patients presented an MA revealing visceral leishmaniasis. The outcome under vitamin B12, the dose of which was adapted to each etiology, was favorable for all patients. Conclusion: MA is rare in children with multiple etiologies that are mainly dominated by hereditary conditions and nutritional deficiencies, mainly in vitamin B12. The association with visceral leishmaniasis seems to be a particularity in our country not reported in the literature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=megaloblastic%20anemia" title="megaloblastic anemia">megaloblastic anemia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children" title=" children"> children</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vitamin%20B12" title=" vitamin B12"> vitamin B12</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anemia" title=" anemia"> anemia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175680/etiologies-of-megaloblastic-anemia-in-a-pediatric-hospital" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175680.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">66</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9760</span> A Comparative Research on the Development Level of Left-Behind and Non-Left-Behind Children in Rural Areas of Henan Province</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuying%20Zhu">Yuying Zhu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Left-behind children in rural areas are vulnerable groups with the course of our country’s urbanization. Left-behind young children in rural area separate from their parents in their early childhood, vicegerent guardian’s care are less sensitive and careful than children’s parents; they give less concern to children’s verbal development, this makes the verbal problem of the left-behind children to be ubiquitous problem. This study chooses four kindergartens from the east the middle and the west of the Henan Province, explore the verbal development differences between the left-behind young children and the non-left-behind young rural children through the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (MSCA) and self-made questionnaires. The study shows that there is no significant difference between the left-behind young children and the non-left-behind young rural children in the verbal development, though the marks in primary class and middle class the non-left-behind young rural children is higher, but, the top class in the kindergarten is not. What’s more, the emergent reading and the economy have significant influence on young children’s verbal ability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=left-behind%20children" title="left-behind children">left-behind children</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-left-behind%20children" title=" non-left-behind children"> non-left-behind children</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regional%20difference" title=" regional difference"> regional difference</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=verbal%20development" title=" verbal development"> verbal development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93053/a-comparative-research-on-the-development-level-of-left-behind-and-non-left-behind-children-in-rural-areas-of-henan-province" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93053.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">266</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9759</span> Educating Children with the Child-Friendly Smartphone Operation System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wildan%20Maulana%20Wildan">Wildan Maulana Wildan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siti%20Annisa%20Rahmayani%20Icha"> Siti Annisa Rahmayani Icha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays advances in information technology are needed by all the inhabitants of the earth for the sake of ease all their work, but it is worth to introduced the technological advances in the world of children. Before the technology is growing rapidly, children busy with various of traditional games and have high socialization. Moreover, after it presence, almost all of children spend more their time for playing gadget, It can affect the education of children and will change the character and personality children. However, children also can not be separated with the technology. Because the technology insight knowledge of children will be more extensive. Because the world can not be separated with advances in technology as well as with children, there should be developed a smartphone operating system that is child-friendly. The operating system is able to filter contents that do not deserve children, even in this system there is a reminder of a time study, prayer time and play time for children and there are interactive contents that will help the development of education and children's character. Children need technology, and there are some ways to introduce it to children. We must look at the characteristics of children in different environments. Thus advances in technology can be beneficial to the world children and their parents, and educators do not have to worry about advances in technology. We should be able to take advantage of advances in technology best possible. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20technology" title="information technology">information technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smartphone%20operating%20system" title=" smartphone operating system"> smartphone operating system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education" title=" education"> education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=character" title=" character"> character</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54719/educating-children-with-the-child-friendly-smartphone-operation-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54719.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">513</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9758</span> The Relationship among Lifestyles, Accompany Forms, and Children’s Capability to Solve Problems of Modern Families</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tien-Ling%20Yeh">Tien-Ling Yeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jo-Han%20Chan"> Jo-Han Chan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The percentage of dual-earner couples has become higher and higher each year. Family lifestyles in Taiwan have also been changing. This fact reflects the importance of family communication and parent-child relationship. This study aimed to explore the influences of family lifestyles and accompany forms on children’s capability to solve problems. The research process included two phases: (1) literature review, to explore the characteristics of children’s capability to solve problems and methods to measure this capability; and (2) questionnaire analyses, to explore the influences of lifestyles and accompany time and forms of modern families on their children’s capability to solve problems. The questionnaires were issued in October and November, 2016. A total of 300 questionnaires were retrieved, among which 250 were valid. The findings are summarized below: -The linguistic performances of the children from families of the busy and haggling lifestyle or the intermittent childcare lifestyle were rather good. Besides being interested in learning, these children could solve problems or difficulties independently. -The capability to ‘analyze problems’ of children from families with accompanying time during 19:00-19:30 (family dinner time) or 22:00-23:30 (before bedtime) was good. When facing a complex problem, these children could identify the most important factor in the problem. When seeing a problem, they would first look for the cause. If they encountered a bottleneck while solving a problem, they would review the context of the problem and related conditions to come up with another solution. -According to the literature, learning toys with numbers and symbols to learn to read can help develop children’s logic thinking, which is helpful to solve problems. Interestingly, some study suggested that children playing with fluid constructive toys are less likely to give up what they are doing and more likely to identify problems in their daily life. Some of them can even come up with creative and effective solutions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accompany" title="accompany">accompany</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lifestyle" title=" lifestyle"> lifestyle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parent-child" title=" parent-child"> parent-child</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=problem-solving" title=" problem-solving"> problem-solving</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98462/the-relationship-among-lifestyles-accompany-forms-and-childrens-capability-to-solve-problems-of-modern-families" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98462.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge 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