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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-South_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle South America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bolivia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonial_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Colonial North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_frontier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_frontier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>American frontier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_frontier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_frontier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_frontier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Canadian frontier</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Canadian_frontier-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-US_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>US history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%85" title="تخم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تخم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohrani%C4%8D%C3%AD" title="Pohraničí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pohraničí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenzland" title="Grenzland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grenzland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limregiono" title="Limregiono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Limregiono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="منطقه مرزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منطقه مرزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9F%B0%ED%8B%B0%EC%96%B4_(%EC%A7%80%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99)" title="프런티어 (지리학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프런티어 (지리학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontiero" title="Frontiero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Frontiero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garis_depan" title="Garis depan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Garis depan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_(%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94)" title="ספר (פוליטיקה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספר (פוליטיקה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_(lijn)" title="Frontier (lijn) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frontier (lijn)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2" title="フロンティア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フロンティア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogranicze_(obszar)" title="Pogranicze (obszar) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pogranicze (obszar)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronteira" title="Fronteira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fronteira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Фронтир – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фронтир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier" title="Frontier – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Frontier" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudut" title="Hudut – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hudut" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Фронтир – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фронтир" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%8A%E5%A2%83" title="邊境 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="邊境" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%8A%E5%A2%83" title="邊境 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="邊境" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Frontier_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Frontier (disambiguation)">Frontier (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Virgin land" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Virgin_land_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Virgin land (disambiguation)">Virgin land (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1800s_Texas_House.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/1800s_Texas_House.JPG/300px-1800s_Texas_House.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/1800s_Texas_House.JPG/450px-1800s_Texas_House.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/1800s_Texas_House.JPG/600px-1800s_Texas_House.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>A restored pioneer house at the <a href="/wiki/National_Ranching_Heritage_Center" title="National Ranching Heritage Center">National Ranching Heritage Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock, Texas</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>frontier</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical">geographical</a> term referring to areas near or beyond a <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">boundary</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australia">Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frontier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_exploration_of_Australia" title="European exploration of Australia">European exploration of Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Outback" title="Outback">Outback</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_113072_Bushman_with_his_dog_and_horse_outside_a_humpy,_Hughenden_district%5E,_1910-1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/StateLibQld_1_113072_Bushman_with_his_dog_and_horse_outside_a_humpy%2C_Hughenden_district%5E%2C_1910-1920.jpg/220px-StateLibQld_1_113072_Bushman_with_his_dog_and_horse_outside_a_humpy%2C_Hughenden_district%5E%2C_1910-1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/StateLibQld_1_113072_Bushman_with_his_dog_and_horse_outside_a_humpy%2C_Hughenden_district%5E%2C_1910-1920.jpg/330px-StateLibQld_1_113072_Bushman_with_his_dog_and_horse_outside_a_humpy%2C_Hughenden_district%5E%2C_1910-1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/StateLibQld_1_113072_Bushman_with_his_dog_and_horse_outside_a_humpy%2C_Hughenden_district%5E%2C_1910-1920.jpg/440px-StateLibQld_1_113072_Bushman_with_his_dog_and_horse_outside_a_humpy%2C_Hughenden_district%5E%2C_1910-1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Australian bushman with his dog and horse, c. 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "frontier" was frequently used in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Australia">colonial Australia</a> in the meaning of country that borders the unknown or uncivilised, the boundary, border country, the borders of civilisation, or as the land that forms the furthest extent of what was frequently termed "the inside" or "settled" districts.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "outside" was another term frequently used in colonial Australia, this term seemingly<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (August 2016)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> covered not only the frontier but the districts beyond. Settlers at the frontier thus frequently referred to themselves as "the outsiders" or "outside residents" and to the area in which they lived as "the outside districts". At times one might hear the "frontier" described as "the outside borders".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the term "frontier districts" was seemingly<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (August 2016)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> used predominantly in the early Australian colonial newspapers whenever dealing with skirmishes between black and white in northern <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, and in newspaper reports from <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, whereas it was seemingly not so commonly used when dealing with affairs in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> and southern New South Wales. The use of the word "frontier" was thus frequently connected to descriptions of frontier violence, as in a letter printed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a></i> in December 1850 which described murder and carnage at the northern frontier and calling for the protection of the settlers saying: "...nothing but a strong body of <a href="/wiki/Native_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Police">Native Police</a> will restore and keep order in the frontier districts, and as the squatters are taxed for the purpose of such protection".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_America">South America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frontier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VIRREINATOsur.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/VIRREINATOsur.png/350px-VIRREINATOsur.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/VIRREINATOsur.png/525px-VIRREINATOsur.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/VIRREINATOsur.png/700px-VIRREINATOsur.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="884" /></a><figcaption><i>De facto</i> Spanish territories and indigenous territories around 1800. <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata</a> is shown in blue while the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Captaincy General of Chile</a> is shown in green.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frontier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The southern indigenous frontier of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata</a> was the southern limit into which the viceyolty could exert its rule. Beyond this lay territories<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>de facto</i> controlled by indigenous peoples who inhabited the <a href="/wiki/Pampas" title="Pampas">Pampas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>. These group were mainly the <a href="/wiki/Tehuelche_people" title="Tehuelche people">Tehuelche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pehuenche" title="Pehuenche">Pehuenche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Ranquel" title="Ranquel">Ranqueles</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indios_pampas_(Serie_Ibarra)_-_Carlos_Morel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Indios_pampas_%28Serie_Ibarra%29_-_Carlos_Morel.jpg/220px-Indios_pampas_%28Serie_Ibarra%29_-_Carlos_Morel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Indios_pampas_%28Serie_Ibarra%29_-_Carlos_Morel.jpg/330px-Indios_pampas_%28Serie_Ibarra%29_-_Carlos_Morel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Indios_pampas_%28Serie_Ibarra%29_-_Carlos_Morel.jpg/440px-Indios_pampas_%28Serie_Ibarra%29_-_Carlos_Morel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Carlos Morel, Indios pampas (Serie Ibarra). Siglo XIX. Visible: 25 x 28 cm Llitografía: 21 x 26,5 cm, litografía sobre papel</figcaption></figure> <p>Various military campaigns and peace treaties were arranged by the Spanish in order to either stop indigenous incursions in Spanish lands or to advance the frontier into indigenous territory.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under General <a href="/wiki/Julio_Argentino_Roca" title="Julio Argentino Roca">Julio Argentino Roca</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Conquest of the Desert</a> extended Argentine power into <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolivia">Bolivia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frontier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bolivia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For long time a frontier existed east of <a href="/wiki/Tarija" title="Tarija">Tarija</a> in southeastern Bolivia.<sup id="cite_ref-guillermina_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guillermina-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aguayaceite_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aguayaceite-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in the late 16th century the Spanish saw the tribes inhabiting the eastern jungles, and the "<a href="/wiki/Ava_Guaran%C3%AD_people" title="Ava Guaraní people">Chiriguanos</a>" in particular, as a threat.<sup id="cite_ref-guillermina_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guillermina-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This frontier attracted <a href="/wiki/Afro-Bolivians" title="Afro-Bolivians">Maroons</a> and indigenous individuals who escaped Spanish rule in the <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Real Audiencia of Charcas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aguayaceite_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aguayaceite-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The frontier remained remakably stable until the late 18th century when the Spanish made some advances into the Chiriguano territory.<sup id="cite_ref-aguayaceite_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aguayaceite-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in the second half of the 19th century a more definitive advance begun on the Chiriguano lands with the last resistance being crushed in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-aguayaceite_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aguayaceite-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frontier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a>; <a href="/wiki/La_Frontera,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="La Frontera, Chile">La Frontera, Chile</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Seven_Cities" title="Destruction of the Seven Cities">Destruction of the Seven Cities</a> (1599–1604) led to the formation of a frontier called <a href="/wiki/La_Frontera,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="La Frontera, Chile">La Frontera</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> ruling north of <a href="/wiki/Biob%C3%ADo_River" title="Biobío River">Biobío River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> retaining independence south of the said river. Within this frontier the city of <a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile" title="Concepción, Chile">Concepción</a> assumed the role of "military capital" of Spanish-ruled Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-encicloreg2006_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encicloreg2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This informal role was given by the establishment of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Arauco" title="Army of Arauco">Army of Arauco</a> in the city which was financed by a payments of silver from <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a> called <a href="/wiki/Real_Situado" title="Real Situado">Real Situado</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encicloreg2006_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encicloreg2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Santiago located at some distance from the war zone remained the political capital since 1578.<sup id="cite_ref-encicloreg2006_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encicloreg2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_uprising_of_1655" title="Mapuche uprising of 1655">Mapuche uprising of 1655</a> and abolition of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_of_Mapuches" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery of Mapuches">Mapuche slavery</a> in 1683 in the Spanish Empire trade across the frontier increased.<sup id="cite_ref-MCLGuerraarauco_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCLGuerraarauco-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mapuche-Spanish and later Mapuche-Chilean trade increased further in the second half of the 18th century as hostilities decreased.<sup id="cite_ref-Bengoa45-46_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa45-46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mapuches obtained <a href="/wiki/Good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good (economics)">goods</a> from Chile and some dressed in "Spanish" clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-Bengoa154_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa154-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite close contacts Chileans and Mapuches remained socially, politically and economically distinct.<sup id="cite_ref-Bengoa154_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa154-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish and later Chilean officials with the titles of <a href="/wiki/Comisario_de_naciones" title="Comisario de naciones">comisario de naciones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capit%C3%A1n_de_amigos" title="Capitán de amigos">capitán de amigos</a> acted as intermediaries between the Mapuche and colonial and republican authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-MemChiTiposFro_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MemChiTiposFro-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Occupation of Araucanía">Occupation of Araucanía</a> the Republic of Chile advanced the frontier south from <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ADo_B%C3%ADo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bío Bío River">Bío Bío River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Malleco_River" title="Malleco River">Malleco River</a> where a well defended line of forts was established between 1861 and 1871. </p><p>Having decisively defeated Peru in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_and_Chorrillos" title="Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos">battles of Chorrillos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Miraflores" title="Battle of Miraflores">Miraflores</a> in January 1881 Chilean authorities turned their attention to the southern frontier in Araucanía seeking to defend the previous advances that had been so difficult to establish.<sup id="cite_ref-Bengoa275-276_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa275-276-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ferrando547_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrando547-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bengoa277-278_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa277-278-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea was not only to defend forts and settlements but also to advance the frontier all the way from <a href="/wiki/Malleco_River" title="Malleco River">Malleco River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Caut%C3%ADn_River" title="Cautín River">Cautín River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bengoa275-276_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa275-276-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bengoa277-278_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa277-278-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frontier&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <b>frontier</b> was the term applied by scholars to the impact of the zone of land beyond the region of existing European occupation. That is, as pioneers moved into the frontier zone they were changed significantly by the encounter. That is what <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner">Frederick Jackson Turner</a> called "the significance of the frontier." For example, Turner argued in 1893, one change was that unlimited free land in the zone was available and thus offered the psychological sense of unlimited opportunity, which in turn had many consequences, such as optimism, future orientation, shedding of restraints caused by land scarcity, and wastefulness of natural resources. </p><p>Operating in tandem with the doctrine of "<a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">manifest destiny</a>", the "frontier" concept also had a massive impact on Native Americans like the declaration of <i><a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">terra nullius</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enacted by the British around 1835 to legitimize their colonization of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. The idea implicitly negated any recognition of legitimate pre-existing occupation and embodied a blank denial of land rights to the indigenous peoples whose territories were being annexed by European colonists. </p><p>Throughout American history, the expansion of settlement was largely from the east to the west and so the frontier is often identified with "the West." On the Pacific Coast, settlement moved eastward. In New England, it moved north. </p><p>"Frontier" was borrowed into English from French in the 15th century with the meaning "borderland," the region of a country that fronts on another country (see also <a href="/wiki/Marches" class="mw-redirect" title="Marches">marches</a>). The use of frontier to mean "a region at the edge of a settled area" is a special North American development. (Compare the Australian "<a href="/wiki/Outback" title="Outback">outback</a>".) In the Turnerian sense, "frontier" was a technical term that was explicated by hundreds of scholars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_North_America">Colonial North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frontier&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Colonial North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial America">Colonial America</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British colonization of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization of the Americas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a></div> <p>In the earliest days of European settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> Coast, the frontier was essentially any part of the forested interior of the continent beyond the fringe of existing settlements along the coast and the great rivers such as the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">St. Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_River" title="Susquehanna River">Susquehanna River</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="James River (Virginia)">James</a>. </p><p>British, French, Spanish, and Dutch patterns of expansion and settlement were quite different from one another. Only a few thousand French migrated to Canada; the <a href="/wiki/Habitants" title="Habitants">habitants</a> settled in villages along the St. Lawrence River, built communities that remained stable for long stretches, and did not leapfrog west the way that the Americans would. Although French fur traders ranged widely through the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes (North America)">Great Lakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> watershed, as far as the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, they did not usually settle down. Actual French settlement in those areas was limited to a few very small villages on the lower Mississippi and in the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Likewise, the Dutch set up fur trading posts in the Hudson River Valley, followed by large grants of land to <a href="/wiki/Patroons" class="mw-redirect" title="Patroons">patroons</a>, who brought in tenant farmers who created compact permanent villages but did not push westward.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, the British colonies generally pursued a more systematic policy of widespread settlement of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> for cultivation and exploitation of the land, a practice that required the extension of European <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">property rights</a> to the new continent. The typical British settlements were quite compact and small: under a square mile. Conflict with the Native Americans arose out of political issues on who would rule. Early frontier areas east of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> included the Connecticut River Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">French and Indian Wars</a> of the 1760s resulted in a complete victory for the British, who took over the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonial territory">French colonial territory</a> west of the Appalachians to the Mississippi River. The Americans began moving across the Appalachians into areas such the Ohio Country and the <a href="/wiki/New_River_Valley" title="New River Valley">New River Valley</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_frontier">American frontier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frontier&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: American frontier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></div> <p>After victory the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> and the signing <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> in 1783, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> gained formal, if not actual, control of the British lands west of the Appalachians. Many thousands of settlers, typified by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a>, had already reached <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> and adjacent areas. Some areas, such as the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_District" title="Virginia Military District">Virginia Military District</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Western_Reserve" title="Connecticut Western Reserve">Connecticut Western Reserve</a> (both in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>), were used by the states as rewards to veterans of the war. How to formally include the new frontier areas into the nation was an important issue in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> in the 1780s and was partly resolved by the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> (1787). The <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a> saw a similar pattern of settlement pressure. </p><p>For the next century, the expansion of the nation into those areas, as well as the subsequently-acquired <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a>, attracted hundreds of thousands of settlers. The question of whether the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas Territory</a> would become "slave" or "free" helped to spark the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. In general before 1860, Northern Democrats promoted easy land ownership, and Whigs and Southern Democrats resisted the <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> for supporting the growth of a free farmer population that might oppose slavery and for depoulating the East. </p><p>When the Republican Party came to power in 1860, it promoted a policy of a free land, notably the Homestead Act of 1862, coupled with railroad land grants that opened cheap (but not free) lands for settlers. In 1890, the frontier line had broken up; census maps defined the frontier line as a line beyond which the population was under 2 persons per square mile. </p><p>The impact of the frontier in popular culture was enormous, as shown in <a href="/wiki/Dime_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Dime novels">dime novels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_West_shows" title="Wild West shows">Wild West shows</a>, and after 1910 <a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western films</a> that were set on the frontier. </p><p>The American frontier was generally the edge of settlement in the West and typically was more democratic and free-spirited in nature than the East because of the lack of social and political institutions. The idea that the frontier provided the core defining quality of the United States was elaborated by the great historian <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner">Frederick Jackson Turner</a>, who built his <a href="/wiki/Frontier_Thesis" title="Frontier Thesis">Frontier Thesis</a> in 1893 around the notion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canadian_frontier">Canadian frontier</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frontier&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Canadian frontier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</a> frontier thesis was developed by the Canadian historians <a href="/wiki/Harold_Adams_Innis" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Adams Innis">Harold Adams Innis</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._M._S._Careless" title="J. M. S. Careless">J. M. S. Careless</a>, who emphasized the relationship between the center and periphery. Katerberg argues that "in Canada the imagined West must be understood in relation to the mythic power of the North" (Katerberg 2003). Innis's 1930 work <i>The Fur Trade in Canada</i> expounded on what became known as the Laurentian thesis: the most creative and major developments in Canadian history occurred in the metropolitan centres of Central Canada, and the civilization of North America is the civilization of Europe. Innis considered place to be critical in the development of the Canadian West and wrote of the importance of metropolitan areas, settlements, and indigenous people in the creation of markets. Turner and Innis have continued to exert influence over the historiography of the American and Canadian Wests. The Quebec frontier showed little of the individualism or democracy that Turner ascribed to the American zone to the south. The Nova Scotia and Ontario frontiers were more democratic than the rest of Canada, but whether that was caused by the need to be self-reliant on the frontier itself or the presence of large numbers of American immigrants is debated. </p><p>The Canadian political thinker Charles Blattberg has argued that such events ought to be seen as part of a process in which Canadians advanced a "border," as distinct from a "frontier," from east to west. According to Blattberg, a border assumes a significantly sharper contrast between the civilized and the uncivilized since unlike a frontier process in which the civilizing force is not supposed to be shaped by what it civilizes. Blattberg criticizes both the frontier and the border "civilizing" processes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_Prairies">Canadian Prairies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frontier&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Canadian Prairies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pattern of settlement of the Canadian Prairies began in 1896, when the American Prairies had already achieved statehood. Pioneers then headed north to the "<a href="/wiki/Last_Best_West" title="Last Best West">Last Best West</a>." Before the settlers began to arrive, the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Mounted_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="North West Mounted Police">North West Mounted Police</a> had been dispatched to the region. When the settlers began to arrive, a system of law and order was already in place, and the Dakotas' lawlessness that was famous for the American "Wild West" did not occur in Canada. The federal government had also sent teams of negotiators to meet with the indigenous peoples of the region. In a series of treaties, the basis for peaceful relations was established, and the long wars with the Natives that occurred in the United States largely did not spread to Canada. </p><p>Like their American counterparts, the Canadian Prairies supported populist and democratic movements in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frontier&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabin_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabin rights">Cabin rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marches" class="mw-redirect" title="Marches">Marches</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frontier&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. <i>Parliamentary Debate</i> April 14 <i>Legislative Assembly of NSW</i> (<i>Australian</i> April 14, 1848, p.4 Robinson)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see e.g. <i>Sydney Morning Herald</i> June 6, 1851 p.2g; <i>South Australian Register</i>, <i>Moreton Bay Courier</i> Feb 16, 1861, p2 and 2 April 1861, p.3 re 'The Native Police'; see Queensland Parliamentary Debate (Attorney-General Pring) (<i>Brisbane Courier</i>, July 27, 1861, p5); Queensland Parliamentary Debate 20 August 1863; <i>Brisbane Courier</i>, Aug 22, 1863 (Editorial).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sydney Morning Herald</i> Dec 24, 1850, p.3s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGascón2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gascón, Margarita (2001). "Periferia y frontera al sur del en el sur del virreinato del Perú". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redalyc.org/html/127/12701208/"><i>La transición de periferia a frontera : mendoza en el siglo XVII</i></a> (in Spanish). Andes. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0327-1676">0327-1676</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Periferia+y+frontera+al+sur+del+en+el+sur+del+virreinato+del+Per%C3%BA&rft.btitle=La+transici%C3%B3n+de+periferia+a+frontera+%3A+mendoza+en+el+siglo+XVII.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=Andes&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0327-1676&rft.aulast=Gasc%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Margarita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redalyc.org%2Fhtml%2F127%2F12701208%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrontier" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarimán,_P.;_Caniuqueo,_S.;_Millalén,_J.;_Levil,_R.2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marimán, P.; Caniuqueo, S.; Millalén, J.; Levil, R. (2006). <i>¡…Escucha, winka…!: Cuatro ensayos de Historia Nacional Mapuche y un epílogo sobre el futuro</i> (in Spanish). Chile: <a href="/wiki/LOM_Ediciones" title="LOM Ediciones">LOM</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9562828514" title="Special:BookSources/9562828514"><bdi>9562828514</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C2%A1%E2%80%A6Escucha%2C+winka%E2%80%A6%21%3A+Cuatro+ensayos+de+Historia+Nacional+Mapuche+y+un+ep%C3%ADlogo+sobre+el+futuro&rft.place=Chile&rft.pub=LOM&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9562828514&rft.au=Marim%C3%A1n%2C+P.%3B+Caniuqueo%2C+S.%3B+Millal%C3%A9n%2C+J.%3B+Levil%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrontier" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoulet2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roulet, Florencia (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10609160903336101?journalCode=ccla20">"Mujeres, rehenes y secretarios : mediadores indígenas en la frontera sur del Río de la Plata durante el período hispánico"</a>. <i>Colonial Latin America Review</i> (in Spanish). <b>18</b> (3): 303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10609160903336101">10.1080/10609160903336101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1466-1802">1466-1802</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161223604">161223604</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colonial+Latin+America+Review&rft.atitle=Mujeres%2C+rehenes+y+secretarios+%3A+mediadores+ind%C3%ADgenas+en+la+frontera+sur+del+R%C3%ADo+de+la+Plata+durante+el+per%C3%ADodo+hisp%C3%A1nico&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=303&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161223604%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1466-1802&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10609160903336101&rft.aulast=Roulet&rft.aufirst=Florencia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F10609160903336101%3FjournalCode%3Dccla20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrontier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guillermina-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guillermina_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guillermina_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliveto2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Oliveto, Guillermina (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S1851-37512010000100002&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt">"Chiriguanos: la construcción de un estereotipo en la política colonizadora del sur andino"</a> [Chiriguanos: southern andes colonizing policy and the construction of a stereotype]. <i>Memoria americana</i> (in Spanish). <b>18</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoria+americana&rft.atitle=Chiriguanos%3A+la+construcci%C3%B3n+de+un+estereotipo+en+la+pol%C3%ADtica+colonizadora+del+sur+andino&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Oliveto&rft.aufirst=Guillermina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.org.ar%2Fscielo.php%3Fpid%3DS1851-37512010000100002%26script%3Dsci_arttext%26tlng%3Dpt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrontier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aguayaceite-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aguayaceite_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aguayaceite_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aguayaceite_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aguayaceite_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCombès2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Combès, Isabelle (2014). "Como agua y aceite. Las alianzas guerreras entre tobas y chiriguanos en el siglo XIX". <i>Indiana</i> (in Spanish). <b>31</b>: <span class="nowrap">321–</span>349.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana&rft.atitle=Como+agua+y+aceite.+Las+alianzas+guerreras+entre+tobas+y+chiriguanos+en+el+siglo+XIX&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E321-%3C%2Fspan%3E349&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Comb%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrontier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encicloreg2006-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encicloreg2006_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encicloreg2006_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encicloreg2006_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Enciclopedia regional del Bío Bío</i> (in Spanish). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pehu%C3%A9n_Editores&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pehuén Editores (page does not exist)">Pehuén Editores</a>. 2006. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/956-16-0404-3" title="Special:BookSources/956-16-0404-3"><bdi>956-16-0404-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enciclopedia+regional+del+B%C3%ADo+B%C3%ADo&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Pehu%C3%A9n+Editores&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=956-16-0404-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrontier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCLGuerraarauco-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MCLGuerraarauco_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-7681.html">"La Frontera araucana"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Memoria_Chilena" title="Memoria Chilena">Memoria Chilena</a></i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Chile">Biblioteca Nacional de Chile</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoria+Chilena&rft.atitle=La+Frontera+araucana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memoriachilena.gob.cl%2F602%2Fw3-article-7681.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrontier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bengoa45-46-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bengoa45-46_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bengoa 2000, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bengoa154-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bengoa154_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bengoa154_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bengoa 2000, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MemChiTiposFro-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MemChiTiposFro_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-97969.html">"Tipos fronterizos"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Memoria_Chilena" title="Memoria Chilena">Memoria Chilena</a></i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Chile">Biblioteca Nacional de Chile</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoria+Chilena&rft.atitle=Tipos+fronterizos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memoriachilena.gob.cl%2F602%2Fw3-article-97969.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrontier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bengoa275-276-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bengoa275-276_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bengoa275-276_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bengoa 2000, pp. 275-276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferrando547-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferrando547_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferrando 1986, p. 547</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bengoa277-278-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bengoa277-278_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bengoa277-278_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bengoa 2000, pp. 277-278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibition/objectsthroughtime/bourketerra/">"Governor Bourke's 1835 Proclamation of Terra Nullius | Australia's migration history timeline | NSW Migration Heritage Centre"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Governor+Bourke%27s+1835+Proclamation+of+Terra+Nullius+%26%23124%3B+Australia%27s+migration+history+timeline+%26%23124%3B+NSW+Migration+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au%2Fexhibition%2Fobjectsthroughtime%2Fbourketerra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrontier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarence Walworth Alvord, <i>The Illinois Country 1673-1818</i> (1918)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur G. Adams, <i>The Hudson Through the Years</i> (1996); Sung Bok Kim, <i>Landlord and Tenant in Colonial New York: Manorial Society, 1664-1775</i> (1987)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allan Kulikoff, <i>From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers</i> (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laycock, David. <i>Populism and Democratic Thought in the Canadian Prairies, 1910 to 1945.</i> 1990; Seymour Martin Lipset, <i>Agrarian Socialism</i> (1950).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frontier&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_history">US history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frontier&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: US history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19971022225845/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/TURNER/">The Frontier In American History</a> by Frederick Jackson Turner</li> <li>Billington, Ray Allen. <i>America's Frontier Heritage</i> (1984), an analysis of the frontier experience from perspective of social sciences and historiography</li> <li>Billington, Ray Allen. <i>Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier</i> (1952 and later editions), the most detailed textbook, with highly detailed annotated bibliographies</li> <li>Billington, Ray Allen. <i>Land of Savagery / Land of Promise: The European Image of the American Frontier in the Nineteenth Century</i> (1981)</li> <li>Blattberg, Charles <i>Shall We Dance? A Patriotic Politics for Canada</i> (2003), ch. 3, a comparison of the Canadian 'border' with the American 'frontier'</li> <li>Hine, Robert V. and John Mack Faragher. <i>The American West: A New Interpretive History</i> (2000), recent textbook</li> <li>Lamar, Howard R. ed. <i>The New Encyclopedia of the American West</i> (1998), 1000+ pages of articles by scholars</li> <li>Milner, Clyde A., II ed. <i>Major Problems in the History of the American West</i> 2nd ed (1997), primary sources and essays by scholars</li> <li>Nichols, Roger L. ed. <i>American Frontier and Western Issues: An Historiographical Review</i> (1986) essays by 14 scholars</li> <li>Paxson, Frederic, <i>History of the American Frontier, 1763-1893</i> (1924)</li> <li>Slotkin, Richard, <i>Regeneration Through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600-1860</i> (2000), University of Oklahoma Press</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frontier&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blattberg, Charles <i>Shall We Dance? A Patriotic Politics for Canada</i> (2003), ch. 3, a comparison of the Canadian 'border' with the American 'frontier'</li> <li>Cavell, Janice. "The Second Frontier: the North in English-Canadian Historical Writing." <i>Canadian Historical Review</i> 2002 83(3): 364–389. ISSN 0008-3755 Fulltext in Ebsco</li> <li>Clarke, John. <i>Land, Power, and Economics on the Frontier of Upper Canada.</i> McGill-Queen's U. Press, 2001. 747 pp.</li> <li>Colpitts, George. <i>Game in the Garden: A Human History of Wildlife in Western Canada to 1940</i> U. of British Columbia Press, 2002. 216 pp.</li> <li>Forkey, Neil S. <i>Shaping the Upper Canadian Frontier: Environment, Society and Culture in the Trent Valley.</i> U. of Calgary Press 2003. 164 pp.</li> <li>Katerberg, William H. "A Northern Vision: Frontiers and the West in the Canadian and American Imagination." <i>American Review of Canadian Studies</i> 2003 33(4): 543–563. ISSN 0272-2011 Fulltext online at Ebsco</li> <li>Mulvihill, Peter R.; Baker, Douglas C.; and Morrison, William R. "A Conceptual Framework for Environmental History in Canada's North." <i>Environmental History</i> 2001 6(4): 611–626. ISSN 1084-5453. Proposes a five-part conceptual framework for the study of environmental history in the Canadian North. The first element of the framework analyzes approaches to environmental history that are applicable to the Canadian North. The second element reviews historical forces, myths, and defining characteristics that pertain to the region. A third element of the framework tests the validity of Turner's Frontier Thesis and Creighton's Metropolitan Thesis when applied to northern Canada. The fourth element consists of an overview of major northern environmental trends. The final element consists of four interrelated themes that identify the environmental relationships between northern and southern Canada.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frontier&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19971022225845/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/TURNER/">Turner Thesis text</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transhumanist.com/volume4/space.htm">Transhumanist.com: Opening Space as a Frontier</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier&oldid=1276998941">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier&oldid=1276998941</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Canada–United States relations">Canada–United States relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_United_States_expansionism" title="Category:History of United States expansionism">History of United States expansionism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_August_2016" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from August 2016">Articles that may contain original research from August 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_January_2024" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from January 2024">Articles to be expanded from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 February 2025, at 00:53<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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