An Overview of Cancer Vaccines

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">  <link rel="alternate" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/" hreflang="en" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/an-overview-of-cancer-vaccines-89927.html"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.4.1/css/bootstrap.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/5.11.2/css/all.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap-select@1.13.9/dist/css/bootstrap-select.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/owl.carousel.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/owl.theme.default.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/jquery.mCustomScrollbar.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/global.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/styles.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/custom.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/author.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/coolautosuggest.css"> <link rel="icon" href="/assets/img/favicon.ico" type="image/gif" sizes="16x16">  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-97CYJNEWHS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-97CYJNEWHS'); </script>  <div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: 110px;"> <div><p>GET THE APP</p></div> <a href=" https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.journals.hilarispublisher&hl=en" target="_blank" id="getAppModel"> <div class="a_icon"> <span><i class="fa fa-android"></i></span> </div> </a>  </div> <title>An Overview of Cancer Vaccines</title> <meta name="keywords" content="Cancer Vaccines"> <meta name="description" content="An Overview of Cancer Vaccines, Dranoff Vanneman"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Hilaris SRL"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Journal of Oncology Translational Research"> <meta name="citation_title" content="An Overview of Cancer Vaccines"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Dranoff Vanneman"/> <meta name="citation_year" content="2022"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="8"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="2"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.37421/2476-2261.2022.8.196"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2476-2261"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2022/03/23"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="2"> <meta name="citation_abstract" content=""> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/an-overview-of-cancer-vaccines-89927.html"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/an-overview-of-cancer-vaccines.pdf"> <script type="text/javascript"> function openimage( theURL, winName, features ) { window.open( theURL, winName, features ); } </script> </head> <body> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/assets/css/animate.css"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light bg-light py-3"> <div class="container"> <a class="navbar-brand d-smd-none" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/" title="Click here"><img src="/assets/img/hilaris-publisher.svg" alt=".." title="Click here" height="40px"></a> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarJrnlMain" aria-controls="navbarJrnlMain" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarJrnlMain"> <div class="navbar-nav mr-auto"> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/" title="Click here">Home</a> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="Journals" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="true">Journals</a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="Journals"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/journals-by-title.html" title="A-Z Journals">A-Z Journals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access-journals.html" title="Browse By Subject">Browse By Subject</a> </div> </div> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="Guidelines" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Guidelines & Policies </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="Guidelines"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/editorial-policies.html" title="Editorial Policies">Editorial Policies</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/submit-manuscript.html" title="Online Submission">Online Submission</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/manuscript-guidelines.html" title="Manuscript Guidelines">Manuscript Guidelines</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/policies.html" title="Policies">Policies</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/publication-ethics.html" title="Publication ethics">Publication ethics</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/reviewers.html" title="Reviewers">Reviewers</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/terms-conditions.html" title="Terms and Conditions">Terms and Conditions</a> </div> </div> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="Services" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Services </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="Services"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/advertisement.html" title="Advertisement">Advertisement</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/membership.html" title="Membership">Membership</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/reprints.html" title="Reprints">Reprints</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/subscription.html" title="Subscription"> Subscription</a> </div> </div>  <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/conferences.html" title="Conferences">Conferences</a> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/contact-us.html" title="Contact">Contact</a> </div>  </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-dark bg-primary p-0 mb-3 nav-links-mobile-view"> <div class="container mx-3 mx-sm-auto"> <a class="navbar-brand d-block d-sm-none" href="#">Journal Menu</a> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarJrnl" aria-controls="navbarJrnl" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarJrnl"> <div class="navbar-nav mr-auto"> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/oncology-translational-research.html" title="Journal Home"><i class="fas fa-home pr-2"></i> Journal</a> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle " href="#" id="EditorialPanel" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Editorial Panel</a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="EditorialPanel"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/oncology-translational-research/editorial-board.html" title="Editorial Board">Editorial Board</a> </div> </div> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle " href="#" id="EditorialPanel" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Instructions for Authors</a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="EditorialPanel"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/oncology-translational-research/instructionsforauthors.html" title="Instructions for Authors">Instructions for Authors</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/oncology-translational-research/aim-and-scope.html" title="Aim & Scope">Aim & Scope</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/oncology-translational-research/ethical-malpractices.html" title="Publication ethics & malpractice statement">Publication ethics & malpractice statement</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/oncology-translational-research/peer-review-process.html" title="Peer Review Process">Peer Review Process</a> </div> </div> <a class="nav-link " href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/oncology-translational-research/submit-manuscript.html" title="Submit Manuscript">Submit Manuscript</a> <a class="nav-link " href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/oncology-translational-research/inpress.html" title="In press">In press</a>  <a class="nav-link " href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/oncology-translational-research/archive.html" title="Archive">Archive</a> <div class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle " href="#" id="SpecialIssues" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Special Issues</a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="SpecialIssues"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/oncology-translational-research/guidelines.html" title="Guidelines">Guidelines</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/oncology-translational-research/upcoming-special-issues.html" title="Upcoming Special Issues">Upcoming Special Issues</a> </div> </div> <a class="nav-item nav-link" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/oncology-translational-research/contact.html" title="Contact">Contact</a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <header class="container py-3"> <div class="row align-items-start"> <div class="col-lg-1 col-md-1 d-none d-sm-block"> <img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/admin/flyers/journal-of-oncology-translational-research-flyer.jpg" alt=".." title="Click here" class="img-fluid"> </div> <div class="col-lg col-md"> <h1 class="h2 text-primary">Journal of Oncology Translational Research</h1> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <p class="mb-1">ISSN: 2476-2261 </p> </div> <div class="col"> Open Access </div> <div id="google_translate_element"></div> <script> function googleTranslateElementInit() { new google.translate.TranslateElement( { pageLanguage: 'en' }, 'google_translate_element' ); } </script> <script src="https://translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=googleTranslateElementInit"></script> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-md-4"> <div class="card bg-amber-400 border-0"> <div class="card-body p-2 d-flex align-items-center"> Submit Manuscript <a class="animate-icon mx-3 stretched-link" href="https://www.scholarscentral.org/submissions/oncology-translational-research.html" title="Click here" target="_blank"> <span target="_blank" class="animate-icon-horizontal"> <i class="material-icons animate-icon-horizontal-wrap animate-icon-left-to-right">arrow_forward</i> <i class="material-icons animate-icon-horizontal-wrap animate-icon-left-to-right">arrow_forward</i> </span> </a> <img src="/assets/img/manuscript.svg" alt=".." width="50"> </div> </div> <div class="mt-2 cu_whatsapp"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-md btn-fb waves-effect waves-light bg-primary text-white cu_wtsapp"><span class="wow flash bg_cu p-4 rounded" data-wow-duration="2s" data-wow-delay="1s" data-wow-iteration="infinite"><i class="fab fa-whatsapp-square text-white pr-1"></i></span><span class="pl-3 pos_cl">+447897072958 </span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </header> <section class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-9 full-text"> <div class="row align-items-center justify-content-between"> <div class="col-12 col-sm-auto"> <p class="text-muted mb-0"> Editorial - (2022) Volume 8, Issue 2 </p> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4 text-right">  </div> </div> <h1 class="font-size-8 mt-2">An Overview of Cancer Vaccines</h1> <a href='https://www.hilarispublisher.com/author/dranoff-vanneman-22680' title='Dranoff Vanneman' style='color:#555; border-bottom:1px dotted #CCC;'>Dranoff Vanneman</a><sup><a href='#Dranoff_Vanneman'>*</a></sup>  <br/> <div class="mb-2"></div> <a id="Dranoff_Vanneman"></a> <strong><sup>*</sup>Correspondence:</strong> Dranoff Vanneman, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, <strong>Email:</strong> <i class='fa fa-envelope' aria-hidden='true' title='vanneman_d@hotmail.com'></i> <div class="clearfix mt-2 mb-3"> <div class="float-left"><a href="#ai" class="btn_cu_color" id="changeicon" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#au_info"><strong>Author information</strong> <span><i class="fas fa-plus fa-sm"></i></span></a></div> <div class="float-right"> <nav class="nav a-mx-2 med_pdf"> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/an-overview-of-cancer-vaccines.pdf" title="View PDF" class="card-link border-bottom-2 yellow-900 border-yellow-900" style="position: relative; right: 5px;"><i class="fas fa-file-pdf"></i> View PDF</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/pdfdownload.php?download=open-access/an-overview-of-cancer-vaccines.pdf&aid=89927" title="Download PDF" class="card-link border-bottom-2 border-blue-900"><i class="fas fa-download"></i> Download PDF</a> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="au_info" class="collapse"> <div class="card bg-light mb-3"> <div class="card-body p-2 pb-0"> Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA<br>  <p> <strong>Received: </strong>01-Mar-2022, Manuscript No. jotr-22-69960; <strong>Editor assigned: </strong>04-Mar-2022, Pre QC No. P-69960; <strong>Reviewed: </strong>09-Mar-2022, QC No. Q-69960; <strong>Revised: </strong>16-Mar-2022, Manuscript No. R-69960; <strong>Published:</strong> 23-Mar-2022 , <strong>DOI:</strong> 10.37421/2476-2261.2022.8.196 <br> <strong>Citation:</strong> Vanneman, Dranoff. “An Overview of Cancer Vaccines.” J Oncol Transl Res 8 (2022): 196. <br> <strong>Copyright:</strong> © 2022 Vanneman D. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. </p> </div> </div> </div> <h4>Editorial</h4> <p>Cancer is a terrifying illness that ranks among the most pressing health concerns facing humanity and necessitates a proactive approach to treatment. Plants are a rich source of new chemical compounds and offer a promising avenue for cancer research. Chemotherapy has so far had some unpleasant side effects despite being successful. But compared to standard treatment methods, using plants and products produced from them is a simple, safer, eco-friendly, affordable, quick, and less harmful option. The actions of phytochemicals are focused on tumour cells alone, with no negative effects on normal cells. The intricate process of carcinogenesis involves numerous signalling cascades [<a href="#1" title="1">1</a>].</p> <p>Phytochemicals are regarded as promising possibilities for the development of anticancer drugs due to their pleiotropic effects on target events in many ways. The development of possible candidates from these phytochemicals, which can stop or reduce the proliferation of cancer cells without causing any negative effects, is currently being researched. Numerous phytochemicals and the analogues they were generated from have been identified as possible anticancer treatment options. Through this thorough study, an effort has been made to highlight the most recent advancements and significant victories in phytomolecule-based cancer therapeutics that target nuclear and cellular components. Drugs used to treat cancer and its limitations have also been covered. Despite advances in illness detection, treatment, and preventative strategies, cancer is a severe case of metabolic syndrome and one of the main causes of death. The prevalence of cancer is constantly rising, making it one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. A normal cell can become cancerous when its unchecked growth results in genetic instability and mutations that build up inside cells and tissues [<a href="#2" title="2">2</a>].</p> <p>Tumor suppressor genes (p53, NF1, NF2, RB, and biological breaks), oncogenes (MYC, RAF, Bcl-2, RAS (biological accelerators), and genes involved in cell growth metabolism are among the genes affected by these genetic instabilities. Cancer can be brought on by both environmental (radiation, smoking, nicotine, contaminants in food, water, air, chemicals, certain metals, and infectious agents) and internal (genetic mutations, immune system defects, and hormonal imbalances) factors. Humans can develop a variety of cancers; among them, lung cancer is said to be the most common in men, followed by breast cancer in women. In depth details on various cancer types are provided. It is a significant public health burden that is regularly addressed by medicinal plants as a whole or by its phytochemicals in both developing and developed countries. There have been numerous attempts to reduce the negative side effects of medications used in cancer therapy, including measures to protect adjacent cells and tissues, increase drug accumulation and effectiveness in the lesion, and create novel drug delivery and targeting systems. There are numerous further cancer treatment options available, including surgery to remove the tumour, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, cancer vaccines, photodynamic therapy, stem cell transformation, or combinations of these options that are frequently associated with serious adverse effects. These adverse consequences include restricted metastasis, toxicity, nonspecificity, and limited bioavailabilityThe type, stage, and location of the cancer determine the treatment options. Cytostatic and cytotoxic medicines used in chemotherapy have demonstrated promise either on their own or in combination with other cancer treatments [<a href="#3" title="3">3</a>,<a href="#4" title="4">4</a>].</p> <p>Topoisomerase inhibitors such as irinotecan, which can cause neutropenia, sensory neuropathy, and diarrhoea, and doxorubicin, which can cause cardiotoxicity, alkylating agents such as oxaliplatin, melphalan, carboplatin, and cyclophosphamide, which can cause nephrotoxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, cardiovascular toxicity, pulmonary toxicity, and hematologic toxicity, and microtub. The medications indicated above are quite effective in treating a variety of malignancies, but they also have certain drawbacks (side effects, expensive, very complex, not eco-friendly and toxic). Under typical physiological settings, certain body cells, such as those found in the digestive tract, bone marrow, and hair follicles, grow quickly. These modern anticancer medications also aim at these quickly proliferating healthy cells, which is difficult and leads to negative side effects. Reduced blood production, GIT inflammation, hair loss, immunosuppression, heart illnesses, and neurological disorders can all be caused by these negative effects. Another drawback is that these cancer cells develop medication resistance as a result of mutations. When docetaxel was applied, the drug resistance genes ABCA4 and ABCA12 were overexpressed in human MCF-7 breast cancer cells, respectively. However, downregulation of drug resistance genes was seen when the phytochemical curcumin was used in conjunction with docetaxel. Therefore, using a chemical agent with a single target to cure cancer cells is an ineffective strategy. As a result, according to results of considerable research, phytochemicals and the derivatives of these substances offer the best and least hazardous cancer treatment options [<a href="#5" title="5">5</a>].</p> <p>Humans are given medicinal plants by nature to aid in their quest for improved health. Since ancient times, people have used plants and their bioactive substances as medicines. Numerous types of medicinal plants include phytochemicals that stop the growth and spread of cancer. According to studies, the plant kingdom contains about 250 000 different plant species, of which only about 10% have been investigated for their potential to treat various ailments. Plant elements such as the flower, flower stigmas, pericarp, sprouts, fruits, seeds, roots, rhizomes, stem, leaf, embryo, and bark all contain phytochemicals and their derived counterparts, which have a variety of therapeutic uses. Numerous plant substances, including alkaloids, flavonoids, lignans, saponins, terpenes, taxanes, vitamins, minerals, glycosides, gums, oils, biomolecules, and other primary and secondary metabolites, play important roles in either blocking the proteins, enzymes, and signalling pathways that activate cancer cells [<a href="#5" title="5">5</a>].</p> <h4>Conflict of Interest</h4> <p>None.</p> <h4>References</h4> <ol> <li><a name="1" id="1"></a>Shankaran, V., H. Ikeda, A. T. Bruce, J. M. White and  P. E. Swanson et al. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?lookup=0&q=IFNgamma+and+lymphocytes+prevent+primary+tumour+development+and+shape+tumour+immunogenicity%22.+&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5" target="_blank">"IFNgamma and lymphocytes prevent primary tumour development and shape tumour immunogenicity Nature</a>." (2001): 1107-11.</li> <p align="right"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?lookup=0&q=IFNgamma+and+lymphocytes+prevent+primary+tumour+development+and+shape+tumour+immunogenicity%22.+&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5" target="_blank"><u>Google Scholar</u></a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/35074122" target="_blank"><u>Crossref</u></a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11323675/" target="_blank"><u>Indexed at</u></a></p> <li><a name="2" id="2"></a>Dunn, Gavin P., Allen T. Bruce, Hiroaki Ikeda, Lloyd J. Old, and Robert D. Schreiber. <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=%22Cancer+immunoediting%3A+from+immunosurveillance+to+tumor+escape.%22++&btnG=" target="_blank">"Cancer immunoediting: from immunosurveillance to tumor escape.</a>" <em>Nature Immunol </em> 3 (2002): 991-998.</li> <p align="right"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=%22Cancer+immunoediting%3A+from+immunosurveillance+to+tumor+escape.%22++&btnG=" target="_blank"><u>Google Scholar</u></a>, <a href="doi:%2010.1038/ni1102-991." target="_blank"><u>Crossref</u></a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12407406/" target="_blank"><u>Indexed at</u></a></p> <li><a name="3" id="3"></a>Babu, RS Arvind, K. Kiran Kumar, G. Sridhar Reddy, and Ch Anuradha. "<a href="%22Cancer%20Vaccine%20:%20A%20Review%22%20(PDF).%20Journal%20of%20Orofacial...%20-%20Google%20Scholar" target="_blank">Cancer vaccine: a review." </a> <em>J Orofac Sci </em>2 (2010): 77.</li> <p align="right"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=%22Cancer+Vaccine+%3A+A+Review%22+%28PDF%29.+Journal+of+Orofacial+Sciences.+&btnG=" target="_blank"><u>Google Scholar</u></a></p> <li><a name="4" id="4"></a>Pejawar-Gaddy, Sharmila, and Olivera J. Finn. "<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1040842808000504" target="_blank">Cancer vaccines: accomplishments and challenges." </a><em>Critical Rev Oncol/Hematol</em> 67 (2008): 93-102. </li> <p align="right"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Cancer+vaccines%3A+accomplishments+and+challenges&btnG=" target="_blank"><u>Google Scholar</u></a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.02.010" target="_blank"><u>Crossref</u></a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18400507/" target="_blank"><u>Indexed at</u></a></p> <li><a name="5" id="5"></a>Rosenberg, Steven A., James C. Yang, and Nicholas P. Restifo. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nm1100" target="_blank">"Cancer immunotherapy: moving beyond current vaccines."</a>  <em>Nature Med</em> 10 (2004): 909-915. </li> <p align="right"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=%22Cancer+immunotherapy%3A+moving+beyond+current+vaccines&btnG=" target="_blank"><u>Google Scholar</u></a>, <a href="DOI:%2010.1038/nm1100" target="_blank"><u>Crossref</u></a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15340416/" target="_blank"><u>Indexed at</u></a></p> </ol> </div> <div class="col-sm-3">    <div class="mb-3"> <h4><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/oncology-translational-research/awards-nomination.html" class="btn btn-danger btn-block mb-3 font-size-4">Awards & Nominations</a></h4> <h4><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/oncology-translational-research-online-visitors-readers-99.html" class="btn btn-danger btn-block mb-3 font-size-4"><i class="fas fa-book-reader"></i> 50+ Million Readerbase</a></h4> <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <div class="list-group list-group-flush qr_code_image"> <img title="QR" src="https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?chs=185x185&cht=qr&chl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hilarispublisher.com%2Fopen-access%2Fan-overview-of-cancer-vaccines-89927.html&chld=M|0&icqrf=00b1e4" alt="An Overview of Cancer Vaccines" />  <nav class="nav nav-pills social-icons-footer sidebar_social_icons a-pl-0">             <a style="width:30px;" title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?s=100&p[title]=An Overview of Cancer Vaccines&p[url]=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hilarispublisher.com%2Fopen-access%2Fan-overview-of-cancer-vaccines-89927.html"><img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/assets/socials/facebook.png" alt="An Overview of Cancer Vaccines" /></a>    <a style="width:30px;" target="_blank" href="https://web.whatsapp.com/send?text=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hilarispublisher.com%2Fopen-access%2Fan-overview-of-cancer-vaccines-89927.html" title="Share This Article" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/assets/socials/whatsapp.png" alt="An Overview of Cancer Vaccines" /></a>    <a style="width:30px;" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hilarispublisher.com%2Fopen-access%2Fan-overview-of-cancer-vaccines-89927.html" title="Share This Article" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/assets/socials/linkedin.png" alt="An Overview of Cancer Vaccines" /></a>    <a style="width:30px;" title="Share This Article" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=An Overview of Cancer Vaccines&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hilarispublisher.com%2Fopen-access%2Fan-overview-of-cancer-vaccines-89927.html" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/assets/socials/twitter.png" alt="An Overview of Cancer Vaccines" /></a> </nav>  </div> </div> <h4>Journal Highlights</h4> <nav class="nav flex-column scrollbar a-pl-0" style="max-height:50vh;"> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/antiangiogenic-therapies-journals-articles-ppts-list-246.html" class="nav-link" title="Antiangiogenic Therapies"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Antiangiogenic Therapies</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/biomedical-imaging-journals-articles-ppts-list-1601.html" class="nav-link" title="Biomedical Imaging"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Biomedical Imaging</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/biopsy-journals-articles-ppts-list-1600.html" class="nav-link" title="Biopsy"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Biopsy</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/cancer-epigenome-journals-articles-ppts-list-264.html" class="nav-link" title="Cancer Epigenome"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Cancer Epigenome</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/cancer-gene-therapy-journals-articles-ppts-list-1599.html" class="nav-link" title="Cancer Gene Therapy"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Cancer Gene Therapy</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/cancer-risk-journals-articles-ppts-list-303.html" class="nav-link" title="Cancer Risk"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Cancer Risk</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/carcinomas-journals-articles-ppts-list-391.html" class="nav-link" title="Carcinomas"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Carcinomas</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/chemotherapy-journals-articles-ppts-list-1604.html" class="nav-link" title="Chemotherapy"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Chemotherapy</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/clinical-cancer-journals-articles-ppts-list-371.html" class="nav-link" title="Clinical Cancer"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Clinical Cancer</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/genetic-instability-journals-articles-ppts-list-322.html" class="nav-link" title="Genetic instability"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Genetic instability</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/genetics-and-epigenetics-journals-articles-ppts-list-999.html" class="nav-link" title="Genetics and Epigenetics"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Genetics and Epigenetics</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/interventional-oncology-interventional-radiology-journals-articles-ppts-list-1602.html" class="nav-link" title="Interventional oncology/ Interventional radiology"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Interventional oncology/ Interventional radiology</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri-journals-articles-ppts-list-1603.html" class="nav-link" title="Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/programmed-cell-death-journals-articles-ppts-list-251.html" class="nav-link" title="Programmed Cell Death"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Programmed Cell Death</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/radiotherapy-journals-articles-ppts-list-1598.html" class="nav-link" title="Radiotherapy"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Radiotherapy</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/tumor-associated-inflammation-journals-articles-ppts-list-384.html" class="nav-link" title="Tumor Associated Inflammation"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Tumor Associated Inflammation</a> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/scholarly/vaccine-strategies-journals-articles-ppts-list-364.html" class="nav-link" title="Vaccine Strategies"><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i> Vaccine Strategies</a> </nav> </div>  <h6><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=tpm6ISYAAAAJ&scilu=&scisig=ACseELIAAAAAZFN-KT6wUfn2bFIaXgecH3J-Xz0&gmla=AHoSzlUF1Y92a0R_P6HIq0LEqPk0DxJnmEVAqmFbREHQRAL54sJg0JVF8Ds96nLK5P_dU93kWPqL0wlcWAdrtIoYcuUKhy2uPTqsjMszkRU&sciund=15835937383286245342" title="Click here">Google Scholar citation report</a></h6> <h6 style="font-weight:bold;">Citations: 93</h6> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=tpm6ISYAAAAJ&scilu=&scisig=ACseELIAAAAAZFN-KT6wUfn2bFIaXgecH3J-Xz0&gmla=AHoSzlUF1Y92a0R_P6HIq0LEqPk0DxJnmEVAqmFbREHQRAL54sJg0JVF8Ds96nLK5P_dU93kWPqL0wlcWAdrtIoYcuUKhy2uPTqsjMszkRU&sciund=15835937383286245342" title="Click here">Journal of Oncology Translational Research received 93 citations as per Google Scholar report</a></p> <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/oncology-translational-research/citations.html" title="Click here"><img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/admin/citation-images/journal-of-oncology-translational-research-citation.jpg" alt="Citation image" class="img-fluid p_rel" /></a> </div>  <h6><a href="https://publons.com/journal/40730/journal-of-oncology-translational-research/" target="_blank" title="Click here">Journal of Oncology Translational Research peer review process verified at publons</a></h6> <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <a href="https://publons.com/journal/40730/journal-of-oncology-translational-research/" target="_blank" title="Click here"><img src="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/admin/publon-images/journal-of-oncology-translational-research-publoan.png" alt="Publon image" height="200px" width="100%" class="p_rel" /></a> </div> <div class="mb-3"> <h4>Indexed In</h4> <nav class="nav flex-column scrollbar a-pl-0" style="max-height:40vh;"> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> RefSeek<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Hamdard University<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> EBSCO A-Z<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Publons<br> <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size: 11px;color: #0056b3;"></i> Euro Pub<br> </nav> </div>  <div class=" mb-3"> <h4>Related Links</h4> <div class="card-body p-0"> <nav class="nav flex-column font-size-4 a-py-1"> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/covid-19-peer-reviewed-journals-articles-special-issues.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">COVID-19 Special Issues</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/oncology-translational-research/indexing.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Abstracting and Indexing</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/funded-articles.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Funded Work</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/oncology-translational-research/citations.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Citations Report</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/oncology-translational-research/archive.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Table of Contents</span></a> </nav> </div> </div>       <div class="sidebar pt-20 pl-10 mt-xs-0"> <a class="twitter-timeline" href="https://twitter.com/research16455" data-width="450" data-height="300">Tweets by research16455</a> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div> <div class="clear"> </div>  <div class=" mb-3"> <h4>Open Access Journals</h4> <div class="card-body p-0"> <nav class="nav flex-column font-size-4 a-py-1"> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Business & Management</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Chemistry</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Clinical Sciences</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/engineering-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Engineering</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/genetics-and-molecular-biology-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Genetics & Molecular Biology</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunology-and-microbiology-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Immunology & Microbiology</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/medical-sciences-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Medical Sciences</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/neuroscience-and-psychology-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Neuroscience & Psychology</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/pharmaceutical-sciences-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Pharmaceutical Sciences</span></a> <a class="nav-item nav-link p-0" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/science-and-technology-journals.html" title="Click Here"><span><i class="far fa-hand-point-right"></i></span><span class="cu_posion">Science & Technology</span></a> </nav> </div> </div> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(window).scroll(function() { var scroll = $(window).scrollTop(); if (scroll >= 1000) { $(".Information").addClass("Informationstic").fadeIn(1000); } else{ $(".Information").removeClass("Informationstic").fadeIn(1000); } }); </script> </div> </div> </section> <footer class="container-fluid bg-grey-300 border-top-1"> <div class="row py-3"> <div class="col-sm"> <h5 class="fweight-600">Categories</h5> <nav class="nav row a-py-2"> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/chemistry-journals.html" title="Chemistry</a> <div style='width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden;flex:0'>Hilaris, acknowledging high dental treatment costs, Recommends Periodonta, a <a href='https://periodonta.com'>dental clinic in Turkey</a> for anyone wishing to get dental treatments in Turkey. </div>">Chemistry</a> <div style='width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden;flex:0'>Hilaris, acknowledging high dental treatment costs, Recommends Periodonta, a <a href='https://periodonta.com'>dental clinic in Turkey</a> for anyone wishing to get dental treatments in Turkey. </div></a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/engineering-journals.html" title="Engineering">Engineering</a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/genetics-and-molecular-biology-journals.html" title="Genetics & Molecular Biology">Genetics & Molecular Biology</a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/immunology-and-microbiology-journals.html" title="Immunology & Microbiology">Immunology & Microbiology</a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/medical-sciences-journals.html" title="Medical Sciences">Medical Sciences</a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/neuroscience-and-psychology-journals.html" title="Neuroscience & Psychology">Neuroscience & Psychology</a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/pharmaceutical-sciences-journals.html" title="Pharmaceutical Sciences">Pharmaceutical Sciences</a> <a class="nav-link col-sm-6" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/science-and-technology-journals.html" title="Science & Technology">Science & Technology</a> </nav> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 border-left-1"> <h5 class="fweight-600">Guidelines</h5> <ul class="list-unstyled mb-0 a-py-2"> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/manuscript-guidelines.html" title="Click here">Author Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/editor-guidelines.html" title="Click here">Editor Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/reviewer-guidelines.html" title="Click here">Reviewer Guidelines</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-2 border-left-1"> <h5 class="fweight-600">About Hilaris</h5> <ul class="list-unstyled mb-0 a-py-2"> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/about-us.html" title="Click here">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access.html" title="Click here">Open Access</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/contact-us.html" title="Click here">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/terms-conditions.html" title="Click here">Terms</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/faq.html" title="Click here">FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="#" title="Click here">Site Map</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-2 border-left-1"> <h5 class="fweight-600">Follow Us</h5> <ul class="list-unstyled mb-0 a-py-2"> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/hilarispublisher/" title="Click here" target="blank"><i class="fab fa-facebook-square"></i> Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/hilarispublish2" title="Click here" target="blank"><i class="fab fa-twitter-square"></i> Twitter</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/31133357/admin/" title="Click here" target="blank"><i class="fab fa-linkedin"></i> LinkedIn</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/hilaris_publisher/?hl=en" title="Click here" target="blank"><i class="fa fa-instagram"></i> Instagram</a></li> <li><a href="#" title="Click here" target="blank"><i class="fab fa-youtube"></i> Youtube</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <p class="border-top-1 pt-2 text-right">Copyright © 2024 All rights reserved by <strong><a href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/" title="Hilaris">Hilaris</a></strong></p> </div> </div> </footer>  <a class="cd-top js-cd-top animate-icon" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/submit-manuscript.html" title="Scroll to Top"> <span target="_blank" class="animate-icon-vertical"> <i class="material-icons animate-icon-vertical-wrap animate-icon-bottom-to-top">arrow_upward</i> <i class="material-icons animate-icon-vertical-wrap animate-icon-bottom-to-top">arrow_upward</i> </span> </a>   <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/popper.js/1.14.7/umd/popper.min.js"></script> <script src="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.3.1/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap-select@1.13.9/dist/js/bootstrap-select.min.js"></script> <script src="/assets/js/owl.carousel.min.js"></script> <script src="/assets/js/grids.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/assets/js/jquery.matchHeight-min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>  <script> jQuery(function($) { $(window).scroll(function fix_element() { $('#target').css( $(window).scrollTop() > 100 ? { 'position': 'fixed', 'top': '440px' } : { 'position': 'absolute', 'top': '440px' } ); return fix_element; }()); }); </script>   <script src="/assets/js/scroll-to-top.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> // Equal Height var EqualHeight = function() { "use strict"; // Handle Equal Height var handleEqualHeight = function() { $(function($) { var i; for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) { //alert(i); $('.equal-height-'+i).responsiveEqualHeightGrid(); } }); } return { init: function() { handleEqualHeight(); // initial setup for equal height } } }(); $(document).ready(function() { EqualHeight.init(); }); </script> <script> $(function() { $('.match-height').matchHeight({ byRow: true, property: 'height', target: null, }); }); </script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $('.subject-carousel').owlCarousel({ margin: 20, rewind: true, dots: false, nav: true, autoplay: true, autoplayTimeout: 2000, autoplayHoverPause: true, responsive: { 0: { items: 1 }, 600: { items: 3 }, 1000: { items: 6 } } }) }); </script> <script> $('.eb-carousel').owlCarousel({ loop: true, margin: 20, dots: false, autoplay: true, autoplayTimeout: 2000, autoplayHoverPause: true, responsive: { 0: { items: 1 }, 600: { items: 3 }, 1000: { items: 4 } } }) </script> <script src="/assets/js/jquery.mCustomScrollbar.concat.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> // Scrollbar var Scrollbar = function() { "use strict"; // Handle Scrollbar Linear var handleScrollbarLinear = function() { $(".scrollbar").mCustomScrollbar({ theme: "minimal-dark" }); } return { init: function() { handleScrollbarLinear(); // initial setup for scrollbar linear } } }(); $(document).ready(function() { Scrollbar.init(); }); /*========================== Bootstrap Popover ============================*/ $(function () { $('[data-toggle="popover"]').popover() }) </script> <script src="/assets/js/jquery.malihu.PageScroll2id.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript">(function($){ $(window).on("load",function(){ $("a[rel='m_PageScroll2id']").mPageScroll2id(); }); })(jQuery); </script>     <script type="text/javascript"> $('#changeicon').click(function(){ $(this).children('span').children('i').toggleClass('fa-minus'); $(this).children('span').children('i').toggleClass('fa-plus'); }); </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

An Overview of Cancer Vaccines