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In the context of" /> <title>(PDF) Restoration of body mass in King Penguins after egg abandonment at a critical energy depletion stage: early vs late breeders | jean-patrice robin - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/124906989/Restoration_of_body_mass_in_King_Penguins_after_egg_abandonment_at_a_critical_energy_depletion_stage_early_vs_late_breeders" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '0c0e4354b0a360b036c84c4626a32c90a89bb11a'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1734134608000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1734134608000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"In fasting‐incubating seabirds, it has been proposed that egg abandonment and refeeding should be induced when a low body mass (BM) threshold is attained, thus ensuring adult survival at the expense of immediate breeding. In the context of life‐history trade‐offs in long‐lived birds, we have tested this hypothesis by comparing short‐term survival and restoration of BM in King Penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus that abandoned their egg to those that were relieved normally by their mate at the end of the first incubation shift. Since King Penguins have an extended laying period, the possible influence of seasonal factors was also examined by comparing early and late breeders. Forty incubating males were experimentally forced to fast until egg abandonment by preventing relief by the female. At egg abandonment of both early and late breeding males, BM was below the BM threshold, fasting duration was eight days (about 30%) longer than for relieved birds, and plasma uric acid level was elev...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"jean-patrice robin"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2024-10-21","datePublished":"2001-01-01","headline":"Restoration of body mass in King Penguins after egg abandonment at a critical energy depletion stage: early vs late breeders","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119045252/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Biology","Avian Biology","Biological Sciences","Foraging","Avian"],"publication":"Journal of Avian Biology","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"Wiley"},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119045252/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/124906989/Restoration_of_body_mass_in_King_Penguins_after_egg_abandonment_at_a_critical_energy_depletion_stage_early_vs_late_breeders"}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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[{"id":119045252,"identifier":"Attachment_119045252","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":124906989,"created_at":"2024-10-21T00:51:45.571-07:00","from_world_paper_id":260355680,"updated_at":"2024-10-21T01:16:15.981-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"In fasting‐incubating seabirds, it has been proposed that egg abandonment and refeeding should be induced when a low body mass (BM) threshold is attained, thus ensuring adult survival at the expense of immediate breeding. In the context of life‐history trade‐offs in long‐lived birds, we have tested this hypothesis by comparing short‐term survival and restoration of BM in King Penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus that abandoned their egg to those that were relieved normally by their mate at the end of the first incubation shift. Since King Penguins have an extended laying period, the possible influence of seasonal factors was also examined by comparing early and late breeders. Forty incubating males were experimentally forced to fast until egg abandonment by preventing relief by the female. At egg abandonment of both early and late breeding males, BM was below the BM threshold, fasting duration was eight days (about 30%) longer than for relieved birds, and plasma uric acid level was elev...","publisher":"Wiley","publication_date":"2001,,","publication_name":"Journal of Avian Biology"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Restoration of body mass in King Penguins after egg abandonment at a critical energy depletion stage: early vs late breeders","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [301971796]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":119045252,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Restoration of body mass in King Penguins after egg abandonment at a critical energy depletion stage: early vs late breeders”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/119045252/mini_magick20241021-1-9rbov9.png?1729497169" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Restoration of body mass in King Penguins after egg abandonment at a critical energy depletion stage: early vs late breeders</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="301971796" href="https://independent.academia.edu/jeanpatricerobin"><img alt="Profile image of jean-patrice robin" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/301971796/147244373/136793865/s65_jean-patrice.robin.png" />jean-patrice robin</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2001, Journal of Avian Biology</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">8 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 124906989; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">In fasting‐incubating seabirds, it has been proposed that egg abandonment and refeeding should be induced when a low body mass (BM) threshold is attained, thus ensuring adult survival at the expense of immediate breeding. In the context of life‐history trade‐offs in long‐lived birds, we have tested this hypothesis by comparing short‐term survival and restoration of BM in King Penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus that abandoned their egg to those that were relieved normally by their mate at the end of the first incubation shift. Since King Penguins have an extended laying period, the possible influence of seasonal factors was also examined by comparing early and late breeders. Forty incubating males were experimentally forced to fast until egg abandonment by preventing relief by the female. At egg abandonment of both early and late breeding males, BM was below the BM threshold, fasting duration was eight days (about 30%) longer than for relieved birds, and plasma uric acid level was elev...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":119045252,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/124906989/Restoration_of_body_mass_in_King_Penguins_after_egg_abandonment_at_a_critical_energy_depletion_stage_early_vs_late_breeders"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":119045252,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/124906989/Restoration_of_body_mass_in_King_Penguins_after_egg_abandonment_at_a_critical_energy_depletion_stage_early_vs_late_breeders"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="119045252" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/124906989/Restoration_of_body_mass_in_King_Penguins_after_egg_abandonment_at_a_critical_energy_depletion_stage_early_vs_late_breeders" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="10162116" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10162116/Long_term_fasting_and_re_feeding_in_penguins">Long-term fasting and re-feeding in penguins</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="24817451" href="https://unistra.academia.edu/jeanpatricerobin">jean-patrice robin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2001</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">. Spontaneous fasting during reproduction sometimes with a full stomach and moult is a major characteristic of the Ž . annual cycle of penguins. Long-term fasting up to four months in male emperor penguins is anticipated by the Ž . Ž . accumulation of fat incubation fast and of fat and protein moult fast . During most of the incubation fast, birds rely Ž . almost entirely on lipids as an energy source, body proteins being spared. However, below a critical but non-total fat store depletion, marked behavioural, metabolic, and endocrine changes occur. Spontaneous locomotor activity increases and the egg is transitorily left unincubated for increasingly long periods, until its definitive abandon and the bird departs to re-feed at sea. These changes are thought to be activated by an endogenous re-feeding signal triggered before lethal energy depletion. An increase in body protein catabolism in the face of a reduction in lipid availability and utilisation, and an increase in circulating corticosterone vs. a decrease in plasma prolactin, are likely to be major metabolic and hormonal components of this signal. The survival and rapid restoration of energy stores in birds having departed to re-feed at a stage of near total lipid depletion demonstrates the effectiveness of the re-feeding signal. Penguins, and possibly other seabirds, are therefore appropriate animal models for understanding the long-term interactions between body energy reserves and fasting, breeding and feeding physiology and behaviour. ᮊ</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Long-term fasting and re-feeding in penguins","attachmentId":47501145,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10162116/Long_term_fasting_and_re_feeding_in_penguins","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10162116/Long_term_fasting_and_re_feeding_in_penguins"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="13731341" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13731341/Carry_over_body_mass_effect_from_winter_to_breeding_in_a_resident_seabird_the_little_penguin">Carry-over body mass effect from winter to breeding in a resident seabird, the little penguin</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32856680" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DannP">Peter Dann</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39085207" href="https://penguins.academia.edu/AndreChiaradia">Andre Chiaradia</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Royal Society Open Science, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Using body mass and breeding data of individual penguins collected continuously over 7 years (2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008), we examined carry-over effects of winter body mass on timing of laying and breeding success in a resident seabird, the little penguin (Eudyptula minor). The austral winter month of July consistently had the lowest rate of colony attendance, which confirmed our expectation that penguins work hard to find resources at this time between breeding seasons. Contrary to our expectation, body mass in winter (July) was equal or higher than in the period before ('moult-recovery') and after ('pre-breeding') in 5 of 7 years for males and in all 7 years for females. We provided evidence of a carry-over effect of body mass from winter to breeding; females and males with higher body mass in winter were more likely to breed early and males with higher body mass in winter were likely to breed successfully. Sex differences might relate to sex-specific breeding tasks, where females may use their winter reserves to invest in egg-laying, whereas males use their winter reserves to sustain the longer fasts ashore during courtship. Our findings suggest that resident seabirds like little penguins can also benefit from a carry-over effect of winter body mass on subsequent breeding.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Carry-over body mass effect from winter to breeding in a resident seabird, the little penguin","attachmentId":45011316,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13731341/Carry_over_body_mass_effect_from_winter_to_breeding_in_a_resident_seabird_the_little_penguin","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13731341/Carry_over_body_mass_effect_from_winter_to_breeding_in_a_resident_seabird_the_little_penguin"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="94533055" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/94533055/Ecology_and_Physiology_of_Fasting_in_King_Penguin_Chicks">Ecology and Physiology of Fasting in King Penguin Chicks</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="48062480" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StahlJeanClaude">Jean-Claude Stahl</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Auk, 1987</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Captive King Penguin (Aptenodytes patagonica) chicks can fast for 5 months during the subantarctic winter with a 70% decrease in body mass. To investigate the adaptive value of this remarkable resistance to starvation, we compared captive chicks with free-ranging chicks in their colony at Possession Island, Crozet Archipelago. The chicks in the colony, from mid-April to beginning of September (i.e. all winter) were fed only every 39 days by their parents; some were not fed at all. In spring (October-December) the surviving chicks were fed every 6 days, and their growth was completed. Overall chick mortality in the colony during the winter and subsequent spring was about 50%. Mortality was highest in October, 6 months after the beginning of the winter, and may be attributed mainly to starvation. The decrease in body mass in the free-ranging chicks was remarkably similar to that for captive birds. In both groups, three periods were characterized according to the observed changes in th...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ecology and Physiology of Fasting in King Penguin Chicks","attachmentId":96962415,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94533055/Ecology_and_Physiology_of_Fasting_in_King_Penguin_Chicks","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/94533055/Ecology_and_Physiology_of_Fasting_in_King_Penguin_Chicks"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="18922964" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18922964/Seabird_reproduction_in_an_unpredictable_environment_how_King_penguins_provide_their_young_chicks_with_food">Seabird reproduction in an unpredictable environment: how King penguins provide their young chicks with food</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39051122" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichelGauthierclerc">Michel Gauthier-clerc</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Pelagic seabirds depend on resources far out at sea and for which the availability can vary greatly. King penguins rely essentially on myctophid fish, which in summer are mostly available 400 to 500 km south of the Crozet Archipelago at the Antarctic Polar Front. Incubating male King penguins anticipate a possible delay in the return of the female by storing food in their stomach for several weeks, which enables them to feed the chick quickly if hatching occurs. We investigated the foraging trip duration, adult body mass regulation and the meal size for chicks relative to the laying date and the Polar Front position. We compared, in both early and late breeders, the energy content and the chemical and diet composition of the meals stored in their stomachs. During food storage by the male, the cessation of digestive processes was not complete as the meal showed some modifications of the biochemical composition, especially a decrease in lipid content; this is in contrast to oil storage in albatrosses and petrels, in which there is an increase in lipid content. On average, females came back from their second foraging trip at sea a short time before hatching. However, the trip durations were particularly variable depending on date and year, and as a consequence hatching occurred with either the female or the male incubating the egg. Late breeders showed longer foraging trip duration and built up larger fuel reserves than early breeders. Their energetic output per day foraging at sea was much lower than for early breeders. These differences in foraging trip durations of males were linked to a change in marine resource availability because, in spite of being at the same stage of the breeding cycle, male late breeders caught different prey compared to male early breeders. We assume that this strategy of long-term food storage and conservation in the stomach while fasting evolved in response to the unpredictable variations of water mass positions.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Seabird reproduction in an unpredictable environment: how King penguins provide their young chicks with food","attachmentId":40331082,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18922964/Seabird_reproduction_in_an_unpredictable_environment_how_King_penguins_provide_their_young_chicks_with_food","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18922964/Seabird_reproduction_in_an_unpredictable_environment_how_King_penguins_provide_their_young_chicks_with_food"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="3254626" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3254626/Estimating_the_critical_body_mass_of_king_penguins">Estimating the critical body mass of king penguins</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3737158" href="https://roehampton.academia.edu/LewisHalsey">Lewis Halsey</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Polar Biology, 2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">King penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) can fast for over a month. However, they return to sea to forage before their body mass reaches a critical value (cMb), beyond which there is an increase in rate of mass loss and in protein catabolism, termed phase III of fasting. Thus when studying king penguins onshore, accurate estimation of their cMb and, in turn, the date at which that body mass would be reached, will be informative to behavioural and physiological data being collected. For penguins being studied during fasts in captivity, knowing cMb is particularly important because of the need to release the birds back into their colony while they are still in good nutritional condition. The present study investigates the validity of using measures of beak, flipper and foot length together to estimate cMb in king penguins and provides a simple and effective prediction equation for researchers. The three morphometric measurements, along with body mass just prior to going to sea after the moult fast (taken to represent cMb), were obtained for nine king penguins in a colony at the Crozet Archipelago. A multiple linear regression of the three morphometric measurements against cMb provided an R 2 of 71.2%. Mean absolute percentage error of the estimate of cMb over the nine birds was 8.82 ± 1.20%. The described technique could probably be employed for estimating cMb in other long-fasting seabirds.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Estimating the critical body mass of king penguins","attachmentId":31107218,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3254626/Estimating_the_critical_body_mass_of_king_penguins","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3254626/Estimating_the_critical_body_mass_of_king_penguins"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="18922995" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18922995/Moulting_fast_and_time_constraint_for_reproduction_in_the_king_penguin">Moulting fast and time constraint for reproduction in the king penguin</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39051122" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichelGauthierclerc">Michel Gauthier-clerc</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">King penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) replace their complete plumage during a 3-to 4-week moulting fast on shore. After moulting, birds forage at sea for 2-3 weeks to store energy reserves for reproduction. Using an automatic identification and weighing system coupled with visual observations, we investigated the trade-off between the moulting fast and the following breeding attempt, in terms of body condition and in relation to time constraints, in free-living king penguins. King penguins reached their lowest body mass of the yearly cycle at the end of the moulting fast; this was lower than that at the end of the incubation fasts and not different from the body mass at egg desertion. Later in the season, the duration of the moulting fast became shorter and old feather loss occurred earlier after arrival ashore. Postmoulting foraging trips were shorter, but at the expense of body condition at the beginning of courtship. These results are discussed in relation to the synchronisation of the breeding cycle with food availability and mate choice.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Moulting fast and time constraint for reproduction in the king penguin","attachmentId":40331108,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18922995/Moulting_fast_and_time_constraint_for_reproduction_in_the_king_penguin","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18922995/Moulting_fast_and_time_constraint_for_reproduction_in_the_king_penguin"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="54642570" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54642570/Foraging_strategies_of_Ad%C3%A9lie_penguins_adjusting_body_condition_to_cope_with_environmental_variability">Foraging strategies of Adélie penguins: adjusting body condition to cope with environmental variability</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33545093" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NadavNur">Nadav Nur</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Animals modulate breeding effort by balancing investment in self-maintenance against investment in their young, potentially impacting reproductive success when faced with difficult conditions. This life history trade-off model has been evaluated for flying birds, especially those that forage over large pelagic regions of relatively sparse prey availability. We evaluated its applicability to penguins which, lacking flight, depend on reliably available prey relatively close to colonies. We used transponders and an automated weighing system to monitor 40 to 75 breeding Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae per season for 10 seasons, while environmental conditions varied dramatically, measuring foraging trip duration, parental mass change, and total food load delivered to chicks. Parents that lost the most mass during breeding provided more food to chicks while maintaining their own condition. In contrast, in years when adult mass was lower to begin with, parents recovered their own condition and delivered less food to chicks. Food loads were also related to environmental variables, with parents making longer trips and delivering less food when access to prey was more difficult, but delivering more food to 2-chick broods than to 1-chick broods. Penguins did not alternate between short (chick provisioning) and long (self-maintenance) trips, as has been observed in farranging seabirds. Nevertheless, our results indicate they regulated their condition depending on environmental and physiological factors, with impacts on the amount of food delivered to young and pre-fledging mass. Parental choice of multiple foraging habitats and depletion of prey in the nearest habitat due to intraspecific competition have important implications in explaining contrasting patterns observed among studies investigating the life history trade-off model in birds.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Foraging strategies of Adélie penguins: adjusting body condition to cope with environmental variability","attachmentId":70909212,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54642570/Foraging_strategies_of_Ad%C3%A9lie_penguins_adjusting_body_condition_to_cope_with_environmental_variability","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/54642570/Foraging_strategies_of_Ad%C3%A9lie_penguins_adjusting_body_condition_to_cope_with_environmental_variability"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="49729173" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49729173/Heart_rate_as_a_predictor_of_energy_expenditure_in_undisturbed_fasting_and_incubating_penguins">Heart rate as a predictor of energy expenditure in undisturbed fasting and incubating penguins</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="132511444" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MatthewLee196">Matthew Lee</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Experimental Biology, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Heart rate (f H) measurement offers the possibility to monitor energy expenditure (EE) in wild animals if the EE/f H relationship for the species, physiological stages and activities of interest is known. This relationship has been extensively studied using oxygen consumption rate (V O2) measurement in captive, repeatedly handled king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus). Unfortunately, the potential effects of stress on the observed relationships resulting from handling and confinement were not considered. This study is the first involving undisturbed animals, and determines the EE/f H relationship in naturally fasting and freely incubating or captivity-acclimatized male and female king penguins. EE determination was based on (1) the measurement of body mass loss during periods of phase II fasting, and (2) the calculation of its energy equivalent from changes in body composition, i.e. 23.9kJg-1. f H levels in freely incubating and captivity-acclimatized birds were found to be 50-70% lower than those previously reported for resting king penguins during V O2 measurements. Significant EE/f H relationships were found in freely incubating and captive males and females (R 2 0.59 to 0.84), with no difference observed between genders. The best overall relationship was obtained by including fasting duration (t, days) in the model: EE818+43.7ϫf H +36.3t-1.4tϫf H (R 2 0.91). This equation yielded EE estimates approximately 26% higher than the previously reported 'best' predictive equation in king penguins, and even more so when f H was low. This result suggests that stress induces a disproportionate increase of f H vs O 2 consumption, and that the use of EE/f H relationships obtained in stressed birds could lead to underestimated EE values.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Heart rate as a predictor of energy expenditure in undisturbed fasting and incubating penguins","attachmentId":67989803,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49729173/Heart_rate_as_a_predictor_of_energy_expenditure_in_undisturbed_fasting_and_incubating_penguins","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/49729173/Heart_rate_as_a_predictor_of_energy_expenditure_in_undisturbed_fasting_and_incubating_penguins"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="3254616" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3254616/Accounting_for_body_condition_improves_allometric_estimates_of_resting_metabolic_rates_in_fasting_king_penguins_Aptenodytes_patagonicus">Accounting for body condition improves allometric estimates of resting metabolic rates in fasting king penguins, Aptenodytes patagonicus</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3737158" href="https://roehampton.academia.edu/LewisHalsey">Lewis Halsey</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35351864" href="https://whoi.academia.edu/AndreasFahlman">Andreas Fahlman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Polar Biology, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We describe a method that allows prediction of resting metabolic rate (RMR, ml O 2 AE min À1 ) in adult male and female king penguins on shore by measuring body mass (M b ) and the length of the foot, flipper and beak. This method is accurate, underestimating measured RMR (n=114) by 4% in a data set consisting of 44 birds (33 males and 11 females). Measurement error was unbiased with respect to fasting duration and can therefore estimate RMR during any stage of fasting. This new method provides significant cost and logistical savings when estimating RMR during fieldwork, allowing RMR of a large number of birds to be measured quickly. These findings suggest the possibility that the use of M b and morphometrics will allow development of general and specific equations to estimate RMR in other species.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Accounting for body condition improves allometric estimates of resting metabolic rates in fasting king penguins, Aptenodytes patagonicus","attachmentId":31108835,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3254616/Accounting_for_body_condition_improves_allometric_estimates_of_resting_metabolic_rates_in_fasting_king_penguins_Aptenodytes_patagonicus","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3254616/Accounting_for_body_condition_improves_allometric_estimates_of_resting_metabolic_rates_in_fasting_king_penguins_Aptenodytes_patagonicus"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="16261632" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16261632/Metabolism_and_thermoregulation_during_fasting_in_king_penguins_Aptenodytes_patagonicus_in_air_and_water">Metabolism and thermoregulation during fasting in king penguins, Aptenodytes patagonicus, in air and water</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35351864" href="https://whoi.academia.edu/AndreasFahlman">Andreas Fahlman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">AJP: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">indicating a rapid reversal to a pre-fasting state where body heat loss is minimal. The data emphasize the importance in considering nutritional status when studying king penguins and that the fasting-related physiological changes diverge in air and water.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Metabolism and thermoregulation during fasting in king penguins, Aptenodytes patagonicus, in air and water","attachmentId":42600494,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16261632/Metabolism_and_thermoregulation_during_fasting_in_king_penguins_Aptenodytes_patagonicus_in_air_and_water","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16261632/Metabolism_and_thermoregulation_during_fasting_in_king_penguins_Aptenodytes_patagonicus_in_air_and_water"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":119045252,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":119045252,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_119045252" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="18952432" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18952432/Plasticity_in_foraging_strategies_of_inshore_birds_how_Little_Penguins_maintain_body_reserves_while_feeding_offspring">Plasticity in foraging strategies of inshore birds: how Little Penguins maintain body reserves while feeding offspring</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39085207" href="https://penguins.academia.edu/AndreChiaradia">Andre Chiaradia</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ecology, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Plasticity in foraging strategies of inshore birds: how Little Penguins maintain body reserves while feeding offspring","attachmentId":40348210,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18952432/Plasticity_in_foraging_strategies_of_inshore_birds_how_Little_Penguins_maintain_body_reserves_while_feeding_offspring","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18952432/Plasticity_in_foraging_strategies_of_inshore_birds_how_Little_Penguins_maintain_body_reserves_while_feeding_offspring"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="16261650" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16261650/Behavioral_and_Physiological_Significance_of_Minimum_Resting_Metabolic_Rate_in_King_Penguins">Behavioral and Physiological Significance of Minimum Resting Metabolic Rate in King Penguins</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35351864" href="https://whoi.academia.edu/AndreasFahlman">Andreas Fahlman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Behavioral and Physiological Significance of Minimum Resting Metabolic Rate in King Penguins","attachmentId":42600502,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16261650/Behavioral_and_Physiological_Significance_of_Minimum_Resting_Metabolic_Rate_in_King_Penguins","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16261650/Behavioral_and_Physiological_Significance_of_Minimum_Resting_Metabolic_Rate_in_King_Penguins"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="3262225" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3262225/Behavioural_and_physiological_significance_of_minimum_resting_metabolic_rate_in_king_penguins">Behavioural and physiological significance of minimum resting metabolic rate in king penguins</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3737158" href="https://roehampton.academia.edu/LewisHalsey">Lewis Halsey</a></div><div 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