CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>百科全书 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"bc2ed188-49db-4404-bb86-c6007a817e6c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"百科全书","wgTitle":"百科全书","wgCurRevisionId":84784411,"wgRevisionId":84784411,"wgArticleId":924,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive模板wayback链接","使用ISBN魔术链接的页面","含有英語的條目","含有拉丁語的條目","含有希臘語的條目","有未列明来源语句的条目","含有法語的條目","含有阿拉伯語的條目","维基共享资源分类链接使用了维基数据上的匹配项","包含FAST标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目","包含GND标识符的维基百科条目", "包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目","包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目","包含LNB标识符的维基百科条目","包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目","包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目","包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目","包含EMU标识符的维基百科条目","包含HDS标识符的维基百科条目","包含TDVİA标识符的维基百科条目","百科全书","工具书","知識"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"百科全书","wgRelevantArticleId":924,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg", "zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5292","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["architecture","bitness","brands","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.3"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Encyclopedia_Britannica_%28crop%29.jpg/1200px-Encyclopedia_Britannica_%28crop%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="915"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Encyclopedia_Britannica_%28crop%29.jpg/800px-Encyclopedia_Britannica_%28crop%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="610"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Encyclopedia_Britannica_%28crop%29.jpg/640px-Encyclopedia_Britannica_%28crop%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="488"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="百科全书 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-百科全书 rootpage-百科全书 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-词源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#词源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>词源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-词源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-时间线" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#时间线"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>时间线</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-时间线-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-古代百科全书" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古代百科全书"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>古代百科全书</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古代百科全书-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中世纪" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中世纪"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>中世纪</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中世纪-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-现代百科全书" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#现代百科全书"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>现代百科全书</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-现代百科全书-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-国家线" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#国家线"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>国家线</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-国家线-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-中國" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中國"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>中國</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中國-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-日本" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#日本"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>日本</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-日本-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-阿拉伯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#阿拉伯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>阿拉伯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-阿拉伯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-体例" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#体例"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>体例</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-体例-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关体例子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-体例-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-与其他工具书的区别" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#与其他工具书的区别"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>与其他工具书的区别</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-与其他工具书的区别-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-种类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#种类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>种类</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-种类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-编排方式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#编排方式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>编排方式</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-编排方式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-百科全书的条目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#百科全书的条目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>百科全书的条目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-百科全书的条目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-电子化百科全书" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#电子化百科全书"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>电子化百科全书</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-电子化百科全书-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关电子化百科全书子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-电子化百科全书-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-历史_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考资料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考资料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参考资料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考资料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">百科全书</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。213种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-213" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">213种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedie" title="Ensiklopedie – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ensiklopedie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Enzyklopädie – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Enzyklopädie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8B%9D%E1%8C%88%E1%89%A0_%E1%8B%95%E1%8B%8D%E1%89%80%E1%89%B5" title="መዝገበ ዕውቀት – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መዝገበ ዕውቀት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedia" title="Enciclopedia – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Enciclopedia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%ABsd%C5%8Dmb%C5%8Dc" title="Wīsdōmbōc – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wīsdōmbōc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="موسوعة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسوعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="موسوعة – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="موسوعة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%87" title="موسوعه – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="موسوعه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7" title="বিশ্বকোষ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিশ্বকোষ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedia" title="Enciclopedia – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Enciclopedia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энциклопедия – 阿瓦尔语" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Энциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopediya" title="Ensiklopediya – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ensiklopediya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="بیلیکلیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیلیکلیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энциклопедия – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Энциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Enzyklopädie – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Enzyklopädie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encikluoped%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Encikluopedėjė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Encikluopedėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia" title="Ensiklopedia – 巴塔克托巴文" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Ensiklopedia" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="巴塔克托巴文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedya" title="Ensiklopedya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ensiklopedya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Энцыклапедыя – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Энцыклапедыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Энцыкляпэдыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Энцыкляпэдыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_%C3%A8lmu" title="Banda èlmu – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Banda èlmu" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Енциклопедия – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Енциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6" title="ज्ञानकोश – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ज्ञानकोश" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindai_pangatahuan" title="Kindai pangatahuan – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kindai pangatahuan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F" title="ကျမ်ꩻပေါင်ꩻစွုမ်ႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကျမ်ꩻပေါင်ꩻစွုမ်ႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%94nniyagafeba" title="Dɔnniyagafeba – 班巴拉语" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Dɔnniyagafeba" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="班巴拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7" title="বিশ্বকোষ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিশ্বকোষ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7" title="বিশ্বকোষ – 比什奴普萊利亞文" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বিশ্বকোষ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="比什奴普萊利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holloueziadur" title="Holloueziadur – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Holloueziadur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedija" title="Enciklopedija – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Enciklopedija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B1%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Нэбтэрхы толи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нэбтэрхы толи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclop%C3%A8dia" title="Enciclopèdia – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enciclopèdia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1ik-ku%C5%8F-ci%C3%B2ng-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%86" title="Báik-kuŏ-ciòng-cṳ̆ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Báik-kuŏ-ciòng-cṳ̆" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Энциклопеди – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Энциклопеди" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedya" title="Ensiklopedya – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ensiklopedya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DA%B5%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئینسایکڵۆپیدیا – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئینسایکڵۆپیدیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encicluped%C3%ACa" title="Enciclupedìa – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Enciclupedìa" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entsiklopediya" title="Entsiklopediya – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Entsiklopediya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklopedie" title="Encyklopedie – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Encyklopedie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklopedij%C3%B4" title="Encyklopedijô – 卡舒比语" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Encyklopedijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒比语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%B7%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%94%D0%B4%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Єнкѷклопєдїꙗ – 教会斯拉夫语" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Єнкѷклопєдїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="教会斯拉夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Энциклопеди – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Энциклопеди" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyddoniadur" title="Gwyddoniadur – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwyddoniadur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Encyklopædi – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Encyklopædi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Enzyklopädie – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Enzyklopädie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopediye" title="Ensiklopediye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ensiklopediye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklopedija" title="Encyklopedija – 下索布语" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Encyklopedija" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia" title="Ensiklopedia – 中部杜順文" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Ensiklopedia" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="中部杜順文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7" title="विश्वकोष – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="विश्वकोष" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8B%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%AC%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%82%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%A7" title="ދާނެސްނާމާ – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ދާނެސްނާމާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Εγκυκλοπαίδεια – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εγκυκλοπαίδεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensicloped%C3%ACa" title="Ensiclopedìa – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Ensiclopedìa" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedio" title="Enciklopedio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Enciklopedio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedia" title="Enciclopedia – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enciclopedia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ents%C3%BCklopeedia" title="Entsüklopeedia – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Entsüklopeedia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entziklopedia" title="Entziklopedia – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Entziklopedia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87" title="دانشنامه – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشنامه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maanditorde" title="Maanditorde – 富拉语" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Maanditorde" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="富拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tietosanakirja" title="Tietosanakirja – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tietosanakirja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Alfrøði – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Alfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Encyclopédie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensyklopedy" title="Ensyklopedy – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ensyklopedy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclip%C3%A9id" title="Ciclipéid – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ciclipéid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="百科全書 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="百科全書" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leabhar-e%C3%B2lais" title="Leabhar-eòlais – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Leabhar-eòlais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedia" title="Enciclopedia – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Enciclopedia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%E1%BA%BDryrupav%E1%BA%BD" title="Ñe'ẽryrupavẽ – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe'ẽryrupavẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9E%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B6" title="જ્ઞાનકોશ – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જ્ઞાનકોશ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insakulofidiya" title="Insakulofidiya – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Insakulofidiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak-kh%C3%B4-chhi%C3%B2n-s%C3%BB" title="Pak-khô-chhiòn-sû – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pak-khô-chhiòn-sû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puke_noi%E2%80%98i_k%C5%AB%E2%80%98ikena" title="Puke noi‘i kū‘ikena – 夏威夷语" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Puke noi‘i kū‘ikena" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="אנציקלופדיה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנציקלופדיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6" title="विश्वज्ञानकोश – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विश्वज्ञानकोश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedija" title="Enciklopedija – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Enciklopedija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklopedija" title="Encyklopedija – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Encyklopedija" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansiklopedi" title="Ansiklopedi – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ansiklopedi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklop%C3%A9dia" title="Enciklopédia – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Enciklopédia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հանրագիտարան – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հանրագիտարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հանրագիտարան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հանրագիտարան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia" title="Ensiklopedia – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Ensiklopedia" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia" title="Ensiklopedia – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ensiklopedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uiqiqaluk" title="Uiqiqaluk – 伊努皮克语" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uiqiqaluk" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="伊努皮克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia" title="Ensiklopedia – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ensiklopedia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Энциклопеди – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Энциклопеди" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedio" title="Enciklopedio – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Enciklopedio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfr%C3%A6%C3%B0irit" title="Alfræðirit – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alfræðirit" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedia" title="Enciclopedia – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Enciclopedia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8" title="百科事典 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="百科事典" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88nsiklop%C3%A9dhi" title="Ènsiklopédhi – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ènsiklopédhi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ენციკლოპედია – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენციკლოპედია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasanayt" title="Tasanayt – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasanayt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90sakuliye_takaya%C9%A3_k%C9%A9kala%C9%A3" title="Ɛsakuliye takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɛsakuliye takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balay_tinoduh" title="Balay tinoduh – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Balay tinoduh" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энциклопедия – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Энциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklop%C3%A6dii" title="Encyklopædii – 格陵兰语" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Encyklopædii" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="格陵兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%BB%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6" title="ប្រជុំវីជ្ជា – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រជុំវីជ្ជា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶಗಳು – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%84" title="백과사전 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="백과사전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энциклопедия – 卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Энциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%96%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اِنسایکلوپیٖڈیا – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اِنسایکلوپیٖڈیا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nohkixel" title="Nohkixel – 科隆语" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Nohkixel" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="科隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ens%C3%AEkloped%C3%AE" title="Ensîklopedî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ensîklopedî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhoniador" title="Godhoniador – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Godhoniador" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энциклопедия – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Энциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia" title="Encyclopaedia – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Encyclopaedia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansiklopedya" title="Ansiklopedya – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Ansiklopedya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyklopedie" title="Enzyklopedie – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Enzyklopedie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энциклопедия – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Энциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedie" title="Encyclopedie – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Encyclopedie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclupedia" title="Enciclupedia – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Enciclupedia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1" title="ສາລານຸກົມ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສາລານຸກົມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedija" title="Enciklopedija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Enciklopedija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%86ciklopedeja" title="Eņciklopedeja – 拉特加萊文" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Eņciklopedeja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="拉特加萊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklop%C4%93dija" title="Enciklopēdija – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Enciklopēdija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88nsiklope%E1%B8%8Dia" title="Ènsiklopeḍia – 马都拉语" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Ènsiklopeḍia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="马都拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6" title="विश्वकोश – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="विश्वकोश" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia" title="Ensiklopedia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Ensiklopedia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raki-pahalalana" title="Raki-pahalalana – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Raki-pahalalana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Энциклопедий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Энциклопедий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubuak_aka" title="Lubuak aka – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Lubuak aka" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Енциклопедија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Енциклопедија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="വിജ്ഞാനകോശം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിജ്ഞാനകോശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Нэвтэрхий толь – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нэвтэрхий толь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A7%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A9" title="ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯀꯩ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯀꯩ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6" title="ज्ञानकोश – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ज्ञानकोश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia" title="Ensiklopedia – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ensiklopedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/En%C4%8Biklopedija" title="Enċiklopedija – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Enċiklopedija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anciclop%C3%A9dia" title="Anciclopédia – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Anciclopédia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="စွယ်စုံကျမ်း – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စွယ်စုံကျမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87" title="فرهنگنومه – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فرهنگنومه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%93ntlamatiliz%C4%81moxtli" title="Cēntlamatilizāmoxtli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cēntlamatilizāmoxtli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encicloped%C3%ADa" title="Enciclopedía – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Enciclopedía" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Enzyklopädie – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Enzyklopädie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklopedie" title="Encyklopedie – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Encyklopedie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6" title="विश्वकोश – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विश्वकोश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedie" title="Encyclopedie – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Encyclopedie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikon" title="Leksikon – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Leksikon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklopedi" title="Encyklopedi – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Encyklopedi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encycliop%C3%A9die" title="Encycliopédie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Encycliopédie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dnsadoob%C3%AD%C3%ADdiiya" title="Ínsadoobíídiiya – 纳瓦霍语" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ínsadoobíídiiya" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="纳瓦霍语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia – 齐切瓦语" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="齐切瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclop%C3%A8dia" title="Enciclopèdia – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Enciclopèdia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubee" title="Kubee – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kubee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B7" title="ଜ୍ଞାନକୋଷ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜ୍ଞାନକୋଷ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Энциклопеди – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Энциклопеди" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਵਿਸ਼ਵਕੋਸ਼ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਸ਼ਵਕੋਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia" title="Ensiklopedia – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Ensiklopedia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffguckbichli" title="Uffguckbichli – 賓夕法尼亞德文" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Uffguckbichli" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="賓夕法尼亞德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklopedia" title="Encyklopedia – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Encyklopedia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="انسائیکلوپیڈیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انسائیکلوپیڈیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Εγκυκλοπαίδεια – 旁狄希臘文" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Εγκυκλοπαίδεια" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="旁狄希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%89" title="پوهنغونډ – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پوهنغونډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclop%C3%A9dia" title="Enciclopédia – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Enciclopédia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedie" title="Enciclopedie – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Enciclopedie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entsiclopedie" title="Entsiclopedie – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Entsiclopedie" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ngeclopedije" title="'Ngeclopedije – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="'Ngeclopedije" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энциклопедия – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Энциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Енціклопедія – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Енціклопедія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="विश्वकोशः – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विश्वकोशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энциклопедия – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Энциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedia" title="Enciclopedia – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Enciclopedia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nciclupid%C3%ACa" title="Nciclupidìa – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nciclupidìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia" title="Encyclopaedia – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Encyclopaedia" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedija" title="Enciklopedija – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Enciklopedija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%80%9E%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="ပပ်ႉသႅၼ်သမ်ႇ – 掸语" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပပ်ႉသႅၼ်သမ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="掸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%82%E2%80%8D" title="විශ්‍‍වකෝෂ‍ – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විශ්‍‍වකෝෂ‍" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklop%C3%A9dia" title="Encyklopédia – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Encyklopédia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D9%8F%D9%88%D9%85_%DA%B3%D9%88%D8%AC%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="بھُوم ڳوجھی – 色莱基语" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بھُوم ڳوجھی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="色莱基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedija" title="Enciklopedija – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Enciklopedija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedia" title="Enciklopedia – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Enciklopedia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Енциклопедија – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Енциклопедија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia – 斯瓦蒂语" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="斯瓦蒂语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Enzyklopädie – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Enzyklopädie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nsiklop%C3%A9di" title="Énsiklopédi – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Énsiklopédi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppslagsverk" title="Uppslagsverk – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Uppslagsverk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamusi_elezo" title="Kamusi elezo – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kamusi elezo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yncyklopedyjo" title="Yncyklopedyjo – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Yncyklopedyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கலைக்களஞ்சியம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலைக்களஞ்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B6" title="ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶ – 圖盧文" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="圖盧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9E%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="విజ్ఞాన సర్వస్వం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విజ్ఞాన సర్వస్వం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Донишнома – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Донишнома" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="สารานุกรม – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สารานุกรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedya" title="Ensiklopedya – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ensiklopedya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedij%C9%99" title="Ensiklopedijə – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ensiklopedijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensaetlolopedia" title="Ensaetlolopedia – 茨瓦纳语" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Ensaetlolopedia" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="茨瓦纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensaiklopedia" title="Ensaiklopedia – 托克皮辛语" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ensaiklopedia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托克皮辛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansiklopedi" title="Ansiklopedi – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ansiklopedi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopediya" title="Encyclopediya – 聪加语" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Encyclopediya" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="聪加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энциклопедия – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Энциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nsklop%C3%A9diye" title="Énsklopédiye – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Énsklopédiye" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Енциклопедія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Енциклопедія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%DB%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81" title="دائرۃ المعارف – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دائرۃ المعارف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopediya" title="Ensiklopediya – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ensiklopediya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiclopedia" title="Ensiclopedia – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ensiclopedia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1ch_khoa_to%C3%A0n_th%C6%B0" title="Bách khoa toàn thư – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bách khoa toàn thư" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikloped" title="Sikloped – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sikloped" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eciclopedeye" title="Eciclopedeye – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Eciclopedeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensayklopedya" title="Ensayklopedya – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ensayklopedya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimbulang" title="Jimbulang – 沃洛夫语" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Jimbulang" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="百科全书 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="百科全书" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ენციკლოპედია – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ენციკლოპედია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A2" title="ענציקלאפעדיע – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ענציקלאפעדיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%93" title="ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵓ – 标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵓ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="百科全書 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="百科全書" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pek-kho-cho%C3%A2n-su" title="Pek-kho-choân-su – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pek-kho-choân-su" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="百科全書 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="百科全書" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INgqoqelolwazi" title="INgqoqelolwazi – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INgqoqelolwazi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5292#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&oldid=84784411" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&id=84784411&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%2599%25BE%25E7%25A7%2591%25E5%2585%25A8%25E4%25B9%25A6"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%2599%25BE%25E7%25A7%2591%25E5%2585%25A8%25E4%25B9%25A6"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Encyclopedias" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5292" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-f3e2a619" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-f3e2a619" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="IT"></div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span>「<b>百科</b>」重定向至此。关于其他用法，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9)" class="mw-disambig" title="百科 (消歧義)">百科 (消歧義)</a></b>」。</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Encyclopedia_Britannica_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Encyclopedia_Britannica_%28crop%29.jpg/300px-Encyclopedia_Britannica_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Encyclopedia_Britannica_%28crop%29.jpg/450px-Encyclopedia_Britannica_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Encyclopedia_Britannica_%28crop%29.jpg/600px-Encyclopedia_Britannica_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2392" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="大英百科全书">大英百科全书</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>百科全书</b>（英語：<span lang="en">encyclopedia</span>）是概要介绍人类全部<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86" title="知识">知识</a>或某一特定领域或学科的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E4%B9%A6" title="工具书">工具书</a>或摘要（<span lang="en">compendium</span>）。百科全书按照字典顺序或专题类别划分<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="条目">条目</a><sup id="cite_ref-DOLencyclopedia_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOLencyclopedia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。百科全书条目比大多数<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8" title="詞典">詞典</a>中的词条更长、更详细<sup id="cite_ref-DOLencyclopedia_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOLencyclopedia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。一般来说，不同于专注于<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="單詞">词汇</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="语言学">语言学</a>信息（如其意思、发音、用法和语法形式）的词典词条，百科全书条目侧重于条目标题中命名的主题的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%AF%A6" title="事實">事實</a>信息<sup id="cite_ref-bejoint_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bejoint-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DOLei_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOLei-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OHEL22_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHEL22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>百科全书已经存在了2,000年左右，自那时以来，百科全书的语言（用国际性主要语言编写还是用本土语言）、规模（很小还是多卷）、意图（呈现全球还是有限范围的知识）、文化观念（权威、意识形态、说教、功利）、编者群（资格、风格）、读者群（教育程度、背景、兴趣、能力）以及用于制作和分发的技术（手写手稿、少量或大量印刷、互联网制作）已经有了很大的发展。作为专家汇编的可靠信息的重要来源，可以在图书馆、学校和其他教育机构中的明显位置找到。 </p><p>20世纪数字和开源版本的出现大大扩展了可访问性、作者群、读者群和百科全书条目的多样性，也引起了对百科全书是什么，以及把传统组装、评价纸质百科全书的标准用于如今这种动态制作模式是否适当的质疑。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="词源"><span id=".E8.AF.8D.E6.BA.90"></span>词源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：词源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>“<span lang="la">Encyclopædia</span>”一词最早出自<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="希腊语">希腊语</a>“<span lang="el">ἐνκύκλιoς</span>”（拉丁轉寫：<i>enkyklios</i>，意为“循环的，周期性，平常的”）和“<span lang="el">παιδεία</span>”（<i>paideia</i>，指“教育”）。含义是“普通教育，从字面上说就是一个想接受通才教育的人所应该学习的艺术和科学知识”<sup id="cite_ref-ahdic_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahdic-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。古<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="罗马">罗马</a>学者<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E4%BD%93%E8%89%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="昆体良">昆体良</a>在其《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E8%AF%B4%E6%9C%AF%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演说术教程（页面不存在）">演说术教程</a>》（<span lang="la"><i>Institutio oratoria</i></span>）中用该词表示综合教育<sup id="cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-百科全书的故事-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>40</span></sup>。在抄录过程中谬传为新拉丁语词<span lang="la"><i>encyclopædia</i></span>，随后又进入<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>，最先记载於1531年<sup id="cite_ref-ahdic_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahdic-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在新拉丁语中该词被选中作为一本覆盖各科知识的参考著作的书名。这个詞首次出現在一般文學作品的記錄見於1532年<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a>作家<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E9%9B%B7" title="弗朗索瓦·拉伯雷">弗朗索瓦·拉伯雷</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E4%BA%BA%E4%BC%A0" title="巨人传">巨人傳</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，仍然是教育之意<sup id="cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-百科全书的故事-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>40</span></sup>。1559年<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%88%A9%E6%9D%B0" title="保罗·斯卡利杰">保罗·斯卡利杰</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94" title="巴塞尔">巴塞尔</a>出版的《百科全书，或神与世俗学科知识》（<i>Encyclopaedia seu orbis disciplinarum tam sacrarum quam prophanarum epistemon</i>）中首次使用“百科全书”作为书名<sup id="cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-百科全书的故事-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>40</span></sup>。但是这本书知者甚少，因此也有人认为是<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E9%AA%9A" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="拿骚">拿骚</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿斯特德（页面不存在）">阿斯特德</a>（Johann Heinrich Alsted）在1630年出版的《七卷本简明百科全书》（<i>Encyclopaedia, Septem Tomis Distincta</i>）是第一个把“百科全书”用作书名<sup id="cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-百科全书的故事-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>40-41</span></sup>的書籍。 </p><p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><mark class="template-facttext" title="需要提供文献来源"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国</a>的百科全书是20世纪初由西方引进。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="中華民國大陸時期">中华民国大陸時期</a>时的学者<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%85%9C%E7%80%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="李煜瀛">李煜瀛</a>是最早进行西方百科全书研究之人。关于百科全书的名称，他在《世界学典书例答问》中说：“四十年前煜首译‘encyclopedia’为‘百科类典’，后中国因受《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%93%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="四库全书">四库全书</a>》命名的影响，改译为‘百科全书’。近二世纪专科的encyclopedia出版颇多，在中文有《中国文学百科全书》等。文学本百科中之一科，固然其中亦可析为多科，然于一科之名下，复系以‘百科’二字，终觉不甚妥当。且‘全书’二字，在中文易与‘四库全书’之丛书式的全书相混，不足表示其为另一书体，故煜后又改译为‘学典’。‘学典’，即拉丁文‘<span lang="la">encyclopædia</span>’（英法文略同），有‘所讲的学术环绕在内’之意。后凡包括一切学术在内一呈显知识世界且多系按辞典次序排列的书，每用此词以构成其书名，于是此词成为书体之一种。”</mark><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="时间线"><span id=".E6.97.B6.E9.97.B4.E7.BA.BF"></span>时间线</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：时间线"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="古代百科全书"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E4.BB.A3.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E5.85.A8.E4.B9.A6"></span>古代百科全书</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：古代百科全书"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>百科全书的历史可以追溯到<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊">古希腊</a>时期。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a>最早把知识进行分类，并编写了全面讲述当时学问的讲义，这些讲义被认为是百科全书的萌芽。也由此被西方比较多的学者奉为“百科全书之父”。也有人认为亚里士多德的老师<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="柏拉图">柏拉图</a>才是“百科全书之父”。还有人认为留下了记述各种学问的残篇的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%BD%AA%E8%A5%BF%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="斯彪西波">斯彪西波</a>是“百科全书之父”。俄国学者则认为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%B0%9F%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9" title="德谟克利特">德谟克利特</a>是“百科全书之父”<sup id="cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-百科全书的故事-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>3</span></sup>。 </p><p>百科全书型的作品在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="世界歷史">人类历史</a>上并不少见，古羅馬<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%B4%9B" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="瓦洛">瓦洛</a>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%B8%E7%A7%91%E8%A6%81%E7%BE%A9%E4%B9%9D%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="學科要義九書（页面不存在）">學科要義九書</a>》（Disciplinarum libri IX）和《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E4%BF%97%E4%BA%8B%E7%89%A9%E5%8F%A4%E8%B9%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聖俗事物古蹟（页面不存在）">聖俗事物古蹟</a>》（Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum）、羅馬時代<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%B0%BC" title="老普林尼">老普林尼</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E5%BF%97_(%E8%80%81%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%B0%BC)" title="博物志 (老普林尼)">博物志</a>》皆為西方具有百科性質之著作。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="中世纪"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E4.B8.96.E7.BA.AA"></span>中世纪</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：中世纪"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中世纪时的百科全书大多是修道院的神父们编写的教科书性质的大部头作品。到了后期，百科全书的编纂受到培根科学分类法的影响，书的作者也逐渐演变成多人合作的形式<sup id="cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-百科全书的故事-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>21</span></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>有法國神學家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="歐坦的洪諾留" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Honorius of Autun"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E5%9D%A6%E7%9A%84%E6%B4%AA%E8%AB%BE%E7%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐坦的洪諾留（页面不存在）">歐坦的洪諾留</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_of_Autun" class="extiw" title="en:Honorius of Autun"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Honorius of Autun</span></a></span>）</span></span>編撰的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AF%B6%E9%91%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界寶鑑（页面不存在）">世界寶鑑</a>》（Imago mundi）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E4%BE%9D%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%9A%E7%A6%84" title="圣依西多禄">聖依西多祿</a>編著的《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%BA%90_(%E5%9C%A3%E4%BE%9D%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%9A%E7%A6%84)" title="词源 (圣依西多禄)">詞源</a>》、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E9%9F%A6%E7%9A%84%E6%A8%8A%E5%B0%9A" title="博韦的樊尚">博韦的樊尚</a>（<span lang="fr">Vincent de Beauvais</span>）編著的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AF%B6%E9%91%91" title="大寶鑑">大寶鑑</a>》（<span lang="fr">Speculum majus</span>），其中大寶鑑是18世紀前世界上最大的百科全書，共有80卷。但直到16世纪的西方，才开始出现“百科全书”这个名词。最早将“百科全书”用于书名的，是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="德国人">德国人</a><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斯卡利杰" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Paul Scalich"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%88%A9%E6%9D%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯卡利杰（页面不存在）">斯卡利杰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Scalich" class="extiw" title="de:Paul Scalich"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Paul Scalich</span></a></span>）</span></span>，在巴塞爾出版。17-18世紀<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%B9%E6%A0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="培根">培根</a>所著的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%89%E5%A4%A7%E7%9A%84%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="偉大的復興（页面不存在）">偉大的復興</a>》（Instauratio magna）影響了後世百科全書的分類和編纂。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="现代百科全书"><span id=".E7.8E.B0.E4.BB.A3.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E5.85.A8.E4.B9.A6"></span>现代百科全书</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：现代百科全书"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Encyclopedie_de_D%27Alembert_et_Diderot_-_Premiere_Page_-_ENC_1-NA5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Encyclopedie_de_D%27Alembert_et_Diderot_-_Premiere_Page_-_ENC_1-NA5.jpg/220px-Encyclopedie_de_D%27Alembert_et_Diderot_-_Premiere_Page_-_ENC_1-NA5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Encyclopedie_de_D%27Alembert_et_Diderot_-_Premiere_Page_-_ENC_1-NA5.jpg/330px-Encyclopedie_de_D%27Alembert_et_Diderot_-_Premiere_Page_-_ENC_1-NA5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Encyclopedie_de_D%27Alembert_et_Diderot_-_Premiere_Page_-_ENC_1-NA5.jpg/440px-Encyclopedie_de_D%27Alembert_et_Diderot_-_Premiere_Page_-_ENC_1-NA5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3133" data-file-height="5120" /></a><figcaption>狄德罗等人的《<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E3%80%81%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%92%8C%E5%B7%A5%E8%89%BA%E8%AF%A6%E8%A7%A3%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="百科全书，或科学、艺术和工艺详解词典">百科全书</a>》</figcaption></figure> <p>古代的许多作家都曾经试图全面地记录人类的所有知识。但是，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·哈里斯（页面不存在）">约翰·哈里斯</a>才被认为是第一个创立了现代意义上的百科全书。 </p><p>最著名的早期百科全书要屬<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E3%80%81%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%92%8C%E5%B7%A5%E8%89%BA%E8%AF%A6%E8%A7%A3%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="百科全书，或科学、艺术和工艺详解词典">百科全书，或科学、艺术和工艺详解词典</a>》，由<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E6%9C%97%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="达朗贝尔">达朗贝尔</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="狄德罗">狄德罗</a>编写，并于1772年完成，共28卷，71, 818条条目，2,885张插图。也因此狄德罗被称为现代百科全书之父<sup id="cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-百科全书的故事-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>3</span></sup>。而在此前比较受欢迎的一部百科全书——英国的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E9%92%B1%E4%BC%AF%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊弗雷姆·钱伯斯（页面不存在）">伊弗雷姆·钱伯斯</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%EF%BC%9A%E6%88%96%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E8%88%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="百科全書：或藝術與科學通用字典">百科全書：或藝術與科學通用字典</a>》则开创了百科全书的“参见”系统<sup id="cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-百科全书的故事-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>45</span></sup>。法国19世纪后出版的拉鲁斯百科全书系列影响颇大<sup id="cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-百科全书的故事-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>149</span></sup>。 </p><p>18世纪法国学者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E8%8E%B1%E5%85%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿莱兹（页面不存在）">阿莱兹</a>（<span lang="fr">Alletz</span>）在1766年编纂出版了一部4.5x7.5英寸的袖珍本《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小百科全书（页面不存在）">小百科全书</a>》（<span lang="fr">Petite Encyclopédie</span>），是当时最小的百科全书<sup id="cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-百科全书的故事-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>39</span></sup>。《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="大不列颠百科全书">大不列颠百科全书</a>》最早时也十分朴素：从1768年到1771年只出版了三卷。 </p><p>19世纪德国的布罗克豪斯开创了社交词典派百科全书，其编纂方法影响了欧洲很多国家百科全书的编写<sup id="cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-百科全书的故事-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>148</span></sup>。此外，德国比较有名的百科全书还有《<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E8%80%B6%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="迈耶百科词典">迈耶百科词典</a>》和《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赫德尔大百科全书（页面不存在）">赫德尔大百科全书</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-百科全书的故事-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>148</span></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="俄国">俄国</a>19世纪的百科全书受到德国<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E5%85%8B%E8%B1%AA%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布罗克豪斯（页面不存在）">布罗克豪斯</a>的影响就很大。1891年加尔别尔出版公司出版了8卷本《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E7%BE%85%E5%85%8B%E8%B1%AA%E6%96%AF%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="布羅克豪斯百科全書">布罗克豪斯百科全书</a>》的俄文版《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%88%E5%A4%B4%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="案头百科词典">案头百科词典</a>》，后几经改变成为《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E7%BA%B3%E7%89%B9%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="格拉纳特百科词典">格拉纳特百科词典</a>》。1890-1907年俄国印刷业者艾弗隆与德国布罗克豪斯合作推出了《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E5%85%8B%E8%B1%AA%E6%96%AF-%E8%89%BE%E5%BC%97%E9%9A%86%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布罗克豪斯-艾弗隆百科词典（页面不存在）">布罗克豪斯-艾弗隆百科词典</a>》，共82卷和4卷补编，由俄国学者撰写。<sup id="cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-百科全书的故事-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>58-59</span></sup> </p><p>意大利的现代百科全书以《<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="意大利百科全书">意大利百科全书</a>》为代表。其他还有《<a href="/w/index.php?title=UTET%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%A7%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UTET百科大词典（页面不存在）">UTET百科大词典</a>》和《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E8%AF%BA%E7%AC%AC%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊诺第百科全书（页面不存在）">伊诺第百科全书</a>》。西班牙的百科全书历史只有100多年，比较出名的有《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E7%BE%8E%E6%8F%92%E5%9B%BE%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欧美插图大百科全书（页面不存在）">欧美插图大百科全书</a>》，《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%E7%89%B9%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萨尔瓦特百科词典（页面不存在）">萨尔瓦特百科词典</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉沃尔百科全书（页面不存在）">拉沃尔百科全书</a>》以及《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%B0%94%E6%99%AE%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="里亚尔普百科全书（页面不存在）">里亚尔普百科全书</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-百科全书的故事-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>151-153</span></sup>。 </p><p>随着百科全书的发展，现代百科全书具有完备的检索系统，包括索引、参见和分类系统等，条目内容更加趋向于图文并茂，计算机的应用则使百科全书更加方便检索和查阅。<sup id="cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-百科全书的故事-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>68-69</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="国家线"><span id=".E5.9B.BD.E5.AE.B6.E7.BA.BF"></span>国家线</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：国家线"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="中國"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.9C.8B"></span>中國</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：中國"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="中国百科全书史">中国百科全书史</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9E%E4%B9%A6" title="辞书">辞书</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E6%9B%B8" title="類書">類書</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%9C%9D" title="汉朝">汉朝</a>初年的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%94%E9%9B%85" title="尔雅">尔雅</a>》，是中国百科全书性质著作的渊源。 </p><p>中国古代的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E4%B9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="类书">类书</a>是一种百科全书式的资料汇编。第一部類書《<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E8%A6%BD" title="皇覽">皇覽</a>》是西元220年<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%96%87%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="魏文帝">魏文帝</a>主編，已散失。歷代的類書還有<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%85%AC%E7%9E%BB" title="杜公瞻">杜公瞻</a>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%A8%E7%8F%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="編珠（页面不存在）">編珠</a>》、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E9%99%BD%E8%A9%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐陽詢">歐陽詢</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E6%96%87%E9%A1%9E%E8%81%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="藝文類聚">藝文類聚</a>》（100卷）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9E%E4%B8%96%E5%8D%97" title="虞世南">虞世南</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A0%82%E4%B9%A6%E9%92%9E" title="北堂书钞">北堂書鈔</a>》、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E5%A0%85_(%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D)" title="徐堅 (唐朝)">徐堅</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E5%AD%A6%E8%AE%B0" title="初学记">初學記</a>》、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%98%89" title="李昉">李昉</a>奉<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%97" title="宋太宗">宋太宗</a>之命而主編之《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E5%BE%A1%E8%A6%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="太平御覽">太平御覽</a>》、1267年<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B" title="南宋">南宋</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%87%89%E9%BA%9F" title="王應麟">王應麟</a>編《<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E6%B5%B7" title="玉海">玉海</a>》，共240卷。明朝初期的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E6%A8%82%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="永樂大典">永樂大典</a>》共有22937卷<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，另說22877卷，被认为是最早的接近现代意义上的百科全书，但大部分已散失。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99" title="康熙">康熙</a>開始，由<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E5%A4%A2%E9%9B%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="陳夢雷">陳夢雷</a>編《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="古今圖書集成">古今圖書集成</a>》，到了<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3" title="雍正">雍正</a>初年，又由<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%A3%E5%BB%B7%E9%8C%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="蔣廷錫">蔣廷錫</a>繼續。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E5%88%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="民初">民國初年</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%B8%E7%88%BE%E5%A5%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="陸爾奎（页面不存在）">陸爾奎</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%AD%E6%BA%90" class="mw-redirect" title="辭源">辭源</a>》是中國第一部現代的百科辭典。1930年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%8A%E5%AE%B6%E9%A7%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="楊家駱（页面不存在）">楊家駱</a>編輯《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中國學術百科全書（页面不存在）">中國學術百科全書</a>》。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國">中華人民共和國</a>成立後，1978年至1993年耗時15年編寫了《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="中國大百科全書">中國大百科全書</a>》，全套共分74冊，涵蓋66個學門領域，8萬多個條目。<sup id="cite_ref-tw-cmgsh_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tw-cmgsh-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>其总编辑<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%9C%E6%A4%BF%E8%8A%B3" title="姜椿芳">姜椿芳</a>也被认为是中国现代百科全书的奠基人<sup id="cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-百科全书的故事-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>3-4</span></sup>。1981年，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a>出版了《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="中華百科全書">中華百科全書</a>》，總計十冊，分三十八種類別，約一萬五千餘條條目。<sup id="cite_ref-中華百科_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中華百科-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="日本"><span id=".E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC"></span>日本</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：日本"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>日本受到<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="唐朝文化">唐朝文化</a>的影响，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%89%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="平安时代">平安时代</a>开始也出现了<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E4%B9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="类书">类书</a>。第一本是<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%90%E9%A0%86" title="源順">源顺</a>在934年编写的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%90%8D%E9%A1%9E%E8%81%9A%E6%8A%84" title="和名類聚抄">和名类聚抄</a>》。1446年出版了《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%92%E5%9B%8A%E9%92%9E" title="壒囊钞">壒囊钞</a>》，汇集了日本和中国的佛教与世俗事物知识。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B7%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="江户时代">江户时代</a>有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%BA%E5%B2%9B%E8%89%AF%E5%AE%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="寺岛良安（页面不存在）">寺岛良安</a>模仿中国的《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%89%8D%E5%9B%BE%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="三才图会">三才图会</a>》所撰的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E6%B1%89%E4%B8%89%E6%89%8D%E5%9B%BE%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="和汉三才图会">和汉三才图会</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-百科全书的故事-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>29-30</span></sup>。 </p><p>19世纪编成的类书《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E8%A6%81%E8%A7%88%E7%A8%BF" title="古今要览稿">古今要览稿</a>》已经具有近代百科性质，1914年完成的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%8B%E9%A1%9E%E8%8B%91" title="古事類苑">古事类苑</a>》则更加接近于百科全书<sup id="cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-百科全书的故事-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>29-30</span></sup>。1916年後有現代的百科出現，《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BF%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="广文库（页面不存在）">广文库</a>》可能是第一部，其后<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81%E5%A0%82" title="三省堂">三省堂</a>出版了《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日本百科大辞典（页面不存在）">日本百科大辞典</a>》10卷。此后还有《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大百科事典（页面不存在）">大百科事典</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國民百科大辭典（页面不存在）">國民百科大辭典</a>》（18卷）、《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8" title="世界大百科事典">世界大百科事典</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不列顛國際大百科事典（页面不存在）">不列顛國際大百科事典</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="兒童世界百科（页面不存在）">兒童世界百科</a>》（17卷）、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿波羅百科事典（页面不存在）">阿波羅百科事典</a>》(3卷) <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E6%BC%A2%E4%B8%89%E6%89%8D%E5%9C%96%E6%9C%83" title="和漢三才圖會">和漢三才圖會</a>（105卷81冊）<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="阿拉伯"><span id=".E9.98.BF.E6.8B.89.E4.BC.AF"></span>阿拉伯</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：阿拉伯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian-encyclopedia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Persian-encyclopedia.jpg/220px-Persian-encyclopedia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Persian-encyclopedia.jpg/330px-Persian-encyclopedia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Persian-encyclopedia.jpg/440px-Persian-encyclopedia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>一套三冊的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波斯百科全書（页面不存在）">波斯百科全書</a>》</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="阿拉伯世界">阿拉伯世界</a>的第一部百科全書是《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F%E8%8F%81%E5%8D%8E" title="传统菁华">傳統菁華</a>》（阿拉伯语：<span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب عيون الاخبار</span>‎，<span class="Unicode">Kitāb ʿUyūn al-Akhbār</span>），由<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%B0%E6%8B%9C" title="伊本·古泰拜">伊本·古泰拜</a>（<span lang="ar" dir="rtl" title="阿拉伯語文本">أبو محمد بن قتيبة الدينوري</span>‎，Ibn Qutaybah，826年-889年）主編，後由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊本·阿卜德（页面不存在）">伊本·阿卜德</a>改編為《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8F%A0%E7%B7%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="珠練（页面不存在）">珠練</a>》。975年至997年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF" title="波斯">波斯</a>學者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%B1%E5%89%8C%E5%AD%90%E6%A8%A1_(%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="花剌子模 (学者)（页面不存在）">花剌子模</a>（<span lang="ar" dir="rtl" title="阿拉伯語文本">ابوعبدالله محمد بن احمد بن یوسف خوارزمی کاتب</span>‎，<span class="Unicode">Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Khwārizmī</span>）編了《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E4%B9%8B%E9%91%B0" title="科學之鑰">科學之鑰</a>》。其后一个宗教团体<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%BE%E8%AF%9A%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="精诚兄弟会（页面不存在）">精诚兄弟会</a>编著了一本《<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E8%AF%9A%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%B8" title="精诚兄弟会典">精诚兄弟会典</a>》。13世纪时<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a>历史学家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%AA%E9%9F%A6%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿尔努韦利（页面不存在）">阿尔努韦利</a>（al-Nuwairi）用20年时间编成《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E4%B9%8B%E7%9A%84" title="文化智慧之的">文化智慧之的</a>》。<sup id="cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-百科全书的故事-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:28</sup> </p><p>现代阿拉伯百科全书发端于19世纪<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="黎巴嫩">黎巴嫩</a>学者<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E7%89%B9%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC" title="布特鲁斯·布斯塔尼">布斯塔尼</a>（<span lang="ar" dir="rtl" title="阿拉伯語文本">بطرس البستاني</span>‎，Butrus al-Bustani）与其儿子编写的《<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6_(%E4%B9%A6%E7%B1%8D)" title="百科全书 (书籍)">百科全书</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-百科全书的故事-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:28-29</sup>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%93%88%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿伯特·里哈尼（页面不存在）">阿伯特·里哈尼</a>的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿拉伯百科全書（页面不存在）">阿拉伯百科全書</a>》於1955年出版，單卷本。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="体例"><span id=".E4.BD.93.E4.BE.8B"></span>体例</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：体例"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在古代，类似百科全书的著作可以由一个人全部编辑完成。但是到了现代，由于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8" title="信息爆炸">信息爆炸</a>，一个人或几个人已经不可能完成一部规模浩大的百科全书的编纂工作。这样就需要制定<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%93%E4%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="体例（页面不存在）">体例</a>，确定编纂的准则，以解决众多编纂者之间的矛盾<sup id="cite_ref-孙关龙_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-孙关龙-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>百科全书的体例包括许多方面。包括条目名称设计、条目编写提纲、撰稿人书写格式、配图要求、外文书写和翻译规则、成书格式等。其中《苏联大百科全书》是现有百科全书中体例最为详尽的一部，其第三版的编写体例周详而细致，十分全面，总共折合汉字有20万字上下。例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="医学">医学</a>大类下分<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="疾病">疾病</a>条目、<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="病理学">病理学</a>条目、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%BB%E7%96%97%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="治疗方法（页面不存在）">治疗方法</a>条目、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9" title="药物">药物</a>类条目、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E5%89%82" class="mw-redirect" title="药剂">药剂</a>类条目、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E5%99%A8%E6%A2%B0" title="医疗器械">医疗器械</a>条目、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%97%E5%85%BB%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疗养地（页面不存在）">疗养地</a>条目、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="医疗机械（页面不存在）">医疗机械</a>条目、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="医学职业（页面不存在）">医学职业</a>条目等<sup id="cite_ref-孙关龙_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-孙关龙-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>现代百科全书的编纂受到<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%9F%B9%E6%A0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="弗兰西斯·培根">弗兰西斯·培根</a>的《新工具论》的影响很深。框架设计按照知识体系结构进行分类。而中世纪时的百科全书则多是按照<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E8%89%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="七艺">七艺</a>或上帝创世的方式分类<sup id="cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-百科全书的故事-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>42</span></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="与其他工具书的区别"><span id=".E4.B8.8E.E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E5.B7.A5.E5.85.B7.E4.B9.A6.E7.9A.84.E5.8C.BA.E5.88.AB"></span>与其他工具书的区别</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：与其他工具书的区别"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>百科全书不同于<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="词典">词典</a>等其他的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E4%B9%A6" title="工具书">工具书</a>。词典等是对词语条目进行释义，而百科全书是对条目作知识的介绍。因此百科全书比其他工具书使用更多的图像来辅助知识的介绍。而且百科全书对条目的阐释也比其他工具书详细，常需要分成许多的小标题<sup id="cite_ref-孙关龙_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-孙关龙-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="种类"><span id=".E7.A7.8D.E7.B1.BB"></span>种类</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：种类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>大百科全书（20卷以上）</li> <li>小百科全书<sup id="cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-百科全书的故事-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>38-39</span></sup> <ul><li>小开本的袖珍百科全书</li> <li>单卷本的百科全书</li> <li>儿童百科全书</li></ul></li> <li>百科词典</li> <li>综合性百科全书：主要以非专业读者为对象</li> <li>专业性百科全书</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="编排方式"><span id=".E7.BC.96.E6.8E.92.E6.96.B9.E5.BC.8F"></span>编排方式</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：编排方式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>西方现代百科全书大多按字母顺序编排。注重检索功能的话，一般采用小条目的编纂思想。注重百科全书教育功能的则采用大条目的方式。修订的方式有再版制、补卷制、出版年鉴和连续修订制4种<sup id="cite_ref-孙关龙_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-孙关龙-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>百科全书中常见的一些编排方式<sup id="cite_ref-孙关龙_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-孙关龙-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>字顺编排</li> <li>分类编排</li> <li>大类编排，条目按字顺编排</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="百科全书的条目"><span id=".E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E5.85.A8.E4.B9.A6.E7.9A.84.E6.9D.A1.E7.9B.AE"></span>百科全书的条目</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：百科全书的条目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="条目">条目</a></div> <p>百科全书的条目包括标题、正文内容和图表等。在百科全书的编纂中，条目的命名非常重要。好的命名应该便于检索，有学者认为条目应该都是独立的主题，应以方便读者的检索为准则。另外，条目的主题应该是客观形成的，而不是人为拟定的。例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B9%BE%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="海湾战争">海湾战争</a>是客观存在的事实，而“狗的神话”则是人为拟定的主题<sup id="cite_ref-胡人瑞_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-胡人瑞-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>条目的命名应该清晰明确，不能含糊不清。例如「新型武器」，很难界定“新型”的划分<sup id="cite_ref-胡人瑞_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-胡人瑞-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>百科全书条目的选择有一些共通性的原则<sup id="cite_ref-胡人瑞_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-胡人瑞-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ol><li>独立主体原则：主体应该是相对独立的，就像我们去一个<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="公司">公司</a>办事，我们先想到的是公司的名称、地址，而不是其中的某个部门。</li> <li>客观形成原则：这个主题应该是人们在了解，改造世界的过程中客观形成，为人所熟知，而不是人为拟定的。如<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E4%B8%96%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="創世神話">创世神话</a>是一个客观存在的神话题材类型，但是“狗的神话”就是一个人为概括的主题。因此缺少公认的<b>规范性</b>和<b>确定性</b>。</li> <li>单一主题原则：如“<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E5%92%8C%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="时间和空间">时间和空间</a>”是两个主题，应该分设。</li> <li>准确性原则：条目的名称应该准确的表明条目的主题。</li> <li>通用性原则：应该使用规范的或约定俗成的名称。</li> <li>名词性原则：条目名称应该是名词性的，静止的。如“解放海南岛”应该改成“海南岛战役”</li> <li>简要性原则：如使用“<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E8%AF%97" title="唐诗">唐诗</a>”，而不用“唐代诗歌”。</li> <li>非研究原则：百科全书不是研究论文。</li> <li>非应用原则：百科全书不是为了指导具体的应用。</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="电子化百科全书"><span id=".E7.94.B5.E5.AD.90.E5.8C.96.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E5.85.A8.E4.B9.A6"></span>电子化百科全书</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：电子化百科全书"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="网络百科全书">网络百科全书</a></div> <p>百科全书的分类结构以及不断更新的特点使它非常适合在线或断线的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%84%91" class="mw-redirect" title="电脑">电脑</a>格式。随着信息技术的发展，大多数主要的百科全书现在都已经不同程度的电子化了。基于<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%A2%9F" title="光碟">光碟</a>（<a href="/wiki/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CD</a>、<a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>等）出版物拥有携带方便、成本低廉的优点，同时电子百科全书还可以包含各种传统媒体无法承载的多媒体格式，例如动画、音像或视像。概念有关联的文章之间的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%90" title="超連結">相互链接</a>也是一个重要的优势。在线的百科全书则拥有动态的优点：新的信息几乎可以立即被呈现，而不用等到下一次的出版。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="历史_2"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2_2"></span>历史</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>使用一台自动机器来编写一部百科全书的想法可以追溯到<a href="/wiki/H%C2%B7G%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="H·G·威尔斯">H·G·威尔斯</a>（H. G. Wells）的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E7%AF%87%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4" title="短篇小说">短篇小说</a>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%84%91%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大脑世界（页面不存在）">大脑世界</a>》（<i>World Brain</i>，1937年）以及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%B0%BC%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E4%BB%80" title="万尼瓦尔·布什">万尼瓦尔·布什</a>（Vannevar Bush）的科学文章《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E4%B9%9F%E8%AE%B8%E4%BC%9A%E6%83%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="我们也许会想（页面不存在）">我们也许会想</a>》（<i>As We May Think</i>，1945年）。之后的一个重要里程碑是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%E6%A3%AE" title="泰德·尼爾森">泰德·尼尔森</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E5%A4%96%E6%A1%83%E6%BA%90%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB" title="世外桃源計畫">世外桃源計畫</a>（1960年）。 </p><p>利用国际互联网来编写一部免费百科全书的构想则在20世纪90年代初被提出。这些活动的一个分支是旧版本的百科全书的电子化。1995年1月，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" class="mw-redirect" title="古登堡计划">古登堡计划</a>开始出版《大不列颠百科全书》1911年第11版的<a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>版本，但是由于方法上的分歧，在第一卷出版后整个计划就终止了。2002年，另一方出版了整套28卷的1911年版《大不列颠百科全书》电子版，发表在1911 Encyclopedia Britannica网站上<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；版本中加入了版权声明，但是该声明應無法律效力。其他的电子化计划则出版了许多其他的百科全书，例如由基督教经典图书馆出版的电子<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easton%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%8F%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Easton圣经辞典（页面不存在）">Easton圣经辞典</a>（1981年）。 </p><p>另一个更有趣的分支则是编写全新的、自由免费的百科全书。1991年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8E%E8%AB%96%E7%BE%A4%E7%B5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="討論群組">討論群組</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alt.fan.douglas-adams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alt.fan.douglas-adams（页面不存在）">alt.fan.douglas-adams</a>的参与者开始了一个以出版真正的《<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B6%E6%B2%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%BC%AB%E6%B8%B8%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="银河系漫游指南">银河系漫游指南</a>》（<i>The Hitchhiker's Guide to Galaxy</i>）百科全书的计划。该百科全书是出现在<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%E6%96%AF" title="道格拉斯·亚当斯">道格拉斯·亚当斯</a>（Douglas Adams）的小说中的一个虚构的百科全书。该计划就是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E6%8C%87%E5%AF%BC%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="星系指导计划（页面不存在）">星系指导计划</a>（Project Galactic Guide）。尽管最初的宗旨是百科全书只能包括真实的条目，但之后政策改变，允许并鼓励半真实及虚构的条目出现。星系指导计划包含了超过1700条条目，但从2000年起就没有新条目加入。 </p><p>1993年，一个叫做<a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpedia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interpedia（页面不存在）">Interpedia</a>的计划开始被广泛讨论；它的计划是编写一个任何人都可以参与的互联网百科全书。但该计划为还未开始就夭折，互联网的飞速发展使得建立一个有效的<a href="/wiki/%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%E6%93%8E" title="搜索引擎">搜索引擎</a>似乎成为更紧迫的任务。 </p><p>2001年初，基于<a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">Wiki</a>技术的互联网百科全书<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="维基百科">维基百科</a>上线，这是一个自由、多语言的百科全书协作计划。维基百科创立之后，取得了迅猛的发展，目前已跻身世界流量前十大网站之列，是当前最为成功的网络百科全书计划。同时Wiki技术亦为人熟知，并为其他网络百科全书计划所使用和借鉴。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-count:20em; column-width:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4%E9%89%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="年鉴">年鉴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="黄页">黄页</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E4%B9%A6" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="参考书">参考书</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E5%AD%A6" title="图书馆学">图书馆学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="信息科学">信息科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="百科全书派">百科全书派</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="百科全书学（页面不存在）">百科全书学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="百科全书列表（页面不存在）">百科全书列表</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考资料"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E8.B5.84.E6.96.99"></span>参考资料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：参考资料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DOLencyclopedia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOLencyclopedia_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOLencyclopedia_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory; James, Gregory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=49NZ12icE-QC&pg=PA49&dq=%22encyclopedic+dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia">Dictionary of Lexicography</a>. Routledge. 1998: 48 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-07-27</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-415-14143-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-415-14143-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-415-14143-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.au=James%2C+Gregory&rft.au=James%2C+Gregory&rft.aufirst=R.+R.+K.&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Lexicography&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-415-14143-5&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D49NZ12icE-QC%26pg%3DPA49%26dq%3D%2522encyclopedic%2Bdictionary%2522%252Bencyclopedia%26q%3D%2522encyclopedic%2520dictionary%2522%252Bencyclopedia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bejoint-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bejoint_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Béjoint, Henri (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ8gwtomUpMC&lpg=PA30&dq=lexicography%20translated%20encyclopedia%20dictionary&pg=PA30"><i>Modern Lexicography</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20161230031758/https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ8gwtomUpMC&lpg=PA30&dq=lexicography%20translated%20encyclopedia%20dictionary&pg=PA30">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, pp. 30–31. Oxford University Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-829951-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-829951-6">0-19-829951-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia">Encyclopaedia</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-07-27</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216021641/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia">存档</a>于2010-12-16）. <q>An English speakinglexicographer, H.W. Fowler, wrote in the preface to the first edition (1911) of <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English language</i> that a dictionary is concerned with the uses of words and phrases and with giving information about the things for which they stand only so far as current use of the words depends upon knowledge of those things. The emphasis in an encyclopedia is much more on the nature of the things for which the words and phrases stand.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F186603%2Fencyclopaedia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOLei-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DOLei_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hartmann, R. R. K.; Gregory, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=49NZ12icE-QC&pg=PA49&dq=%22encyclopedic+dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia">Dictionary of Lexicography</a>. Routledge. 1998: 49 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-07-27</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-415-14143-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-415-14143-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-415-14143-5</a>. <q>In contrast with linguistic information, encyclopedia material is more concerned with the description of objective realities than the words or phrases that refer to them. In practice, however, there is no hard and fast boundary between factual and lexical knowledge.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.au=Gregory%2C+James&rft.aufirst=R.+R.+K.&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Lexicography&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-415-14143-5&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D49NZ12icE-QC%26pg%3DPA49%26dq%3D%2522encyclopedic%2Bdictionary%2522%252Bencyclopedia%26q%3D%2522encyclopedic%2520dictionary%2522%252Bencyclopedia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OHEL22-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OHEL22_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cowie, Anthony Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=nhnVF9Or_wMC&printsec=frontcover&q">The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I</a>. Oxford University Press. 2009: 22 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-08-17</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-415-14143-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-415-14143-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-415-14143-5</a>. <q>An 'encyclopedia' (encyclopaedia) usually gives more information than a dictionary; it explains not only the words but also the things and concepts referred to by the words.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Paul&rft.aulast=Cowie&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+English+Lexicography%2C+Volume+I&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-415-14143-5&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DnhnVF9Or_wMC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26q&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahdic-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ahdic_6-0"><sup><b>6.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahdic_6-1"><sup><b>6.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a>. Dictionary.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-03-18</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110326150114/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/encyclopedia">存档</a>于2011-03-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.btitle=encyclopedia&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fencyclopedia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-百科全书的故事-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-0"><sup><b>7.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-1"><sup><b>7.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-2"><sup><b>7.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-3"><sup><b>7.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-4"><sup><b>7.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-5"><sup><b>7.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-6"><sup><b>7.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-7"><sup><b>7.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-8"><sup><b>7.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-9"><sup><b>7.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-10"><sup><b>7.10</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-11"><sup><b>7.11</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-12"><sup><b>7.12</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-13"><sup><b>7.13</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-14"><sup><b>7.14</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-15"><sup><b>7.15</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-16"><sup><b>7.16</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-17"><sup><b>7.17</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-18"><sup><b>7.18</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-19"><sup><b>7.19</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-20"><sup><b>7.20</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-百科全书的故事_7-21"><sup><b>7.21</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B8%B8%E6%94%BF" title="金常政">金常政</a>. 百科全书的故事. 北京: 北京图书馆出版社. 2005-03. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7501326231" title="Special:网络书源/7501326231"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 7501326231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.au=%E9%87%91%E5%B8%B8%E6%94%BF&rft.btitle=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%E7%9A%84%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B&rft.date=2005-03&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7501326231&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference">Bert Roest. Compilation as Theme and Praxis in Franciscan Universal Chronicles. Peter Binkley (编). Pre-Modern Encyclopaedic Texts: Proceedings of the Second Comers Congress, Groningen, 1–4 July 1996. BRILL: 213. 1997. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789004108301" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-90-04-10830-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.au=Bert+Roest&rft.btitle=Pre-Modern+Encyclopaedic+Texts%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Second+Comers+Congress%2C+Groningen%2C+1%E2%80%934+July+1996&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=conference&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=BRILL&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sorcha Carey. Two Strategies of Encyclopaedism. Pliny's Catalogue of Culture: Art and Empire in the Natural History. Oxford University Press. 2003: 17. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780199259137" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-925913-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.atitle=Two+Strategies+of+Encyclopaedism&rft.au=Sorcha+Carey&rft.btitle=Pliny%27s+Catalogue+of+Culture%3A+Art+and+Empire+in+the+Natural+History&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wordpedia.com/product/britannica/qa.htm">大英百科Q&A</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-12-13</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090612202114/http://www.wordpedia.com/product/britannica/qa.htm">存档</a>于2009-06-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91Q%26A&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordpedia.com%2Fproduct%2Fbritannica%2Fqa.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tw-cmgsh-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tw-cmgsh_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.wordpedia.com/index.php?md=cp_index&cl=other&at=synopsis&query=20">中國大百科全書智慧藏資料庫簡介</a>. Wordpedia 智慧藏 - 百科知識網. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118065317/http://lib.wordpedia.com/index.php?md=cp_index&cl=other&at=synopsis&query=20">存档</a>于2023-01-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E8%97%8F+%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB%E7%B0%A1%E4%BB%8B&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Wordpedia+%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E8%97%8F+-+%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E7%B6%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.wordpedia.com%2Findex.php%3Fmd%3Dcp_index%26cl%3Dother%26at%3Dsynopsis%26query%3D20&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-中華百科-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-中華百科_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ap6.pccu.edu.tw/Encyclopedia/introduction.asp">中華百科全書特色</a>. 中國文化大學. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200209030242/http://ap6.pccu.edu.tw/Encyclopedia/introduction.asp">存档</a>于2020-02-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fap6.pccu.edu.tw%2FEncyclopedia%2Fintroduction.asp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《中國大百科》，《平凡社》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i-apple.jp/lib/000/01715al3001a.html">和漢三才図会（本文）</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100814143404/http://www.i-apple.jp/lib/000/01715al3001a.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（長野電波技術研究所附属図書館）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-孙关龙-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-孙关龙_15-0"><sup><b>15.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-孙关龙_15-1"><sup><b>15.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-孙关龙_15-2"><sup><b>15.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-孙关龙_15-3"><sup><b>15.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-孙关龙_15-4"><sup><b>15.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">孙关龙，百科全书从体例开始，编辑学刊.2002(5).53-55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-胡人瑞-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-胡人瑞_16-0"><sup><b>16.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-胡人瑞_16-1"><sup><b>16.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-胡人瑞_16-2"><sup><b>16.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">胡人瑞]]，百科全书选条的几个问题，编辑之友.2001(4).-36-39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">网址：<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://1911encyclopedia.org">http://1911encyclopedia.org</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714083850/http://1911encyclopedia.org/">存檔</a>，存档日期2007-07-14.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Encyclopedias" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Encyclopedias"><span style="font-weight:bold;">百科全书</span></a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">查看<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="维基词典">维基词典</a>中的词条「<b><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:百科全書">百科全書</a></b>」。</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/">大英百科全书</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20151212103253/http://www.britannica.com/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/65/">哥伦比亚百科全书</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20020205073950/http://www.bartleby.com/65/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/">百科全书网</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180128123037/http://www.encyclopedia.com/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）免费提供哥伦比亚百科全书中的文章<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accuracyproject.org/cbe-errors-books.html">網路正確計畫</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110514041509/http://www.accuracyproject.org/cbe-errors-books.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）：指出多份百科全書與年鑒中傳記的錯誤<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080615051823/http://www.dm.unipi.it/~tucci/index.html">De expetendis et fugiendis rebus</a>：首批文藝復興時百科全書<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="義大利語">（意大利文）</span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84365013">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/24px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/36px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/47px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:文學">文學主題</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/21px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="Portal:教育">教育主題</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Desktop_computer_clipart_-_Yellow_theme.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Desktop_computer_clipart_-_Yellow_theme.svg/24px-Desktop_computer_clipart_-_Yellow_theme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Desktop_computer_clipart_-_Yellow_theme.svg/36px-Desktop_computer_clipart_-_Yellow_theme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Desktop_computer_clipart_-_Yellow_theme.svg/48px-Desktop_computer_clipart_-_Yellow_theme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="203" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="Portal:資訊科技">資訊科技主題</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5292#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5292#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5292#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Encyclopedias and dictionaries"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/909533/">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Enciclopedias"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4344163">西班牙</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Encyclopédies"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12043290b">法国</a></span></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Encyclopédies et dictionnaires"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931349w">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Encyclopédies"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12043290b">BnF data</a></span></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Encyclopédies et dictionnaires"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931349w">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4014986-9">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Encyclopedias and dictionaries"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543344005171">以色列</a></span></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Encyclopedias"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007394400005171">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Encyclopedias"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99001614">美国</a></span></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Encyclopedias and dictionaries"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85042997">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000133575&P_CON_LNG=ENG">拉脱维亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="百科事典"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563841">日本</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="encyklopedie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117188&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300129439">AAT</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=17918">现代乌克兰百科全书</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/028704">瑞士历史词典</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ansiklopedi">伊斯兰百科全书</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=百科全书&oldid=84784411">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=百科全书&oldid=84784411</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="Category:百科全书">百科全书</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E4%B9%A6" title="Category:工具书">工具书</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="Category:知識">知識</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BFwayback%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Category:Webarchive模板wayback链接">Webarchive模板wayback链接</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8ISBN%E9%AD%94%E6%9C%AF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用ISBN魔术链接的页面">使用ISBN魔术链接的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有英語的條目">含有英語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有拉丁語的條目">含有拉丁語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有希臘語的條目">含有希臘語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%AA%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:有未列明来源语句的条目">有未列明来源语句的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有法語的條目">含有法語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有阿拉伯語的條目">含有阿拉伯語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E5%8C%B9%E9%85%8D%E9%A1%B9" title="Category:维基共享资源分类链接使用了维基数据上的匹配项">维基共享资源分类链接使用了维基数据上的匹配项</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABFAST%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含FAST标识符的维基百科条目">包含FAST标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNE%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNFdata%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABGND%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含GND标识符的维基百科条目">包含GND标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABJ9U%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目">包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABLCCN%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目">包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABLNB%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含LNB标识符的维基百科条目">包含LNB标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNDL%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目">包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNKC%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目">包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABAAT%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目">包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABEMU%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含EMU标识符的维基百科条目">包含EMU标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABHDS%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含HDS标识符的维基百科条目">包含HDS标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABTDV%C4%B0A%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含TDVİA标识符的维基百科条目">包含TDVİA标识符的维基百科条目</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年10月30日 (星期三) 09:22。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b786b4b4d-qjght","wgBackendResponseTime":214,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.093","walltime":"1.299","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8042,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":274332,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10042,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":28,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":20,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":40029,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1000.639 1 -total"," 20.42% 204.286 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.66% 186.692 1 Template:Authority_control"," 12.77% 127.816 1 Template:Lang-en"," 9.61% 96.169 11 Template:Lang"," 8.85% 88.597 2 Template:Sister_project"," 8.84% 88.457 1 Template:Commons_category"," 8.79% 88.002 11 Template:Category_handler"," 8.63% 86.315 2 Template:Side_box"," 7.79% 77.959 1 Template:NoteTA"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.547","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24512563,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-746bf6896b-x8rlq","timestamp":"20241119021552","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5292","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5292","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-04-27T07:36:52Z","dateModified":"2024-10-30T09:22:29Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/51\/Encyclopedia_Britannica_%28crop%29.jpg","headline":"\u53c3\u8003\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u985e\u578b"}</script> </body> </html>