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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Kenya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunisia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Tunisia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunisia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Asia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brunei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brunei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Brunei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brunei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People's_Republic_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>People's Republic of China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kyrgyzstan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kyrgyzstan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Kyrgyzstan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kyrgyzstan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Macau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.18</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.19</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.20</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.21</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Croatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.19</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.20</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.21</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.22</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-North_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle North America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costa_Rica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costa_Rica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Costa Rica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costa_Rica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Panama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Oceania subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-South_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle South America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Peru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Public university</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_nanggro%C3%AB" title="Universitas nanggroë – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Universitas nanggroë" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جامعة حكومية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جامعة حكومية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6vl%C9%99t_universiteti" title="Dövlət universiteti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dövlət universiteti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="دؤولت بیلیم‌یوردو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دؤولت بیلیم‌یوردو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="সরকারি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সরকারি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong-li%CC%8Dp_t%C4%81i-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Kong-li̍p tāi-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kong-li̍p tāi-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javni_univerzitet" title="Javni univerzitet – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Javni univerzitet" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_p%C3%BAblica" title="Universitat pública – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Universitat pública" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prifysgol_gyhoeddus" title="Prifysgol gyhoeddus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Prifysgol gyhoeddus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava%C3%B5iguslik_%C3%BClikool" title="Avaõiguslik ülikool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Avaõiguslik ülikool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_p%C3%BAblica" title="Universidad pública – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universidad pública" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publika_universitato" title="Publika universitato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Publika universitato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibertsitate_publiko" title="Unibertsitate publiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Unibertsitate publiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="دانشگاه دولتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشگاه دولتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_publique" title="Université publique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Université publique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BBng-li%CC%8Dp_Thai-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Kûng-li̍p Thai-ho̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kûng-li̍p Thai-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EB%A6%BD_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99" title="공립 대학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공립 대학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="सार्वजनिक विश्वविद्यालय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सार्वजनिक विश्वविद्यालय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javno_sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1te" title="Javno sveučilište – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Javno sveučilište" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_negeri" title="Universitas negeri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Universitas negeri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אוניברסיטה ציבורית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוניברסיטה ציבורית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94" title="ມະຫາວິທະຍາໄລລັດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມະຫາວິທະຍາໄລລັດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_publica" title="Universitas publica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Universitas publica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A0" title="सरकारी विद्यापीठ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सरकारी विद्यापीठ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87" title="جامعه عامه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جامعه عامه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_awam" title="Universiti awam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Universiti awam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openbare_universiteit" title="Openbare universiteit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Openbare universiteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="公立大学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="公立大学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_publica" title="Universitat publica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Universitat publica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਜਨਤਕ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਨਤਕ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uczelnia_publiczna" title="Uczelnia publiczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uczelnia publiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_p%C3%BAblica" title="Universidade pública – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Universidade pública" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitate_public%C4%83" title="Universitate publică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Universitate publică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Общественный университет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Общественный университет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B2" title="ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteti_publik" title="Universiteti publik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Universiteti publik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Public university" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Државни универзитет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Државни универзитет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பொதுத்துறை பல்கலைக்கழகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொதுத்துறை பல்கலைக்கழகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="ప్రభుత్వ విశ్వవిద్యాలయం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రభుత్వ విశ్వవిద్యాలయం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="สถาบันอุดมศึกษาของรัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถาบันอุดมศึกษาของรัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B3%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%A3" title="Донишгоҳи давлатӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Донишгоҳи давлатӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devlet_%C3%BCniversitesi" title="Devlet üniversitesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Devlet üniversitesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Громадський університет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Громадський університет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%81" title="عوامی جامعہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عوامی جامعہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_c%C3%B4ng_l%E1%BA%ADp" title="Đại học công lập – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại học công lập" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="公立大学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="公立大学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="公立大學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="公立大學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="公立大學 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="公立大學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Public school (disambiguation)">Public school</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Public_university" title="Special:EditPage/Public university">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Public+university%22">"Public university"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Public+university%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Public+university%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Public+university%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Public+university%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Public+university%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NE_ASU_Campus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/NE_ASU_Campus.jpg/220px-NE_ASU_Campus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/NE_ASU_Campus.jpg/330px-NE_ASU_Campus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/NE_ASU_Campus.jpg/440px-NE_ASU_Campus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>With 79,232 students as of the 2022-23 academic year, <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona" title="Tempe, Arizona">Tempe, Arizona</a> is the largest public university in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>public university</b> or <b>public college</b> is a <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> or <a href="/wiki/College" title="College">college</a> that is <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">owned by the state</a> or receives significant funding from a government. Whether a <a href="/wiki/National_university" title="National university">national university</a> is considered public varies from one country (or region) to another, largely depending on the specific education landscape. In contrast a <a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private university</a> is usually owned and operated by a private corporation (not-for-profit or for profit). Both types are often regulated, but to varying degrees, by the government. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Egypt" title="List of universities in Egypt">List of universities in Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CairoUniv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CairoUniv.jpg/220px-CairoUniv.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CairoUniv.jpg/330px-CairoUniv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CairoUniv.jpg/440px-CairoUniv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cairo_University" title="Cairo University">Cairo University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a>, Egypt</figcaption></figure> <p>In Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a> was founded in 970 AD as a <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasa</a>; it formally became a public university in 1961 and is one of the oldest institutions of higher education in the world. In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> opened many other public universities with government-subsidized tuition fees, including <a href="/wiki/Cairo_University" title="Cairo University">Cairo University</a> in 1908, <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_University" title="Alexandria University">Alexandria University</a> in 1912, <a href="/wiki/Assiut_University" title="Assiut University">Assiut University</a> in 1928, <a href="/wiki/Ain_Shams_University" title="Ain Shams University">Ain Shams University</a> in 1957, <a href="/wiki/Helwan_University" title="Helwan University">Helwan University</a> in 1959, <a href="/wiki/Beni-Suef_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Beni-Suef University">Beni-Suef University</a> in 1963, <a href="/wiki/Zagazig_University" title="Zagazig University">Zagazig University</a> in 1974, <a href="/wiki/Benha_University" title="Benha University">Benha University</a> in 1976, and <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal_University" title="Suez Canal University">Suez Canal University</a> in 1989. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kenya">Kenya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kenya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Kenya" title="List of universities and colleges in Kenya">List of universities and colleges in Kenya</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, the Ministry of Education controls all public universities. Students enroll after completing a <a href="/wiki/8-4-4_Curriculum_in_Kenya" title="8-4-4 Curriculum in Kenya">8-4-4 educational program system</a> and attaining a mark of C+ or above. Students who meet the criteria set annually by the Kenya Universities and Colleges Central Placement Service receive government sponsorship, with the government providing part of their university or college fees. Students are also eligible for a low-interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board; students must pay back the loan after completing their higher education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Nigeria" title="List of universities in Nigeria">List of universities in Nigeria</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, both the federal and state governments may establish public universities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_South_Africa" title="List of universities in South Africa">List of universities in South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Johannesburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/University_of_Johannesburg.jpg/220px-University_of_Johannesburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/University_of_Johannesburg.jpg/330px-University_of_Johannesburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/University_of_Johannesburg.jpg/440px-University_of_Johannesburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Johannesburg" title="University of Johannesburg">University of Johannesburg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, South Africa</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> has 26 public universities which are members of Universities in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are categorized as traditional or comprehensive universities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tunisia">Tunisia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tunisia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Tunisia" title="List of universities in Tunisia">List of universities in Tunisia</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Higher_Education_and_Scientific_Research_(Tunisia)" title="Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (Tunisia)">Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research</a> controls public universities and guarantees admission to students who earn a <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Baccalaureate" title="Tunisian Baccalaureate">Tunisian Baccalaureate</a>. Using a state website, the students make a wish list of the universities they want to attend, with the highest-ranking students getting priority choices. Universities rank students according to the results of their baccalaureate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Bangladesh#Public_universities" title="List of universities in Bangladesh">List of universities in Bangladesh § Public_universities</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Academic_Buildings_of_the_University_of_Barishal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Academic_Buildings_of_the_University_of_Barishal.jpg/220px-Academic_Buildings_of_the_University_of_Barishal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Academic_Buildings_of_the_University_of_Barishal.jpg/330px-Academic_Buildings_of_the_University_of_Barishal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Academic_Buildings_of_the_University_of_Barishal.jpg/440px-Academic_Buildings_of_the_University_of_Barishal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barisal_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Barisal University">Barishal University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barisal" title="Barisal">Barishal</a>, Bangladesh</figcaption></figure> <p>There are forty public universities in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are overseen by the <a href="/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(Bangladesh)" class="mw-redirect" title="University Grants Commission (Bangladesh)">University Grants Commission</a> which was created by the government in 1973. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brunei">Brunei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Brunei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Brunei" title="List of universities in Brunei">List of universities in Brunei</a></div> <p>Most universities in <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> are public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People's_Republic_of_China"><span id="People.27s_Republic_of_China"></span>People's Republic of China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: People's Republic of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in China">List of universities in China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_China" title="Higher education in China">Higher education in China</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Gate_of_Peking_University_original.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/West_Gate_of_Peking_University_original.JPG/220px-West_Gate_of_Peking_University_original.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/West_Gate_of_Peking_University_original.JPG/330px-West_Gate_of_Peking_University_original.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/West_Gate_of_Peking_University_original.JPG/440px-West_Gate_of_Peking_University_original.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>, nearly all universities and research institutions are public. Typically, <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">provincial</a> governments run public universities. However, some are administered by <a href="/wiki/Direct-controlled_municipalities_of_China#Current_PRC_Municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-controlled municipalities of China">municipal</a> governments or are <a href="/wiki/National_university" title="National university">national</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China">central government</a> directly administers. Private undergraduate colleges exist but are primarily <a href="/wiki/Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">vocational colleges</a> sponsored by private entities. Private universities usually cannot award bachelor's degrees. Public universities tend to enjoy a <a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_China" title="Rankings of universities in China">higher reputation domestically and globally</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Hong Kong">List of universities in Hong Kong</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/University_Grants_Committee_(Hong_Kong)" title="University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)">University Grants Committee</a> funds eight public universities in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Academy_for_Performing_Arts" title="Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts">Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts</a> also receives funding from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">government</a>. There are four self-financing universities, namely <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Metropolitan_University" title="Hong Kong Metropolitan University">Hong Kong Metropolitan University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Shue_Yan_University" title="Hong Kong Shue Yan University">Hong Kong Shue Yan University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hang_Seng_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="Hang Seng University of Hong Kong">Hang Seng University of Hong Kong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_University_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Francis University (Hong Kong)">Saint Francis University</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_India" title="List of universities in India">List of universities in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumbai_03-2016_37_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Mumbai_03-2016_37_University.jpg/220px-Mumbai_03-2016_37_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Mumbai_03-2016_37_University.jpg/330px-Mumbai_03-2016_37_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Mumbai_03-2016_37_University.jpg/440px-Mumbai_03-2016_37_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3585" data-file-height="3585" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Mumbai" title="University of Mumbai">University of Mumbai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Madras_Entrance_Arch_at_Chepauk_Campus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/University_of_Madras_Entrance_Arch_at_Chepauk_Campus.JPG/220px-University_of_Madras_Entrance_Arch_at_Chepauk_Campus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/University_of_Madras_Entrance_Arch_at_Chepauk_Campus.JPG/330px-University_of_Madras_Entrance_Arch_at_Chepauk_Campus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/University_of_Madras_Entrance_Arch_at_Chepauk_Campus.JPG/440px-University_of_Madras_Entrance_Arch_at_Chepauk_Campus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Calcutta_Alipore_campus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/University_of_Calcutta_Alipore_campus.jpg/220px-University_of_Calcutta_Alipore_campus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/University_of_Calcutta_Alipore_campus.jpg/330px-University_of_Calcutta_Alipore_campus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/University_of_Calcutta_Alipore_campus.jpg/440px-University_of_Calcutta_Alipore_campus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public. Some private undergraduate colleges exist but most are engineering schools that are affiliated with public universities. Private schools can be partially aided by the national or state governments. India also has an "open" public university, the <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_National_Open_University" title="Indira Gandhi National Open University">Indira Gandhi National Open University</a> which offers distance education. In terms of the number of enrolled students, it is now the largest university in the world with over four million students. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Indonesia" title="List of universities in Indonesia">List of universities in Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rectorate_of_UNS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ce/Rectorate_of_UNS.jpg/220px-Rectorate_of_UNS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ce/Rectorate_of_UNS.jpg/330px-Rectorate_of_UNS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ce/Rectorate_of_UNS.jpg/440px-Rectorate_of_UNS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1306" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sebelas_Maret_University" title="Sebelas Maret University">Sebelas Maret University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a>, Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the government supports public universities in each province. Funding comes through the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology and the provincial and municipal governments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Iran" title="List of universities in Iran">List of universities in Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Tehran_main_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/University_of_Tehran_main_entrance.jpg/220px-University_of_Tehran_main_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/University_of_Tehran_main_entrance.jpg/330px-University_of_Tehran_main_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/University_of_Tehran_main_entrance.jpg/440px-University_of_Tehran_main_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tehran" title="University of Tehran">University of Tehran</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, Iran</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the public universities in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> offer tuition-free and tuition-based programs. State-run universities are highly selective and competitive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_universities_and_colleges" title="List of Israeli universities and colleges">List of Israeli universities and colleges</a></div> <p>There are nine official universities in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, a few dozen colleges, and about a dozen foreign university extensions. The <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Higher_Education_in_Israel" title="Council for Higher Education in Israel">Council for Higher Education in Israel</a> supervises all of these institutions academically. Only a university, not a college, can issue <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a> degrees in Israel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Japan" title="Higher education in Japan">Higher education in Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_Metropolitan_University_2006_10_07_v4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tokyo_Metropolitan_University_2006_10_07_v4.jpg/220px-Tokyo_Metropolitan_University_2006_10_07_v4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tokyo_Metropolitan_University_2006_10_07_v4.jpg/330px-Tokyo_Metropolitan_University_2006_10_07_v4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tokyo_Metropolitan_University_2006_10_07_v4.jpg/440px-Tokyo_Metropolitan_University_2006_10_07_v4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_University" title="Tokyo Metropolitan University">Tokyo Metropolitan University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, public universities are run by local governments, either prefectural or municipal. According to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education (Japan)">Ministry of Education</a>, public universities have "provided an opportunity for higher education in a region and served the central role of intellectual and cultural base for the local community in the region" and are "expected to contribute to social, economical and cultural development in the region".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contrasts with the research-oriented aspects of national universities. </p><p>In 2010, 127,872 students were attending 95 public universities, compared to 86 <a href="/wiki/National_university" title="National university">national universities</a> and 597 private universities in Japan. Many public universities are relatively new; in 1980, there were only 34 public universities in Japan. Since July 2003, public universities may incorporate under the Local Independent Administrative Institutions Law.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_universities_in_South_Korea" title="List of national universities in South Korea">List of national universities in South Korea</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, most public universities are national. There are 29 national universities, eighteen special universities, and ten educational universities. In addition, there are two national colleges and the <a href="/wiki/Korea_National_Open_University" title="Korea National Open University">Korea National Open University</a> which offers distance learning. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Seoul" title="University of Seoul">University of Seoul</a> is a public municipal university. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Kyrgyzstan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="List of universities in Kyrgyzstan">List of universities in Kyrgyzstan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manas_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Manas_University.jpg/220px-Manas_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Manas_University.jpg/330px-Manas_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Manas_University.jpg/440px-Manas_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manas_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Manas University">Manas University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a>, Kyrgyzstan</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Manas_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Manas University">Manas University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> is a public higher education institution that offers associate degrees, undergraduate degrees, and graduate and postgraduate degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macau">Macau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Macau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Macau">List of universities in Macau</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Macau" title="University of Macau">University of Macau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macao_Polytechnic_University" title="Macao Polytechnic University">Macao Polytechnic University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macao_University_of_Tourism" title="Macao University of Tourism">Macao University of Tourism</a> are the public universities in <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Malaysia" title="List of universities in Malaysia">List of universities in Malaysia</a></div> <p>There are twenty public universities in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, funded by the government but governed as self-managed institutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal">Nepal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Nepal" title="List of universities in Nepal">List of universities in Nepal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tribhuwan_university.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tribhuwan_university.jpg/220px-Tribhuwan_university.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tribhuwan_university.jpg/330px-Tribhuwan_university.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tribhuwan_university.jpg/440px-Tribhuwan_university.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_University" title="Kathmandu University">Tribhuwan University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kirtipur" title="Kirtipur">Kirtipur</a>, Kathmandu, Nepal</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_University" title="Tribhuvan University">Tribhuvan University</a> was the first public university in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. It operates through six different institutes and is affiliated with various colleges. There are government-funded <a href="/wiki/Purbanchal_University" title="Purbanchal University">Purbanchal University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pokhara_University" title="Pokhara University">Pokhara University</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Pakistan" title="List of universities in Pakistan">List of universities in Pakistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Peshawar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/University_of_Peshawar.jpg/220px-University_of_Peshawar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/University_of_Peshawar.jpg/330px-University_of_Peshawar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/University_of_Peshawar.jpg/440px-University_of_Peshawar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9580" data-file-height="3543" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Peshawar" title="University of Peshawar">University of Peshawar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, Pakistan</figcaption></figure> <p>There are 107 public universities in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, compared to 76 private universities.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Punjab" title="University of the Punjab">University of the Punjab</a> is the biggest public university, followed by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Karachi" title="University of Karachi">University of Karachi</a>. The public universities receive guidance and recognition from the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Commission_(Pakistan)" title="Higher Education Commission (Pakistan)">Higher Education Commission</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_Philippines" title="Higher education in the Philippines">Higher education in the Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_university_and_college_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="State university and college (Philippines)">State university and college (Philippines)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Local_college_and_university_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Local college and university (Philippines)">Local college and university (Philippines)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quezon_Hall_and_the_Oblation_-_Flickr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Quezon_Hall_and_the_Oblation_-_Flickr.jpg/220px-Quezon_Hall_and_the_Oblation_-_Flickr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Quezon_Hall_and_the_Oblation_-_Flickr.jpg/330px-Quezon_Hall_and_the_Oblation_-_Flickr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Quezon_Hall_and_the_Oblation_-_Flickr.jpg/440px-Quezon_Hall_and_the_Oblation_-_Flickr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman" title="University of the Philippines Diliman">University of the Philippines Diliman</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a>, Philippines</figcaption></figure> <p>There are more than 500 public higher education institutions in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> that are controlled and managed by the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Higher_Education_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Higher Education (Philippines)">Commission on Higher Education</a>. Of the 500, 436 are state colleges and universities, 31 local colleges and universities, and a handful of community colleges. In 2008, the Philippine Congress passed Republic Act 9500, declaring the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a> as the national university to distinguish it from all other state universities and colleges. Other notable public colleges and universities include the <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_the_Philippines" title="Polytechnic University of the Philippines">Polytechnic University of the Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technological_University_of_the_Philippines" title="Technological University of the Philippines">Technological University of the Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Normal_University" title="Philippine Normal University">Philippine Normal University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batangas_State_University" title="Batangas State University">Batangas State University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mindanao_State_University" title="Mindanao State University">Mindanao State University</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_University_of_Technology_and_Design_-_20150602-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Singapore_University_of_Technology_and_Design_-_20150602-02.jpg/220px-Singapore_University_of_Technology_and_Design_-_20150602-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Singapore_University_of_Technology_and_Design_-_20150602-02.jpg/330px-Singapore_University_of_Technology_and_Design_-_20150602-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Singapore_University_of_Technology_and_Design_-_20150602-02.jpg/440px-Singapore_University_of_Technology_and_Design_-_20150602-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Singapore_University_of_Technology_and_Design" title="Singapore University of Technology and Design">Singapore University of Technology and Design</a> in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Singapore" title="List of universities in Singapore">List of universities in Singapore</a></div><p>There are six autonomous public universities in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, including <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a> founded in 1905, <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University" title="Nanyang Technological University">Nanyang Technological University</a> founded 1981, <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Management_University" title="Singapore Management University">Singapore Management University</a> founded in 2000, <a href="/wiki/Singapore_University_of_Technology_and_Design" title="Singapore University of Technology and Design">Singapore University of Technology and Design</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Institute_of_Technology" title="Singapore Institute of Technology">Singapore Institute of Technology</a> founded in 2009, and <a href="/wiki/Singapore_University_of_Social_Sciences" title="Singapore University of Social Sciences">Singapore University of Social Sciences</a> founded in 2017. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of universities in Sri Lanka">List of universities in Sri Lanka</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Eastern_University_Sri_Lanka_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/South_Eastern_University_Sri_Lanka_1.jpg/220px-South_Eastern_University_Sri_Lanka_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/South_Eastern_University_Sri_Lanka_1.jpg/330px-South_Eastern_University_Sri_Lanka_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/South_Eastern_University_Sri_Lanka_1.jpg/440px-South_Eastern_University_Sri_Lanka_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_University_of_Sri_Lanka" title="South Eastern University of Sri Lanka">South Eastern University</a> in Oluvil, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, there are seventeen public universities. Most public universities are funded by the government through the <a href="/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(Sri_Lanka)" title="University Grants Commission (Sri Lanka)">University Grants Commission</a>, which handles undergraduate placements and staff appointments.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top institutions include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Peradeniya" title="University of Peradeniya">University of Peradeniya</a> founded in 1942 and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colombo" title="University of Colombo">University of Colombo</a> founded in 1921. Sri Lanka also has a joint service military university, the <a href="/wiki/General_Sir_John_Kotelawala_Defence_University" title="General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University">General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University</a>, which is operated by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Ministry of Defence (Sri Lanka)">Ministry of Defence</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Taiwan">List of universities in Taiwan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taipei_Taiwan_University-of-Taipei-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Taipei_Taiwan_University-of-Taipei-05.jpg/220px-Taipei_Taiwan_University-of-Taipei-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Taipei_Taiwan_University-of-Taipei-05.jpg/330px-Taipei_Taiwan_University-of-Taipei-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Taipei_Taiwan_University-of-Taipei-05.jpg/440px-Taipei_Taiwan_University-of-Taipei-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5529" data-file-height="3075" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Taipei" title="University of Taipei">University of Taipei</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, Taiwan</figcaption></figure> <p>One-third of the 150 universities in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> are public. Because the Taiwanese government provides funding to public universities, their students pay less than half the tuition fees of those at private universities. Ten public universities were established before the 1980s and are the most prestigious in Taiwan. As a result, most students choose public universities for their tertiary education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Thailand" title="List of universities and colleges in Thailand">List of universities and colleges in Thailand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CUAuditorium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/CUAuditorium.jpg/220px-CUAuditorium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/CUAuditorium.jpg/330px-CUAuditorium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/CUAuditorium.jpg/440px-CUAuditorium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5454" data-file-height="3636" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn_University" title="Chulalongkorn University">Chulalongkorn University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Thailand</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 19th century <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, there was a high demand for professional talent by the central government. In 1899, the King founded the School for Training of Civil Officials near the northern gate of the royal palace. Graduates from the school became royal pages, a traditional entrance into the Mahattai Ministry or other government ministries. As of 2019, Thailand has nineteen public universities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Vietnam" title="List of universities in Vietnam">List of universities in Vietnam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wien_-_Universit%C3%A4t_(3).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Wien_-_Universit%C3%A4t_%283%29.JPG/220px-Wien_-_Universit%C3%A4t_%283%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Wien_-_Universit%C3%A4t_%283%29.JPG/330px-Wien_-_Universit%C3%A4t_%283%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Wien_-_Universit%C3%A4t_%283%29.JPG/440px-Wien_-_Universit%C3%A4t_%283%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4331" data-file-height="2595" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Austria" title="List of universities in Austria">List of universities in Austria</a></div><p> In <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, most universities are public. The state regulates tuition fees, making costs the same for all public universities. Except for some fields of study, notably medicine, all Austrians who pass the <a href="/wiki/Matura" title="Matura">Matura exam</a> have the right to attend any public university. Overenrolled degree programs have introduced additional entrance exams that students must pass in the first year or before starting the degree, especially with scientific subjects such as biology, chemistry, and physics. Private universities have existed since 1999 but are considered easier than public universities and thus hold less esteem.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Universiteitsforum_2010PM_0190_21H7192.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Universiteitsforum_2010PM_0190_21H7192.JPG/220px-Universiteitsforum_2010PM_0190_21H7192.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Universiteitsforum_2010PM_0190_21H7192.JPG/330px-Universiteitsforum_2010PM_0190_21H7192.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Universiteitsforum_2010PM_0190_21H7192.JPG/440px-Universiteitsforum_2010PM_0190_21H7192.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ghent_University" title="Ghent University">Ghent University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, Belgium</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Belgium" title="List of universities in Belgium">List of universities in Belgium</a></div> <p>All public universities in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> were operated under the legislation of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Belgium" title="Federal Government of Belgium">national government</a> until higher education was moved to the control of the three <a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">communities</a> in 1990. Consequently, the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Community" title="Flemish Community">Flemish</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium" title="German-speaking Community of Belgium">German</a> communities determine which institutes of higher education organize and issue diplomas. </p><p>Until the 1970s, Belgium had two state universities: the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="University of Liège">University of Liège</a> (ULiège) and the <a href="/wiki/Ghent_University" title="Ghent University">Ghent University</a> (UGent), both founded in 1817. These are often referred to as the two historic state universities. In 1965, small specialized single-faculty public institutions were recognized as universities, including the <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Veterinary_Medicine,_University_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège">Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gembloux_Agro-Bio_Tech" title="Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech">Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech</a>; both are now part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="University of Liège">University of Liège</a>. </p><p>The Belgian state created smaller public universities that have since merged with larger institutions, including the public university at Mons in 1965 which became part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mons" title="University of Mons">University of Mons</a> in 2009. The state-created university founded in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> in 1971 is now part of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Antwerp" title="University of Antwerp">University of Antwerp</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hasselt_University" title="Hasselt University">Hasselt University</a> started as a state-created public institution managed by the <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Belgium)" title="Limburg (Belgium)">Province of Limburg</a>. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(Belgium)" title="Luxembourg (Belgium)">Province of Luxembourg</a> managed the state-created public university in <a href="/wiki/Arlon" title="Arlon">Arlon</a> which became part of ULiège in 2004. </p><p>Since 1891, private universities have gradually become state-recognized and funded. Some private, mostly Catholic, organizations are called free institutions, as in administratively free from the state despite being state-funded. As of 2022, the communities fund all recognized universities, public and private, which follow the same rules and laws. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Split_University_Library-wide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Split_University_Library-wide.jpg/220px-Split_University_Library-wide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Split_University_Library-wide.jpg/330px-Split_University_Library-wide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Split_University_Library-wide.jpg/440px-Split_University_Library-wide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Split" title="University of Split">University of Split</a> in <a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Spilt, Croatia</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Croatia">Croatia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Croatia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Croatia">List of universities in Croatia</a></div> <p>The state runs most public universities in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>. Students who perform well academically pay only administrative fees which are less than €100 per year. Students who fail multiple classes in a year must retake the courses and pay a partial or full tuition fee. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syddansk_universitet.Campus_Kolding.Denmark.2014_(38).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Syddansk_universitet.Campus_Kolding.Denmark.2014_%2838%29.JPG/220px-Syddansk_universitet.Campus_Kolding.Denmark.2014_%2838%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Syddansk_universitet.Campus_Kolding.Denmark.2014_%2838%29.JPG/330px-Syddansk_universitet.Campus_Kolding.Denmark.2014_%2838%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Syddansk_universitet.Campus_Kolding.Denmark.2014_%2838%29.JPG/440px-Syddansk_universitet.Campus_Kolding.Denmark.2014_%2838%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_Denmark" title="University of Southern Denmark">University of Southern Denmark</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kolding" title="Kolding">Kolding</a>, Denmark</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities and colleges in Denmark">List of universities and colleges in Denmark</a></div> <p>Almost all universities in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> are public and are held in higher esteem than their private counterparts. Danish students attend university for free. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Finland" title="List of universities in Finland">List of universities in Finland</a></div> <p>All universities in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> are public and free of charge. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris-Sorbonne-102-Chapelle_Sainte-Ursule-2017-gje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Paris-Sorbonne-102-Chapelle_Sainte-Ursule-2017-gje.jpg/220px-Paris-Sorbonne-102-Chapelle_Sainte-Ursule-2017-gje.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Paris-Sorbonne-102-Chapelle_Sainte-Ursule-2017-gje.jpg/330px-Paris-Sorbonne-102-Chapelle_Sainte-Ursule-2017-gje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Paris-Sorbonne-102-Chapelle_Sainte-Ursule-2017-gje.jpg/440px-Paris-Sorbonne-102-Chapelle_Sainte-Ursule-2017-gje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="3757" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_France" title="List of universities and colleges in France">List of universities and colleges in France</a></div> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of public universities in France">universities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école"><i>grandes écoles</i></a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> are public and charge very low tuition fees—less than €1000 per year. Major exceptions are <a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">semi-private</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école">grandes écoles</a></i> such as <a href="/wiki/HEC_School_of_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="HEC School of Management">HEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emlyon_Business_School" title="Emlyon Business School">EMLyon</a> or <a href="/wiki/INSEAD" title="INSEAD">INSEAD</a>. </p><p>Article L731-14 of the Code de l'éducation states that "<i>private higher education establishments can in no case take the title of university.</i>" Nevertheless, many private institutions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Lille" title="Université catholique de Lille">Catholic University of Lille</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Lyon" title="Catholic University of Lyon">Catholic University of Lyon</a>, use the university as their marketing name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Germany" title="List of universities in Germany">List of universities in Germany</a></div> <p>Most higher education institutions in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> are public and operated by the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states</a>. All professors are public servants. Public universities are generally held in higher esteem than their private counterparts. From 1972 through 1998, public universities were tuition-free; however, some states have since adopted low tuition fees. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Academy_of_Athens_facade_by_ArmAg_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Academy_of_Athens_facade_by_ArmAg_%281%29.jpg/220px-Academy_of_Athens_facade_by_ArmAg_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Academy_of_Athens_facade_by_ArmAg_%281%29.jpg/330px-Academy_of_Athens_facade_by_ArmAg_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Academy_of_Athens_facade_by_ArmAg_%281%29.jpg/440px-Academy_of_Athens_facade_by_ArmAg_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2158" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Athens_(modern)" title="Academy of Athens (modern)">Academy of Athens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Greece</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Greece" title="List of universities in Greece">List of universities in Greece</a></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Greece" title="Constitution of Greece">constitution of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Greece" title="List of universities in Greece">higher education institutions</a> (HEI) include universities, technical universities, and specialist institutions. HEI undergraduate programs are government-funded and do not charge tuition. A quarter of HEI postgraduate programs are tuition-free. After individual assessments, thirty percent of Greek students are entitled to attend any of the statutory postgraduate programs without tuition fees. Founded as a national institution in 1926, the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Athens_(modern)" title="Academy of Athens (modern)">Academy of Athens</a> is the highest research establishment in Greece. </p><p>Private higher education institutions cannot operate in Greece and are not recognized as degree-awarding bodies by the Greek government. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_University_of_Ireland,_Galway_-_geograph.org.uk_-_12024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/National_University_of_Ireland%2C_Galway_-_geograph.org.uk_-_12024.jpg/220px-National_University_of_Ireland%2C_Galway_-_geograph.org.uk_-_12024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/National_University_of_Ireland%2C_Galway_-_geograph.org.uk_-_12024.jpg/330px-National_University_of_Ireland%2C_Galway_-_geograph.org.uk_-_12024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/National_University_of_Ireland%2C_Galway_-_geograph.org.uk_-_12024.jpg/440px-National_University_of_Ireland%2C_Galway_-_geograph.org.uk_-_12024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland" title="National University of Ireland">National University of Ireland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a>, Ireland</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Third-level_education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Third-level education in the Republic of Ireland">Third-level education in the Republic of Ireland</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, nearly all universities, institutes of technology, colleges, and some third-level institutions are public. The state pays the cost of educating undergraduates, although students must contribute approximately €3,000. There are a few private institutions of higher learning, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_College_of_Ireland" title="National College of Ireland">National College of Ireland</a>. However, none of the private institutions have university status and are highly specialized. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rettorato_del_Politecnico_di_Milano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Rettorato_del_Politecnico_di_Milano.jpg/220px-Rettorato_del_Politecnico_di_Milano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Rettorato_del_Politecnico_di_Milano.jpg/330px-Rettorato_del_Politecnico_di_Milano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Rettorato_del_Politecnico_di_Milano.jpg/440px-Rettorato_del_Politecnico_di_Milano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Milan" title="Polytechnic University of Milan">Polytechnic University of Milan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Italy" title="List of universities in Italy">List of universities in Italy</a></div> <p>Almost all universities in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> are public but have institutional autonomy by law. The Italian state provides the majority of university funding. Therefore, students pay relatively low tuition fees, set by each university according to the student's family wealth, the course of study, and exam performance. A few scholarships are available for the best low-income students at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. However, for research, private funding ranges from low to non-existent, compared to most European countries. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20090529_Academiegebouw_Groningen_NL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/20090529_Academiegebouw_Groningen_NL.jpg/220px-20090529_Academiegebouw_Groningen_NL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/20090529_Academiegebouw_Groningen_NL.jpg/330px-20090529_Academiegebouw_Groningen_NL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/20090529_Academiegebouw_Groningen_NL.jpg/440px-20090529_Academiegebouw_Groningen_NL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">University of Groningen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a>, Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of universities in the Netherlands">List of universities in the Netherlands</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> Ministry of Education funds most public universities. Dutch citizens and those from European Union countries pay an annual tuition fee for their first bachelor's or master's degree; the fee was €1,951 in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-European Union students and students who want to complete a second bachelor's or master's degree pay a legal school fee. Annually, these legal school fees range between €7,000 for bachelor programs and €30,000 for master's programs in medicine. The Ministry of Education supervises all universities, including private institutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Norway" title="List of universities in Norway">List of universities in Norway</a></div> <p>Almost all universities in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> are public and state-funded. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wroclaw_-_Uniwersytet_Wroclawski_o_poranku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wroclaw_-_Uniwersytet_Wroclawski_o_poranku.jpg/220px-Wroclaw_-_Uniwersytet_Wroclawski_o_poranku.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wroclaw_-_Uniwersytet_Wroclawski_o_poranku.jpg/330px-Wroclaw_-_Uniwersytet_Wroclawski_o_poranku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wroclaw_-_Uniwersytet_Wroclawski_o_poranku.jpg/440px-Wroclaw_-_Uniwersytet_Wroclawski_o_poranku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5505" data-file-height="3562" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="University of Wrocław">University of Wrocław</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Poland" title="List of universities in Poland">List of universities in Poland</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, public universities are established by Acts of Parliament. The government pays all tuition fees and other costs of public university students. In contrast, private citizens, societies, or companies operate private universities that charge tuition fees directly to students. These institutions are generally held in lower regard than public universities. A small number of private universities do not charge fees, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_Catholic_University_of_Lublin" title="John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin">John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coimbra_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Coimbra_University.jpg/220px-Coimbra_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Coimbra_University.jpg/330px-Coimbra_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Coimbra_University.jpg/440px-Coimbra_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Coimbra" title="University of Coimbra">University of Coimbra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a>, Portugal</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Portugal" title="List of universities and colleges in Portugal">List of universities and colleges in Portugal</a></div> <p>There are thirteen public universities, a <a href="/wiki/University_institute" class="mw-redirect" title="University institute">university institute</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Distance_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Distance university">distance university</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Portugal" title="Higher education in Portugal">Higher education in Portugal</a> provided by state-run institutions is not free; students must pay a tuition fee. However, the tuition fee is lower than that of private universities. The highest tuition fee allowed by law in public universities is €697 per year as of 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public universities include some of the most selective and demanding higher learning institutions in Portugal. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lomonosov_Moscow_State_University),_October_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lomonosov_Moscow_State_University%29%2C_October_2010.jpg/220px-Lomonosov_Moscow_State_University%29%2C_October_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lomonosov_Moscow_State_University%29%2C_October_2010.jpg/330px-Lomonosov_Moscow_State_University%29%2C_October_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Lomonosov_Moscow_State_University%29%2C_October_2010.jpg/440px-Lomonosov_Moscow_State_University%29%2C_October_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3554" data-file-height="2652" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_learning_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of institutions of higher learning in Russia">List of institutions of higher learning in Russia</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, about 7.5 million students study in thousands of universities. Founded in 1755, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a> is a public research university and the most prestigious university in Russia. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University" title="Saint Petersburg State University">Saint Petersburg State University</a> is a state-owned university that was founded in 1724; it is managed by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Russian Federation">government of the Russian Federation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia">Serbia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Serbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Serbia" title="List of universities in Serbia">List of universities in Serbia</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, over 85% of college students study at state-operated public universities.<sup id="cite_ref-serbia-2018enrollment_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serbia-2018enrollment-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academically well-performing students pay only administrative fees of less than €100 per year. Students who fail multiple classes in a year and have to retake them, pay a partial or full tuition fee, ranging from €500 to €2000 per year.<sup id="cite_ref-serbia-tuitionfees_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serbia-tuitionfees-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Private universities have existed in Serbia since 1989 but are held in less esteem because they are generally less academically rigorous than the public universities. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UNIVERSIDAD_DE_BARCELONA_(14).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/UNIVERSIDAD_DE_BARCELONA_%2814%29.JPG/220px-UNIVERSIDAD_DE_BARCELONA_%2814%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/UNIVERSIDAD_DE_BARCELONA_%2814%29.JPG/330px-UNIVERSIDAD_DE_BARCELONA_%2814%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/UNIVERSIDAD_DE_BARCELONA_%2814%29.JPG/440px-UNIVERSIDAD_DE_BARCELONA_%2814%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Barcelona" title="University of Barcelona">University of Barcelona</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Spain" title="List of universities in Spain">List of universities in Spain</a></div> <p>Of the 74 universities in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, 54 are public and funded by the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous community">autonomous community</a> in which they are based. University funding differs by region. However, the central government establishes homogeneous tuition fees for all public universities which are much lower than those of their private counterparts. The highest tuition fee allowed by law was, as of 2010, €14.97 per academic credit, amounting to roughly €900 a year for an average 60-credit full-time course.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tuition fees at private universities might reach €18,000 a year. </p><p>Public universities are state-owned but are granted considerable independence and self-governance. However, public universities do not have free use of their assets and are subject to Spanish administrative law. Public university administrators, lecturers, and professors are granted civil servant status rather than tenure. A Spanish civil servant can only be fired under exceptional and well-justified circumstances. Research funding is allocated by the autonomous community or the central government; in the former, funding amount and conditions vary significantly from one independent community to another. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Sweden">List of universities in Sweden</a></div> <p>Most universities in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> are public. <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sweden" title="Education in Sweden">Education in Sweden</a> is free, so students do not pay tuition at any Swedish university. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bosphorus_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bosphorus_University.jpg/220px-Bosphorus_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bosphorus_University.jpg/330px-Bosphorus_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bosphorus_University.jpg/440px-Bosphorus_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2854" data-file-height="1714" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bo%C4%9Fazi%C3%A7i_University" title="Boğaziçi University">Boğaziçi University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkey" title="List of universities in Turkey">List of universities in Turkey</a></div> <p>In 2016, there were 183 <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academies" class="mw-redirect" title="Academies">academies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, including 118 state universities, five <a href="/wiki/Technical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical University">technical universities</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Technology">institutes of technology</a>, and one <a href="/wiki/Fine_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine arts">fine arts</a> university. Turkey's higher learning institutions are governed by the Ministry of Higher Education or <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Higher_Education_(Turkey)" title="Council of Higher Education (Turkey)">YÖK</a> Ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 65 private foundation <a href="/wiki/Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a>, seven are two-year granting institutions. In addition, there are special institutions, including four <a href="/wiki/Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Academy">military academies</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Police_academy" title="Police academy">police academy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Ukraine" title="List of universities in Ukraine">List of universities in Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Ukraine" title="Higher education in Ukraine">Higher education in Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karazin_univer2_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Karazin_univer2_%283%29.jpg/220px-Karazin_univer2_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Karazin_univer2_%283%29.jpg/330px-Karazin_univer2_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Karazin_univer2_%283%29.jpg/440px-Karazin_univer2_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>Constructivist House of Projects, <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Kharkiv" title="National University of Kharkiv">National University of Kharkiv</a></figcaption></figure><p> After the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, there were 910 higher educational institutions on the territory of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and over the years there has been a tendency to reduce their number. Despite the decline of universities, the number of university students increased from 881,000 in 1990/1991 to 2.4 million in 2007/2008. <a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko_National_University_of_Kyiv" title="Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv">Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv</a>, founded in 1834 and located in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, is one of the most prestigious universities in Ukraine. <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Kharkiv" title="National University of Kharkiv">National University of Kharkiv</a> was founded in 1804 in Kharkov and since then has become one of the largest universities in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Founder%27s_Building,_Royal_Holloway,_University_of_London_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Founder%27s_Building%2C_Royal_Holloway%2C_University_of_London_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-Founder%27s_Building%2C_Royal_Holloway%2C_University_of_London_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Founder%27s_Building%2C_Royal_Holloway%2C_University_of_London_-_Diliff.jpg/330px-Founder%27s_Building%2C_Royal_Holloway%2C_University_of_London_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Founder%27s_Building%2C_Royal_Holloway%2C_University_of_London_-_Diliff.jpg/440px-Founder%27s_Building%2C_Royal_Holloway%2C_University_of_London_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8433" data-file-height="5575" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Holloway,_University_of_London" title="Royal Holloway, University of London">Royal Holloway, University of London</a> in <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_College,_University_of_Edinburgh_(24923171570).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Old_College%2C_University_of_Edinburgh_%2824923171570%29.jpg/220px-Old_College%2C_University_of_Edinburgh_%2824923171570%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Old_College%2C_University_of_Edinburgh_%2824923171570%29.jpg/330px-Old_College%2C_University_of_Edinburgh_%2824923171570%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Old_College%2C_University_of_Edinburgh_%2824923171570%29.jpg/440px-Old_College%2C_University_of_Edinburgh_%2824923171570%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_College,_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Old College, University of Edinburgh">Old College</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:-SeneddSwansea_(22089809814).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/-SeneddSwansea_%2822089809814%29.jpg/220px--SeneddSwansea_%2822089809814%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/-SeneddSwansea_%2822089809814%29.jpg/330px--SeneddSwansea_%2822089809814%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/-SeneddSwansea_%2822089809814%29.jpg/440px--SeneddSwansea_%2822089809814%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Swansea_University" title="Swansea University">Swansea University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>, Wales</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universities in the United Kingdom">Universities in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, the government does not own universities. However, universities are considered public if they receive funding for teaching or research from one of the funding councils. </p><p>The right to award degrees and use the title university or university college is granted by the <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council">Privy Council</a> for institutions in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Students" title="Office for Students">Office for Students</a> for institutions in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All universities are autonomous and legally independent of the state, but are still regulated by the government. The degree of regulation varies between the countries and depends on the university's constitutional form and whether it receives public funding. Most universities in the United Kingdom receive public funding through block grants from the Office for Students (England), the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Funding_Council_for_Wales" title="Higher Education Funding Council for Wales">Higher Education Funding Council for Wales</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_the_Economy" title="Department for the Economy">Department for the Economy</a> (Northern Ireland), or the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Funding_Council" title="Scottish Funding Council">Scottish Funding Council</a>. There are only six fully-fledged <a href="/wiki/Private_university#United_Kingdom" title="Private university">private universities in the United Kingdom</a> that do not receive block grants, all in England. </p><p>Universities and other higher education providers that receive block grants are treated as public authorities under the <a href="/wiki/Equality_Act_2010" title="Equality Act 2010">Equality Act 2010</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_2000" title="Freedom of Information Act 2000">Freedom of Information Act 2000</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_(Scotland)_Act_2002" title="Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002">Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002</a> for institutions in Scotland). They are also likely to be considered a public authority under the Human Rights Act 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Universities incorporated as higher education corporations are regarded as public authorities for some purposes, even if they do not receive public funding.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a university in England receives public funding, the government regulates the <a href="/wiki/Tuition_fees_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tuition fees in the United Kingdom">tuition fees</a> the university can charge.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, registration as a higher education provider is obligatory for English universities, whether or not they are publicly funded, and requires adherence to public interest governance principles.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All registered providers in England must also be members of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Independent_Adjudicator" title="Office of the Independent Adjudicator">Office of the Independent Adjudicator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, direct government funding for universities has declined since 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-PatonJan2012_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PatonJan2012-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2014 and 2018, funding council grants dropped from 18% to 15% for <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> (a large research university), 17% to 11% for <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a> (a small research university), and 15% to 8% for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire" title="University of Hertfordshire">University of Hertfordshire</a> (a teaching-focused university).<sup id="cite_ref-Herts2014_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herts2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UCL2018_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCL2018-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UCL2014_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCL2014-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Durham2014_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durham2014-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herts2018_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herts2018-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each of the four nations within the United Kingdom is responsible for higher education as a <a href="/wiki/Devolved_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Devolved matter">devolved matter</a> and have adopted different methods of support for resident students. Scotland offers free tuition for residents for their first undergraduate degree in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Welsh Government provides means-tests grants and loans to students, based on family income; the funding follows Welsh students, even if they choose to study outside of Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> England and Northern Ireland expect students to take out student loans to cover the cost of tuition. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> was government controlled from its establishment as an examining board in 1836 to its reconstitution as a more traditional teaching university in 1900. It has been described as "what today would be called a <a href="/wiki/Quango" title="Quango">quango</a>", operating out of government premises, staffed by civil servants, and directly accountable to the Treasury for its expenditure.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 2019, the governing documents of publicly funded universities could only be modified with permission from the Privy Council. For the majority of publicly funded universities in England, the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_and_Research_Act_2017" title="Higher Education and Research Act 2017">Higher Education and Research Act 2017</a> replaced Privy Council oversight with public interest governance regulations from the Office for Students.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Privy Council oversight continues for almost all English institutions that were in the university sector before 1992, and would continue even if they were to cease to be publicly funded, due to their constitutional form as civil corporations,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Statutory_corporation#United_Kingdom" title="Statutory corporation">statutory corporations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">chartered corporations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In principle, any university can leave the regulated fees system at any time by not accepting public funding; for most universities (those not incorporated as higher education corporations), this would also remove their status as public authorities. In "OFFA and £6000–9000 tuition fees", OxCHEPS Occasional Paper No. 39 (21 February 2011),<sup id="cite_ref-OXCHEPS39_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OXCHEPS39-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farrington Dennis and David Palfreyman write, "...any university which does not want funding from HEFCE can, as a private corporation, charge whatever tuition fees it likes (exactly as does, say, the University of Buckingham or BPP University College). Under existing legislation and outside of the influence of the HEFCE-funding mechanism upon universities, the Government can no more control university tuition fees than it can dictate the price of socks in Marks & Spencer. Universities are not part of the State. They are not part of the public sector; Government has no reserve powers of intervention even in a failing institution.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scotland may also pay for a fifth year of undergraduate study if a student needs to repeat a year or decides to change their course of study. This is known as false-start funding.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">these are applicable, in slightly different forms, to both public and private institutions</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Holloway,_University_of_London" title="Royal Holloway, University of London">Royal Holloway</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> All other institutions in the university sector before 1992, except for the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>, which is constituted as a <a href="/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_guarantee" class="mw-redirect" title="Private company limited by guarantee">company limited by guarantee</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_America">North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toronto_-_ON_-_Hart_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Toronto_-_ON_-_Hart_House.jpg/220px-Toronto_-_ON_-_Hart_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Toronto_-_ON_-_Hart_House.jpg/330px-Toronto_-_ON_-_Hart_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Toronto_-_ON_-_Hart_House.jpg/440px-Toronto_-_ON_-_Hart_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="2556" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Universities_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities in Canada">Universities in Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/College_(Canada)" title="College (Canada)">College (Canada)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CEGEP" title="CEGEP">CEGEP</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Allison_campus_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mount_Allison_campus_image.jpg/220px-Mount_Allison_campus_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mount_Allison_campus_image.jpg/330px-Mount_Allison_campus_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mount_Allison_campus_image.jpg/440px-Mount_Allison_campus_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Allison_University" title="Mount Allison University">Mount Allison University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sackville,_New_Brunswick" title="Sackville, New Brunswick">Sackville, NB</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, education is a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">constitutional</a> responsibility of the individual <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Canada">provinces</a>. Provincial governments established the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Oxbridge" title="Oxbridge">Oxbridge</a> model and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">University of Manitoba</a> in the pattern of American state universities. </p><p>Many older universities in Canada were privately <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">endowed</a> such as <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> or founded by church denominations, such as <a href="/wiki/Mount_Allison_University" title="Mount Allison University">Mount Allison University</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church</a>), <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a></span></span> (Catholic), <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_University_(Halifax)" title="Saint Mary's University (Halifax)">St Mary's University (Catholic)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University at Kingston</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_University" title="Dalhousie University">Dalhousie University</a> (Nonsectarian), <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_University" title="St. Francis Xavier University">St. Francis Xavier University</a> (Catholic), <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University (Baptist)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa (Catholic)</a>; these became publicly funded and secular in the 20th century. All major Canadian universities are now publicly funded but maintain <a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">institutional autonomy</a>, with the ability to decide admission, tuition, and governance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costa_Rica">Costa Rica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Costa Rica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Costa_Rica" title="List of universities in Costa Rica">List of universities in Costa Rica</a></div><p> In <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, public universities include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Costa_Rica" title="University of Costa Rica">University of Costa Rica</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Costa_Rica" title="National University of Costa Rica">National University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Distance_State_University" title="Distance State University">Distance State University</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Technical_University_(Costa_Rica)" title="National Technical University (Costa Rica)">National Technical University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica_Institute_of_Technology" title="Costa Rica Institute of Technology">Costa Rica Institute of Technology</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ciudad_Universitaria_(5535011417).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ciudad_Universitaria_%285535011417%29.jpg/220px-Ciudad_Universitaria_%285535011417%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ciudad_Universitaria_%285535011417%29.jpg/330px-Ciudad_Universitaria_%285535011417%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ciudad_Universitaria_%285535011417%29.jpg/440px-Ciudad_Universitaria_%285535011417%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico" title="National Autonomous University of Mexico">National Autonomous University of Mexico</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, Mexico</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Mexico" title="List of universities in Mexico">List of universities in Mexico</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> has both public and private universities, with wide variation in terms of cost, academic performance, and organization. The most reputable and largest university, the <a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico" title="National Autonomous University of Mexico">National Autonomous University of Mexico</a> (UNAM), is publicly funded and virtually free, while also independent from the government. <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Polit%C3%A9cnico_Nacional" title="Instituto Politécnico Nacional">Instituto Politécnico Nacional</a> is a federally-administered public university. Several public state universities follow an autonomous model similar to UNAM, including <a href="/wiki/University_of_Guadalajara" title="University of Guadalajara">Universidad de Guadalajara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_University_of_Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Autonomous University of Nuevo León">Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León</a>. However, these state universities do not receive as much public funding, which means higher tuition fees.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristopherWrenBuilding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ChristopherWrenBuilding.jpg/220px-ChristopherWrenBuilding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ChristopherWrenBuilding.jpg/330px-ChristopherWrenBuilding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ChristopherWrenBuilding.jpg/440px-ChristopherWrenBuilding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4542" data-file-height="3028" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg, Virginia</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panama">Panama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Panama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, there are five public universities, including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Panama" title="University of Panama">University of Panama</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Technological_University_of_Panama" title="Technological University of Panama">Technological University of Panama</a>. Public universities are state-funded with no cost or minimal tuition, around US$1,500 over four years. Public universities operate autonomously, without intervention from the state. Public universities are prestigious due to their free or low-cost nature,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="It’s not clear how low costs would lead to prestige. (April 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which removes financial incentives to pass and retain students. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_College_UGA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Old_College_UGA.jpg/220px-Old_College_UGA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Old_College_UGA.jpg/330px-Old_College_UGA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Old_College_UGA.jpg/440px-Old_College_UGA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>Old College at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens,_Georgia" title="Athens, Georgia">Athens, Georgia</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008-07-11_UNC-CH_Wilson_Library_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/2008-07-11_UNC-CH_Wilson_Library_1.jpg/220px-2008-07-11_UNC-CH_Wilson_Library_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/2008-07-11_UNC-CH_Wilson_Library_1.jpg/330px-2008-07-11_UNC-CH_Wilson_Library_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/2008-07-11_UNC-CH_Wilson_Library_1.jpg/440px-2008-07-11_UNC-CH_Wilson_Library_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, North Carolina</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheeler_Hall,_University_of_California,_Berkeley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wheeler_Hall%2C_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.jpg/220px-Wheeler_Hall%2C_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wheeler_Hall%2C_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.jpg/330px-Wheeler_Hall%2C_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wheeler_Hall%2C_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.jpg/440px-Wheeler_Hall%2C_University_of_California%2C_Berkeley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3505" data-file-height="2360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_universities_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state universities in the United States">List of state universities in the United States</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, almost all public universities were founded, and are operated by <a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">state governments</a> and rely on subsidies from their respective states. However, support for public universities has declined in recent decades, forcing many public universities to seek private donations or raise tuition and fees. The percentage of state appropriations at public universities has fallen from 78% in 1974 to 43% in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> States generally charge higher tuition to out-of-state students because in-state students or their parents have previously subsidized the university by paying state taxes. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Oldest_public_universities_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldest public universities in the United States">oldest public universities in the United States</a> are the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a>, founded in 1785, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>, founded in 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a>, founded in 1693, and <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a>, founded in 1766, were two of the nine <a href="/wiki/Colonial_colleges" title="Colonial colleges">colonial colleges</a>. Both were private universities until the 20th century, with William & Mary becoming public in 1908 and Rutgers in 1945. </p><p>Every state has at least one public university and the largest states have more than thirty. This is partly a result of 1862 <a href="/wiki/Morrill_Land-Grant_Acts" title="Morrill Land-Grant Acts">Morrill Land-Grant Acts</a>, which gave eligible states 30,000 acres (12,141 ha) of federal land to sell to finance public universities that emphasized studies in agriculture and mechanical arts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutgers,_the_State_University_of_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey">Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a> were early land-grant colleges.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Targeted at the Southern states, the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_College_Act_of_1890" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural College Act of 1890">Agricultural College Act of 1890</a> required states to establish land-grant universities for African Americans if they were excluded from the state's existing land-grant institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Act_of_1965" title="Higher Education Act of 1965">Higher Education Act of 1965</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Education_Amendments_of_1972" title="Education Amendments of 1972">Education Amendments of 1972</a>, made public universities even more accessible for women, minorities, and lower-income applicants.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many U.S. public universities began as teacher training institutions, often named <a href="/wiki/Normal_school" title="Normal school">normal schools</a> or teachers colleges, and eventually expanded into comprehensive universities. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a>; the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Milwaukee" title="University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee">University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Missouri_State_University" title="Missouri State University">Missouri State University</a>. There are also public <a href="/wiki/Tribal_colleges_and_universities" title="Tribal colleges and universities">tribal colleges and universities</a> operated by <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>, and some colleges where a <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipal government</a> is an owner or part of governance such as the <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quincy_College" title="Quincy College">Quincy College</a>. Federally chartered public universities include the <a href="/wiki/United_States_service_academies" title="United States service academies">United States Service academies</a> that are administered by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Haskell_Indian_Nations_University" title="Haskell Indian Nations University">Haskell Indian Nations University</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> governs. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="University of the District of Columbia">University of the District of Columbia</a> is the public university in Washington, D.C., overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Government of the District of Columbia</a> under authority devolved from Congress under <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_home_rule" title="District of Columbia home rule">District of Columbia home rule</a>. Private universities in the District of Columbia also hold federal charters but are not public. </p><p>Historically, many of the prestigious universities in the United States are private, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a>. However, some public universities are highly prestigious and increasingly selective; these are now referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Public_Ivy" title="Public Ivy">Public Ivy</a>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> is often <a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings" title="College and university rankings">ranked</a> as a top-ten university in the world and the top public university in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a number of public <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Liberal arts colleges in the United States">liberal arts colleges</a>, including the members of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Public_Liberal_Arts_Colleges" title="Council of Public Liberal Arts Colleges">Council of Public Liberal Arts Colleges</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Community_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Community colleges in the United States">Community colleges in the United States</a> are generally public colleges. They typically offer <a href="/wiki/Associate%27s_degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate's degrees">associate's degrees</a> for two academic years of post-secondary school. In contrast, bachelor's degrees from universities represent four academic years of post-secondary school. In the 21st century, some community colleges have added bachelor's degree programs, particularly in applied career-focused subjects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_2">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other universities also claim to be the oldest in the United States. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina" title="University of South Carolina">University of South Carolina</a>, founded in 1801, is the longest continuously supported public university. <a href="/wiki/Ohio_University" title="Ohio University">Ohio University</a>, founded in 1804, is the oldest public university in continuous operation. <a href="/wiki/Vincennes_University" title="Vincennes University">Vincennes University</a> was founded in 1801 and has continuously operated. However, it did not become a public institution until 1806 and has been primarily a two-year institution since 1889. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee" title="University of Tennessee">University of Tennessee</a> was chartered in 1794 but did not receive state funds until 1807 and closed from 1809 to 1820. William & Mary, North Carolina, Georgia, and South Carolina closed during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Much of this land came from Native American tribal land.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceania">Oceania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SydneyUniversity_MainBuilding_Panorama_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/SydneyUniversity_MainBuilding_Panorama_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-SydneyUniversity_MainBuilding_Panorama_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/SydneyUniversity_MainBuilding_Panorama_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-SydneyUniversity_MainBuilding_Panorama_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/SydneyUniversity_MainBuilding_Panorama_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-SydneyUniversity_MainBuilding_Panorama_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4350" data-file-height="2445" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Australia" title="List of universities in Australia">List of universities in Australia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> has 43 universities, with 37 being public universities.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight_(Australian_universities)" title="Group of Eight (Australian universities)">Group of Eight</a> includes some of the oldest public universities in Australia, including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Queensland" title="University of Queensland">University of Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales" title="University of New South Wales">University of New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia" title="University of Western Australia">University of Western Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monash_University" title="Monash University">Monash University</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Technology_Network" title="Australian Technology Network">Australian Technology Network</a> of public universities grew from the former Institutes of Technology and include <a href="/wiki/RMIT_University" class="mw-redirect" title="RMIT University">RMIT University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland_University_of_Technology" title="Queensland University of Technology">Queensland University of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curtin_University" title="Curtin University">Curtin University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology_Sydney" title="University of Technology Sydney">University of Technology Sydney</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Australia" title="University of South Australia">University of South Australia</a>. These former technology institutes gained university status in the late 1980s through the early 1990s due to the reforms made by <a href="/wiki/John_Dawkins" title="John Dawkins">John Dawkins</a>, then Minister for Employment, Education, and Training. <a href="/wiki/Innovative_Research_Universities_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Innovative Research Universities Australia">Innovative Research Universities</a> represents several public research-intensive institutions, with most members being established in the 1960s and 1970s. The group includes <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin_University" title="Charles Darwin University">Charles Darwin University</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Cook_University" title="James Cook University">James Cook University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griffith_University" title="Griffith University">Griffith University</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Trobe_University" title="La Trobe University">La Trobe University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flinders_University" title="Flinders University">Flinders University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murdoch_University" title="Murdoch University">Murdoch University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Sydney_University" title="Western Sydney University">Western Sydney University</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Regional_Universities_Network" title="Regional Universities Network">Regional Universities Network</a> includes seven regional Australian public universities, including <a href="/wiki/Central_Queensland_University" title="Central Queensland University">Central Queensland University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_University" title="Southern Cross University">Southern Cross University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federation_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation University">Federation University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_Queensland" title="University of Southern Queensland">University of Southern Queensland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Sunshine_Coast" title="University of the Sunshine Coast">University of the Sunshine Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_England_(Australia)" title="University of New England (Australia)">University of New England (Australia)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sturt_University" title="Charles Sturt University">Charles Sturt University</a>. The NUW Alliance consists of three public universities in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Newcastle,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Newcastle, Australia">University of Newcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales" title="University of New South Wales">University of New South Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wollongong" title="University of Wollongong">University of Wollongong</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_New_Zealand" title="List of universities in New Zealand">List of universities in New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Otago_Clocktower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/University_of_Otago_Clocktower.jpg/220px-University_of_Otago_Clocktower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/University_of_Otago_Clocktower.jpg/330px-University_of_Otago_Clocktower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/University_of_Otago_Clocktower.jpg/440px-University_of_Otago_Clocktower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2406" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Otago" title="University of Otago">University of Otago</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a>, New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, all eight universities are public. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Otago" title="University of Otago">University of Otago</a> is the oldest and was established in 1869 by <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_New_Zealand" title="Provinces of New Zealand">Provincial Ordinance</a>. From 1870 to 1961, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Zealand" title="University of New Zealand">University of New Zealand</a> was effectively a single university structure with constituent colleges located in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a>. In 1961, the New Zealand Parliament dissolved the constituent colleges to form four independent universities: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Auckland" title="University of Auckland">University of Auckland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellington" title="Victoria University of Wellington">Victoria University of Wellington</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Canterbury" title="University of Canterbury">University of Canterbury</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Otago" title="University of Otago">University of Otago</a>. This change also established a new university in Hamilton, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waikato" title="University of Waikato">University of Waikato</a>. </p><p>Two former agricultural colleges, <a href="/wiki/Massey_University" title="Massey University">Massey University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_University,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln University, New Zealand">Lincoln University</a>, became universities in 1963 and 1990, respectively. <a href="/wiki/Auckland_University_of_Technology" title="Auckland University of Technology">Auckland University of Technology</a> was established in 2000 by an <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a> under the Education Act 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_America">South America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Facultad_de_Derecho_circa_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Facultad_de_Derecho_circa_1948.jpg/220px-Facultad_de_Derecho_circa_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Facultad_de_Derecho_circa_1948.jpg/330px-Facultad_de_Derecho_circa_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Facultad_de_Derecho_circa_1948.jpg/440px-Facultad_de_Derecho_circa_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Buenos_Aires" title="University of Buenos Aires">University of Buenos Aires</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Argentina" title="List of universities in Argentina">List of universities in Argentina</a></div><p>In <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, the national universities, also called public or state-run universities, were created by a National Congress Act. The exception is universities that predate the state, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="National University of Córdoba">National University of Córdoba</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Buenos_Aires" title="University of Buenos Aires">University of Buenos Aires</a> that are public law legal entities. The Argentinian government sets funding for public universities through the annual national budget act. </p><p>National universities are located in all provinces and serve over eighty percent of the country's undergraduate population. These universities are tuition-free for students, as is access to books in the universities' libraries. Students typically purchase course books and studying materials; scholarships are available for low-income students. </p><p> Argentina's national universities account for over fifty percent of the country's <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific research</a> and provide technical assistance to the public and private sectors.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arquitetura_Pr%C3%A9dio_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Universidade_Federal_do_Paran%C3%A1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Arquitetura_Pr%C3%A9dio_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Universidade_Federal_do_Paran%C3%A1.jpg/220px-Arquitetura_Pr%C3%A9dio_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Universidade_Federal_do_Paran%C3%A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Arquitetura_Pr%C3%A9dio_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Universidade_Federal_do_Paran%C3%A1.jpg/330px-Arquitetura_Pr%C3%A9dio_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Universidade_Federal_do_Paran%C3%A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Arquitetura_Pr%C3%A9dio_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Universidade_Federal_do_Paran%C3%A1.jpg/440px-Arquitetura_Pr%C3%A9dio_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Universidade_Federal_do_Paran%C3%A1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Paran%C3%A1" title="Federal University of Paraná">Federal University of Paraná</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a>, Brazil</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_public_universities_in_Brazil" title="List of public universities in Brazil">List of public universities in Brazil</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, the federal or state governments fund a few hundred public universities, including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">University of São Paulo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Campinas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Campinas">University of Campinas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul">Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Federal University of Rio de Janeiro">Federal University of Rio de Janeiro</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Minas_Gerais" title="Federal University of Minas Gerais">Federal University of Minas Gerais</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Bahia" title="Federal University of Bahia">Federal University of Bahia</a>, and the Federal Institutes. </p><p>The Brazilian Federal Constitution establishes the right to attend public universities free of tuition or entrance fees. Because public universities have thousands of applicants annually, only the best students can pass the entrance examinations. The examinations are either <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_exam" title="Vestibular exam">vestibular</a> (specific to the university) or the country-wide <a href="/wiki/ENEM" class="mw-redirect" title="ENEM">ENEM</a>. Since 2005, the Brazilian government has offered some tuition grants to enable students experiencing poverty to attend private universities. </p><p>At many public universities, there are quotas of around fifty percent for students whose secondary (high school) education was entirely in a public-funded school. Public universities also have racial quotas, usually restricted to students from public high schools. Some universities give extra points on their admission tests instead of using a quota system. For example, at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Minas_Gerais" title="Federal University of Minas Gerais">Federal University of Minas Gerais</a>, public high school students are granted a 10% bonus over their test grade, and public school students who declare themselves black or pardo (mixed-race) receive a 15% bonus. </p><p>Public universities are responsible for granting nearly all the graduate degrees in Brazil, including doctorates and masters which are called doutorado and mestrado, respectively. Professors at public universities are public servants, tenured and hired through public application, with international <a href="/wiki/RE/Search_Publications" title="RE/Search Publications">research publications</a> being a significant criterion. A public university professor's teaching load is usually modest and leaves time for research. As a result, public university graduate programs are the primary source of Brazilian academic research. </p><p> In contrast, most private institutions are for-profit enterprises that hire teachers on an hourly basis and conduct comparatively little research; notable exceptions are a few private but non-profit universities affiliated with religious organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Presbyterian_University" title="Mackenzie Presbyterian University">Mackenzie Presbyterian University</a> of São Paulo and the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro">Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_Central_de_la_Universidad_de_Chile_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Casa_Central_de_la_Universidad_de_Chile_01.jpg/220px-Casa_Central_de_la_Universidad_de_Chile_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Casa_Central_de_la_Universidad_de_Chile_01.jpg/330px-Casa_Central_de_la_Universidad_de_Chile_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Casa_Central_de_la_Universidad_de_Chile_01.jpg/440px-Casa_Central_de_la_Universidad_de_Chile_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4679" data-file-height="1981" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chile" title="University of Chile">Universidad de Chile</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, Chile</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Chile" title="List of universities in Chile">List of universities in Chile</a></div> <p>In Chile, state-run universities are less expensive than private ones but are not tuition-free. Chile spends only four percent of its <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> on education, compared to the 7% recommended by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> for <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed nations</a>. As a result, students and their families must cover 75 percent of tuition costs for attending both public and private universities. </p><p> The most prestigious universities are the state-run <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad de Chile">Universidad de Chile</a> and the private with state funding <a href="/wiki/Pontificia_Universidad_Cat%C3%B3lica_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile">Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_Concepci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad de Concepción">Universidad de Concepción</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Universidad_T%C3%A9cnica_Federico_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María">Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María</a>. The Universidad de Chile is the country's leading research institution. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_al_parque_Universitario_de_Lima_amb_el_Pante%C3%B3n_de_los_Pr%C3%B3ceres_al_fons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Font_al_parque_Universitario_de_Lima_amb_el_Pante%C3%B3n_de_los_Pr%C3%B3ceres_al_fons.jpg/220px-Font_al_parque_Universitario_de_Lima_amb_el_Pante%C3%B3n_de_los_Pr%C3%B3ceres_al_fons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Font_al_parque_Universitario_de_Lima_amb_el_Pante%C3%B3n_de_los_Pr%C3%B3ceres_al_fons.jpg/330px-Font_al_parque_Universitario_de_Lima_amb_el_Pante%C3%B3n_de_los_Pr%C3%B3ceres_al_fons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Font_al_parque_Universitario_de_Lima_amb_el_Pante%C3%B3n_de_los_Pr%C3%B3ceres_al_fons.jpg/440px-Font_al_parque_Universitario_de_Lima_amb_el_Pante%C3%B3n_de_los_Pr%C3%B3ceres_al_fons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3706" data-file-height="2779" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos" title="National University of San Marcos">National University of San Marcos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, Peru</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peru">Peru</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Peru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Peru" title="List of universities in Peru">List of universities in Peru</a></div> <p>Historically, many of the prestigious universities in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> have been public, including the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos" title="National University of San Marcos">National University of San Marcos</a>. Founded in May 1551, it is the top university in Peru and the oldest university in the Americas. To be admitted into one of the national public universities, students much have a high score on the <a href="/wiki/Educational_entrance_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Educational entrance examination">admission test</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a>, the most prestigious public universities joined and created the Strategic Alliance of Peruvian Universities<i>,</i> including <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos" title="National University of San Marcos">National University of San Marcos</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Agrarian_University" title="National Agrarian University">La Molina - National Agrarian University</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Engineering" title="National University of Engineering">National University of Engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federico_Villarreal_National_University" title="Federico Villarreal National University">Federico Villarreal University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Callao" title="National University of Callao">National University of Callao</a>. Other public and private universities joined as an associate or advisory members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">Private university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_university_system" title="State university system">State university system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_university" title="National university">National university</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_university&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221214224010/https://www.usaf.ac.za/public-universities-in-south-africa/">"Public Universities in South Africa"</a>. <i>Universities South Africa</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usaf.ac.za/public-universities-in-south-africa/">the original</a> on 2022-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universities+South+Africa&rft.atitle=Public+Universities+in+South+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaf.ac.za%2Fpublic-universities-in-south-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150820020139/http://www.ugc.gov.bd/university/?action=public">"List of Public Universities"</a>. <i>University Grants Commission of Bangladesh</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ugc.gov.bd/university/?action=public">the original</a> on 2015-08-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+Grants+Commission+of+Bangladesh&rft.atitle=List+of+Public+Universities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ugc.gov.bd%2Funiversity%2F%3Faction%3Dpublic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/bcur/2023">"ShanghaiRanking's Best Chinese Universities Ranking"</a>. <i>ShanghaiRanking</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ShanghaiRanking&rft.atitle=ShanghaiRanking%27s+Best+Chinese+Universities+Ranking&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shanghairanking.com%2Frankings%2Fbcur%2F2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/info/blogs/press-room/articles/2024-06-25/u-s-news-best-global-universities">"U.S. News Releases 2024-2025 Best Global Universities Rankings"</a>. <i>U.S. News & World Report</i>. 25 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=U.S.+News+Releases+2024-2025+Best+Global+Universities+Rankings&rft.date=2024-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Finfo%2Fblogs%2Fpress-room%2Farticles%2F2024-06-25%2Fu-s-news-best-global-universities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shanghairanking.com/news/arwu/2023">"ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities 2023 Press Release"</a>. <i>ShanghaiRanking</i>. August 15, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ShanghaiRanking&rft.atitle=ShanghaiRanking%27s+Academic+Ranking+of+World+Universities+2023+Press+Release&rft.date=2023-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shanghairanking.com%2Fnews%2Farwu%2F2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/koutou/kouritsu/"><bdi lang="ja">公立大学について</bdi></a> [About public universities in Japan] (in Japanese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110922073017/http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/koutou/kouritsu/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-07</span></span>. <q>[...] とりわけ公立大学は、その目的に加え、地方公共団体が設置・管理するという性格から、地域における高等教育機会の提供と、地域社会での知的・文化的拠点として中心的役割を担ってきており、今後とも、それぞれの地域における社会・経済・文化への貢献が期待されています。[...](Translation: [...] Especially, the public university, because of its goal as well as nature of the institute established and administered by local governments, has begun to offer opportunity of higher education and take the central role as informational and cultural center in regional community and has been expected to contribute to society, economics and culture in each community from now on. 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University of Hertfordshire. pp. 21, 33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150408002354/http://www.herts.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/76656/KM1509_UH_Accounts_2013-14.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Financial+Statements+2013%E2%80%9314&rft.pages=21%2C+33&rft.pub=University+of+Hertfordshire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.herts.ac.uk%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0003%2F76656%2FKM1509_UH_Accounts_2013-14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCL2018-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UCL2018_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/finance/docs/docs-corporate/2018_UCL-annual-report.pdf">"Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended 31 July 2018"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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III: Sorbonne Nouvelle">Paris III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">Freiburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bucharest" title="University of Bucharest">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Lomonosov Moscow State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Barcelona" title="University of Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Geneva" title="University of Geneva">Geneva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université de Montréal">Montréal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Buenos_Aires" title="University of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chile" title="University of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_University_of_Haiti" title="State University of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico" title="National Autonomous University of Mexico">UNAM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nankai_University" title="Nankai University">Nankai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_University" title="Jawaharlal Nehru University">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya_University" title="Nagoya University">Nagoya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ouagadougou" title="University of Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Anta_Diop_University" title="Cheikh Anta Diop University">Cheikh Anta Diop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_V_University_at_Agdal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed V University at Agdal">Mohammed V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_services" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_services" title="Template:Public services"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_services" title="Template talk:Public services"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_services" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public services"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_services" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public services</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalization" title="Municipalization">Municipalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">Progressive tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_newspaper" title="Free newspaper">Free newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_sample" title="Product sample">Product sample</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bad" title="Public bad">Public bad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">Public good (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_land" title="Public land">Public land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_rights" title="Public rights">Public rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement" title="Government procurement">Public procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_trust" title="Public trust">Public trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_value" title="Public value">Public value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_access_to_education" title="Universal access to education">Universal access to education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">Fire department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">Postal service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postal_savings_system" title="Postal savings system">Savings system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Public utility</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_utility" title="Electric utility">Electric utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_oil_company" title="National oil company">Oil & gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal,_telegraph_and_telephone_service" title="Postal, telegraph and telephone service">Telecommunication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_broadband" title="Municipal broadband">Municipal broadband</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public infrastructure">Public infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_water_system" title="Public water system">Public water system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">Public works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_fountain" title="Drinking fountain">Drinking fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_clinic" title="Free clinic">Free clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bank" title="Public bank">Public bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bookcase" title="Public bookcase">Public bookcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_computer" title="Public computer">Public computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_hospital" title="Public hospital">Public hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">Public library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_open_space" title="Public open space">Public open space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">Public school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">Public space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_toilet" title="Public toilet">Public toilet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Public university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">Urban park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_health_care" title="Publicly funded health care">Publicly funded health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Job creation">Job creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_guarantee" title="Job guarantee">Job guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-payer_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-payer health care">Single-payer health care</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">National health insurance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_pension" title="Social pension">Social pension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">Social security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_services" title="Youth services">Youth services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_auction" title="Government auction">Government auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_float" title="Public float">Public float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">Public holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_offering" title="Public offering">Public offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_security" title="Public security">Public security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_use" title="Public use">Public use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_viewing_area" title="Public viewing area">Public viewing area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_services" title="Category:Public services">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_services" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Public services">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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