CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>United States Air Force Academy - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1702cfc2-53e0-4b9b-836c-9917be08bf06","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"United_States_Air_Force_Academy","wgTitle":"United States Air Force Academy","wgCurRevisionId":1258996409,"wgRevisionId":1258996409,"wgArticleId":77587,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from December 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use American English from August 2022","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use dmy dates from August 2022", "Pages using infobox university with the superintendent parameter","Coordinates on Wikidata","Articles using infobox university","Pages using infobox university with the nickname alias","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2023","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010","Articles needing additional references from August 2011","All articles needing additional references","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012","Articles needing additional references from December 2015","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from April 2023","Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia","United States Air Force Academy","1954 establishments in Colorado","Air force academies","Direct reporting units of the United States Air Force", "Economy of Colorado Springs, Colorado","Education in El Paso County, Colorado","Universities and colleges established in 1954","Installations of the United States Air Force in Colorado","Military academies of the United States","Military history of El Paso County, Colorado","Organizations based in Colorado Springs, Colorado","Tourist attractions in El Paso County, Colorado","United States military service academies"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"United_States_Air_Force_Academy","wgRelevantArticleId":77587,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks" :"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":39.01,"lon":-104.89},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1331280","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/US-AirForceAcademy-Shield.svg/1200px-US-AirForceAcademy-Shield.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1152"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/US-AirForceAcademy-Shield.svg/800px-US-AirForceAcademy-Shield.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="768"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/US-AirForceAcademy-Shield.svg/640px-US-AirForceAcademy-Shield.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="614"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="United States Air Force Academy - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-United_States_Air_Force_Academy rootpage-United_States_Air_Force_Academy skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=United+States+Air+Force+Academy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=United+States+Air+Force+Academy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=United+States+Air+Force+Academy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=United+States+Air+Force+Academy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_at_the_academy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_at_the_academy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Women at the academy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_at_the_academy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Recent history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campus_and_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campus_and_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Campus and facilities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campus_and_facilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Campus and facilities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Campus_and_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Cadet_Area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Cadet_Area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The Cadet Area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Cadet_Area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemorative_displays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorative_displays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Commemorative displays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemorative_displays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_Academy_High_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_Academy_High_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Air Academy High School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_Academy_High_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_locations_on_campus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_locations_on_campus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Other locations on campus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_locations_on_campus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Honor_Code_and_character_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Honor_Code_and_character_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Honor Code and character education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Honor_Code_and_character_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Cadet_Wing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Cadet_Wing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The Cadet Wing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Cadet_Wing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Base_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Base_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Base organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Base_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Board_of_Visitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Board_of_Visitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Board of Visitors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Board_of_Visitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Based_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Based_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Based units</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Based_units-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Based units subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Based_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>United States Air Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Space_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Space_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>United States Space Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Space_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Military training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Academics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Academics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Academics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cyber_Competition_Team" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyber_Competition_Team"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Cyber Competition Team</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyber_Competition_Team-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Athletics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Athletics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Physical education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_fitness_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_fitness_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Physical fitness tests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_fitness_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intramural_athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intramural_athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Intramural athletics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intramural_athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intercollegiate_athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intercollegiate_athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Intercollegiate athletics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intercollegiate_athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airmanship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airmanship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Airmanship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airmanship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Admissions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Admissions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Admissions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Admissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Class_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Class size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nicknames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicknames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Nicknames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicknames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prop_and_Wings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prop_and_Wings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Prop and Wings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prop_and_Wings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acceptance_Parade_and_Parents'_Weekend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acceptance_Parade_and_Parents'_Weekend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Acceptance Parade and Parents' Weekend</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acceptance_Parade_and_Parents'_Weekend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class_exemplar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_exemplar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Class exemplar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_exemplar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commitment_Dinner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commitment_Dinner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Commitment Dinner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commitment_Dinner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class_crest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_crest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Class crest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_crest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class_ring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_ring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.7</span> <span>Class ring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_ring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-100’s_Night" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#100’s_Night"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.8</span> <span>100’s Night</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-100’s_Night-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.9</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honor_scandals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honor_scandals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Honor scandals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honor_scandals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_sexual_harassment,_assault_and_gender_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_sexual_harassment,_assault_and_gender_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Allegations of sexual harassment, assault and gender bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_sexual_harassment,_assault_and_gender_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Religious atmosphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazing_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazing_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Hazing incidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazing_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_alumni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_alumni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notable alumni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_alumni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Additional sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Air Force Academy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A" title="أكاديمية سلاح الجو الأمريكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أكاديمية سلاح الجو الأمريكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Акадэмія ваенна-паветраных сіл ЗША – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Акадэмія ваенна-паветраных сіл ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="United States Air Force Academy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_%C3%95huv%C3%A4e_Akadeemia" title="Ameerika Ühendriikide Õhuväe Akadeemia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Ühendriikide Õhuväe Akadeemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_de_la_Fuerza_A%C3%A9rea_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Academia de la Fuerza Aérea de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Academia de la Fuerza Aérea de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usona_Aerarmea_Akademio" title="Usona Aerarmea Akademio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Usona Aerarmea Akademio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="آکادمی نیروی هوایی ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آکادمی نیروی هوایی ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="United States Air Force Academy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B5%B0%EC%82%AC%EA%B4%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="미국 공군사관학교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 공군사관학교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademi_Angkatan_Udara_Amerika_Serikat" title="Akademi Angkatan Udara Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Akademi Angkatan Udara Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="United States Air Force Academy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אקדמיית חיל האוויר של ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקדמיית חיל האוויר של ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="United States Air Force Academy" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D%E5%A3%AB%E5%AE%98%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1_(%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD)" title="空軍士官学校 (アメリカ合衆国) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="空軍士官学校 (アメリカ合衆国)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="United States Air Force Academy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="United States Air Force Academy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_da_For%C3%A7a_A%C3%A9rea_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Academia da Força Aérea dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Academia da Força Aérea dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%92%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Академия ВВС США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Академия ВВС США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademia_Ajrore_e_Shteteve_t%C3%AB_Bashkuara" title="Akademia Ajrore e Shteteve të Bashkuara – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Akademia Ajrore e Shteteve të Bashkuara" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="United States Air Force Academy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_ilmavoimien_akatemia" title="Yhdysvaltain ilmavoimien akatemia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain ilmavoimien akatemia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="United States Air Force Academy" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Академія Повітряних сил США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Академія Повітряних сил США" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8Dc_vi%E1%BB%87n_Kh%C3%B4ng_qu%C3%A2n_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Học viện Không quân Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Học viện Không quân Hoa Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="United States Air Force Academy" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" title="美國空軍學院 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="美國空軍學院" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%A9%BA%E5%86%9B%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="美国空军学院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美国空军学院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1331280#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:United_States_Air_Force_Academy" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&oldid=1258996409" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&id=1258996409&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUnited_States_Air_Force_Academy"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUnited_States_Air_Force_Academy"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States_Air_Force_Academy" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1331280" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&params=39.01_N_104.89_W_type:edu"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°01′N</span> <span class="longitude">104°53′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.01°N 104.89°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.01; -104.89</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American military academy in El Paso County, Colorado</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Air_University_(United_States_Air_Force)" title="Air University (United States Air Force)">Air University (United States Air Force)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Zoomie" redirects here. For the animal behavior, see <a href="/wiki/Zoomies" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoomies">Zoomies</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">United States Air Force Academy</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-AirForceAcademy-Shield.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/US-AirForceAcademy-Shield.svg/200px-US-AirForceAcademy-Shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/US-AirForceAcademy-Shield.svg/300px-US-AirForceAcademy-Shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/US-AirForceAcademy-Shield.svg/400px-US-AirForceAcademy-Shield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="691" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">Integrity First, Service before self, Excellence in all we do</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Service_academies" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Service academies">U.S. Service Academy</a><sup id="cite_ref-afhra.af.mil_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afhra.af.mil-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1 April 1954<span class="noprint">; 70 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1 April 1954</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Endowment</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$98.937 million (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(education)" title="Superintendent (education)">Superintendent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_D._Bauernfeind" title="Tony D. Bauernfeind">Tony D. Bauernfeind</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Dean_(education)" title="Dean (education)">Dean</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/Linell_Letendre" title="Linell Letendre">Linell Letendre</a>, USAF</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commandants_of_Cadets_of_the_United_States_Air_Force_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Commandants of Cadets of the United States Air Force Academy">Commandant of Cadets</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Marks" title="Gavin Marks">Gavin Marks</a>, USAF<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">570 (71% military; 29% civilian in 2013)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data">4,304 cadets (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/El_Paso_County,_Colorado" title="El Paso County, Colorado">El Paso County</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="state"><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name">U.S.</div><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&params=39.01_N_104.89_W_type:edu"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°01′N</span> <span class="longitude">104°53′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.01°N 104.89°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.01; -104.89</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Campus</th><td class="infobox-data">Suburban, 18,500 acres (7,500 ha)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors">Colors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Blue <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#003594"> </span> <span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#B2B4B2"> </span> Gray<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Athletic_nickname" title="Athletic nickname">Nickname</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons" title="Air Force Falcons">Falcons</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sporting affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">NCAA Division I</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference" title="Mountain West Conference">MW</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Pacific_Sports_Federation" title="Mountain Pacific Sports Federation">MPSF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_12_Conference" title="Big 12 Conference">Big 12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Sun_Conference" title="Atlantic Sun Conference">ASUN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Rifle_Conference" title="Patriot Rifle Conference">PRC</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Conference" title="West Coast Conference">WCC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Hockey_America" title="Atlantic Hockey America">AHA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Mascot</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons" title="Air Force Falcons">Air Force Falcons</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Decorations</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Air_Force_Outstanding_Unit_Award_-_Stremer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/US_Air_Force_Outstanding_Unit_Award_-_Stremer.jpg/200px-US_Air_Force_Outstanding_Unit_Award_-_Stremer.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/US_Air_Force_Outstanding_Unit_Award_-_Stremer.jpg/300px-US_Air_Force_Outstanding_Unit_Award_-_Stremer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/US_Air_Force_Outstanding_Unit_Award_-_Stremer.jpg/400px-US_Air_Force_Outstanding_Unit_Award_-_Stremer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="35" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Outstanding_Unit_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Outstanding Unit Award">Air Force Outstanding Unit Award</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AFOEA_Streamer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/AFOEA_Streamer.jpg/200px-AFOEA_Streamer.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/AFOEA_Streamer.jpg/300px-AFOEA_Streamer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/AFOEA_Streamer.jpg/400px-AFOEA_Streamer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="37" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Organizational_Excellence_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Organizational Excellence Award">Air Force Organizational Excellence Award</a><sup id="cite_ref-afhra.af.mil_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afhra.af.mil-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Athletics</th><td class="infobox-data">27 varsity teams<br /> 17 men's and 10 women's</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usafa.af.mil">usafa.af.mil</a></span> (Military)<br /><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usafa.edu">usafa.edu</a></span> (Educational)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USAF_Academy_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/USAF_Academy_logo.svg/175px-USAF_Academy_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/USAF_Academy_logo.svg/263px-USAF_Academy_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/USAF_Academy_logo.svg/350px-USAF_Academy_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="163" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px"><div style="position:relative;width:240px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. Air Force Academy is located in the United States"><img alt="U.S. Air Force Academy is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/240px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/360px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/480px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.085%;left:35.116%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="U.S. Air Force Academy"><img alt="U.S. Air Force Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><small>U.S. Air Force Academy</small></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" title="File:Usa edcp relief location map.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px"><div style="position:relative;width:180px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Colorado_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. Air Force Academy is located in Colorado"><img alt="U.S. Air Force Academy is located in Colorado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/USA_Colorado_relief_location_map.svg/180px-USA_Colorado_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/USA_Colorado_relief_location_map.svg/270px-USA_Colorado_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/USA_Colorado_relief_location_map.svg/360px-USA_Colorado_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="783" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.773%;left:58.8%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="U.S. Air Force Academy"><img alt="U.S. Air Force Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/5px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div><small>U.S. Air Force Academy</small></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Colorado_relief_location_map.svg" title="File:USA Colorado relief location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></div></div></div> <p>The <b>United States Air Force Academy</b> (<b>USAFA</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/United_States_service_academies" title="United States service academies">United States service academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/El_Paso_County,_Colorado" title="El Paso County, Colorado">El Paso County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, immediately north of <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs</a>. It educates <a href="/wiki/Cadet" title="Cadet">cadets</a> for service in the <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officer corps</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States Space Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the youngest of the five service academies, having graduated its first class 65 years ago in 1959, but is the third in seniority.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aahfgrd_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aahfgrd-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graduates of the academy's four-year program receive a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> degree and are commissioned as <a href="/wiki/US_Second_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="US Second Lieutenant">second lieutenants</a> in the U.S. Air Force or U.S. Space Force.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The academy is also one of the largest tourist attractions in Colorado, attracting approximately a million visitors each year.<sup id="cite_ref-Quick_Look_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quick_Look-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Admission is competitive, with nominations divided equally among <a href="/wiki/Congressional_districts_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional districts of the United States">Congressional districts</a>. Recent incoming classes have had about 1,200 cadets; since 2012, around 20% of each incoming class does not graduate.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During their tenure at the academy, cadets receive tuition, room and board, and a monthly stipend all paid for by the Air Force. On the first day of a cadet's second class year, cadets commit to serving a number of years as a commissioned officer in the Air Force or Space Force. Non-graduates after that point are expected to fulfill their obligations in enlisted service or pay back full tuition. The commitment is normally five years of active duty and three years in the reserves, although it has varied depending on the graduate's <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Specialty_Code" title="Air Force Specialty Code">Air Force Specialty Code</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://veteran.com/space-force-specialty-codes/">Space Force Specialty Code</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the academy's establishment, air power advocates had been pushing for a separate Air Force Academy for decades. As early as 1918, Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=A.J._Hanlon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A.J. Hanlon (page does not exist)">A.J. Hanlon</a> wrote, "As the Military and Naval Academies are the backbone of the Army and Navy, so must the Aeronautical Academy be the backbone of the Air Service. No service can flourish without some such institution to inculcate into its embryonic officers love of country, proper conception of duty, and highest regard for honor."<sup id="cite_ref-Simon_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other officials expressed similar sentiments. In 1919, Congressman <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Curry" title="Charles F. Curry">Charles F. Curry</a> introduced legislation providing for an Academy, but concerns about cost, curriculum and location led to its demise.<sup id="cite_ref-Simon_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1925, air power pioneer General <a href="/wiki/Billy_Mitchell" title="Billy Mitchell">Billy Mitchell</a> testified on <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a> that it was necessary "to have an air academy to form a basis for the permanent backbone of your air service and to attend to the ... organizational part of it, very much the same way that <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a> does for the Army, or that <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">Annapolis</a> does for the Navy."<sup id="cite_ref-Simon_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mitchell's arguments did not gain traction with legislators, and it was not until the late 1940s that the concept of the United States Air Force Academy began to take shape.<sup id="cite_ref-Simon_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Support for an air academy got a boost with the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a>, which provided for the establishment of a separate air force within the <a href="/wiki/United_States_military" class="mw-redirect" title="United States military">United States military</a>. As an initial measure, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Secretary of the Air Force">Secretary of the Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/W._Stuart_Symington" class="mw-redirect" title="W. Stuart Symington">W. Stuart Symington</a> negotiated an agreement where up to a quarter of West Point and Annapolis graduates could volunteer to receive their commissions in the newly established Air Force. This was only intended to be a short term fix, however, and disagreements between the services quickly led to the establishment of the Service Academy Board by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">James Forrestal</a>. In January 1950, the Service Academy Board, headed by <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, then president of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, concluded that the needs of the Air Force could not be met by the two existing <a href="/wiki/United_States_military_academies" class="mw-redirect" title="United States military academies">U.S. service academies</a> and that an air force academy should be established.<sup id="cite_ref-Simon_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the recommendation of the board, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> passed legislation in 1954 to begin the construction of the Air Force Academy, and President Eisenhower signed it into law on 1 April of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-aaactsbe_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaactsbe-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislation established an advisory commission to determine the site of the new school. Among the panel members were <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spaatz" title="Carl Spaatz">Carl Spaatz</a>, and Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Hubert_R._Harmon" title="Hubert R. Harmon">Hubert R. Harmon</a>, who later became the academy's first superintendent. The original 582 sites considered were winnowed to three: <a href="/wiki/Alton,_Illinois" title="Alton, Illinois">Alton, Illinois</a> (by purchasing <a href="/wiki/Principia_College" title="Principia College">Principia College</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lake_Geneva,_Wisconsin" title="Lake Geneva, Wisconsin">Lake Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Big_Foot_Beach_State_Park" title="Big Foot Beach State Park">Big Foot Beach State Park</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the ultimate site at <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs</a>, Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Secretary of the Air Force, <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Talbott" title="Harold E. Talbott">Harold E. Talbott</a>, announced the winning site on 24 June 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-ctgasch_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctgasch-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wpofair_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpofair-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Air_Training_Command" title="Air Training Command">Air Training Command</a> (ATC) began developing a detailed curriculum for the academy program.<sup id="cite_ref-Simon_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1954 to 1956, the newly created Colorado Land Acquisition Commission purchased parcels of land that would host the new academy. The first parcel purchased was the also the largest; it was the 4,630-acre (1,870 ha) Cathedral Rock Ranch, owned by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_B._Lehman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence B. Lehman (page does not exist)">Lawrence B. Lehman</a> of the famous <a href="/wiki/Lehman_family" title="Lehman family">Lehman investment family</a>. The purchase price was $300,000, or about $65 per 1-acre (4,000 m<sup>2</sup>). 140 different parcels were eventually purchased to make up what is now a nearly-18,500-acre (7,500 ha) government property.<sup id="cite_ref-USAFA_library_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAFA_library-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Force_Academy_Cadets_physical_training.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cadets lined up for physical training" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Air_Force_Academy_Cadets_physical_training.jpg/220px-Air_Force_Academy_Cadets_physical_training.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Air_Force_Academy_Cadets_physical_training.jpg/330px-Air_Force_Academy_Cadets_physical_training.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Air_Force_Academy_Cadets_physical_training.jpg/440px-Air_Force_Academy_Cadets_physical_training.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>Cadets from the first USAFA class lined up for physical training at <a href="/wiki/Lowry_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowry AFB">Lowry AFB</a> in 1955</figcaption></figure> <p>The early Air Force Academy leadership had the model of West Point and Annapolis in designing an appropriate curriculum, faculty, and campus. The academy's permanent site had not yet been completed when the first class entered, so the 306 cadets from the Class of 1959 were sworn in at a temporary site at <a href="/wiki/Lowry_Air_Force_Base" title="Lowry Air Force Base">Lowry Air Force Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a> on 11 July 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-aaalor_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaalor-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While at Lowry, they were housed in renovated <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <a href="/wiki/Barracks" title="Barracks">barracks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sdriow_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdriow-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were no upper class cadets to train the new cadets, so the Air Force appointed a <a href="/wiki/Cadre_(military)" title="Cadre (military)">cadre</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Air_Training_Officer" title="Air Training Officer">Air Training Officers</a>" (ATOs) to conduct training. The ATOs were junior officers, many of whom were graduates of West Point, Annapolis, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute">VMI</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Citadel,_The_Military_College_of_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina">The Citadel</a>. They acted as surrogate upper class cadets until the upper classes could be populated over the next several years.<sup id="cite_ref-Simon_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The academy's dedication ceremony took place on that first day and was broadcast live on national television, with <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cronkite" title="Walter Cronkite">Walter Cronkite</a> covering the event.<sup id="cite_ref-Simon_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arnold_W._Braswell" title="Arnold W. Braswell">Arnold W. Braswell</a> was commander of the original four cadet squadrons at the academy 1955 to 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In developing a distinctive uniform for cadets, the Air Force turned to <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a>. Film director <a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a> designed the cadet parade uniform still in use.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Class of 1959 established many other important traditions that continue until the present. The first class adopted the <a href="/wiki/Cadet_Honor_Code" title="Cadet Honor Code">Cadet Honor Code</a>, and chose the <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcon</a> as the <a href="/wiki/The_Bird_(mascot)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bird (mascot)">Academy's mascot</a>. On 29 August 1958, the <a href="/wiki/Wing_(air_force_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing (air force unit)">wing</a> of 1,145 cadets moved to the present site near Colorado Springs,<sup id="cite_ref-mtnewst_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtnewst-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and less than a year later the academy received accreditation. The first USAFA class graduated and was commissioned on 3 June 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-aahfgrd_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aahfgrd-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> was the first war in which academy graduates fought and died. As such, it had a profound effect on the development of the character of the academy. Due to the need for more pilots, academy enrollment grew significantly during this time. The size of the graduating classes went from 217 cadets in 1961 to 745 cadets in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-McKeown_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKeown-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academy facilities were likewise expanded, and training was modified to better meet the needs of the wartime Air Force. The <a href="/wiki/Jacks_Valley_(United_States_Air_Force_Academy)" title="Jacks Valley (United States Air Force Academy)">Jacks Valley</a> field training area was added, the <a href="/wiki/Survival,_Evasion,_Resistance_and_Escape" title="Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape">Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape</a> (SERE) program was expanded, and light aircraft training started in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-McKeown_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKeown-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many academy graduates of this era served with distinction in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">F-4 Phantom II</a> pilot <a href="/wiki/R._Stephen_Ritchie" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Stephen Ritchie">Steve Ritchie</a> '64 and <a href="/wiki/Weapon_systems_officer" title="Weapon systems officer">weapon systems officer</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Feinstein" title="Jeffrey Feinstein">Jeffrey Feinstein</a> '68 each became <a href="/wiki/Flying_ace" title="Flying ace">aces</a> by downing five enemy aircraft in <a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">combat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 141 graduates died in the conflict; 32 graduates became <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lance_Sijan" title="Lance Sijan">Lance Sijan</a>, '65, fell into both categories and became the first academy graduate to be awarded the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> due to his heroism while evading capture and in captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sijan Hall, one of the cadet dormitories, is named in his memory. </p><p>The effects of the anti-war movement were felt at the academy as well. Because the academy grounds are generally open to the public, the academy often became a site for protests by anti-war demonstrators.<sup id="cite_ref-McKeown_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKeown-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_at_the_academy">Women at the academy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Women at the academy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpaceForceCadets_USAFA2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/SpaceForceCadets_USAFA2020.jpg/220px-SpaceForceCadets_USAFA2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/SpaceForceCadets_USAFA2020.jpg/330px-SpaceForceCadets_USAFA2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/SpaceForceCadets_USAFA2020.jpg/440px-SpaceForceCadets_USAFA2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4509" data-file-height="3001" /></a><figcaption>The academy's class of 2020 was the first to graduate new officers into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States Space Force</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most significant events in the history of the academy was the admission of women.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 October 1975, President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald R. Ford">Gerald R. Ford</a> signed legislation permitting women to enter the United States service academies. On 28 June 1976, 157 women entered the Air Force Academy with the Class of 1980. Because there were no female upper class cadets, the <a href="/wiki/Air_Training_Officer" title="Air Training Officer">Air Training Officer</a> model used in the early years of the academy was revived, and fifteen young female officers were brought in to help with the integration process. The female cadets were initially segregated from the rest of the Cadet Wing but were fully integrated into their assigned squadrons after their first semester. On 28 May 1980, 97 of the original female cadets completed the program and graduated from the academy—just over 10% of the graduating class. Women have made up just over 20% of the most recent classes, with the class of 2016 having the highest proportion of any class, 25%.<sup id="cite_ref-Admissions_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Admissions-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the women from those early classes went on to achieve success within the Cadet Wing and after graduation (see list of Academy graduates below). Despite these successes, integration issues were long apparent. Female cadets have had consistently higher dropout rates than men and have left the Air Force in higher numbers than men.<sup id="cite_ref-Zubeck_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zubeck-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style"><span title="Quotation marks may be incomplete, unbalanced or improperly applied.">check quotation syntax</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Recent history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the academy graduated the Class of 2020 six weeks early. This was the first time that any USAFA class was ever commissioned early, and the first time for any military academy since the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. This was also the first time that cadets were commissioned into the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Space_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Space Force">U.S. Space Force</a>, with <a href="/wiki/John_W._Raymond" title="John W. Raymond">General Jay Raymond</a> administering the oath of office to 86 graduates.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The US Space Force established its first unit at the academy when Detachment 1 of <a href="/wiki/Space_Delta_13" title="Space Delta 13">Space Delta 13</a> was activated in November 2021. It is expected that approximately 10% of graduates at the academy will enter the Space Force.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campus_and_facilities">Campus and facilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Campus and facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AFA_protestant_chapel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/AFA_protestant_chapel.jpg/220px-AFA_protestant_chapel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/AFA_protestant_chapel.jpg/330px-AFA_protestant_chapel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/AFA_protestant_chapel.jpg/440px-AFA_protestant_chapel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Interior of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Cadet_Chapel" title="United States Air Force Academy Cadet Chapel">Cadet Chapel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The campus of the academy covers 18,455 acres (29 sq mi; 75 km<sup>2</sup>) on the east side of the <a href="/wiki/Rampart_Range" title="Rampart Range">Rampart Range</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, just north of <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a> is normally given as 7,258 feet (2,212 m) above <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>, which is at the cadet area. The academy was designed by <a href="/wiki/Skidmore,_Owings_and_Merrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Skidmore, Owings and Merrill">Skidmore, Owings and Merrill</a> (SOM) and lead architect <a href="/wiki/Walter_Netsch" title="Walter Netsch">Walter Netsch</a>. SOM partner <a href="/wiki/John_O._Merrill" title="John O. Merrill">John O. Merrill</a> moved from Chicago to a Colorado Springs field office to oversee the construction and to act as a spokesman for the project.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most controversial aspect of the SOM-designed Air Force Academy was its <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Cadet_Chapel" title="United States Air Force Academy Cadet Chapel">chapel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was designed by SOM architect Walter Netsch, who at one point was prepared to abandon the design;<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the accordion-like structure is acknowledged as an iconic symbol of the academy campus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Cadet_Area">The Cadet Area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Cadet Area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy,_Cadet_Area" title="United States Air Force Academy, Cadet Area">United States Air Force Academy, Cadet Area</a></div> <p>The buildings in the Cadet Area were designed in a distinct, modernist style, and make extensive use of aluminum on building exteriors, suggesting the outer skin of aircraft or spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 April 2004, fifty years after Congress authorized the building of the academy, the Cadet Area at the academy was designated a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nhlsum_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlsum-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHL_Study_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHL_Study-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main buildings in the Cadet Area are set around a large, square pavilion known as the "Terrazzo," and the most recognizable is the 17-spired <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Cadet_Chapel" title="United States Air Force Academy Cadet Chapel">Cadet Chapel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subject of controversy when it was first built, it is now considered among the most prominent examples of modern American academic architecture. Other buildings on the Terrazzo include Vandenberg Hall and Sijan Hall, the two dormitories; Mitchell Hall, the cadet dining facility; and Fairchild Hall, the main academic building, which houses academic classrooms, laboratories, research facilities, faculty offices and the <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._McDermott" title="Robert F. McDermott">Robert F. McDermott</a> Library. </p><p>The Aeronautics Research Center (also known as the "Aero Lab") contains numerous aeronautical research facilities, including transonic, subsonic, low speed, and cascade <a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">wind tunnels</a>; engine and rocket test cells; and simulators.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Consolidated Education and Training Facility (CETF) was built in 1997 as an annex to Fairchild Hall. It contains chemistry and biology classrooms and labs, medical and dental clinics, and civil engineering and astronautics laboratories. The Cadet Area also contains an observatory and a planetarium for academic use and navigation training. </p><p>The cadet social center is Arnold Hall, located just outside the Cadet Area, which houses a 2700-seat theater, a ballroom, a number of lounges, and dining and recreation facilities for cadets and visitors. Harmon Hall is the primary administration building, which houses the offices of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Superintendents_of_the_United_States_Air_Force_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Superintendents of the United States Air Force Academy">Superintendent</a> and the Superintendent's staff. </p><p>The Cadet Area also contains extensive facilities for use by cadets participating in intercollegiate athletics, intramural athletics, physical education classes and other physical training. Set amid numerous outdoor athletic fields are the <i>Cadet Gymnasium</i> and the Cadet Fieldhouse. The Fieldhouse is the home to <a href="/wiki/Clune_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Clune Arena">Clune Arena</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cadet_Field_House_Ice_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadet Field House Ice Arena">ice hockey rink</a> and an indoor track, which doubles as an indoor practice facility for a number of sports. <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Stadium" title="Falcon Stadium">Falcon Stadium</a>, located outside of the Cadet Area, is the <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">football</a> field and site of the graduation ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Quick_Look_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quick_Look-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemorative_displays">Commemorative displays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Commemorative displays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USAFA_Class_Wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/USAFA_Class_Wall.jpg/220px-USAFA_Class_Wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/USAFA_Class_Wall.jpg/330px-USAFA_Class_Wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/USAFA_Class_Wall.jpg/440px-USAFA_Class_Wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>The Class Wall is located just below the Cadet Chapel.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many displays around the Cadet Area commemorate heroes and air power pioneers, and serve as an inspiration to cadets. The <i>War Memorial</i>, a black marble wall located just under the flagpole on the Terrazzo, is etched with the names of academy graduates who have been killed in combat. The <i>Honor Wall</i>, overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Terrazzo" title="Terrazzo">Terrazzo</a>, is inscribed with the <a href="/wiki/Cadet_Honor_Code" title="Cadet Honor Code">Cadet Honor Code</a>: "We will not lie, cheat, or steal, nor tolerate among us anyone who does." Just under the Cadet Chapel, the <i>Class Wall</i> bears the crests of each of the academy's graduating classes. The crest of the current first (senior) class is displayed in the center position. Another display often used as a symbol of the academy, the <i>Eagle and Fledglings Statue</i> was given as a gift to the academy in 1958 by the personnel of <a href="/wiki/Air_Training_Command" title="Air Training Command">Air Training Command</a>. It contains the inscription by Austin Dusty Miller, "Man's flight through life is sustained by the power of his knowledge." Static air- and spacecraft displays on the academy grounds include an <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">F-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle">F-15</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_F-105_Thunderchief" title="Republic F-105 Thunderchief">F-105</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Terrazzo" title="Terrazzo">Terrazzo</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">B-52</a> by the North Gate; a <a href="/wiki/Northrop_T-38_Talon" title="Northrop T-38 Talon">T-38</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Republic_A-10_Thunderbolt_II" title="Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II">A-10</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Airfield" title="United States Air Force Academy Airfield">Academy Airfield</a>; an <a href="/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre" title="North American F-100 Super Sabre">F-100</a> by the preparatory school; a <a href="/wiki/Martin-Marietta_X-24" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin-Marietta X-24">SV-5J lifting body</a> next to the aeronautics laboratory; and a <a href="/wiki/LGM-30_Minuteman#Minuteman-III_(LGM-30)" title="LGM-30 Minuteman">Minuteman III</a> <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">missile</a> in front of the Fieldhouse. The Minuteman III was removed 16 years ago in August 2008 due to rusting and other internal damage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The "Core Values Ramp" (formerly known as the "Bring Me Men Ramp") leads down from the main Terrazzo level toward the parade field. On in-processing day, new cadets arrive at the base of the ramp and start their transition into military and academy life by ascending the ramp to the <a href="/wiki/Terrazzo" title="Terrazzo">Terrazzo</a>. From 1964 to 2004, the portal at the base of the ramp was inscribed with the words "Bring me men ..." taken from the poem, "The Coming American," by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Walter_Foss" title="Sam Walter Foss">Samuel Walter Foss</a>. In a controversial move following the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Academy_sexual_assault_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Academy sexual assault scandal">sexual assault scandal</a>, the words "Bring me men ..." were taken down and replaced with the academy's (later adopted as the Air Force's) core values: "Integrity first, service before self, and excellence in all we do."<sup id="cite_ref-Quick_Look_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quick_Look-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_Academy_High_School">Air Academy High School</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Air Academy High School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Air_Academy_High_School" title="Air Academy High School">Air Academy High School</a></div> <p>With an enrollment of over 1300, Air Academy High School is the only <a href="/wiki/High_school_(North_America)" title="High school (North America)">high school</a> in the United States built on a military academy. It ranks in the top ten in the state in academic standards. Part of <a href="/wiki/Academy_School_District_20" title="Academy School District 20">School District 20</a> (D20), its <a href="/wiki/Marching_band" title="Marching band">marching band</a> regularly places in the top ten in state championships. D20 also maintains an <a href="/wiki/Elementary_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary school">elementary school</a> on the academy grounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_locations_on_campus">Other locations on campus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other locations on campus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AFA_Glider.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/AFA_Glider.jpg/220px-AFA_Glider.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/AFA_Glider.jpg/330px-AFA_Glider.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/AFA_Glider.jpg/440px-AFA_Glider.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Cadets have the opportunity to fly gliders as part of their training.</figcaption></figure> <p>Other locations on campus serve support roles for cadet training and other base functions. Doolittle Hall is the headquarters of the academy's Association of Graduates and also serves as the initial reception point for new cadets arriving for Basic Cadet Training. It is named after <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Doolittle" title="Jimmy Doolittle">General Jimmy Doolittle</a>. The Goldwater Visitor Center, named after longtime proponent of the academy <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">United States Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>, is the focal point for family, friends and tourists visiting the academy grounds. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Airfield" title="United States Air Force Academy Airfield">Academy Airfield</a> is used for training cadets in airmanship courses, including parachute training, soaring and powered flight. Interment at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Cemetery" title="United States Air Force Academy Cemetery">Academy Cemetery</a> is limited to academy cadets and graduates, certain senior officers, certain academy staff members, and certain other family members. Air power notables <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spaatz" title="Carl Spaatz">Carl Spaatz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curtis_E._LeMay" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtis E. LeMay">Curtis E. LeMay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robin_Olds" title="Robin Olds">Robin Olds</a>, are interred here.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Preparatory_School" title="United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School">United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School</a> (usually referred to as the "Prep School") is a program offered to selected individuals who were not able to obtain appointments directly to the academy. The program involves intense academic preparation (particularly in English, math and science), along with athletic and military training, meant to prepare the students for appointment to the academy. A high percentage of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Preparatory_School" title="United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School">USAFA Preparatory School</a> students (known as "Preppies") earn appointments to the academy following their year at the Prep School.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Honor_Code_and_character_education">The Honor Code and character education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Honor Code and character education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Force_Academy_Oath_of_Office.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Air_Force_Academy_Oath_of_Office.jpg/220px-Air_Force_Academy_Oath_of_Office.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Air_Force_Academy_Oath_of_Office.jpg/330px-Air_Force_Academy_Oath_of_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Air_Force_Academy_Oath_of_Office.jpg/440px-Air_Force_Academy_Oath_of_Office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1793" /></a><figcaption>More than 1,300 basic cadets salute during the ceremonial Oath of Office formation on 26 June 2009. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Cadet_Chapel" title="United States Air Force Academy Cadet Chapel">Cadet Chapel</a> is in the background.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cadet_Honor_Code" title="Cadet Honor Code">Cadet Honor Code</a> is the cornerstone of a cadet's professional training and development – the minimum standard of ethical conduct that cadets expect of themselves and their fellow cadets. The Honor Code was developed and adopted by the Class of 1959, the first class to graduate from the academy and has been handed down to every subsequent class.<sup id="cite_ref-honorcode_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-honorcode-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Honor_Code_Handbook_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honor_Code_Handbook-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Code itself is simple: </p> <blockquote><p><i>We will not lie, steal, or cheat, nor tolerate among us anyone who does.</i><sup id="cite_ref-honorcode_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-honorcode-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>In 1984, the Cadet Wing voted to add an "Honor Oath," which was to be taken by all cadets. The oath is administered to fourth class cadets (freshmen) when they are formally accepted into the Wing at the conclusion of Basic Cadet Training.<sup id="cite_ref-Honor_Code_Handbook_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honor_Code_Handbook-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oath remains unchanged since its adoption in 1984 and consists of a statement of the code, followed by a resolution to live honorably (the phrase "So help me God" is now optional): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>We will not lie, steal or cheat, nor tolerate among us anyone who does. Furthermore, I resolve to do my duty and to live honorably, (so help me God).</i></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>"Honor Code Handbook"</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Cadets are considered the "guardians and stewards" of the code. Cadet honor representatives are chosen by senior leadership, and oversee the honor system by conducting education classes and investigating suspected honor violations. Cadets throughout the Wing are expected to sit on Honor Boards as <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">juries</a> that determine whether their fellow cadets violated the code. Cadets also recommend sanctions for violations. The presumed sanction for an honor violation is disenrollment, but mitigating factors may result in the violator being placed in a probationary status for some period of time. This "honor probation" is usually only reserved for cadets in their first two years at the academy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To reinforce the importance of honor, character and integrity to future officers, cadets are given an extensive character and leadership curriculum. The academy's Center for Character and Leadership Development provides classroom, seminar, workshop and experiential-based learning programs to all cadets, beginning when they enter Basic Cadet Training and continuing each year through their last semester at the academy. The center's programs, when coupled with the Honor Code and Honor System, establish a foundation for the "leaders of character" that the academy aspires to produce.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The academy's organization is unusual in a number of respects. Because it is primarily a military unit, much of the academy's structure is set up like that of any other Air Force Base. This is particularly true of the non-cadet units—most assigned to the <a href="/wiki/10th_Air_Base_Wing" title="10th Air Base Wing">10th Air Base Wing</a>—that provide base services such as security, communications, and engineering. Because the academy is also a university, however, the organization of the faculty and the Cadet Wing have some aspects that are more similar to the faculty and student body at a civilian college. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Cadet_Wing">The Cadet Wing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Cadet Wing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Cadet_Wing" title="United States Air Force Academy Cadet Wing">United States Air Force Academy Cadet Wing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AFA_Graduates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/AFA_Graduates.jpg/220px-AFA_Graduates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/AFA_Graduates.jpg/330px-AFA_Graduates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/AFA_Graduates.jpg/440px-AFA_Graduates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Air Force Academy cadets celebrate after graduation.</figcaption></figure> <p>The student body of the academy is known as the Cadet Wing. The students, called "cadets", are divided into four classes, based on their year in school, much like a civilian college. They are not referred to as <a href="/wiki/Student" title="Student">freshmen, sophomores, juniors and seniors</a>, however, but as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Cadet_Insignia" title="United States Air Force Academy Cadet Insignia">fourth-, third-, second- and first class cadets</a>, respectively. Fourth class cadets (freshmen) are often referred to as "doolies," a term derived from the Greek word δοῦλος ("doulos") meaning "slave" or "servant."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the three lower classes are also referred to as "4 degrees," "3 degrees" or "2 degrees" based on their class.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First-class cadets (seniors) are referred to as "firsties." In the military structure of the Cadet Wing, first class cadets hold the positions of cadet officers, second class cadets act as the cadet non-commissioned officers and third class cadets represent the cadet junior non-commissioned officers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Cadet Wing is divided into four <a href="/wiki/Group_(air_force_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group (air force unit)">groups</a>, of ten cadet <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)" title="Squadron (aviation)">squadrons</a> each. Each cadet squadron consists of about 110 cadets, roughly evenly distributed among the four classes. Selected first-, second- and third-class cadets hold leadership, operational and support jobs at the squadron, group and wing levels. Cadets live, march and eat meals with members of their squadrons. Military training and intramural athletics are conducted by squadron as well. Each cadet squadron and cadet group is supervised by a specially selected active duty officer called an <a href="/wiki/Air_Officer_Commanding" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Officer Commanding">Air Officer Commanding</a> (AOC). In the case of a cadet squadron, the AOC is normally an active duty Air Force or Space Force <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">major</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">lieutenant colonel</a>. Occasionally, officers of equivalent rank from the Army, Navy, or Marines may be selected as an AOC for a squadron while on active duty at the academy. For a cadet group, the AOC is normally an active-duty <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">colonel</a>. These officers have command authority over the cadets, counsel cadets on leadership and military career issues, oversee military training and serve as role models for the future officers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In addition to an AOC, cadet squadrons and groups are also supervised by an active duty non-commissioned officer known as an Academy Military Trainer (AMT), who fulfills a similar job as the AOC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Base_organization">Base organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Base organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_the_United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="Superintendent of the United States Air Force Academy">superintendent of the United States Air Force Academy</a> is the commander and senior officer. The position of superintendent is normally held by an active-duty <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (United States)">lieutenant general</a>. The superintendent's role is roughly similar to that of the president of a civilian university. As such, the superintendent oversees all aspects of the academy, including military training, academics, athletics, admissions and also functions as the installation commander of the Academy Reservation. The academy is a <a href="/wiki/Direct_Reporting_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct Reporting Unit">Direct Reporting Unit</a> within the Air Force, so the superintendent reports directly to the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Chief of Staff of the Air Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those reporting to the superintendent include the vice superintendent, dean of the faculty, commandant of cadets, each of whom typically holds the rank of <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major general</a> or <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a>, as well as the director of athletics, the commander of the <a href="/wiki/10th_Air_Base_Wing" title="10th Air Base Wing">10th Air Base Wing</a> and the commander of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Preparatory_School" title="United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School">Prep School</a>, each of whom typically holds the rank of <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">colonel</a>. The 10th Air Base Wing provides all base support functions that exist at other air force bases, including civil engineering, communications, medical support, personnel, administration, security and base services. The Preparatory School provides an academic, athletic and military program for qualified young men and women who may need certain additional preparation prior to acceptance to the academy. All flying programs at the academy are run by the <a href="/wiki/306th_Flying_Training_Group" title="306th Flying Training Group">306th Flying Training Group</a>, which reports to the <a href="/wiki/Air_Education_and_Training_Command" title="Air Education and Training Command">Air Education and Training Command</a>, ensuring uniformity of flight training with the rest of the Air Force.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Board_of_Visitors">Board of Visitors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Board of Visitors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Congressional oversight of the academy is exercised through a 15-member Board of Visitors (BoV), established under Title 10, United States Code, Section 9455, and governed by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Advisory_Committee_Act" title="Federal Advisory Committee Act">Federal Advisory Committee Act</a> and the BoV Charter. The board inquires into the morale, discipline, curriculum, instruction, physical equipment, fiscal affairs, academic methods and other matters relating to the academy. The board " shall visit the Academy annually"<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "typically held at least twice annually with one meeting being at the USAF Academy".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Board prepares semi-annual reports containing its views and recommendations submitted concurrently to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Armed_Services_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Armed Services Committee">Senate Armed Services Committee</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/House_Armed_Services_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Armed Services Committee">House Armed Services Committee</a>. The 15 members of the BoV are appointed by the president of the United States, the vice president, the Senate and House Armed Services Committees, and the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House of Representatives</a>. Since 2006, the board has been required to include at least two academy graduates. In July 2009, Speaker <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> appointed Colorado Congressman <a href="/wiki/Jared_Polis" title="Jared Polis">Jared Polis</a> to the BoV, the first openly gay person to serve on a service academy's advisory board.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was controversy in December 2020 when President Trump made two lame duck appointments to the BoV: <a href="/wiki/Kellyanne_Conway" title="Kellyanne Conway">Kellyanne Conway</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heidi_Stirrup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heidi Stirrup (page does not exist)">Heidi Stirrup</a>. Secretary of Defense Austin suspended Defense advisory boards for a review in February 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Biden asked them to resign in September 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stirrup sued the Defense Department in July 2021 over the suspension of the board and in an attempt to remain on the board,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the lawsuit was dismissed on May 9, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Based_units">Based units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Based units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous regular USAF units are based at the academy.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Units marked GSU are Geographically Separate Units, which, although based at the U.S. Air Force Academy, are subordinate to a parent unit based at another location. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Air_Force">United States Air Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: United States Air Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Direct_reporting_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct reporting unit">Direct Reporting Unit</a></b> </p> <ul><li>United States Air Force Academy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10th_Air_Base_Wing" title="10th Air Base Wing">10th Air Base Wing</a> (Host Wing) <ul><li>10th Medical Group <ul><li>10th Aerospace Medicine Squadron</li> <li>10th Dental Squadron</li> <li>10th Medical Operations Squadron</li> <li>10th Medical Support Squadron</li> <li>10th Surgical Operations Squadron</li></ul></li> <li>10th Mission Support Group <ul><li>10th Civil Engineering Squadron</li> <li>10th Communications Squadron</li> <li>10th Contracting Squadron</li> <li>10th Force Support Squadron</li> <li>10th Logistics Readiness Squadron</li> <li>10th Security Forces Squadron</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Air_Education_and_Training_Command" title="Air Education and Training Command">Air Education and Training Command</a></b> <b>(AETC)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Air_Force" title="Nineteenth Air Force">Nineteenth Air Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_Flying_Training_Wing" title="12th Flying Training Wing">12th Flying Training Wing</a> <ul><li>306th Flying Training Group (GSU) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/94th_Flying_Training_Squadron" title="94th Flying Training Squadron">94th Flying Training Squadron</a> – TG-15A Duo Discus, <a href="/wiki/Schempp-Hirth_TG-15B_Discus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Schempp-Hirth TG-15B Discus 2">TG-15B Discus 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/DG_Flugzeugbau_TG-16A" class="mw-redirect" title="DG Flugzeugbau TG-16A">TG-16A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/98th_Flying_Training_Squadron" title="98th Flying Training Squadron">98th Flying Training Squadron</a> – <a href="/wiki/UV-18_Twin_Otter" class="mw-redirect" title="UV-18 Twin Otter">UV-18B Twin Otter</a></li> <li>306th Operations Support Squadron</li> <li><a href="/wiki/557th_Flying_Training_Squadron" title="557th Flying Training Squadron">557th Flying Training Squadron</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cirrus_SR20" title="Cirrus SR20">T-53A</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Space_Force">United States Space Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United States Space Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Space_Training_and_Readiness_Command" title="Space Training and Readiness Command">Space Training and Readiness Command</a> (STARCOM)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Delta_10" title="Space Delta 10">Space Delta 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Delta_13" title="Space Delta 13">Space Delta 13</a> <ul><li>Detachment 1</li></ul></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_training">Military training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Military training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sandhurst_Competition" title="Sandhurst Competition">Sandhurst Competition</a> (a military skills event)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="Special:EditPage/United States Air Force Academy">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N681BA_RIAT_Bthebest.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/N681BA_RIAT_Bthebest.JPG/220px-N681BA_RIAT_Bthebest.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/N681BA_RIAT_Bthebest.JPG/330px-N681BA_RIAT_Bthebest.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/N681BA_RIAT_Bthebest.JPG/440px-N681BA_RIAT_Bthebest.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2596" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>DA40 of USAFA at <a href="/wiki/Royal_International_Air_Tattoo" title="Royal International Air Tattoo">RIAT</a> 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>Cadets' military training occurs throughout their time at the academy, but is especially intense during their four summers. The first military experience for new cadets (called "basic cadets") occurs during the six weeks of Basic Cadet Training (BCT), in the summer before their fourth class (freshman) year. During BCT, also known as "beast," cadets learn the fundamentals of military and Academy life under the leadership of a cadre of first and second class cadets.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basic cadets learn military customs and courtesies, proper wear of the uniform, drill and ceremony, and study military knowledge and undergo a rigorous physical training program. During the second half of BCT, basic cadets march to <a href="/wiki/Jacks_Valley_(United_States_Air_Force_Academy)" title="Jacks Valley (United States Air Force Academy)">Jacks Valley</a>, where they complete the program in a field encampment environment. Upon completion of BCT, basic cadets receive their fourth-class <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Cadet_Insignia" title="United States Air Force Academy Cadet Insignia">shoulder boards</a>, take the Honor Oath and are formally accepted as members of the Cadet Wing.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fourth-class (freshman) year is traditionally the most difficult at the academy, militarily. In addition to their full academic course loads, heavy demands are placed on fourth-class cadets outside of class. Fourth-class cadets are expected to learn an extensive amount of military and Academy-related knowledge and have significant restrictions placed on their movement and actions—traversing the Cadet Area only by approved routes (including staying on the marble "strips" on the Terrazzo) and interacting with upper class cadets using a very specific decorum. The fourth-class year ends with "Recognition," a physically and mentally demanding several-day event which culminates in the award of the <a href="/wiki/Prop_and_Wings" title="Prop and Wings">Prop and Wings</a> insignia to the fourth-class cadets, signifying their ascension to the ranks of upper class cadets. After Recognition, the stringent rules of the fourth-class year are relaxed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the first year, cadets have more options for summer military training. Between their fourth and third class years, cadets undergo training in interpersonal and small team unit training during Adventure Based Learning (ABL) and may participate in flying <a href="/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)" title="Glider (sailplane)">gliders</a>, cyber-warfare training, satellite and space operations, unmanned systems, or free-fall <a href="/wiki/Parachuting" title="Parachuting">parachute training</a>. Until the Summer of 2020, cadets participated in Expeditionary and Survival Training. From the late 1960s until the mid-1990s, cadets also completed <a href="/wiki/Survival,_Evasion,_Resistance_and_Escape" title="Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape">SERE</a> training in the <a href="/wiki/Jacks_Valley_(United_States_Air_Force_Academy)" title="Jacks Valley (United States Air Force Academy)">Jacks Valley</a> complex between their fourth- and third-class years. This program was replaced with Combat Survival Training (CST) in 1995 and done away with entirely in 2005. In the summer of 2008, the CST program was reintroduced, but was cut again in 2011 and replaced with Expeditionary, Survival, and Evasion Training (ESET) for the summer of 2012 (the Class of 2015 was the first to participate in ESET). During their last two summers, cadets may serve as BCT cadre, travel to active duty Air Force bases and participate in a variety of other research, aviation and leadership programs. They may also be able to take courses offered by other military services, such as the U.S. Army's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Airborne_School" title="United States Army Airborne School">Airborne School</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Moore" title="Fort Moore">Fort Moore</a>, Georgia, or the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Assault_School" title="United States Army Air Assault School">Air Assault School</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Campbell" title="Fort Campbell">Fort Campbell</a>, Kentucky. During the academic year, all cadets take formal classes in military theory, operations and leadership. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academics">Academics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Academics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="Special:EditPage/United States Air Force Academy">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USAFA_air_gardens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/USAFA_air_gardens.jpg/220px-USAFA_air_gardens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/USAFA_air_gardens.jpg/330px-USAFA_air_gardens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/USAFA_air_gardens.jpg/440px-USAFA_air_gardens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>The Eagle and Fledglings Statue at the south end of the Air Gardens is inscribed with the quote, "Man's flight through life is sustained by the power of his knowledge".</figcaption></figure> <p>The Air Force Academy is an accredited four-year university offering bachelor's degrees in a variety of subjects. Active-duty Air Force and Space Force officers make up approximately 70 percent of the faculty, with the balance long-term civilian professors, visiting professors from civilian universities and instructors from other U.S. and allied foreign military services. In recent years, civilians have become a growing portion of senior faculty. </p><p>Every dean of the faculty (equivalent to a provost at most universities) has always been an active-duty brigadier general, although technically, a civilian may hold the position. The dean, the vice dean, and each academic department chair hold the academic rank of permanent professor. Permanent professors are nominated by the president of the United States and approved by the Senate, and can serve until age 64. The current dean of the faculty is Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Linell_Letendre" title="Linell Letendre">Linell Letendre</a>. </p><p>All graduates receive a Bachelor of Science degree, regardless of major, because of the technical content of the core requirements. Cadets may choose from a variety of majors, including engineering, the basic sciences, social sciences and humanities, as well as in a variety of divisional or inter-disciplinary subjects. The academic program has an extensive core curriculum, in which all cadets take required courses in the sciences, engineering, social sciences, humanities, military studies and physical education. Approximately sixty percent of a cadet's course load is mandated by the core curriculum. As a result, most of a cadet's first two years are spent in core classes. While core requirements remain significant during the third and fourth years, cadets have more flexibility to focus in their major areas of study, allowing them to participate in international and inter-service Academy exchange programs. </p><p>Traditionally, the academic program at the Air Force Academy (as with military academies in general) has focused heavily on science and engineering, with the idea that many graduates would be expected to manage complex air, space and information technology systems. As a result, the academy's engineering programs have traditionally been ranked highly. Over time, however, the academy broadened its humanities offerings. About 47% of cadets typically select majors in non-technical disciplines.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The academy's recent implementation of a computer and network security program may represent a return to form.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Externally funded research at the Air Force Academy has been a large and growing part of the technical majors. Air Force has ranked highest of all undergraduate-only universities in federally funded research as reported by the National Science Foundation, surpassing $60 million in 2010. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many cadets are involved in research via their major, coordinated in more than a dozen Academy research centers, including the Institute for Information Technology Applications, the Institute for National Security Studies, the Air Force Humanities Institute, the Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies, the Life Sciences Research Center, the Academy Center for Physics Education Research, among others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyber_Competition_Team">Cyber Competition Team</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cyber Competition Team"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Air Force Academy has a Cyber Competition team that operates under the Dean of the Faculty and the Department of Computer and Cyber Science. </p><p>In November 2017, teams from the Air Force Academy took both first and second in a competition against the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Military Academy">U.S. Military Academy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Naval_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Naval Academy">U.S. Naval Academy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Coast_Guard_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Coast Guard Academy">U.S. Coast Guard Academy</a> at the CyberStakes Live competition in Las Vegas, Nevada.<sup id="cite_ref-endowmentcyberstakes_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endowmentcyberstakes-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2019, the team won the Atlantic Council's national Cyber 9/12 Strategy Challenge in Washington, DC.<sup id="cite_ref-cyber912_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyber912-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2019, the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> announced that the U.S. Air Force Academy was the winner of the 2019 NSA Cyber Exercise. The events included forensics, cyber policy, data analysis, software development, and a cyber combat scenario.<sup id="cite_ref-nsancx_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsancx-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, the USAFA Class of 1968 announced that they would adopt the Cyber Team, with the goal of raising over $500,000 to establish a permanent endowment to cover travel expenses and other costs.<sup id="cite_ref-endowmentcyberstakes_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endowmentcyberstakes-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Athletics">Athletics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Athletics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons" title="Air Force Falcons">Air Force Falcons</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AFA_The_Bird_chute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/AFA_The_Bird_chute.jpg/170px-AFA_The_Bird_chute.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/AFA_The_Bird_chute.jpg/255px-AFA_The_Bird_chute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/AFA_The_Bird_chute.jpg/340px-AFA_The_Bird_chute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="1683" /></a><figcaption>United States Air Force Academy mascot</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thorfalcon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Thorfalcon.jpg/220px-Thorfalcon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Thorfalcon.jpg/330px-Thorfalcon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Thorfalcon.jpg/440px-Thorfalcon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Echo, one of USAFA's trained prairie falcon mascots</figcaption></figure> <p>All cadets at the academy take part in the school's extensive athletic program. The program is designed to enhance the physical conditioning of all cadets, to develop the physical skills necessary for officership, to teach leadership in a competitive environment and to build character.<sup id="cite_ref-Athletic_Fact_Sheet_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Athletic_Fact_Sheet-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary elements of the athletic program are intercollegiate athletics, intramural athletics, <a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">physical education</a>, and the physical fitness tests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_education">Physical education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Physical education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cadets are required to take physical education courses in each of their four years at the academy. All fourth-class cadets are required to take <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a> and Physical Development. All third-class cadets are required to take Swimming (or Basic Swimming), Water Survival, and an individual sport elective such as tennis, racquetball, golf, indoor rock climbing, or Warrior Enhancement Yoga. Second-class cadets are required to take Combatives I & II (unarmed combat) and a team sports elective such as volleyball, basketball, softball, or soccer. First-class cadets are required to take two open elective courses such as Introduction to Combatives, Functional Fitness, Team or Individual Sport Elective(s), Independent Exercise (C1C/C2C cadets only) or Cadet Instructor (C1C/C2C cadets only).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cadets participating in inter-collegiate sports typically have a modified course schedule for completing their required PE courses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_fitness_tests">Physical fitness tests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Physical fitness tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each semester, cadets must pass two athletic fitness tests, the AFT and PFT: a 1.5 mi (2.4 km) run to measure <a href="/wiki/VO2_max" title="VO2 max">aerobic fitness</a>, and a 15-minute, 5-event, physical fitness test consisting of <a href="/wiki/Chin-up_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Chin-up bar">pull-ups</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Standing_long_jump" title="Standing long jump">standing long jump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sit-up_(exercise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sit-up (exercise)">sit-ups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Press_up" class="mw-redirect" title="Press up">push-ups</a> and a 600 yd (550 m) <a href="/wiki/Sprint_(running)" title="Sprint (running)">sprint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Failure to pass a fitness test usually results in the cadet being assigned to a reconditioning course until they can pass the test. Repeated failures can lead to disenrollment by the Physical Education Review Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intramural_athletics">Intramural athletics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Intramural athletics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All cadets are required to compete in <a href="/wiki/Intramural" class="mw-redirect" title="Intramural">intramural</a> athletics for their entire time at the academy, unless they are on-season for intercollegiate athletics. Intramural sports put cadet squadrons against one another in many sports, including basketball, <a href="/wiki/Cross_country_running" title="Cross country running">cross-country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">flag football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racquetball" title="Racquetball">racquetball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flickerball" title="Flickerball">flickerball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, soccer, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">mountain biking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">softball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Team_handball" class="mw-redirect" title="Team handball">team handball</a>, tennis, <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultimate (sport)">Ultimate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallyball" title="Wallyball">wallyball</a> and volleyball. Winning the Wing Championship in a given sport is a particular source of pride for a cadet squadron.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intercollegiate_athletics">Intercollegiate athletics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Intercollegiate athletics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons" title="Air Force Falcons">Air Force Falcons</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bunt_(16872768421).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bunt_%2816872768421%29.jpg/220px-Bunt_%2816872768421%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bunt_%2816872768421%29.jpg/330px-Bunt_%2816872768421%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bunt_%2816872768421%29.jpg/440px-Bunt_%2816872768421%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons_baseball" title="Air Force Falcons baseball">Air Force Falcons baseball</a> player attempts a <a href="/wiki/Bunt_(baseball)" title="Bunt (baseball)">bunt</a> during a 2015 game</figcaption></figure> <p>The academy's intercollegiate program has 17 men's and 10 women's NCAA sanctioned teams, nicknamed the <i>Falcons.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Athletic_Fact_Sheet_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Athletic_Fact_Sheet-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men's teams compete in <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">football</a>, baseball, basketball, ice hockey, <a href="/wiki/Cross_country_running" title="Cross country running">cross-country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_fencing" title="Collegiate fencing">fencing</a>, golf, gymnastics, indoor and outdoor track, <a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">lacrosse</a>, soccer, swimming and diving, tennis, water polo and <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_wrestling" title="Collegiate wrestling">wrestling</a>. In 1991 the wrestling team won the WAC championship, which was the first ever by any USAFA sports team. Women's teams include basketball, cross-country, fencing, gymnastics, indoor and outdoor track, swimming and diving, soccer, tennis and volleyball. The academy fields a coeducational team in <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">rifle</a>. In addition, the academy also sponsors two non-NCAA programs: <a href="/wiki/Cheerleading" title="Cheerleading">cheerleading</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>. The academy also has several club sports, such as rugby, that compete at an intercollegiate level outside of the NCAA.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The men's and women's programs compete in <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</a>'s Division I, with the football team competing in <a href="/wiki/Division_I_FBS" class="mw-redirect" title="Division I FBS">Division I FBS</a>. Most teams are in the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference" title="Mountain West Conference">Mountain West Conference</a>; however, the wrestling team competes in the <a href="/wiki/Big_12_Conference" title="Big 12 Conference">Big 12 Conference</a>, the gymnastics teams compete in the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Pacific_Sports_Federation" title="Mountain Pacific Sports Federation">Mountain Pacific Sports Federation</a>; the men's <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">soccer</a> team competes in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference" title="Western Athletic Conference">Western Athletic Conference</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the men's <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">hockey</a> team competes in <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Hockey_America" title="Atlantic Hockey America">Atlantic Hockey America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">water polo</a> team competes in the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Conference" title="West Coast Conference">West Coast Conference</a>, the coeducational rifle team competes in the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Rifle_Conference" title="Patriot Rifle Conference">Patriot Rifle Conference</a>, and the men's lacrosse team competes in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Sun_Conference" title="Atlantic Sun Conference">Atlantic Sun Conference</a>. The men's <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a> team competes in the <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Boxing_Association" title="National Collegiate Boxing Association">National Collegiate Boxing Association</a>. For a number of years, only the men's teams competed in Division I. Women's teams competed in Division II and were once members of the Continental Divide Conference, then the Colorado Athletic Conference. With new NCAA legislation, beginning in 1996, women's teams started competing in Division I.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trump_presents_CINC_Trophy_to_USAFA_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Trump_presents_CINC_Trophy_to_USAFA_03.jpg/220px-Trump_presents_CINC_Trophy_to_USAFA_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Trump_presents_CINC_Trophy_to_USAFA_03.jpg/330px-Trump_presents_CINC_Trophy_to_USAFA_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Trump_presents_CINC_Trophy_to_USAFA_03.jpg/440px-Trump_presents_CINC_Trophy_to_USAFA_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Presentation of the Commander in Chief's Trophy to the Air Force Falcons, 2 May 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>Air Force has traditional service academy rivalries with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">Army</a>. The three service academies compete for the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief%27s_Trophy" title="Commander-in-Chief's Trophy">Commander-in-Chief's Trophy</a> in <a href="/wiki/American_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="American Football">football</a> each year. <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons_football" title="Air Force Falcons football">Air Force Falcons football</a> has had the best showing of the three, winning the trophy 18 of its 34 years. The academy also has an in-state rivalry with <a href="/wiki/Colorado_State_Rams_football" title="Colorado State Rams football">Colorado State University</a>, which is located in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Collins" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Collins">Fort Collins</a> and is a fellow member of the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference" title="Mountain West Conference">Mountain West Conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons_boxing" title="Air Force Falcons boxing">boxing team</a>, led for 31 years by Coach <a href="/wiki/Ed_Weichers" title="Ed Weichers">Ed Weichers</a>, has won 18 national championships.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Zoomie_Rugby_Football_Club" title="Zoomie Rugby Football Club">Academy's men's and women's rugby teams</a> have each won multiple national championships and the women's side recently had two players selected for the United States national team.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons_football" title="Air Force Falcons football">football team</a> has played in 17 <a href="/wiki/Bowl_game" title="Bowl game">bowl games</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons_men%27s_basketball" title="Air Force Falcons men's basketball">basketball team</a> has had strong showings in the last several years, qualifying for the NCAA tournament and, most recently, making the final four of the <a href="/wiki/2007_National_Invitation_Tournament" title="2007 National Invitation Tournament">2007 NIT Tournament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Air Force Falcons men's ice hockey">men's ice hockey team</a> won the last two Atlantic Hockey conference tournaments, made the first ever appearance by a service academy in the NCAA hockey tournament in 2007, and made a repeat appearance in 2008. The Air Force Academy's Men's Hockey team recently lost in the "Elite Eight" of hockey in double overtime. This marked the farthest they had gone in the post-season in school history and the longest an Atlantic Hockey Association team has made it into the post-season.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The track and field team has had national and international success. Three women won Division II NCAA titles before the women's team moved to Division I competition: Gail Conway (outdoor <a href="/wiki/400_metres" title="400 metres">400 meters</a> in 1983, outdoor <a href="/wiki/800_metres" title="800 metres">800 meters</a> in 1984); Jill Wood (indoor <a href="/wiki/1500_metres" title="1500 metres">1500 meters</a> in 1988); and Callie Calhoun (indoor and outdoor <a href="/wiki/3000_metres" title="3000 metres">3000 meters</a> and outdoor <a href="/wiki/5000_metres" title="5000 metres">5000 meters</a> in 1990, indoor 3000 meters and outdoor <a href="/wiki/10,000_metres" title="10,000 metres">10,000 meters</a> in 1991).<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three athletes have also won Division I NCAA outdoor titles: Jim Murphy in the 5000 meters in 1964, <a href="/wiki/Dana_Pounds" title="Dana Pounds">Dana Pounds</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Javelin_throw" title="Javelin throw">javelin</a> in <a href="/wiki/2005_NCAA_Division_I_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships" title="2005 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships">2005</a> and <a href="/wiki/2006_NCAA_Division_I_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships" title="2006 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships">2006</a>, and Mahala Norris in the <a href="/wiki/3000_metres_steeplechase" title="3000 metres steeplechase">steeplechase</a> in <a href="/wiki/2021_NCAA_Division_I_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships" title="2021 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships">2021</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1983 alumnus <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Babers" title="Alonzo Babers">Alonzo Babers</a> won <a href="/wiki/Olympic_medal" title="Olympic medal">gold medals</a> in the 400 meters and the <a href="/wiki/4_%C3%97_400_metres_relay" title="4 × 400 metres relay">4x400 meter relay</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, Academy Superintendent Lt. Gen. Michelle Johnson responded to reports of allegations of sexual assault and drug use at a December 2011 party by calling for a review of the athletic department by the inspector general.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Airmanship">Airmanship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Airmanship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USAFA_Flying_Team_T-41D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/USAFA_Flying_Team_T-41D.jpg/220px-USAFA_Flying_Team_T-41D.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/USAFA_Flying_Team_T-41D.jpg/330px-USAFA_Flying_Team_T-41D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/USAFA_Flying_Team_T-41D.jpg/440px-USAFA_Flying_Team_T-41D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="1602" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cessna_T-41_Mescalero" title="Cessna T-41 Mescalero">Cessna T-41D</a> of the <a href="/wiki/557th_Flying_Training_Squadron" title="557th Flying Training Squadron">557th Flying Training Squadron</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="Special:EditPage/United States Air Force Academy">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cadets have the opportunity to take part in several airmanship activities to include soaring, parachuting, and powered flight. Airmanship activities at the academy are primarily conducted by the <a href="/wiki/306th_Flying_Training_Group" title="306th Flying Training Group">306th Flying Training Group</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/94th_Flying_Training_Squadron" title="94th Flying Training Squadron">94th Flying Training Squadron</a> trains cadets in basic airmanship principles through several flights in <a href="/wiki/DG_Flugzeugbau_DG-1000" title="DG Flugzeugbau DG-1000">TG-16A</a> sailplanes. Each year, several soaring students are selected to become instructor pilots to teach new classes of soaring students. Some of these cadet instructor pilots also compete on the Soaring Racing Team or Acrobatics Team in national competitions. </p><p>Cadets also have the opportunity to take a parachuting course conducted by the <a href="/wiki/98th_Flying_Training_Squadron" title="98th Flying Training Squadron">98th Flying Training Squadron</a>. Each year, hundreds of cadets earn their <a href="/wiki/Parachutist_Badge_(United_States)" title="Parachutist Badge (United States)">Basic Parachutist Badge</a> by completing five jumps in the program. A number of cadets are selected for further training and become members of The Wings of Blue, the U.S. Air Force Parachute Team. </p><p>A powered flight program is conducted under the <a href="/wiki/557th_Flying_Training_Squadron" title="557th Flying Training Squadron">557th Flying Training Squadron</a> to expose cadets to the basics of powered flight. The program uses <a href="/wiki/Cirrus_SR20" title="Cirrus SR20">T-53A</a> aircraft to offer cadets basic flight training and the opportunity to solo. The U.S. Air Force Academy Flying Team is composed of ~26 cadets selected to compete in <a href="/wiki/National_Intercollegiate_Flying_Association" title="National Intercollegiate Flying Association">National Intercollegiate Flying Association</a> competitions. The Flying Team uses <a href="/wiki/Cessna_T-41_Mescalero" title="Cessna T-41 Mescalero">T-41D</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cessna_150" title="Cessna 150">T-51A</a> aircraft to compete in precision landing, navigation, and message drop events. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Admissions">Admissions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Admissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright sortable collapsible"> <caption style="font-size:90%">Undergraduate demographics as of November 22, 2024 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style"><span title="Quotation marks may be incomplete, unbalanced or improperly applied.">check quotation syntax</span></a></i>]</sup>|- </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race and ethnicity<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">White</a> </td> <td align="right">63% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">63</span><div style="width:126px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> </td> <td align="right">12% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">12</span><div style="width:24px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:green"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="right">9% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">9</span><div style="width:18px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:brown"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td align="right">7% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">7</span><div style="width:14px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> </td> <td align="right">6% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">6</span><div style="width:12px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Foreign_national" title="Foreign national">Foreign national</a> </td> <td align="right">1% </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">1</span><div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:orange"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Economic_diversity" title="Economic diversity">Economic diversity</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" align="center"><b>Data Not Available</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>To be eligible to enter the academy, a candidate must:<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Be a <a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">citizen of the United States</a> (unless nominated by an official of a country invited by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Be unmarried with no dependents</li> <li>Be of good <a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">moral character</a></li> <li>Be at least 17, but less than 23 years of age by 1 July of the year of entry</li> <li>Meet high leadership, academic, physical and medical standards</li></ul> <p>In addition to the normal application process, all candidates must secure a nomination to the academy, normally from a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> or <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a>. Each member of <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the United States">Congress</a> and the vice president can have five appointees attending the Air Force Academy at any time. The process for obtaining a congressional nomination is not political and candidates do not have to know their senator or representative to secure a nomination. Additional nomination slots are available for children of career military personnel, children of disabled <a href="/wiki/Veteran" title="Veteran">veterans</a> or veterans who were <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">killed in action</a>, or children of <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> recipients. The admissions process is a lengthy one and applicants usually begin the paperwork during their junior year of high school.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class_size">Class size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Class size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were 306 cadets admitted for the first class (class of 1959).<sup id="cite_ref-Simon_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1961, class size was down to 271, but due to the need for officers in the Vietnam War, grew to 745 admittees in 1970,<sup id="cite_ref-McKeown_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKeown-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and peaking in 1974, with 1,620, and 1975, with 1,626, the largest number ever admitted.<sup id="cite_ref-Roeder_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roeder-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that class sizes shrank down to about 1,300 before spiking to 1,485 in 1988 (class of 1992).<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite a peak of 1,350 (admitted 2004) and 1,418 (admitted 2005), from 1995 to 2005 class size averaged about 1,250 freshmen.<sup id="cite_ref-Roeder_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roeder-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2005 to 2010 class sizes were slightly down from the 2005 peak. The 2013 class (beginning 2009) had 1,286<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 2014 class (beginning Fall 2010) had 1,285.<sup id="cite_ref-Gould_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cutbacks were ordered in 2011, so by 2012, the entering class (class of 2016) was down to about 1,050.<sup id="cite_ref-Gould_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The class 2022 began with 1,286 students, lowered to 1,282 by the end of BCT. The class of 2023 began with 1159, and ended BCT with approximately 1150.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditions">Traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nicknames">Nicknames</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Nicknames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alumni of the academy are referred to as the Long Blue Line.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cadets and alumni are also known as Zoomies.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prop_and_Wings">Prop and Wings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Prop and Wings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prop_and_wings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Prop_and_wings.svg/220px-Prop_and_wings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Prop_and_wings.svg/330px-Prop_and_wings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Prop_and_wings.svg/440px-Prop_and_wings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="176" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Prop and Wings insignia, currently used at the U.S. Air Force Academy</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Prop_and_Wings" title="Prop and Wings">Prop and Wings</a> insignia of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service" title="United States Army Air Service">Air Service</a> (1918–26), <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps" title="United States Army Air Corps">Air Corps</a> (1926–41), and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">Army Air Forces</a> (1941–47) became the insignia of upperclass cadets at the Air Force Academy beginning with the first class, 1959. The insignia is given to fourth class (freshmen) cadets at the Recognition Ceremony near the end of their first year rite of passage. The standard insignia uses the design of the Air Corps Prop and Wings, except that it is all silver instead of the gold wings and silver prop of the earlier design. Cadets who have ancestors who served in the Air Service, Air Corps, or Army Air Forces, or those who are direct descendants of Air Force Academy graduates, are eligible to wear a different set of props and wings consisting of a silver prop and gold wings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acceptance_Parade_and_Parents'_Weekend"><span id="Acceptance_Parade_and_Parents.27_Weekend"></span>Acceptance Parade and Parents' Weekend</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Acceptance Parade and Parents' Weekend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Acceptance Parade celebrates the end of Basic Cadet Training (BCT) for incoming fourth-class cadets. At the Parade, fourth-class cadets are awarded their uniform shoulder boards in recognition of completing BCT and being accepted into the Cadet Wing. Fourth-class cadets formally take the USAFA Honor Code Oath. The Legacy class, the class that graduated 50 years prior to the incoming class' graduation, presents a copy of the Contrails book to the outstanding Basic Cadet from each of the ten BCT squadrons.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few weeks later, over the Labor Day weekend, the Cadet Wing participates in Parents' Weekend. This event marks the first time that fourth-class cadets are able to see their families since Inprocessing Day. After the Cadet Wing Parade, families are invited into the Cadet Wing to attend open houses.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class_exemplar">Class exemplar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Class exemplar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the fall semester of the third-class year, cadets choose a <a href="/wiki/USAFA_Class_exemplar" class="mw-redirect" title="USAFA Class exemplar">class exemplar</a> who becomes the class' namesake. The exemplar is typically a deceased member of the Air Force, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">Army Air Force</a>, or <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service" title="United States Army Air Service">Army Air Service</a>, with a few notable exceptions like the <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright Brothers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>. The tradition began with the Class of 2000. The selection of the class exemplar is celebrated with a formal class-wide dinner.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commitment_Dinner">Commitment Dinner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Commitment Dinner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commitment Dinner takes place prior to the first day of classes at the start of the second-class fall semester. By attending the dinner, second-class cadets are formally committing serving in the Air Force or Space Force upon graduation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up until this point, fourth-class or third-class cadets may withdraw from the academy without incurring any financial or military obligations. After Commitment, cadets leaving the academy may incur financial penalties or be required to serve on active duty in the Air Force or Space Force.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class_crest">Class crest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Class crest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each class of cadets designs its own class crest; the only requirements being that each crest include all the elements on the Class of 1959's crest: the class number, the class year, the Polaris star, and the eagle.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final crest is unveiled during the Ring Dance when second-degree cadets receive their class rings. During the first-degree year, the crest is on prominent display on the Crest Wall on the Terrazzo.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class_ring">Class ring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Class ring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The American college tradition of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy_class_ring" title="United States Military Academy class ring">class ring</a> began with the class of 1835 at the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Military Academy">U.S. Military Academy</a>. From there, it spread to the U.S. Naval Academy in the class of 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Air Force Academy continued the tradition, beginning with the first class, 1959, and so is the only service academy to have had class rings for every class since its founding. The Air Force ring is distinctive for being white gold instead of the yellow gold used at the other academies. One side of the ring bears the academy crest, while the other side bears the class crest; the center bezel bears the words United States Air Force Academy. Cadets choose their own stones for the center of the ring. The rings are received during their second-degree (junior) year at the Ring Dance, at the beginning of Graduation Week festivities for the class ahead. The rings traditionally are placed in glasses of champagne and are caught in the teeth following a toast. During the cadet's first-degree (senior) year, the ring is worn with the class crest facing the wearer; following graduation, the ring is turned so that the class crest faces out. The rings of all the academies were originally designed to be worn on the left hand, so that the wearer reads the name of the academy on the bezel while a cadet or midshipman and others can read it after graduation, the rings are now worn on either hand. The academy's Association of Graduates (AOG) accepts rings of deceased graduates which are melted down to form an ingot of white gold from which a portion of all future rings are made.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the academy's Association of Graduates and the academy library maintain displays of class rings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="100’s_Night"><span id="100.E2.80.99s_Night"></span>100’s Night</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: 100’s Night"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>100's Night takes place 100 nights before first-class cadets ("firsties") are set to graduate. It is a formal dinner in celebration of all they have accomplished up to this point in their cadet career and their impending commission as Second Lieutenants in the Air Force or Space Force. After the dinner, Firsties are given leave for the weekend to celebrate. While the Firsties are gone, fourth-class cadets decorate their rooms to celebrate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_100-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_U.S._Air_Force_Academy_Drum_and_Bugle_Corps_performs_prior_to_the_start_of_the_Air_Force_Falcons_opening_football_game_against_the_Idaho_State_Bengals_at_Falcon_Stadium_in_Colorado_Springs,_Colo.,_Sept_120901-F-ZJ145-438.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_U.S._Air_Force_Academy_Drum_and_Bugle_Corps_performs_prior_to_the_start_of_the_Air_Force_Falcons_opening_football_game_against_the_Idaho_State_Bengals_at_Falcon_Stadium_in_Colorado_Springs%2C_Colo.%2C_Sept_120901-F-ZJ145-438.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_U.S._Air_Force_Academy_Drum_and_Bugle_Corps_performs_prior_to_the_start_of_the_Air_Force_Falcons_opening_football_game_against_the_Idaho_State_Bengals_at_Falcon_Stadium_in_Colorado_Springs%2C_Colo.%2C_Sept_120901-F-ZJ145-438.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_U.S._Air_Force_Academy_Drum_and_Bugle_Corps_performs_prior_to_the_start_of_the_Air_Force_Falcons_opening_football_game_against_the_Idaho_State_Bengals_at_Falcon_Stadium_in_Colorado_Springs%2C_Colo.%2C_Sept_120901-F-ZJ145-438.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Drum_and_Bugle_Corps" title="United States Air Force Academy Drum and Bugle Corps">United States Air Force Academy Drum and Bugle Corps</a> performing prior to the start of a USAFA football game against <a href="/wiki/Idaho_State_University" title="Idaho State University">Idaho State University</a> at <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Stadium" title="Falcon Stadium">Falcon Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Band" title="United States Air Force Academy Band">United States Air Force Academy Band</a> provides all ceremonial and musical support for the cadet wing of the academy. It is an active duty band that is composed of full-time musicians, not USAFA cadets. Established in 1948 in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Drum_and_Bugle_Corps" title="United States Air Force Academy Drum and Bugle Corps">United States Air Force Academy Drum and Bugle Corps</a> on the other hand is staffed by cadets of the academy and provides support for all academy events such as football and basketball games. It served the entire Air Force from the capital until its reassignment to the academy in 1963 and the cadet wing in 1972. </p><p>The two bands wear different uniforms when performing, with the academy band performing in a specialized <a href="/wiki/Full_dress_uniform" title="Full dress uniform">full dress uniform</a> while the drum and bugle corps march in standard cadet uniforms.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honor_scandals">Honor scandals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Honor scandals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first honor scandal broke in 1965, when a resigning cadet reported knowing of more than 100 cadets who had been involved in a cheating ring. 109 cadets were ultimately expelled. Cheating scandals plagued the academy again in 1967, 1972, 1984, 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2012, 2014, 2019, and 2020. </p><p>In April 2022, 22 cadets were permanently expelled from the academy due to a May 2020 final exams cheating scandal in which 245 cadets were investigated.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_sexual_harassment,_assault_and_gender_bias"><span id="Allegations_of_sexual_harassment.2C_assault_and_gender_bias"></span>Allegations of sexual harassment, assault and gender bias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Allegations of sexual harassment, assault and gender bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2003_United_States_Air_Force_Academy_sexual_assault_scandal" title="2003 United States Air Force Academy sexual assault scandal">2003 United States Air Force Academy sexual assault scandal</a></div> <p>The sexual assault scandal that broke in 2003 forced the academy to look more closely at how effectively women had been integrated into cadet life; concerns with sexual assault, <a href="/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">hazing</a> of male cadets, and the disciplinary process during this period were detailed in a 2010 book by a former cadet.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the scandal and rising concerns about sexual assault throughout the U.S. military, the Department of Defense established a task force to investigate sexual harassment and assault at each of the United States service academies. The report also revealed 92 incidents of reported <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the academy implemented programs to combat sexual assault, harassment and gender bias. The new programs actively encourage prompt sexual assault reporting. The academy's decisive actions of zero tolerance were praised by officials and experts.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the 2003 crisis, the Department of Defense directed its attention to the problem of sexual harassment and assault at the military academies. The Department of Defense claimed that the program was successful although during the school year 2010–11 there were increased reports of sexual assault at the academy; however, one goal of the program is increased reporting.<sup id="cite_ref-DOD20102011_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOD20102011-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been several attempts to prosecute cadets for rape since 2003,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> but only three have resulted in convictions, citing the confidential informant program that ran from 2011 to 2012. The informant program was led by former AFOSI agent Brandon Enos, AFOSI's most successful agent in Air Force Academy's history in combating sexual assault and drug use among cadets. After the confidential informant program was mysteriously disbanded in 2013 on orders from General Johnson, sexual assault reporting fell by half. On 5 January 2012 rape charges were referred against cadets in three unrelated cases.<sup id="cite_ref-AFARape_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFARape-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To help combat these problems, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Office_of_Special_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations">United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations</a> (AFOSI) created a system of cadet informants to hunt for misconduct among students.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> in academic year 2014, "after the informant program ended with no further convictions, reports fell by half."<sup id="cite_ref-Times08102014_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times08102014-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The New York Times</i> cited a letter to Congress from former AFOSI Agent, Staff Sergeant Brandon Enos, who said that Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Gould" title="Michael C. Gould">Michael C. Gould</a>, the superintendent from 2009 to 2013 and a former quarterback on the team, had repeatedly interfered in cases involving football players. In turn Gould said to the Times that the suggestion that he had interfered with the investigation "preposterous."<sup id="cite_ref-Times08102014_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times08102014-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gould was found guilty by a report from the Pentagon in June 2016 of interfering with AFOSI investigations from 2011 to 2012, including blocking an investigation into the football coaches. Gould was subsequently removed from the College Football Selection Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-cfpsc_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfpsc-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These and other problems again rose to national prominence in the summer of 2014 when <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gazette_(Colorado_Springs)" title="The Gazette (Colorado Springs)">The Gazette</a></i> broke an investigation into behavior by Academy cadets and faculty that included allegations of drug use, alcohol abuse, cheating, and sexual assault. This behavior, described as "so wild that AFOSI leaders canceled a planned 2012 sting out of concern that undercover agents and confidential informants at a party wouldn't be enough to protect women from rape," prompted the academy superintendent to call for an investigation of the academy's athletic department.<sup id="cite_ref-Gazette_2014_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazette_2014-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2023 survey found 22% of female cadets and 4% of male cadets had experienced unwanted sexual contact, ranging from touching to rape.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_atmosphere">Religious atmosphere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Religious atmosphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005, allegations surfaced that some <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Christian">evangelical Christian</a> cadets and staff were effectively engaging in religious proselytizing at the academy.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These allegations, along with concerns over how the Air Force handles other religious issues, prompted Academy graduate Michael L. Weinstein to file a lawsuit against the Air Force.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Air Force panel investigated the accusations and issued a report on 22 June 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The panel's investigation found a "religious climate that does not involve overt religious discrimination, but a failure to fully accommodate all members' needs and a lack of awareness over where the line is drawn between permissible and impermissible expression of beliefs." Evidence discovered during the investigation included <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> remarks, official sponsorship of a showing of the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_the_Christ" title="The Passion of the Christ">The Passion of the Christ</a></i> and a locker room banner that said academy athletes played for "Team Jesus." In response to the panel's findings, the Air Force released new guidelines to discourage public prayers at official events or meetings and to facilitate worship by non-Christian religions.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010 the academy set up an outdoor worship area for cadets following <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Druidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Druidism">Neo-Druidism</a>, or other earth-based religions to practice their faiths.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A survey conducted that same year found that 41 percent of academy cadets who identified themselves as non-Christian reported they were subjected to unwanted religious proselytizing at least once or twice last year at the school. The survey's results, however, showed that the number of cadets who felt pressured to join in religious activities had declined from previous years. Colorado congressman <a href="/wiki/Mike_Coffman" title="Mike Coffman">Mike Coffman</a> criticized the academy for resisting calls to release details of the survey's results.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, 66 House Republicans complained about policies set in place the last September to curtail requirements to attend religious events.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hazing_incidents">Hazing incidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Hazing incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in 2012, the Air Force Academy began to receive sustained, negative attention for unofficial <a href="/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">hazing</a> rituals carried out by cadets.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the 2014 investigation into hazing, alcohol abuse, and cheating on the academy's football team, further investigations in 2017 and 2018 into other teams in the athletic department uncovered similar behavior on the academy's men's lacrosse and men's swimming teams.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to suspending the coaching staff of the lacrosse team, senior cadets on both the lacrosse and swimming teams have had their graduation and commissioning delayed, and potentially revoked, as the Air Force proceeds with its internal investigations.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an April 2018 statement made on the hazing scandal to the Board of Visitors, which reports its findings to the Pentagon and Congress, Academy Superintendent Lt. Gen. Jay Silveria stated, "Times have changed, and some of these rituals hang on that are completely, ridiculously inappropriate."<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_alumni">Notable alumni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notable alumni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_Academy_alumni" title="List of United States Air Force Academy alumni">List of United States Air Force Academy alumni</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/28px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/42px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/56px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/32px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/48px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/64px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Colorado" title="Portal:Colorado">Colorado portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_service_academies" title="United States service academies">United States service academies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Colorado" title="List of colleges and universities in Colorado">List of colleges and universities in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Academy,_Colorado" title="Air Force Academy, Colorado">Air Force Academy, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabara_Award" title="Jabara Award">Jabara Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KAFA-FM" title="KAFA-FM">KAFA-FM</a> radio</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other consists of <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiracial Americans</a> & those who prefer to not say.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-afhra.af.mil-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-afhra.af.mil_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-afhra.af.mil_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/433412/united-states-air-force-academy-usaf/">"United States Air Force Academy (USAF)"</a>. Air Force Historical Research Agency.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Air+Force+Academy+%28USAF%29&rft.pub=Air+Force+Historical+Research+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afhra.af.mil%2FAbout-Us%2FFact-Sheets%2FDisplay%2FArticle%2F433412%2Funited-states-air-force-academy-usaf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afacademyfoundation.org/s/1885/images/gid2/editor_documents/airforceacademyfoundation19_final.pdf?gid=2&pgid=61">"Air Force Academy Foundation (Formerly Known as USAFA Endowment, Inc.) Financial Statements For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 And Independent Auditors' Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Afacademyfoundation.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Afacademyfoundation.org&rft.atitle=Air+Force+Academy+Foundation+%28Formerly+Known+as+USAFA+Endowment%2C+Inc.%29+Financial+Statements+For+the+Year+Ended+December+31%2C+2019+And+Independent+Auditors%27+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afacademyfoundation.org%2Fs%2F1885%2Fimages%2Fgid2%2Feditor_documents%2Fairforceacademyfoundation19_final.pdf%3Fgid%3D2%26pgid%3D61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usafa.edu/brig-gen-marks-takes-command-of-cadet-wing/">"Brigadier General Marks Takes Command of Cadet Wing"</a>. <i>United States Air Force Academy</i>. 21 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Air+Force+Academy&rft.atitle=Brigadier+General+Marks+Takes+Command+of+Cadet+Wing&rft.date=2023-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafa.edu%2Fbrig-gen-marks-takes-command-of-cadet-wing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/MG1200/MG1237/RAND_MG1237.sum.pdf">"The Rand Foundation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Rand.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rand.org&rft.atitle=The+Rand+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Frand%2Fpubs%2Fmonographs%2FMG1200%2FMG1237%2FRAND_MG1237.sum.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/united-states-air-force-academy-1369">"United States Air Force Academy"</a>. <i>U.S. News & World Report</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=United+States+Air+Force+Academy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fbest-colleges%2Funited-states-air-force-academy-1369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211002031515/https://s3.amazonaws.com/goairforcefalcons.com/documents/2020/11/20/AF_Athletics_Style_Cheat_Sheet_FINAL.pdf#page=4">"Color Palette"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Air Force Athletics Style Cheat Sheet</i>. 20 November 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/goairforcefalcons.com/documents/2020/11/20/AF_Athletics_Style_Cheat_Sheet_FINAL.pdf#page=4">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air+Force+Athletics+Style+Cheat+Sheet&rft.atitle=Color+Palette&rft.date=2020-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Fgoairforcefalcons.com%2Fdocuments%2F2020%2F11%2F20%2FAF_Athletics_Style_Cheat_Sheet_FINAL.pdf%23page%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usafawebguy.com/Blog/Entry/2502">"Why a Falcon?"</a>. <i>Usafawebguy.com</i>. 17 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Usafawebguy.com&rft.atitle=Why+a+Falcon%3F&rft.date=2019-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafawebguy.com%2FBlog%2FEntry%2F2502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205024728/https://velosteam.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Space-Force-Report.pdf">"Comprehensive Plan for the Organizational Structure of the U.S. Space Force"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Report to Congressional Committees. Department of the Air Force. February 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://velosteam.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Space-Force-Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Plan+for+the+Organizational+Structure+of+the+U.S.+Space+Force&rft.series=Report+to+Congressional+Committees&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Air+Force&rft.date=2020-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvelosteam.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F02%2FSpace-Force-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 10 of the United States Code">10 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/118">§ 118</a> (prior section 133b renumbered in 1986); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/dodandmilitaryejournals/www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/html2/d10058x.htm">DoD Directive 1005.8 dated 31 October 77</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203031801/http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/dodandmilitaryejournals/www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/html2/d10058x.htm">Archived</a> 3 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/pdf/R600_25.pdf">AR 600-25</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106070936/http://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/pdf/R600_25.pdf">Archived</a> 6 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aahfgrd-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aahfgrd_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aahfgrd_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news.google.com/newspapers?id=8DNWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7066%2C942763">"Air academy holds first graduation"</a>. <i>Spokesman-Review</i>. Spokane, Washington. Associated Press. 4 June 1959. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=Air+academy+holds+first+graduation&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1959-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D8DNWAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D7066%252C942763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cadets have also been able to "cross-commission" into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a>, or <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a>, and each year a small number of graduates do so, usually in a one-for-one "trade" with similarly inclined cadets or midshipmen at the other service academies. Graduates who have lost their medical qualification for commissioning while at their final semester at academy (a small number each year) may receive a degree but are not commissioned. Foreign cadets will commission into their home country's armed forces.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quick_Look-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quick_Look_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quick_Look_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quick_Look_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100723022158/http://www.usafa.edu/superintendent/pa/">"A Quick Look at the U.S. Air Force Academy"</a>. USAFA Fact Sheet. United States Air Force Academy. May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usafa.edu/superintendent/pa/factsheets/quick.htm">the original</a> on 23 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Quick+Look+at+the+U.S.+Air+Force+Academy&rft.series=USAFA+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=United+States+Air+Force+Academy&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafa.edu%2Fsuperintendent%2Fpa%2Ffactsheets%2Fquick.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZubeck2018" class="citation web cs1">Zubeck, Pam (22 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015025406/https://m.csindy.com/TheWire/archives/2018/05/22/air-force-academy-shows-improvement-in-wash-out-rate">"Air Force Academy shows improvement in wash-out rate"</a>. Colorado Springs Independent. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.csindy.com/TheWire/archives/2018/05/22/air-force-academy-shows-improvement-in-wash-out-rate">the original</a> on 15 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Air+Force+Academy+shows+improvement+in+wash-out+rate&rft.pub=Colorado+Springs+Independent&rft.date=2018-05-22&rft.aulast=Zubeck&rft.aufirst=Pam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.csindy.com%2FTheWire%2Farchives%2F2018%2F05%2F22%2Fair-force-academy-shows-improvement-in-wash-out-rate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZubeck2016" class="citation web cs1">Zubeck, Pam (28 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015025511/https://m.csindy.com/coloradosprings/air-force-academy-loses-men-women-cadets-at-different-rates/Content?oid=4247542">"Air Force Academy loses men, women cadets at different rates"</a>. Colorado Springs Independent. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.csindy.com/coloradosprings/air-force-academy-loses-men-women-cadets-at-different-rates/Content?oid=4247542">the original</a> on 15 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Air+Force+Academy+loses+men%2C+women+cadets+at+different+rates&rft.pub=Colorado+Springs+Independent&rft.date=2016-12-28&rft.aulast=Zubeck&rft.aufirst=Pam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.csindy.com%2Fcoloradosprings%2Fair-force-academy-loses-men-women-cadets-at-different-rates%2FContent%3Foid%3D4247542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simon-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simon_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simon_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simon_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simon_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simon_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simon_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simon_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simon_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simon_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven A. Simon, "A Half-Century of History," <i>Fifty Years of Excellence: Building Leaders of Character for the Nation,</i> 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Hamlin Cannon and Henry S. Fellerman, <i>Quest for an Air Force Academy,</i> 1974. (ASIN: B00071G1T6)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aaactsbe-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aaactsbe_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9G8pAAAAIBAJ&pg=6899%2C3318710">"Air Force Academy Act signed by Eisenhower"</a>. <i>Spokesman-Review</i>. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. 2 April 1954. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=Air+Force+Academy+Act+signed+by+Eisenhower&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1954-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D9G8pAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6899%252C3318710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmery" class="citation web cs1">Emery, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629011615/https://www.thetelegraph.com/news/article/Air-Force-Academy-in-Elsah-When-Great-River-Road-13838371.php">"Air Force Academy in Elsah? When Great River Road was nearly transformed, with help from Charles Lindbergh"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetelegraph.com/news/article/Air-Force-Academy-in-Elsah-When-Great-River-Road-13838371.php">the original</a> on 29 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Air+Force+Academy+in+Elsah%3F+When+Great+River+Road+was+nearly+transformed%2C+with+help+from+Charles+Lindbergh&rft.aulast=Emery&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetelegraph.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FAir-Force-Academy-in-Elsah-When-Great-River-Road-13838371.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f034b42a052970d1caad67d/t/5f09e9bbb7e70d0ea187c780/1594485181942/Town-of-Linn.pdf">"Town of Linn"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629011615/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f034b42a052970d1caad67d/t/5f09e9bbb7e70d0ea187c780/1594485181942/Town-of-Linn.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Town+of+Linn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic1.squarespace.com%2Fstatic%2F5f034b42a052970d1caad67d%2Ft%2F5f09e9bbb7e70d0ea187c780%2F1594485181942%2FTown-of-Linn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociated_Press1954" class="citation news cs1">Associated Press (3 June 1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=r69aAAAAIBAJ&pg=5821,6251051&dq=air+force+prescott+600&hl=en">"Prescott Evening Courier"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Prescott+Evening+Courier&rft.date=1954-06-03&rft.au=Associated+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Dr69aAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5821%2C6251051%26dq%3Dair%2Bforce%2Bprescott%2B600%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ctgasch-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ctgasch_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=0klj8wIChNAC&dat=19540625&printsec=frontpage&hl=en">"Colorado town gets air school"</a>. <i>Spokesman-Review</i>. Spokane, Washington. Associated Press. 25 June 1954. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=Colorado+town+gets+air+school&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1954-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D0klj8wIChNAC%26dat%3D19540625%26printsec%3Dfrontpage%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wpofair-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wpofair_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=ddB7do2jUx8C&dat=19540625&printsec=frontpage&hl=en">"West Point of air to rise on Colorado's rugged land"</a>. <i>Spokane Daily Chronicle</i>. Spokane, Washington. United Press. 25 June 1954. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokane+Daily+Chronicle&rft.atitle=West+Point+of+air+to+rise+on+Colorado%27s+rugged+land&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1954-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3DddB7do2jUx8C%26dat%3D19540625%26printsec%3Dfrontpage%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USAFA_library-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USAFA_library_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagan" class="citation web cs1">Fagan, George V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015024515/http://www.usafalibrary.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/AFA-Heritage-Fagan.pdf">"Air Force Academy Heritage – The Early Years"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>usafalibrary.com</i>. Fulcrum Publishing. pp. 106–107. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usafalibrary.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/AFA-Heritage-Fagan.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usafalibrary.com&rft.atitle=Air+Force+Academy+Heritage+%E2%80%93+The+Early+Years&rft.pages=106-107&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=George+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafalibrary.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F03%2FAFA-Heritage-Fagan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aaalor-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aaalor_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8NInAAAAIBAJ&pg=3383%2C4006619">"Air Force Academy dedicated at Lowry"</a>. <i>Spokesman-Review</i>. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. 12 July 1955. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=Air+Force+Academy+dedicated+at+Lowry&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1955-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D8NInAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3383%252C4006619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sdriow-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sdriow_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle1956" class="citation news cs1">Boyle, Hal (20 February 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fWQrAAAAIBAJ&pg=4105%2C2967626">"Air Force Academy seeks new tradition"</a>. <i>Spencer Daily Reporter</i>. (Iowa). Associated Press. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spencer+Daily+Reporter&rft.atitle=Air+Force+Academy+seeks+new+tradition&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1956-02-20&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Hal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DfWQrAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4105%252C2967626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531191050/http://www.mindenmemories.org/Lt%20General%20Arnold%20W%20Braswell.htm">"Arnold W. Braswell"</a>. mindenmemories.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindenmemories.org/Lt%20General%20Arnold%20W%20Braswell.htm">the original</a> on 31 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arnold+W.+Braswell&rft.pub=mindenmemories.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindenmemories.org%2FLt%2520General%2520Arnold%2520W%2520Braswell.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180810205159/http://75bestalive.org/history_pages/history_uniforms.html">"The Distinctive Cadet Uniforms"</a>. Class of Seventy-Five. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://75bestalive.org/history_pages/history_uniforms.html">the original</a> on 10 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Distinctive+Cadet+Uniforms&rft.pub=Class+of+Seventy-Five&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F75bestalive.org%2Fhistory_pages%2Fhistory_uniforms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mtnewst-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mtnewst_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=D_ZVAAAAIBAJ&pg=1270%2C4737243">"Air Force cadets move to new site"</a>. <i>Eugene register-Guard</i>. (Oregon). Associated Press. 29 August 1958. p. 1A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eugene+register-Guard&rft.atitle=Air+Force+cadets+move+to+new+site&rft.pages=1A&rft.date=1958-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DD_ZVAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1270%252C4737243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usafa.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/428274/air-force-academy-history/">"Air Force Academy history"</a>. <i>United States Air Force Academy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Air+Force+Academy&rft.atitle=Air+Force+Academy+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafa.af.mil%2FAbout-Us%2FFact-Sheets%2FDisplay%2FArticle%2F428274%2Fair-force-academy-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKeown-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKeown_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKeown_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKeown_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKeown_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bill McKeown, "Cadets Learned True Meaning of Service During Vietnam War," <i>(Colorado Springs) Gazette,</i> USAF Academy 50th Anniversary Edition, Spring 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081022060247/http://www.af.mil/history/person.asp?dec=&pid=123006498">"USAF Bio: Richard S. Ritchie"</a>. <i>Af.mil</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.af.mil/history/person.asp?dec=&pid=123006498">the original</a> on 22 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Af.mil&rft.atitle=USAF+Bio%3A+Richard+S.+Ritchie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.af.mil%2Fhistory%2Fperson.asp%3Fdec%3D%26pid%3D123006498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217033941/http://www.afa.org/magazine/Sept2004/0904aces.asp">"Rebecca Grant, "The Missing Aces," <i>Air Force Magazine,</i> Sep. 2004"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afa.org/magazine/Sept2004/0904aces.asp">the original</a> on 17 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rebecca+Grant%2C+%22The+Missing+Aces%2C%22+Air+Force+Magazine%2C+Sep.+2004.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afa.org%2Fmagazine%2FSept2004%2F0904aces.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110824184425/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=1130">"<i>Air Force Museum Fact Sheet: Capt. Lance P. Sijan,</i>"</a>. Nationalmuseum.af.mil. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=1130">the original</a> on 24 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Air+Force+Museum+Fact+Sheet%3A+Capt.+Lance+P.+Sijan%2C&rft.pub=Nationalmuseum.af.mil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalmuseum.af.mil%2Ffactsheets%2Ffactsheet.asp%3Fid%3D1130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiehm1981" class="citation book cs1">Stiehm, Judith (1981). <i>Bring Me Men and Women: Mandated Change at the U.S. Air Force Academy</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520040458" title="Special:BookSources/9780520040458"><bdi>9780520040458</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bring+Me+Men+and+Women%3A+Mandated+Change+at+the+U.S.+Air+Force+Academy&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780520040458&rft.aulast=Stiehm&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katherine L. Schifani, "Bring Me Men: Intertextual Identity Formation at the US Air Force Academy." (Masters Theses, U of Massachusetts-Amherst, 2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1268&context=theses">online free</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Admissions-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Admissions_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090627042430/http://www.academyadmissions.com/news.php">"Air Force Academy Admissions Web site, last visited 22 Mar 2007"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academyadmissions.com/news.php#ranking">the original</a> on 27 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Air+Force+Academy+Admissions+Web+site%2C+last+visited+22+Mar+2007.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academyadmissions.com%2Fnews.php%23ranking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zubeck-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zubeck_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pam Zubeck, Women, Blacks Face Different Obstacles," <i>(Colorado Springs) Gazette,</i> USAF Academy 50th Anniversary Celebration, Spring 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaclas2020" class="citation news cs1">Maclas, Amanda (18 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/18/air-force-graduates-early-amid-coronavirus-first-space-force-officers.html">"Air Force Academy graduates cadets early amid coronavirus outbreak, first Space Force officers join the ranks"</a>. <i>CNBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Air+Force+Academy+graduates+cadets+early+amid+coronavirus+outbreak%2C+first+Space+Force+officers+join+the+ranks&rft.date=2020-04-18&rft.aulast=Maclas&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2020%2F04%2F18%2Fair-force-graduates-early-amid-coronavirus-first-space-force-officers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowden2021" class="citation web cs1">Bowden, Ray (8 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usafa.af.mil/News/News-Display/Article/2836648/space-force-detachment-opens-at-academy-with-high-altitude-celebration/">"Space Force detachment opens at Academy with high-altitude celebration"</a>. <i>US Air Force Academy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Air+Force+Academy&rft.atitle=Space+Force+detachment+opens+at+Academy+with+high-altitude+celebration&rft.date=2021-11-08&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafa.af.mil%2FNews%2FNews-Display%2FArticle%2F2836648%2Fspace-force-detachment-opens-at-academy-with-high-altitude-celebration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPS-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NPS_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosingtonSprinkle2003" class="citation web cs1">Hosington, Daniel J.; Sprinkle, John H. (2 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/b41bd68a-28e8-4c87-a096-d5b9621d6640">"NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></i>. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=NATIONAL+HISTORIC+LANDMARK+NOMINATION&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2003-06-02&rft.aulast=Hosington&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft.au=Sprinkle%2C+John+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FAssetDetail%2Fb41bd68a-28e8-4c87-a096-d5b9621d6640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nauman, Robert Allen. (2004). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=urylSyuA3zwC&pg=PA72"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=urylSyuA3zwC&pg=PA72">On the Wings of Modernism: the United States Air Force Academy,<i> pp. 72–80.</i></a>, p. 72, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkes, Joseph A. and Robert T. Packard. (1989). <i>Encyclopedia of Architecture: Design, Engineering & Construction,</i> p. 454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1955/07/04/archives/radical-design-dropped-for-air-academy-chapel.html?sq=john+o+merrill&scp=3&st=p">"Radical Design Dropped For Air Academy Chapel,"</a> <i>New York Times.</i> 4 July 1955.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Particularly in the early days, cadets at the other service academies teasingly referred to USAFA as "Alcoa U" or "Aluminum U."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhlsum-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nhlsum_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071113055523/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1086183845&ResourceType=District">"United States Air Force Academy, Cadet Area"</a>. <i>National Historic Landmark summary listing</i>. National Park Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1086183845&ResourceType=District">the original</a> on 13 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Historic+Landmark+summary+listing&rft.atitle=United+States+Air+Force+Academy%2C+Cadet+Area&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftps.cr.nps.gov%2Fnhl%2Fdetail.cfm%3FResourceId%3D1086183845%26ResourceType%3DDistrict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHL_Study-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NHL_Study_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John H. Sprinkle, Ed., "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/nhl/designations/samples/co/USAFA.pdf">National Historic Landmark Nomination Study, US Air Force Academy </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205152254/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nhl/designations/samples/co/USAFA.pdf">Archived</a> 5 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></i>, 1 April 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although the number of spires is only significant to the architectural proportions of the chapel, cadets and chaplains sometimes joke that the seventeen spires represent the "12 <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Apostles</a> and the 5 <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chiefs of Staff</a>." The original reference was to the Chiefs of Staff of the four major branches of the US armed services and the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs</a>. With the addition of a <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Vice Chairman</a> in the late 1980s changing the number to six, the reference came to be thought of as the five <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Air Force Chiefs of Staff</a> in the USAF's history up until the completion of the chapel in 1963.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090410082124/http://www.usafa.af.mil/df/dfan/research_centers/aero_research_center.cfm">"USAFA Department of Aeronautics, Aero Research Center"</a>. 30 March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usafa.af.mil/df/dfan/research_centers/aero_research_center.cfm">the original</a> on 10 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USAFA+Department+of+Aeronautics%2C+Aero+Research+Center&rft.date=2008-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafa.af.mil%2Fdf%2Fdfan%2Fresearch_centers%2Faero_research_center.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-honorcode-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-honorcode_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-honorcode_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usafa.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=9427"><i>The Honor Code,</i> </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626141648/http://www.usafa.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=9427">Archived</a> 26 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" USAFA Fact Sheet, April 2009, Retrieved 3 April 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Honor_Code_Handbook-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Honor_Code_Handbook_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Honor_Code_Handbook_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usafa.edu/Commandant/cwc/cwch/HCHandbook_Vol02.pdf">Honor Code Reference Handbook- Volume II – The Honor System </a>", (646 KB) <i>USAFA</i>, August 2008, Retrieved 3 April 2010 – Although the original code adopted was identical to West Point's Honor Code ("We will not lie, cheat or steal, or tolerate among us those who do."), it was modified slightly in 1960–61 to its current wording.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccld.usafa.org/Project.aspx">Center for Character and Leadership Development, Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216065031/http://ccld.usafa.org/Project.aspx">Archived</a> 16 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, U.S. Air Force Academy CCLD. Retrieved 26 October 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Don Hall, Class of '76, created the popular character Waldo F. Dumbsquat, whose <a href="/wiki/Svejk" class="mw-redirect" title="Svejk">Svejk</a>-like innocence and good intentions overcome his abysmal ineptitude.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "degree" terminology comes from a generic <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_indicator" title="Ordinal indicator">ordinal indicator</a> used for classes in the early years of the academy – for example, "2°" was read as "second class." In recent years, "degree" has been further shortened to "dig", as in "4 digs", "3 digs", etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/af_a1/publication/afmd12/afmd12.pdf">Air Force Mission Directive 12</a>, paragraph 2.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">10 USC 9455 (d)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facadatabase.gov/FACA/apex/FACACommitteeLevelReportAsPDF?id=a10t0000001gzoOAAQ">2022 Federal Advisory Committee Act report on the USAFA BoV</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyatt2009" class="citation news cs1">Wyatt, Kristen (24 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miamiherald.typepad.com/gaysouthflorida/2009/07/first-openly-gay-member-us-rep-jared-polis-joins-air-force-academy-board.html">"First openly gay member, U.S. Rep. Jared Polis, joins Air Force Academy board"</a>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2009</span>. <q>Polis said he expects that Congress will start debating as soon as this fall a repeal of the 1993 ban on gay service members.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=First+openly+gay+member%2C+U.S.+Rep.+Jared+Polis%2C+joins+Air+Force+Academy+board&rft.date=2009-07-24&rft.aulast=Wyatt&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiamiherald.typepad.com%2Fgaysouthflorida%2F2009%2F07%2Ffirst-openly-gay-member-us-rep-jared-polis-joins-air-force-academy-board.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToropin2021" class="citation web cs1">Toropin, Konstantin (9 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.military.com/daily-news/2021/09/08/biden-orders-18-trump-appointees-off-service-academy-boards.html">"Biden Orders 18 Trump Appointees Off Service Academy Boards"</a>. <i>Military.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Military.com&rft.atitle=Biden+Orders+18+Trump+Appointees+Off+Service+Academy+Boards&rft.date=2021-09-09&rft.aulast=Toropin&rft.aufirst=Konstantin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.military.com%2Fdaily-news%2F2021%2F09%2F08%2Fbiden-orders-18-trump-appointees-off-service-academy-boards.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBitton2021" class="citation web cs1">Bitton, David (16 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gazette.com/military/trump-appointees-to-air-force-academy-advisory-board-told-to-resign-or-be-dismissed/article_40855ce0-10e5-11ec-bc39-833b1b8b1a95.html">"Trump appointees to Air Force Academy advisory board told to resign or be dismissed"</a>. <i>The Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gazette&rft.atitle=Trump+appointees+to+Air+Force+Academy+advisory+board+told+to+resign+or+be+dismissed&rft.date=2021-09-16&rft.aulast=Bitton&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgazette.com%2Fmilitary%2Ftrump-appointees-to-air-force-academy-advisory-board-told-to-resign-or-be-dismissed%2Farticle_40855ce0-10e5-11ec-bc39-833b1b8b1a95.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolmetsch2021" class="citation web cs1">Dolmetsch, Chris (15 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2021/07/15/trump-appointee-claims-race-theory-pushed-air-force-cadets/7979663002/">"Trump appointee claims race theory pushed on Air Force cadets"</a>. <i>The Detroit News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Detroit+News&rft.atitle=Trump+appointee+claims+race+theory+pushed+on+Air+Force+cadets&rft.date=2021-07-15&rft.aulast=Dolmetsch&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.detroitnews.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2021%2F07%2F15%2Ftrump-appointee-claims-race-theory-pushed-air-force-cadets%2F7979663002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/60059630/stirrup-v-united-states-department-of-defense/">"Docket for STIRRUP v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, 1:21-cv-01893 - CourtListener.com"</a>. <i>CourtListener</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CourtListener&rft.atitle=Docket+for+STIRRUP+v.+UNITED+STATES+DEPARTMENT+OF+DEFENSE%2C+1%3A21-cv-01893+-+CourtListener.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courtlistener.com%2Fdocket%2F60059630%2Fstirrup-v-united-states-department-of-defense%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190831173804/https://www.usafa.af.mil/Units/">"Units"</a>. <i>U.S. Air Force Academy</i>. U.S. Air Force. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usafa.af.mil/Units/">the original</a> on 31 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Air+Force+Academy&rft.atitle=Units&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafa.af.mil%2FUnits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2002" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Bill (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SwPpREqLxaAC&q=air+force+academy+beast&pg=PA92"><i>Idiots Guide to Careers in the Military</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780028643816" title="Special:BookSources/9780028643816"><bdi>9780028643816</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Idiots+Guide+to+Careers+in+the+Military&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780028643816&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSwPpREqLxaAC%26q%3Dair%2Bforce%2Bacademy%2Bbeast%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academyadmissions.com/the-experience/military/basic-training/">"Basic Cadet Training – Air Force Academy"</a>. <i>Air Force Academy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air+Force+Academy&rft.atitle=Basic+Cadet+Training+%E2%80%93+Air+Force+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academyadmissions.com%2Fthe-experience%2Fmilitary%2Fbasic-training%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigfuture.collegeboard.org/college-university-search/united-states-air-force-academy?searchtype=college&q=United+States+Air+Force+Academy(CO)#">"United States Air Force Academy | USAFA | The College Board"</a>. <i>bigfuture.collegeboard.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bigfuture.collegeboard.org&rft.atitle=United+States+Air+Force+Academy+%26%23124%3B+USAFA+%26%23124%3B+The+College+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigfuture.collegeboard.org%2Fcollege-university-search%2Funited-states-air-force-academy%3Fsearchtype%3Dcollege%26q%3DUnited%2BStates%2BAir%2BForce%2BAcademy%28CO%29%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaillie2016" class="citation web cs1">Baillie, Amber (18 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csbj.com/2016/03/18/afa-to-award-new-cybersecurity-degree/">"AFA to award new cybersecurity degree"</a>. <i>The Colorado Springs Business Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Colorado+Springs+Business+Journal&rft.atitle=AFA+to+award+new+cybersecurity+degree&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft.aulast=Baillie&rft.aufirst=Amber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csbj.com%2F2016%2F03%2F18%2Fafa-to-award-new-cybersecurity-degree%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-endowmentcyberstakes-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-endowmentcyberstakes_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-endowmentcyberstakes_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410184052/https://www.usafa.org/news/cybercompetitionteam">"Cyber Competition Team wins big in CyberStakes Live"</a>. <i>Usafa.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usafa.org/news/cybercompetitionteam">the original</a> on 10 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Usafa.org&rft.atitle=Cyber+Competition+Team+wins+big+in+CyberStakes+Live&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafa.org%2Fnews%2Fcybercompetitionteam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cyber912-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cyber912_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman2019" class="citation web cs1">Zimmerman, Jared (21 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/events/past-events/7th-annual-dc-cyber-9-12-strategy-challenge">"7th Annual DC Cyber 9/12 Strategy Challenge"</a>. <i>Atlantic Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Council&rft.atitle=7th+Annual+DC+Cyber+9%2F12+Strategy+Challenge&rft.date=2019-03-21&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fevents%2Fpast-events%2F7th-annual-dc-cyber-9-12-strategy-challenge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nsancx-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nsancx_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiemer" class="citation web cs1">Biemer, Kelly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190618040158/https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/press-room/Article/1816286/national-security-agency-names-us-air-force-academy-2019-nsa-cyber-exercise-cha/">"National Security Agency Names U.S. Air Force Academy 2019 NSA Cyber E"</a>. <i>National Security Agency</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/press-room/Article/1816286/national-security-agency-names-us-air-force-academy-2019-nsa-cyber-exercise-cha/">the original</a> on 18 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Security+Agency&rft.atitle=National+Security+Agency+Names+U.S.+Air+Force+Academy+2019+NSA+Cyber+E&rft.aulast=Biemer&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsa.gov%2Fnews-features%2Fpress-room%2FArticle%2F1816286%2Fnational-security-agency-names-us-air-force-academy-2019-nsa-cyber-exercise-cha%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Athletic_Fact_Sheet-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Athletic_Fact_Sheet_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Athletic_Fact_Sheet_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109022528/http://www.usafa.af.mil/superintendent/pa/factsheets/athletic.htm">"<i>Athletics,</i> USAFA Fact Sheet, April 2006"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usafa.af.mil/superintendent/pa/factsheets/athletic.htm">the original</a> on 9 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Athletics%2C+USAFA+Fact+Sheet%2C+April+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafa.af.mil%2Fsuperintendent%2Fpa%2Ffactsheets%2Fathletic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goairforcefalcons.com/sports/2018/6/21/ot-afa-phys-ed-html.aspx">"Physical Education"</a>. <i>Air Force Academy Athletics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air+Force+Academy+Athletics&rft.atitle=Physical+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoairforcefalcons.com%2Fsports%2F2018%2F6%2F21%2Fot-afa-phys-ed-html.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academyadmissions.com/the-experience/athletics/physical-fitness/">"Physical Fitness"</a>. <i>Air Force Academy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air+Force+Academy&rft.atitle=Physical+Fitness&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academyadmissions.com%2Fthe-experience%2Fathletics%2Fphysical-fitness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usafa.edu/about/governance/">"Governance"</a>. <i>United States Air Force Academy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Air+Force+Academy&rft.atitle=Governance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafa.edu%2Fabout%2Fgovernance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lowryfoundation.org/lowryafb/air_force_academy_extended.htm">"air_force_academy_extended"</a>. <i>Lowryfoundation.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lowryfoundation.org&rft.atitle=air_force_academy_extended&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowryfoundation.org%2Flowryafb%2Fair_force_academy_extended.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usafa.edu/cadet-life/clubs/">"Clubs • United States Air Force Academy"</a>. <i>United States Air Force Academy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Air+Force+Academy&rft.atitle=Clubs+%E2%80%A2+United+States+Air+Force+Academy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafa.edu%2Fcadet-life%2Fclubs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130119075534/http://www.wacsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10100&ATCLID=205894860">"WAC Adds Men's Soccer"</a> (Press release). Western Athletic Conference. 9 January 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wacsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=10100&ATCLID=205894860">the original</a> on 19 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WAC+Adds+Men%27s+Soccer&rft.pub=Western+Athletic+Conference&rft.date=2013-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wacsports.com%2FViewArticle.dbml%3FDB_OEM_ID%3D10100%26ATCLID%3D205894860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themw.com/index.aspx?path=colos">"Mountain West Conference"</a>. <i>themw.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=themw.com&rft.atitle=Mountain+West+Conference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthemw.com%2Findex.aspx%3Fpath%3Dcolos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070510183426/http://goairforcefalcons.cstv.com/sports/m-box/mtt/weichers_eddie00.html">"Profile: Coach Ed Weichers, USAFA Sports Site"</a>. Goairforcefalcons.cstv.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goairforcefalcons.cstv.com/sports/m-box/mtt/weichers_eddie00.html">the original</a> on 10 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile%3A+Coach+Ed+Weichers%2C+USAFA+Sports+Site&rft.pub=Goairforcefalcons.cstv.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoairforcefalcons.cstv.com%2Fsports%2Fm-box%2Fmtt%2Fweichers_eddie00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070929011647/http://www.airforcerugby.com/AboutUs">"Air Force Academy Rugby"</a>. 29 September 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airforcerugby.com/AboutUs">the original</a> on 29 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Air+Force+Academy+Rugby&rft.date=2007-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airforcerugby.com%2FAboutUs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015054028/http://goairforcefalcons.cstv.com/sports/m-baskbl/recaps/032807aaa.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Comeback Effort Falls Just Short, 68–67," AP Wire Story"</a>. Goairforcefalcons.cstv.com. 27 March 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goairforcefalcons.cstv.com/sports/m-baskbl/recaps/032807aaa.html">the original</a> on 15 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Comeback+Effort+Falls+Just+Short%2C+68%E2%80%9367%2C%22+AP+Wire+Story&rft.pub=Goairforcefalcons.cstv.com&rft.date=2007-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoairforcefalcons.cstv.com%2Fsports%2Fm-baskbl%2Frecaps%2F032807aaa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/college-sports/news/story?id=2802614">"David Albright, "Gophers Earn NCAA Hockey No. 1 Overall Seed," ESPN.com, accessed Apr. 9, 2007"</a>. ESPN. 18 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Albright%2C+%22Gophers+Earn+NCAA+Hockey+No.+1+Overall+Seed%2C%22+ESPN.com%2C+accessed+Apr.+9%2C+2007&rft.pub=ESPN&rft.date=2007-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fcollege-sports%2Fnews%2Fstory%3Fid%3D2802614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029141012/https://s3.amazonaws.com/goairforcefalcons.com/documents/2020/12/4/Information_Guide_for_2021.pdf">"Air Force Track and Field 2020–2021 Information Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/goairforcefalcons.com/documents/2020/12/4/Information_Guide_for_2021.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Air+Force+Track+and+Field+2020%E2%80%932021+Information+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Fgoairforcefalcons.com%2Fdocuments%2F2020%2F12%2F4%2FInformation_Guide_for_2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/2021/06/13/ncaa-steeplechase-champion-space-force/">"A new Space Force officer is the surprise NCAA champion in the steeplechase"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+new+Space+Force+officer+is+the+surprise+NCAA+champion+in+the+steeplechase&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fsports%2Folympics%2F2021%2F06%2F13%2Fncaa-steeplechase-champion-space-force%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coloradosports.org/hall-of-fame/athletes/2020-inductees/alonzo-babers/">"Alonzo Babers"</a>. <i>Colorado Sports Hall of Fame</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colorado+Sports+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Alonzo+Babers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coloradosports.org%2Fhall-of-fame%2Fathletes%2F2020-inductees%2Falonzo-babers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoeder2014" class="citation news cs1">Roeder, Tom (2 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gazette.com/air-force-academy-superintendent-orders-investigation-of-athletic-department-after-gazette-inquiry/article/1534906">"Air Force Academy superintendent orders investigation of athletic department after Gazette inquiry"</a>. <i>gazette.com</i>. Colorado Springs Gazette<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=gazette.com&rft.atitle=Air+Force+Academy+superintendent+orders+investigation+of+athletic+department+after+Gazette+inquiry&rft.date=2014-08-02&rft.aulast=Roeder&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgazette.com%2Fair-force-academy-superintendent-orders-investigation-of-athletic-department-after-gazette-inquiry%2Farticle%2F1534906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collegescorecard.ed.gov/school/?128328-United-States-Air-Force-Academy">"College Scorecard: United States Air Force Academy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">United States Department of Education</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=College+Scorecard%3A+United+States+Air+Force+Academy&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollegescorecard.ed.gov%2Fschool%2F%3F128328-United-States-Air-Force-Academy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090627042245/http://www.academyadmissions.com/admissions/eligibility/index.php">"USAFA Admissions Eligibility"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academyadmissions.com/admissions/eligibility/index.php">the original</a> on 27 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USAFA+Admissions+Eligibility&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academyadmissions.com%2Fadmissions%2Feligibility%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090503065738/http://www.usafa.af.mil/superintendent/pa/factsheets/admissions.htm">"<i>U.S. Air Force Academy Admissions Philosophy,</i> USAFA Fact Sheet, April 2006"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usafa.af.mil/superintendent/pa/factsheets/admissions.htm">the original</a> on 3 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Air+Force+Academy+Admissions+Philosophy%2C+USAFA+Fact+Sheet%2C+April+2006.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafa.af.mil%2Fsuperintendent%2Fpa%2Ffactsheets%2Fadmissions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430103142/http://www.academyadmissions.com/admissions/howtoapply/international.php">"USAFA Admissions: International Student Guidelines"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academyadmissions.com/admissions/howtoapply/international.php">the original</a> on 30 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USAFA+Admissions%3A+International+Student+Guidelines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academyadmissions.com%2Fadmissions%2Fhowtoapply%2Finternational.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academyadmissions.com">"Air Force Academy"</a>. Admissions team, United States Air Force Academy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Air+Force+Academy&rft.pub=Admissions+team%2C+United+States+Air+Force+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academyadmissions.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roeder-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roeder_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roeder_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoeder,_Tom2005" class="citation news cs1">Roeder, Tom (13 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gazette.com/afa-class-size-grows-as-air-force-downsizes/article/8005">"AFA class size grows as Air Force downsizes"</a>. <i>The Gazette</i>. Colorado Springs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131223194329/http://gazette.com/afa-class-size-grows-as-air-force-downsizes/article/8005">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gazette&rft.atitle=AFA+class+size+grows+as+Air+Force+downsizes&rft.date=2005-06-13&rft.au=Roeder%2C+Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgazette.com%2Fafa-class-size-grows-as-air-force-downsizes%2Farticle%2F8005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff1983" class="citation journal cs1">Staff (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/1983/01/19/03040015.h02.html">"Military Schools Are Again Popular With Students"</a>. <i>Education Week</i> (19 January 1983).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+Week&rft.atitle=Military+Schools+Are+Again+Popular+With+Students&rft.issue=19+January+1983&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edweek.org%2Few%2Farticles%2F1983%2F01%2F19%2F03040015.h02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_General_Accounting_Office1992" class="citation book cs1">United States General Accounting Office (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081112181615/http://archive.gao.gov/t2pbat6/146056.pdf"><i>Service Academies: Historical Proportion of New Officers During Benchmark Periods (GAO/NSIAD-92-90)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.gao.gov/t2pbat6/146056.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Service+Academies%3A+Historical+Proportion+of+New+Officers+During+Benchmark+Periods+%28GAO%2FNSIAD-92-90%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+General+Accounting+Office&rft.date=1992&rft.au=United+States+General+Accounting+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.gao.gov%2Ft2pbat6%2F146056.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.usafa.org/ClassData/Index/1992">"Class Facts | US Air Force Academy AOG & Endowment"</a>. <i>2.usafa.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2.usafa.org&rft.atitle=Class+Facts+%7C+US+Air+Force+Academy+AOG+%26+Endowment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.usafa.org%2FClassData%2FIndex%2F1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/94/colleges-09_United-States-Air-Force-Academy_94419.html">"America's Best Colleges: #7 United States Air Force Academy"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. 5 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090809125053/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/94/colleges-09_United-States-Air-Force-Academy_94419.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=America%27s+Best+Colleges%3A+%237+United+States+Air+Force+Academy&rft.date=2009-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Flists%2F2009%2F94%2Fcolleges-09_United-States-Air-Force-Academy_94419.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gould-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gould_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gould_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2011" class="citation news cs1">Staff (7 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131223190306/http://gazette.com/article/112453">"Academy told to cut enrollment to save money"</a>. <i>The Gazette</i>. Colorado Springs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gazette.com/article/112453">the original</a> on 23 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gazette&rft.atitle=Academy+told+to+cut+enrollment+to+save+money&rft.date=2011-02-07&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgazette.com%2Farticle%2F112453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kktv.com/content/news/James-Mattis-tells-Air-Force-Academy-graduating-class-your-primary-weapons-system-now-is-your-attitude-483534221.html">"James Mattis tells Air Force Academy graduating class 'your primary weapons system now is your attitude'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Kktv.com</i>. 24 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kktv.com&rft.atitle=James+Mattis+tells+Air+Force+Academy+graduating+class+%27your+primary+weapons+system+now+is+your+attitude%27&rft.date=2018-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kktv.com%2Fcontent%2Fnews%2FJames-Mattis-tells-Air-Force-Academy-graduating-class-your-primary-weapons-system-now-is-your-attitude-483534221.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academyadmissions.com/contact/glossary/">"Air Force Academy Glossary"</a>. <i>academyadmissions.com</i>. 13 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academyadmissions.com&rft.atitle=Air+Force+Academy+Glossary&rft.date=2023-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academyadmissions.com%2Fcontact%2Fglossary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_100-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usafa.edu/about/traditions/">"Traditions"</a>. <i>United States Air Force Academy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Air+Force+Academy&rft.atitle=Traditions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafa.edu%2Fabout%2Ftraditions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usafa.org/Events/Legacy">"Legacy Events | US Air Force Academy AOG & Foundation"</a>. <i>Usafa.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Usafa.org&rft.atitle=Legacy+Events+%7C+US+Air+Force+Academy+AOG+%26+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafa.org%2FEvents%2FLegacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usafa.edu/news/air-force-academy-basic-trainees-to-join-cadet-wing-at-acceptance-parade/">"Air Force Academy basic trainees to join Cadet Wing at Acceptance Parade"</a>. <i>United States Air Force Academy</i>. 3 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Air+Force+Academy&rft.atitle=Air+Force+Academy+basic+trainees+to+join+Cadet+Wing+at+Acceptance+Parade&rft.date=2018-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafa.edu%2Fnews%2Fair-force-academy-basic-trainees-to-join-cadet-wing-at-acceptance-parade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usafa.edu/about/traditions/parents-weekend/">"Parents' Weekend"</a>. <i>United States Air Force Academy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Air+Force+Academy&rft.atitle=Parents%27+Weekend&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafa.edu%2Fabout%2Ftraditions%2Fparents-weekend%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605210849/https://www2.usafa.org/Connect/ClassExemplars">"USAFA Class Exemplars | US Air Force Academy AOG & Endowment"</a>. <i>2.usafa.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.usafa.org/Connect/ClassExemplars">the original</a> on 5 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2.usafa.org&rft.atitle=USAFA+Class+Exemplars+%7C+US+Air+Force+Academy+AOG+%26+Endowment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.usafa.org%2FConnect%2FClassExemplars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academyadmissions.com/apply/commitment/">"Commitment & Benefits"</a>. <i>U.S. Air Force Academy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Air+Force+Academy&rft.atitle=Commitment+%26+Benefits&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academyadmissions.com%2Fapply%2Fcommitment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200815095201/https://www.jamesnancesculpture.com/usaf-academy-class-crests/">"USAF Academy Class Crests"</a>. <i>James Nance Sculpture Studio</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jamesnancesculpture.com/usaf-academy-class-crests/">the original</a> on 15 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=James+Nance+Sculpture+Studio&rft.atitle=USAF+Academy+Class+Crests&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamesnancesculpture.com%2Fusaf-academy-class-crests%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usna.com/SSLPage.aspx?rss=whatsnew_arch&pid=5270">"Commissioning Week Traditions"</a>. Usna.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commissioning+Week+Traditions&rft.pub=Usna.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usna.com%2FSSLPage.aspx%3Frss%3Dwhatsnew_arch%26pid%3D5270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070726105329/http://www.usafa.org/Heritage/ClassRingHeritage.aspx">"Class Ring Heritage"</a>. Association of Graduates, United States Air Force Academy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usafa.org/Heritage/ClassRingHeritage.aspx">the original</a> on 26 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Class+Ring+Heritage&rft.pub=Association+of+Graduates%2C+United+States+Air+Force+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafa.org%2FHeritage%2FClassRingHeritage.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021050223/https://www.usafa.af.mil/News/Features/Article/429571/100s-night-2011-file-under-all-in-good-fun/">"100s Night 2011: File under "All in good fun" > United States Air Force Academy > Features"</a>. <i>Usafa.af.mil</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usafa.af.mil/News/Features/Article/429571/100s-night-2011-file-under-all-in-good-fun/">the original</a> on 21 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Usafa.af.mil&rft.atitle=100s+Night+2011%3A+File+under+%22All+in+good+fun%22+%3E+United+States+Air+Force+Academy+%3E+Features&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafa.af.mil%2FNews%2FFeatures%2FArticle%2F429571%2F100s-night-2011-file-under-all-in-good-fun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190524141426/https://www.usafa.af.mil/News/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/428295/drum-and-bugle-corps/">"Drum and Bugle Corps"</a>. <i>United States Air Force Academy</i>. 13 April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usafa.af.mil/News/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/428295/drum-and-bugle-corps/">the original</a> on 24 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Air+Force+Academy&rft.atitle=Drum+and+Bugle+Corps&rft.date=2009-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usafa.af.mil%2FNews%2FFact-Sheets%2FDisplay%2FArticle%2F428295%2Fdrum-and-bugle-corps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denverpost.com/ci_5180255">Erin Emery, 19 AFA Cadets Admit Cheating, <i>Denver Post,</i> 8 Feb. 2007</a> In April 2004, cadets were given a military knowledge test over the computer in cadet dorms. An estimated 265 cadets were questioned for cheating then, when academy officials noticed it took only three minutes for cadets to take a 25-question test. Several cadets resigned during the investigation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cheating-scandal-rocks-air-force-academy/">"Cheating Scandal Rocks Air Force Academy"</a>. CBS News. AP. 14 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2022</span>. <q>Approximately 28 freshmen cadets, including 19 varsity athletes, were investigated for possible cheating on a military knowledge test. The answers were reportedly posted on a social-networking Web site.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cheating+Scandal+Rocks+Air+Force+Academy&rft.date=2007-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fcheating-scandal-rocks-air-force-academy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2022" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, Rachel (19 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airforcetimes.com/news/your-air-force/2022/04/14/air-force-academy-expels-22-cadets-for-2020-cheating-scandal/">"Air Force Academy expels 22 cadets for 2020 cheating scandal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Times" title="Air Force Times">Air Force Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air+Force+Times&rft.atitle=Air+Force+Academy+expels+22+cadets+for+2020+cheating+scandal&rft.date=2022-04-19&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airforcetimes.com%2Fnews%2Fyour-air-force%2F2022%2F04%2F14%2Fair-force-academy-expels-22-cadets-for-2020-cheating-scandal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraney2010" class="citation book cs1">Graney, David W. (2010). <i>Rogue institution: vigilante injustice, lawlessness, and disorder at the Air Force Academy</i> (1st ed.). Tucson, AZ: Wheatmark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604943955" title="Special:BookSources/9781604943955"><bdi>9781604943955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rogue+institution%3A+vigilante+injustice%2C+lawlessness%2C+and+disorder+at+the+Air+Force+Academy&rft.place=Tucson%2C+AZ&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Wheatmark&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781604943955&rft.aulast=Graney&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181019132701/http://www.dtic.mil/dtfs/doc_recd/High_GPO_RRC_tx.pdf">"Report of the Defense Task Force on Sexual Assault and Violence at the Service Academies, June 2005"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/dtfs/doc_recd/High_GPO_RRC_tx.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Defense+Task+Force+on+Sexual+Assault+and+Violence+at+the+Service+Academies%2C+June+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fdtfs%2Fdoc_recd%2FHigh_GPO_RRC_tx.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aimpoints.hq.af.mil/display.cfm?id=7030">"David Kassabian, "Experts Praise AFA's Steps Against Sex Assault," <i>Aimpoints,</i> Oct. 7, 2005"</a>. Aimpoints.hq.af.mil. 7 October 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Kassabian%2C+%22Experts+Praise+AFA%27s+Steps+Against+Sex+Assault%2C%22+Aimpoints%2C+Oct.+7%2C+2005&rft.pub=Aimpoints.hq.af.mil&rft.date=2005-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faimpoints.hq.af.mil%2Fdisplay.cfm%3Fid%3D7030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOD20102011-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DOD20102011_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sapr.mil/public/docs/reports/FINAL_APY_10-11_MSA_Report.pdf">"Department of Defense Annual Report on Sexual Harassment and Violence at the Military Service Academies Academic Program Year 2010–2011: Report to the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Department of Defense. 21 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2011</span>. <q>The 65 reports represent an increase from the 41 reports made in APY 09-10. The Department does not have the ability to conclusively identify the reasons for this increase in reporting behavior. However, in prior years' assessments, the Department identified steps the academies could take to encourage more victims to report. Some of the increased reporting of sexual assault may be attributed to these efforts as well as many other factors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Defense+Annual+Report+on+Sexual+Harassment+and+Violence+at+the+Military+Service+Academies+Academic+Program+Year+2010%E2%80%932011%3A+Report+to+the+Committee+on+Armed+Services+of+the+Senate+and+the+Committee+on+Armed+Services+of+the+House+of+Representatives&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Defense&rft.date=2011-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sapr.mil%2Fpublic%2Fdocs%2Freports%2FFINAL_APY_10-11_MSA_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFARape-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AFARape_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Roeder2012" class="citation news cs1">Tom Roeder (5 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120109035406/http://www.gazette.com/articles/rape-131225-academy-story.html">"3 AFA cadets charged with rape"</a>. <i>The Colorado Springs Gazette</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gazette.com/articles/rape-131225-academy-story.html">the original</a> on 9 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Colorado+Springs+Gazette&rft.atitle=3+AFA+cadets+charged+with+rape&rft.date=2012-01-05&rft.au=Tom+Roeder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazette.com%2Farticles%2Frape-131225-academy-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilipps2013" class="citation web cs1">Philipps, Dave (1 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gazette.com/honor-and-deception-a-secretive-air-force-program-recruits-academy-students-to-inform-on-fellow-cadets-and-disavows-them-afterward/article/1510262">"HONOR AND DECEPTION: A secretive Air Force program recruits academy students to inform on fellow cadets and disavows them afterward"</a>. <i>gazette.com</i>. Colorado Springs Gazette<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gazette.com&rft.atitle=HONOR+AND+DECEPTION%3A+A+secretive+Air+Force+program+recruits+academy+students+to+inform+on+fellow+cadets+and+disavows+them+afterward&rft.date=2013-12-01&rft.aulast=Philipps&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgazette.com%2Fhonor-and-deception-a-secretive-air-force-program-recruits-academy-students-to-inform-on-fellow-cadets-and-disavows-them-afterward%2Farticle%2F1510262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times08102014-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Times08102014_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Times08102014_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2014" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Dave (9 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/10/us/informant-debate-renewed-as-air-force-revisits-cadet-misconduct.html">"Informant Debate Renewed as Air Force Revisits Cadet Misconduct"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Informant+Debate+Renewed+as+Air+Force+Revisits+Cadet+Misconduct&rft.date=2014-08-09&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F08%2F10%2Fus%2Finformant-debate-renewed-as-air-force-revisits-cadet-misconduct.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cfpsc-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cfpsc_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200512034945/https://collegefootballplayoff.com/sports/2017/10/16/selection-committee.aspx">"College Football Playoff Selection Committee"</a>. <i>College Football Playoff</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collegefootballplayoff.com/sports/2017/10/16/selection-committee.aspx">the original</a> on 12 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=College+Football+Playoff&rft.atitle=College+Football+Playoff+Selection+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollegefootballplayoff.com%2Fsports%2F2017%2F10%2F16%2Fselection-committee.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gazette_2014-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gazette_2014_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Roeder2014" class="citation web cs1">Tom Roeder (4 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gazette.com/broken-code-afa-superintendent-calls-for-investigation-of-athletic-transgressions/article/1534978">"Broken Code: AFA superintendent calls for investigation of athletic transgressions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Gazette_(Colorado_Springs)" title="The Gazette (Colorado Springs)">The Gazette</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Broken+Code%3A+AFA+superintendent+calls+for+investigation+of+athletic+transgressions&rft.pub=The+Gazette&rft.date=2014-08-04&rft.au=Tom+Roeder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgazette.com%2Fbroken-code-afa-superintendent-calls-for-investigation-of-athletic-transgressions%2Farticle%2F1534978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/04/06/1168490365/reports-of-sexual-assault-at-u-s-military-academies-have-significantly-increased">Reports of sexual assault at U.S. military academies have significantly increased</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10C17F73A5C0C728DDDAF0894DD404482">"Zealots at the Air Force Academy, editorial, <i>New York Times,</i> Jun. 11, 2005"</a>. Select.nytimes.com. 11 June 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zealots+at+the+Air+Force+Academy%2C+editorial%2C+New+York+Times%2C+Jun.+11%2C+2005&rft.pub=Select.nytimes.com&rft.date=2005-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF10C17F73A5C0C728DDDAF0894DD404482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinstein's 2006 book <i>With God on Our Side</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-36143-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-36143-2">0-312-36143-2</a>) details the alleged proselytization and harassment at the academy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614203713/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/06/national/main919947.shtml">"Air Force Sued over Religion, CBS News, Oct. 6, 2005"</a>. Cbsnews.com. 11 February 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/06/national/main919947.shtml">the original</a> on 14 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Air+Force+Sued+over+Religion%2C+CBS+News%2C+Oct.+6%2C+2005&rft.pub=Cbsnews.com&rft.date=2009-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2005%2F10%2F06%2Fnational%2Fmain919947.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325190319/http://www.af.mil/pdf/HQ_Review_Group_Report.pdf">"Report of HQ Review Group Concerning the Religious Climate at the U.S. Air Force Academy, 22 June 2005"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.af.mil/pdf/HQ_Review_Group_Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+HQ+Review+Group+Concerning+the+Religious+Climate+at+the+U.S.+Air+Force+Academy%2C+22+June+2005.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.af.mil%2Fpdf%2FHQ_Review_Group_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Banerjee, Neela, "Religion and Its Role Are in Dispute at the Service Academies", <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, 25 June 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, "Colorado: Academy Accommodates Wiccans", <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, 2 February 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Correll, DeeDee, "Cross Found At Air Force Pagan Center", <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>, 3 February 2010, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliot, Dan, "41% Of Non-Christian AF Cadets Cite Proselytizing", <i><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Journal-Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Journal-Constitution">Atlanta Journal-Constitution</a></i>, 29 October 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benzel, Lance, "AFASurvey: Cadets Fear Racial, Religious Bias", <i><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado Springs Gazette">Colorado Springs Gazette</a></i>, 30 October 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lisee, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/debate-reignites-over-religion-at-air-force-academy/2012/07/16/gJQAvB0PpW_story.html">"Debate reignites over religion at Air Force Academy."</a> <i>Religion News Service</i>, 16 July 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandy2012" class="citation news cs1">Handy, Ryan (31 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gazette.com/news/afa-cadets-injured-in-hazing-during-first-snow/article_21b6ef29-9fa4-5875-a6bf-0c18e4215dcf.html">"27 AFA cadets injured in hazing during first snow"</a>. <i>Colorado Springs Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colorado+Springs+Gazette&rft.atitle=27+AFA+cadets+injured+in+hazing+during+first+snow&rft.date=2012-10-31&rft.aulast=Handy&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgazette.com%2Fnews%2Fafa-cadets-injured-in-hazing-during-first-snow%2Farticle_21b6ef29-9fa4-5875-a6bf-0c18e4215dcf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSikora2017" class="citation news cs1">Sikora, Colleen (17 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180824045622/https://www.krdo.com/news/military/authorities-investigate-allegations-of-hazing-cheating-at-usafa/638916497">"Authorities investigate allegations of hazing, cheating at USAFA"</a>. <i>KRDO</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.krdo.com/news/military/authorities-investigate-allegations-of-hazing-cheating-at-usafa/638916497">the original</a> on 24 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KRDO&rft.atitle=Authorities+investigate+allegations+of+hazing%2C+cheating+at+USAFA&rft.date=2017-10-17&rft.aulast=Sikora&rft.aufirst=Colleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.krdo.com%2Fnews%2Fmilitary%2Fauthorities-investigate-allegations-of-hazing-cheating-at-usafa%2F638916497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLosey2018" class="citation news cs1">Losey, Stephen (6 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airforcetimes.com/news/your-air-force/2018/06/06/air-force-academy-busts-dozens-of-athletes-for-hazing-now-some-of-them-may-not-graduate/">"Air Force Academy busts dozens of athletes for hazing — now some of them may not graduate"</a>. <i>Air Force Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Force+Times&rft.atitle=Air+Force+Academy+busts+dozens+of+athletes+for+hazing+%E2%80%94+now+some+of+them+may+not+graduate&rft.date=2018-06-06&rft.aulast=Losey&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airforcetimes.com%2Fnews%2Fyour-air-force%2F2018%2F06%2F06%2Fair-force-academy-busts-dozens-of-athletes-for-hazing-now-some-of-them-may-not-graduate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner2018" class="citation news cs1">Gardner, Steve (6 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/college/2018/06/06/air-force-lacrosse-hazing/678868002/">"Air Force Academy lacrosse players disciplined in hazing scandal"</a>. <i>USA TODAY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=Air+Force+Academy+lacrosse+players+disciplined+in+hazing+scandal&rft.date=2018-06-06&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fsports%2Fcollege%2F2018%2F06%2F06%2Fair-force-lacrosse-hazing%2F678868002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoeder2018" class="citation news cs1">Roeder, Tom (26 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gazette.com/military/air-force-academy-cracks-down-on-hazing-reports-progress-on/article_fb55d571-18ed-5b9b-8e05-e63235ad4616.html">"Air Force Academy cracks down on hazing, reports progress on sexual assault prevention"</a>. <i>Colorado Springs Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colorado+Springs+Gazette&rft.atitle=Air+Force+Academy+cracks+down+on+hazing%2C+reports+progress+on+sexual+assault+prevention&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft.aulast=Roeder&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgazette.com%2Fmilitary%2Fair-force-academy-cracks-down-on-hazing-reports-progress-on%2Farticle_fb55d571-18ed-5b9b-8e05-e63235ad4616.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Air+Force+Academy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_sources">Additional sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Additional sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bruegmann, Robert. <i>Modernism at Mid-Century: The Architecture of the United States Air Force Academy.</i> University of Chicago Press: 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-07693-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-07693-8">0-226-07693-8</a>.</li> <li>Celebrating the U.S. Air Force Academy's Golden Anniversary, <i>(Colorado Springs) Gazette,</i> Special Edition, Spring 2004.</li> <li><i>Contrails</i> (various years)</li> <li>Fagan, George V. <i>Air Force Academy: An Illustrated History.</i> Johnson Books: 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55566-032-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55566-032-0">1-55566-032-0</a>.</li> <li><i>Fifty Years of Excellence: Building Leaders of Character for the Nation,</i> 2004.</li> <li>Lui, Elizabeth Gill. <i>Spirit and Flight: A Photographic Salute to the United States Air Force Academy.</i> 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9652585-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9652585-0-5">0-9652585-0-5</a>.</li> <li>Nauman, Robert Allen. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=urylSyuA3zwC&q=air+force+academy+merrill"><i>On the Wings of Modernism: the United States Air Force Academy.</i></a> Urbana: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02891-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02891-5">978-0-252-02891-5</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52542599">OCLC 52542599</a></li> <li>Pendlebury, J. (2018). "This Is a Man's Job": Challenging the Masculine "Warrior Culture" at the U.S. Air Force Academy. <i>Armed Forces & Society.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X18806524">"This Is a Man’s Job": Challenging the Masculine "Warrior Culture" at the U.S. Air Force Academy</a></li> <li>Schemo, Diana Jean. <i>Skies to Conquer: A Year Inside the Air Force Academy.</i> John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: 2010.</li> <li>Schifani, Katherine L. "Bring Me Men: Intertextual Identity Formation at the US Air Force Academy." (Masters Theses, U of Massachusetts-Amherst, 2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1268&context=theses">online free</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States_Air_Force_Academy" class="extiw" title="c:Category:United States Air Force Academy"><b><i>United States Air Force Academy</i></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usafa.edu/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goairforcefalcons.com/">Air Force Athletics website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Air_Force" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Air_Force" title="Template:United States Air Force"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Air_Force" title="Template talk:United States Air Force"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Air_Force" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Air Force"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Air_Force" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Department of the Air Force">Department of the Air Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Secretary of the Air Force">Secretary of the Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Under Secretary of the Air Force">Under Secretary of the Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Staff_(United_States)" title="Air Staff (United States)">Air Staff</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Chief of Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Vice Chief of Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Director of Staff of the United States Air Force">Director of Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Master_Sergeant_of_the_Air_Force" title="Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force">Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_four-star_generals" title="List of United States Air Force four-star generals">Four-star generals</a></li> <li>Three-star generals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_generals_in_the_United_States_Air_Force_before_1960" title="List of lieutenant generals in the United States Air Force before 1960">1940–1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_lieutenant_generals_from_2000_to_2009" title="List of United States Air Force lieutenant generals from 2000 to 2009">2000–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_lieutenant_generals_from_2010_to_2019" title="List of United States Air Force lieutenant generals from 2010 to 2019">2010–2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_lieutenant_generals_since_2020" title="List of United States Air Force lieutenant generals since 2020">2020–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">House Armed Services Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Tactical_Air_and_Land_Forces" title="United States House Armed Services Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces">House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Strategic_Forces" title="United States House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces">House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Senate Committee on Armed Services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Airland" title="United States Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Airland">Senate Subcommittee on Airland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Strategic_Forces" title="United States Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces">Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mark_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg/80px-Mark_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mark_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg/120px-Mark_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mark_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg/160px-Mark_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Structure of the United States Air Force">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command" title="Air Force Reserve Command">Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_National_Guard" title="Air National Guard">Air National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_Field_Operating_Agencies" title="List of United States Air Force Field Operating Agencies">Field Operating Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_installations" title="List of United States Air Force installations">Installations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Direct Reporting Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_District_of_Washington" title="Air Force District of Washington">District of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Center" title="Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center">Operational Test and Evaluation Center</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">USAF Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_commands_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="List of major commands of the United States Air Force">Major commands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Combat_Command" title="Air Combat Command">ACC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Education_and_Training_Command" title="Air Education and Training Command">AETC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Global_Strike_Command" title="Air Force Global Strike Command">AFGSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Materiel_Command" title="Air Force Materiel Command">AFMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command" title="Air Force Reserve Command">AFRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Special_Operations_Command" title="Air Force Special Operations Command">AFSOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Mobility_Command" title="Air Mobility Command">AMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Air_Forces" title="Pacific Air Forces">PACAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Forces_in_Europe_%E2%80%93_Air_Forces_Africa" title="United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa">USAFE–AFAFRICA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Numbered_Air_Force" title="Numbered Air Force">Numbered Air Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Air_Force" title="First Air Force">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Air_Force" title="Second Air Force">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Air_Force" title="Third Air Force">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Air_Force" title="Fourth Air Force">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Air_Force" title="Fifth Air Force">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Air_Force" title="Seventh Air Force">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force" title="Eighth Air Force">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Air_Force" title="Ninth Air Force">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Air_Force" title="Tenth Air Force">Tenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Air_Force" title="Eleventh Air Force">Eleventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Air_Force" title="Twelfth Air Force">Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Expeditionary_Air_Force" title="Thirteenth Expeditionary Air Force">Thirteenth Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Air_Force" title="Fifteenth Air Force">Fifteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Air_Force" title="Sixteenth Air Force">Sixteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Air_Force" title="Eighteenth Air Force">Eighteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Air_Force" title="Nineteenth Air Force">Nineteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Air_Force" title="Twentieth Air Force">Twentieth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Second_Air_Force" title="Twenty-Second Air Force">Twenty-Second</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wings_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="List of wings of the United States Air Force">Wings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_groups_and_wings_of_the_United_States_Air_National_Guard" title="List of groups and wings of the United States Air National Guard">ANG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_Groups" title="List of United States Air Force Groups">Groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_groups_and_wings_of_the_United_States_Air_National_Guard" title="List of groups and wings of the United States Air National Guard">ANG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_squadrons" title="List of United States Air Force squadrons">Squadrons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_National_Guard_Squadrons" title="List of United States Air National Guard Squadrons">ANG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_Security_Forces_squadrons" title="List of United States Air Force Security Forces squadrons">Security Forces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_components_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces#Civilian_auxiliaries_distinguished" title="Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces">Civilian auxiliary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol" title="Civil Air Patrol">Civil Air Patrol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel and<br /> training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_personnel" title="List of United States Air Force personnel">Personnel</a></li> <li>Rank <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Air Force officer rank insignia">officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Cadet_Insignia" title="United States Air Force Academy Cadet Insignia">cadets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_enlisted_rank_insignia" title="United States Air Force enlisted rank insignia">enlisted</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Specialty_Code" title="Air Force Specialty Code">Specialty Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_aeronautical_rating" title="U.S. Air Force aeronautical rating">Aeronautical ratings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps" title="United States Air Force Judge Advocate General's Corps">Judge Advocate General's Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_Engineer_Deployable_Heavy_Operational_Repair_Squadron_Engineers" title="Rapid Engineer Deployable Heavy Operational Repair Squadron Engineers">RED HORSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Security_Forces" title="United States Air Force Security Forces">Security Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Medical_Service" title="United States Air Force Medical Service">Medical Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force">Chief of Chaplains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Scientist_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief Scientist of the United States Air Force">Chief Scientist</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Training: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Air Force Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Officer_Training_School" title="Air Force Officer Training School">Officer Training School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps" title="Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps">Reserve Officer Training Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Basic_Military_Training" title="United States Air Force Basic Military Training">Basic Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airman_Leadership_School" title="Airman Leadership School">Airman Leadership School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival,_Evasion,_Resistance_and_Escape" title="Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape">SERE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Fitness_Assessment" title="United States Air Force Fitness Assessment">Fitness Assessment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Uniforms and<br /> equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Air Force">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Badges of the United States Air Force">Badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="List of equipment of the United States Air Force">Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force#Aircraft_inventory" title="United States Air Force">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Uniforms of the United States Air Force">Uniforms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">History and<br /> traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_Division,_U.S._Signal_Corps" title="Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps">Aeronautical Division</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Section,_U.S._Signal_Corps" title="Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps">Aviation Section</a> / <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Military_Aeronautics" title="Division of Military Aeronautics">Division of Military Aeronautics</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service" title="United States Army Air Service">Army Air Service</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps" title="United States Army Air Corps">Army Air Corps</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">Army Air Forces</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_U.S._Air_Force_(song)" title="The U.S. Air Force (song)">The U.S. Air Force</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Band" title="United States Air Force Band">Air Force Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airman%27s_Creed" title="Airman's Creed">Airman's Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force#Core_missions" title="United States Air Force">Core Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Flag of the United States Air Force">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Symbol" title="United States Air Force Symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Memorial" title="United States Air Force Memorial">Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="National Museum of the United States Air Force">National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots" title="Women Airforce Service Pilots">Women Airforce Service Pilots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a> / <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Two" title="Air Force Two">Air Force Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Honor_Guard" title="United States Air Force Honor Guard">Honor Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Thunderbirds" title="United States Air Force Thunderbirds">Thunderbirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Air_Force)" title="Service number (United States Air Force)">Service numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_%26_Space_Forces_Association" title="Air & Space Forces Association">Air & Space Forces Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Air_Force" title="Category:United States Air Force">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Space_Force" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Space_Force" title="Template:United States Space Force"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Space_Force" title="Template talk:United States Space Force"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Space_Force" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Space Force"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Space_Force" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States Space Force</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Department of the Air Force">Department of the Air Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Secretary of the Air Force">Secretary of the Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Under Secretary of the Air Force">Under Secretary of the Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_United_States_Space_Force#Space_Staff" title="Structure of the United States Space Force">Space Staff</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Space_Operations" title="Chief of Space Operations">Chief of Space Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Space_Operations" title="Vice Chief of Space Operations">Vice Chief of Space Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Master_Sergeant_of_the_Space_Force" title="Chief Master Sergeant of the Space Force">Chief Master Sergeant of the Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Director of Staff of the United States Space Force">Director of Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chief_of_Space_Operations" title="Deputy Chief of Space Operations">Deputy Chiefs of Space Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_duty_United_States_Space_Force_general_officers" title="List of active duty United States Space Force general officers">General Officers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Space_Force_four-star_generals" title="List of United States Space Force four-star generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Space_Force_lieutenant_generals" title="List of United States Space Force lieutenant generals">Lieutenant Generals</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Oversight" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Oversight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">House Armed Services Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Strategic_Forces" title="United States House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces">Strategic Forces subcommittee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Senate Committee on Armed Services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Strategic_Forces" title="United States Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces">Strategic Forces subcommittee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/United_States_Space_Force_emblem.png/80px-United_States_Space_Force_emblem.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/United_States_Space_Force_emblem.png/120px-United_States_Space_Force_emblem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/United_States_Space_Force_emblem.png/160px-United_States_Space_Force_emblem.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="504" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Structure of the United States Space Force">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Field commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Futures_Command" title="Space Futures Command">Space Futures Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Operations_Command" title="Space Operations Command">Space Operations Command</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_Space_Operations_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of Space Operations Command">Commander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Systems_Command" title="Space Systems Command">Space Systems Command</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_Space_Systems_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of Space Systems Command">Commander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Training_and_Readiness_Command" title="Space Training and Readiness Command">Space Training and Readiness Command</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_Space_Training_and_Readiness_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of Space Training and Readiness Command">Commander</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Component Field Commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Forces_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Space Forces Central">United States Space Forces Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Forces_Europe_and_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Space Forces Europe and Africa">United States Space Forces Europe and Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Forces_Indo-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Space Forces Indo-Pacific">United States Space Forces Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Forces_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Space Forces Korea">United States Space Forces Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Forces_%E2%80%93_Space" title="United States Space Forces – Space">United States Space Forces – Space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Deltas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Delta_1" title="Space Delta 1">Space Delta 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Delta_2" title="Mission Delta 2">Mission Delta 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Delta_3" title="Mission Delta 3">Mission Delta 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Delta_4" title="Mission Delta 4">Mission Delta 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Delta_5" title="Space Delta 5">Space Delta 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Delta_6" title="Space Delta 6">Space Delta 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Delta_7" title="Space Delta 7">Space Delta 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Delta_8" title="Space Delta 8">Space Delta 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Delta_9" title="Space Delta 9">Space Delta 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Delta_10" title="Space Delta 10">Space Delta 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Delta_11" title="Space Delta 11">Space Delta 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Delta_12" title="Space Delta 12">Space Delta 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Delta_13" title="Space Delta 13">Space Delta 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Delta_15" title="Space Delta 15">Space Delta 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Delta_18" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Delta 18">Space Delta 18</a></li> <li>Space Delta 21</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Delta_23" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Delta 23">Space Delta 23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Delta_26" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Delta 26">Space Delta 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_Delta_30" title="Space Launch Delta 30">Space Launch Delta 30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Delta_31" title="Mission Delta 31">Mission Delta 31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_Delta_45" title="Space Launch Delta 45">Space Launch Delta 45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Base_Delta_1" title="Space Base Delta 1">Space Base Delta 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Base_Delta_2" title="Space Base Delta 2">Space Base Delta 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Base_Delta_3" title="Space Base Delta 3">Space Base Delta 3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Squadrons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Delta_Operations_Squadron" title="1st Delta Operations Squadron">1st Delta Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/319th_Combat_Training_Squadron" title="319th Combat Training Squadron">319th Combat Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/328th_Weapons_Squadron" title="328th Weapons Squadron">328th Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/392d_Combat_Training_Squadron" title="392d Combat Training Squadron">392d Combat Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/533rd_Training_Squadron" title="533rd Training Squadron">533rd Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_Operations_Support_Squadron" title="21st Operations Support Squadron">21st Operations Support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Space_Surveillance_Squadron" title="15th Space Surveillance Squadron">15th Space Surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Space_Defense_Squadron" title="18th Space Defense Squadron">18th Space Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Space_Defense_Squadron" title="19th Space Defense Squadron">19th Space Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Space_Surveillance_Squadron" title="20th Space Surveillance Squadron">20th Space Surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/721st_Operations_Support_Squadron" title="721st Operations Support Squadron">3rd Combat Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Electromagnetic_Warfare_Squadron" title="4th Electromagnetic Warfare Squadron">4th EW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Electromagnetic_Warfare_Squadron" title="5th Electromagnetic Warfare Squadron">5th EW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Electromagnetic_Warfare_Squadron" title="16th Electromagnetic Warfare Squadron">16th EW</a></li> <li>23rd EW</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Space_Warning_Squadron" title="2nd Space Warning Squadron">2nd Space Warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Satellite_Communications_Squadron" title="3rd Satellite Communications Squadron">3rd satellite Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Space_Warning_Squadron" title="5th Space Warning Squadron">5th Space Warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Space_Warning_Squadron" title="6th Space Warning Squadron">6th Space Warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Space_Warning_Squadron" title="7th Space Warning Squadron">7th Space Warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Space_Warning_Squadron" title="10th Space Warning Squadron">10th Space Warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Space_Warning_Squadron" title="11th Space Warning Squadron">11th Space Warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Space_Warning_Squadron" title="12th Space Warning Squadron">12th Space Warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Space_Warning_Squadron" title="13th Space Warning Squadron">13th Space Warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/55th_Combat_Training_Squadron" title="55th Combat Training Squadron">55th Combat Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_Space_Operations_Squadron" title="21st Space Operations Squadron">21st Space Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Space_Operations_Squadron" title="22nd Space Operations Squadron">22nd Space Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Space_Operations_Squadron" title="23rd Space Operations Squadron">23rd Space Operations</a></li> <li>62nd Cyberspace</li> <li>63rd Cyberspace</li> <li><a href="/wiki/64th_Cyberspace_Squadron" title="64th Cyberspace Squadron">64th Cyberspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/65th_Cyberspace_Squadron" title="65th Cyberspace Squadron">65th Cyberspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/68th_Cyberspace_Squadron" title="68th Cyberspace Squadron">68th Cyberspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/69th_Cyberspace_Squadron" title="69th Cyberspace Squadron">69th Cyberspace</a></li> <li>645th Cyberspace</li> <li><a href="/wiki/71st_Intelligence,_Surveillance,_and_Reconnaissance_Squadron" title="71st Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Squadron">71st ISR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/72nd_Intelligence,_Surveillance,_and_Reconnaissance_Squadron" title="72nd Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Squadron">72nd ISR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Intelligence_Squadron" title="18th Intelligence Squadron">73rd ISR</a></li> <li>74th ISR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/75th_Intelligence,_Surveillance_and_Reconnaissance_Squadron" title="75th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Squadron">75th ISR</a></li> <li>76th ISR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Space_Operations_Squadron" title="1st Space Operations Squadron">1st Space Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Navigation_Warfare_Squadron" title="2nd Navigation Warfare Squadron">2nd Navigation Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Space_Operations_Squadron" title="3rd Space Operations Squadron">3rd Space Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Space_Operations_Squadron" title="4th Space Operations Squadron">4th Space Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Space_Operations_Squadron" title="10th Space Operations Squadron">10th Space Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/53rd_Space_Operations_Squadron" title="53rd Space Operations Squadron">53rd Space Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/527th_Space_Aggressor_Squadron" title="527th Space Aggressor Squadron">527th Space Aggressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron" title="1st Test and Evaluation Squadron">1st Test and Evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Space_Experimentation_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Space Experimentation Squadron">3rd Test and Evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Test_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="17th Test Squadron">17th Test and Evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25th_Space_Range_Squadron" title="25th Space Range Squadron">25th Space Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Space_Launch_Squadron" title="2nd Space Launch Squadron">2nd Space Launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Space_Launch_Squadron" title="5th Space Launch Squadron">5th Space Launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Range_Operations_Squadron" title="1st Range Operations Squadron">1st Range Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Space_Institute" title="National Security Space Institute">NSSI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Direct reporting units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Development_Agency" title="Space Development Agency">Space Development Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Rapid_Capabilities_Office" title="Space Rapid Capabilities Office">Space Rapid Capabilities Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Warfighting_Analysis_Center" title="Space Warfighting Analysis Center">Space Warfighting Analysis Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Space Force Bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckley_Space_Force_Base" title="Buckley Space Force Base">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Air_Force_Base" title="Los Angeles Air Force Base">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Space_Force_Base" title="Patrick Space Force Base">Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterson_Space_Force_Base" title="Peterson Space Force Base">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schriever_Space_Force_Base" title="Schriever Space Force Base">Schriever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Space Bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pituffik_Space_Base" title="Pituffik Space Base">Pituffik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Space Force Stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Cod Space Force Station">Cape Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Space_Force_Station" title="Cavalier Space Force Station">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_Mountain_Space_Force_Station" title="Cheyenne Mountain Space Force Station">Cheyenne Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Space_Force_Station" title="Clear Space Force Station">Clear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaena_Point_Space_Force_Station" title="Kaena Point Space Force Station">Kaena Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Boston_Space_Force_Station" title="New Boston Space Force Station">New Boston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel<br />and training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Space_Force_astronauts" title="List of United States Space Force astronauts">Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Air Force">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Badges of the United States Space Force">Badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force_rank_insignia" title="United States Space Force rank insignia">Ranks</a></li> <li>Training <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps" title="Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps">Reserve Officer Training Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Officer_Training_School" title="Air Force Officer Training School">Officer Training School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Basic_Military_Training" title="United States Air Force Basic Military Training">Basic Military Training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Uniforms of the United States Space Force">Uniforms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">History and<br />traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Force_Delta" title="Space Force Delta">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Flag of the United States Space Force">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Seal of the United States Space Force">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semper_Supra_(march)" title="Semper Supra (march)">"Semper Supra"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_%26_Space_Forces_Association" title="Air & Space Forces Association">Air & Space Forces Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Force_Association" title="Space Force Association">Space Force Association</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Former_wings_and_deltas" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Former wings and deltas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st_Space_Wing" title="21st Space Wing">21st Space Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50th_Space_Wing" title="50th Space Wing">50th Space Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/460th_Space_Wing" title="460th Space Wing">460th Space Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Training_and_Readiness_Delta_(Provisional)" title="Space Training and Readiness Delta (Provisional)">Space Training and Readiness Delta (Provisional)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Air_Force_Academy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#003594;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #B2B4B2, inset -2px -2px 0 #B2B4B2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="Template:United States Air Force Academy"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="Template talk:United States Air Force Academy"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Air Force Academy"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Air_Force_Academy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">United States Air Force Academy</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#003594;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #B2B4B2, inset -2px -2px 0 #B2B4B2;"><div><b>Located in</b>: <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Academy,_Colorado" title="Air Force Academy, Colorado"><span style="color:white">Air Force Academy, Colorado</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#003594;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #B2B4B2, inset -2px -2px 0 #B2B4B2;;width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FalconLaunch" title="FalconLaunch">FalconLaunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FalconSAT" title="FalconSAT">FalconSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._McDermott" title="Robert F. McDermott">Robert F. McDermott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Preparatory_School" title="United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School">Prep School</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-AirForceAcademy-Shield.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/US-AirForceAcademy-Shield.svg/120px-US-AirForceAcademy-Shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/US-AirForceAcademy-Shield.svg/180px-US-AirForceAcademy-Shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/US-AirForceAcademy-Shield.svg/240px-US-AirForceAcademy-Shield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="691" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#003594;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #B2B4B2, inset -2px -2px 0 #B2B4B2;;width:1%">Aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_DA40_Diamond_Star" title="Diamond DA40 Diamond Star">Diamond T-52A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirrus_SR20" title="Cirrus SR20">Cirrus T-53A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LET_TG-10" title="LET TG-10">Blanik TG-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeromot_AMT-200_Super_Ximango" title="Aeromot AMT-200 Super Ximango">Ximango TG-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schempp-Hirth_TG-15" title="Schempp-Hirth TG-15">Schempp-Hirth TG-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-6_Twin_Otter" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter">de Havilland UV-18B Twin Otter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#003594;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #B2B4B2, inset -2px -2px 0 #B2B4B2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons" title="Air Force Falcons"><span style="color:white">Athletics</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons_baseball" title="Air Force Falcons baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li>Basketball <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons_men%27s_basketball" title="Air Force Falcons men's basketball">Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons_women%27s_basketball" title="Air Force Falcons women's basketball">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons_boxing" title="Air Force Falcons boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons_football" title="Air Force Falcons football">Football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief%27s_Trophy" title="Commander-in-Chief's Trophy">Commander-in-Chief's Trophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Air Force Falcons men's ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons_men%27s_lacrosse" title="Air Force Falcons men's lacrosse">Lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomie_Rugby_Football_Club" title="Zoomie Rugby Football Club">Rugby</a></li> <li>Soccer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons_men%27s_soccer" title="Air Force Falcons men's soccer">Men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USAFA_Team_Handball" title="USAFA Team Handball">Team Handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#003594;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #B2B4B2, inset -2px -2px 0 #B2B4B2;;width:1%">Campus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy,_Cadet_Area" title="United States Air Force Academy, Cadet Area">Cadet Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_Gymnasium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadet Gymnasium">Cadet Gymnasium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_House_(United_States_Air_Force_Academy)" title="Carlton House (United States Air Force Academy)">Carlton House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Cemetery" title="United States Air Force Academy Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Cadet_Chapel" title="United States Air Force Academy Cadet Chapel">Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Golf_Club" title="Eisenhower Golf Club">Eisenhower Golf course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdle_Field" title="Erdle Field">Erdle Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Stadium" title="Falcon Stadium">Falcon Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_Field_House" title="Cadet Field House">Field House</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Cadet_Ice_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadet Ice Arena">Ice Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clune_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Clune Arena">Clune Arena</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacks_Valley_(United_States_Air_Force_Academy)" title="Jacks Valley (United States Air Force Academy)">Jacks Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_Soccer_Stadium" title="Cadet Soccer Stadium">Soccer Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#003594;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #B2B4B2, inset -2px -2px 0 #B2B4B2;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">Academy history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Training_Officer" title="Air Training Officer">Air Training Officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowry_Air_Force_Base" title="Lowry Air Force Base">Lowry Air Force Base</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#003594;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #B2B4B2, inset -2px -2px 0 #B2B4B2;;width:1%">Military training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/98th_Flying_Training_Squadron#Training_programs" title="98th Flying Training Squadron">Freefall Parachuting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival,_Evasion,_Resistance_and_Escape" title="Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape">SERE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#003594;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #B2B4B2, inset -2px -2px 0 #B2B4B2;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_Academy_alumni" title="List of United States Air Force Academy alumni">Alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_officer_commanding" title="Air officer commanding">Air Officer Commanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_Cadets_of_the_United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="Commandant of Cadets of the United States Air Force Academy">Commandants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_the_United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="Superintendent of the United States Air Force Academy">Superintendents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_D._Bauernfeind" title="Tony D. Bauernfeind">Superintendent Tony D. Bauernfeind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lance_Sijan" title="Lance Sijan">Lance P. Sijan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#003594;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #B2B4B2, inset -2px -2px 0 #B2B4B2;;width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bird_(mascot)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bird (mascot)">The Bird</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Contrails_(book)" title="Contrails (book)">Contrails</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dodo_(magazine)" title="The Dodo (magazine)">The Dodo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_Honor_Code" title="Cadet Honor Code">Honor Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Cadet_Insignia" title="United States Air Force Academy Cadet Insignia">Ranks and insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabara_Award" title="Jabara Award">Jabara Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KAFA-FM" title="KAFA-FM">KAFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prop_and_Wings" title="Prop and Wings">Prop and Wings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#003594;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #B2B4B2, inset -2px -2px 0 #B2B4B2;;width:1%">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Wings</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/10th_Air_Base_Wing" title="10th Air Base Wing">10 ABW</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/34th_Training_Wing" title="34th Training Wing">34 TRW</a></dd> <dt>Groups</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/306th_Flying_Training_Group" title="306th Flying Training Group">306 FTG</a></dd> <dt>Squadrons</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/1st_Flying_Training_Squadron" title="1st Flying Training Squadron">1 FTS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/70th_Flying_Training_Squadron" title="70th Flying Training Squadron">70 FTS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/94th_Flying_Training_Squadron" title="94th Flying Training Squadron">94 FTS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/98th_Flying_Training_Squadron" title="98th Flying Training Squadron">98 FTS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/557th_Flying_Training_Squadron" title="557th Flying Training Squadron">557 FTS</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#003594;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #B2B4B2, inset -2px -2px 0 #B2B4B2;"><div> <ul><li><b>Founded</b>: 1954</li> <li><b>Students</b>: Approximately 4,000</li> <li><b>Endowment</b>: 47 million</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background-color:#003594;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #B2B4B2, inset -2px -2px 0 #B2B4B2;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_federal_service_academies_and_military_colleges" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_federal_service_academies" title="Template:United States federal service academies"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_federal_service_academies" title="Template talk:United States federal service academies"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_federal_service_academies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States federal service academies"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_federal_service_academies_and_military_colleges" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_service_academies" title="United States service academies">United States federal service academies and military colleges</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_service_academies" title="United States service academies">Service academies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">Military Academy (West Point)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">Naval Academy (Annapolis)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Air Force Academy (Colorado Springs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Academy" title="United States Coast Guard Academy">Coast Guard Academy (New London)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy" title="United States Merchant Marine Academy">Merchant Marine Academy (Kings Point)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Institute_of_Technology" title="Air Force Institute of Technology">Air Force Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_College_of_the_Air_Force" title="Community College of the Air Force">Community College of the Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Language_Institute" title="Defense Language Institute">Defense Language Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School" title="Naval Postgraduate School">Naval Postgraduate School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_Services_University_of_the_Health_Sciences" title="Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences">Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Legal_Center_and_School" title="The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School">The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Staff_college#United_States_of_America" title="Staff college">Staff colleges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Forces_Staff_College" title="Joint Forces Staff College">Joint Forces Staff College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College" title="United States Army Command and General Staff College">Army Command and General Staff College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College" title="United States Army War College">Army War College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Warrant_Officer_Career_College" title="United States Army Warrant Officer Career College">Army Warrant Officer Career College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_University" title="Marine Corps University">Marine Corps University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_War_College" title="Marine Corps War College">Marine Corps War College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_University" title="National Defense University">National Defense University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_War_College" title="Naval War College">Naval War College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Advanced_Military_Studies" title="School of Advanced Military Studies">School of Advanced Military Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Command_and_Staff_College" title="Air Command and Staff College">Air Command and Staff College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_University_(United_States_Air_Force)" title="Air University (United States Air Force)">Air University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USAF_Air_War_College" title="USAF Air War College">USAF Air War College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_service_academies#Preparatory_schools" title="United States service academies">Preparatory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy_Preparatory_School" title="United States Military Academy Preparatory School">Military Academy Preparatory School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Academy_Preparatory_School" title="Naval Academy Preparatory School">Naval Academy Preparatory School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Preparatory_School" title="United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School">Air Force Academy Preparatory School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Military_academy" title="Military academy">Military academy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Military education and training</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_military_installations_in_Colorado" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:COMilitary" title="Template:COMilitary"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:COMilitary" title="Template talk:COMilitary"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:COMilitary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:COMilitary"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Current_military_installations_in_Colorado" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Current <a href="/wiki/Military_installations" class="mw-redirect" title="Military installations">military installations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Fort</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Carson" title="Fort Carson">Fort Carson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Depot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Chemical_Depot" title="Pueblo Chemical Depot">Pueblo Chemical Depot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Colorado.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/85px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/128px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/170px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Service_Academy" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Service Academy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Air Force Academy</a> (shared with the Space Force)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Space Force Base</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckley_Space_Force_Base" title="Buckley Space Force Base">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterson_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Peterson Air Force Base">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schriever_Space_Force_Base" title="Schriever Space Force Base">Schriever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Space Force Station</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_Mountain_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station">Cheyenne Mountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NATO_military_academies" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NATO_Military_Academies" title="Template:NATO Military Academies"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NATO_Military_Academies" title="Template talk:NATO Military Academies"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NATO_Military_Academies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NATO Military Academies"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NATO_military_academies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_academy" title="Military academy">military academies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Joint</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Academy_(Albania)" title="Armed Forces Academy (Albania)">Armed Forces Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_(Belgium)" title="Royal Military Academy (Belgium)">Royal Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Rakovski_Military_Academy" title="Georgi Rakovski Military Academy">Georgi Rakovski Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski_National_Military_University" title="Vasil Levski National Military University">Vasil Levski National Military University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Defence_College" title="Royal Danish Defence College">Royal Danish Defence College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_Saint-Jean" title="Royal Military College Saint-Jean">Royal Military College Saint-Jean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Franjo_Tu%C4%91man_Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Franjo Tuđman Military Academy">Dr. Franjo Tuđman Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Defence_(Czech_Republic)" title="University of Defence (Czech Republic)">University of Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Military_Academy" title="Estonian Military Academy">Estonian Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_University_(Finland)" title="National Defence University (Finland)">National Defence University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Public_Service#Faculty_of_Military_Sciences_and_Officer_Training" title="National University of Public Service">National University of Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jonas_%C5%BDemaitis_Military_Academy_of_Lithuania" title="General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania">General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koninklijke_Militaire_Academie" title="Koninklijke Militaire Academie">Koninklijke Militaire Academie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Defence_Academy" title="Central Defence Academy">Central Defence Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Academy_Karlberg" title="Military Academy Karlberg">Military Academy Karlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Services_Command_and_Staff_College" title="Joint Services Command and Staff College">Joint Services Command and Staff College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Land<br />forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Academy_(Finland)" title="Army Academy (Finland)">Army Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Military_Academy" title="Royal Danish Military Academy">Royal Danish Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_militaire_de_Saint-Cyr" title="École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr">École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_militaire_interarmes" title="École militaire interarmes">École militaire interarmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_officiers_de_la_gendarmerie_nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="École des officiers de la gendarmerie nationale">École des officiers de la gendarmerie nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Training_Schools" title="Army Training Schools">Army Training Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Military_Academy" title="Hellenic Military Academy">Hellenic Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Academy_of_Modena" title="Military Academy of Modena">Military Academy of Modena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Military_Academy" title="Norwegian Military Academy">Norwegian Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Military_University_of_Land_Forces" title="General Tadeusz Kościuszko Military University of Land Forces">General Tadeusz Kościuszko Military University of Land Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Academy_(Portugal)" title="Military Academy (Portugal)">Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_B%C4%83lcescu_Land_Forces_Academy" title="Nicolae Bălcescu Land Forces Academy">Nicolae Bălcescu Land Forces Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Military_Academy" title="General Military Academy">General Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Military_Academy" title="Turkish Military Academy">Turkish Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military Academy Sandhurst">Royal Military Academy Sandhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Maritime<br />forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Vaptsarov_Naval_Academy" title="Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy">Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Naval_Academy" title="Royal Danish Naval Academy">Royal Danish Naval Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_navale" title="École navale">École navale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCrwik_Naval_School" title="Mürwik Naval School">Mürwik Naval School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Naval_Academy" title="Hellenic Naval Academy">Hellenic Naval Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Naval_Academy" title="Italian Naval Academy">Italian Naval Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_College_(Netherlands)" title="Royal Naval College (Netherlands)">Royal Dutch Naval College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Naval_Academy" title="Royal Norwegian Naval Academy">Royal Norwegian Naval Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Naval_Academy" title="Polish Naval Academy">Polish Naval Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_School_(Portugal)" title="Naval School (Portugal)">Naval School of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_cel_B%C4%83tr%C3%A2n_Naval_Academy" title="Mircea cel Bătrân Naval Academy">Mircea cel Bătrân Naval Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Military_Academy" title="Naval Military Academy">Naval Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Academy" title="Turkish Naval Academy">Turkish Naval Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Royal_Naval_College" title="Britannia Royal Naval College">Britannia Royal Naval College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Academy" title="United States Coast Guard Academy">United States Coast Guard Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy" title="United States Merchant Marine Academy">United States Merchant Marine Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">space<br />forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Air_Force_Academy" title="Royal Danish Air Force Academy">Royal Danish Air Force Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Academy_(Finland)" title="Air Force Academy (Finland)">Air Force Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_l%27air_et_de_l%27espace" title="École de l'air et de l'espace">École de l'air et de l'espace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenfeldbruck_Air_Base" title="Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base">German Air Force Officer Training School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force_Academy" title="Hellenic Air Force Academy">Hellenic Air Force Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accademia_Aeronautica" title="Accademia Aeronautica">Accademia Aeronautica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Air_Force_Academy" title="Royal Norwegian Air Force Academy">Royal Norwegian Air Force Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Air_Force_University" title="Polish Air Force University">Polish Air Force University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Air_Force_Academy" title="Portuguese Air Force Academy">Portuguese Air Force Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Air_Force#Structure" title="Romanian Air Force">Air Force Academy 'Henri Coanda'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force_Academy" title="Turkish Air Force Academy">Turkish Air Force Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_College_Cranwell" title="Royal Air Force College Cranwell">Royal Air Force College Cranwell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States Air Force Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Air_force_academies" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Air_force_academies" title="Template:Air force academies"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Air_force_academies" title="Template talk:Air force academies"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Air_force_academies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Air force academies"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Air_force_academies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Air_force_academy" title="Air force academy">Air force academies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angolan_National_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angolan National Air Force Academy (page does not exist)">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Air_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Air Academy">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Military_School,_Jos,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Military School, Jos, Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force_College" title="South African Air Force College">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uganda_Military_Airforce_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uganda Military Airforce Academy (page does not exist)">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n_Militar_(Argentina)" title="Escuela de Aviación Militar (Argentina)">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivian_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolivian Air Force Academy (page does not exist)">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force_Academy" title="Brazilian Air Force Academy">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marco_Fidel_Suarez_Military_Aviation_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marco Fidel Suarez Military Aviation School (page does not exist)">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colegio_del_Airer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colegio del Airer (page does not exist)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Academy_of_the_Bolivarian_Air_Force&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Academy of the Bolivarian Air Force (page does not exist)">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Air_Force_Academy" title="Bangladesh Air Force Academy">Bangladesh</a></li> <li>China (<a href="/wiki/PLA_Academy_of_Military_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="PLA Academy of Military Science">People's Republic of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Air_Force_Academy" title="Republic of China Air Force Academy">Republic of China</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Academy,_Dundigul" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Academy, Dundigul">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Air_Force_Academy" title="Indonesian Air Force Academy">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force_Flight_Academy" title="Israeli Air Force Flight Academy">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Hussein_Air_Base" title="King Hussein Air Base">Jordan</a></li> <li>Korea (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Chaek_Air_Force_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Chaek Air Force Academy (page does not exist)">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea_Air_Force_Academy" title="Korea Air Force Academy">South Korea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force_Academy" title="Pakistan Air Force Academy">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Air_Force_Academy" title="Sri Lanka Air Force Academy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Air_Force_Academy" title="Republic of China Air Force Academy">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaminda_Kasatriyadhiraj_Royal_Thai_Air_Force_Academy" title="Navaminda Kasatriyadhiraj Royal Thai Air Force Academy">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force_Academy" title="Turkish Air Force Academy">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbekistan_Air_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uzbekistan Air Academy (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Air_Force_Officers_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Danish Air Force Officers School">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Academy_(Finland)" title="Air Force Academy (Finland)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_l%27air" class="mw-redirect" title="École de l'air">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force_Academy" title="Hellenic Air Force Academy">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accademia_Aeronautica" title="Accademia Aeronautica">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Air_Force_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Air Force Academy">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Air_Force_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Air Force Academy">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Air_Force_Academy" title="Portuguese Air Force Academy">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhukovsky_%E2%80%93_Gagarin_Air_Force_Academy" title="Zhukovsky – Gagarin Air Force Academy">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_College_Cranwell" title="Royal Air Force College Cranwell">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Officers%27_Training_School_RAAF" title="Officers' Training School RAAF">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_Training_School" title="Command Training School">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Armed_Forces" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template:United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template talk:United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <dl><dt>Legend</dt> <dd>A = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></dd> <dd>MC = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></dd> <dd>N = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></dd> <dd>AF = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></dd> <dd>SF = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></dd> <dd>CG = <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">Deputy Secretary of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security">Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Vice Chairman</a></li></ul></li> <li>Committees on Armed Services <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_duty_United_States_four-star_officers" title="List of active duty United States four-star officers">Active duty four-star officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_duty_United_States_three-star_officers" title="List of active duty United States three-star officers">Active duty three-star officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_seniority" title="United States military seniority">United States military seniority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldwater%E2%80%93Nichols_Act" title="Goldwater–Nichols Act">Goldwater–Nichols Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_components_of_the_U.S._Department_of_Defense" title="List of components of the U.S. Department of Defense">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">Department of the Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Department of the Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Department of the Air Force">Department of the Air Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Secretary of the Air Force">Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Service branches and heads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff of the United States Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Commandant of the United States Marine Corps">Commandant of the Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations" title="Chief of Naval Operations">Chief of Naval Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Space_Operations" title="Chief of Space Operations">Chief of Space Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_Coast_Guard" title="Commandant of the Coast Guard">Commandant of the Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reserve_components_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces">Reserve components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Reserves: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reserve" title="United States Marine Corps Reserve">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command" title="Air Force Reserve Command">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Reserve" title="United States Coast Guard Reserve">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_National_Guard" title="Army National Guard">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_National_Guard" title="Air National Guard">AF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries" title="Auxiliaries">Civilian auxiliaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Auxiliary_Radio_System" title="Military Auxiliary Radio System">Military Auxiliary Radio System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Cyber_Auxiliary" title="Marine Corps Cyber Auxiliary">Marine Corps Cyber Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol" title="Civil Air Patrol">Civil Air Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Auxiliary" title="United States Coast Guard Auxiliary">Coast Guard Auxiliary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unified_combatant_command" title="Unified combatant command">Unified combatant command</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_European_Command" title="United States European Command">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Indo-Pacific_Command" title="United States Indo-Pacific Command">Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Northern_Command" title="United States Northern Command">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Southern_Command" title="United States Southern Command">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Cyber_Command" title="United States Cyber Command">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Special_Operations_Command" title="United States Special Operations Command">Special Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Command" title="United States Strategic Command">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Transportation_Command" title="United States Transportation Command">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 10 of the United States Code">Title 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_14_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 14 of the United States Code">Title 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_32_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 32 of the United States Code">Title 32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_50_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 50 of the United States Code">Title 50</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">Installations</a></li> <li>Units: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Organization of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Category:Units and formations of the United States Space Force">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Organization of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_logistics_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Military logistics of the United States">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_of_the_military_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Mass media of the military of the United States">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Armed_Forces_unit_mottoes" title="List of United States Armed Forces unit mottoes">Unit mottoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Operations<br />and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_budget_of_the_United_States" title="Military budget of the United States">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_deployments" title="United States military deployments">Current deployments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_United_States" title="List of conflicts in the United States">Conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States" title="List of wars involving the United States">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_affairs_in_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="History of civil affairs in the United States Armed Forces">Civil affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operations" title="Timeline of United States military operations">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">By ancestry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Asian_Americans" title="Military history of Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhists_in_the_United_States_military" title="Buddhists in the United States military">Buddhist Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Jewish_Americans" title="Military history of Jewish Americans">Jewish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_in_the_United_States_military" title="Muslims in the United States military">Muslim Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sikhs in the United States military">Sikh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Hispanic_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Hispanic Americans">Hispanic Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hispanics in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Hispanics in the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Hispanics in the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Hispanics in the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Navy" title="Hispanics in the United States Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Naval_Academy" title="Hispanics in the United States Naval Academy">Academy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">History centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">Army Center of Military History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_History_Division" title="United States Marine Corps History Division">Marine Corps History Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Historical_Research_Agency" title="Air Force Historical Research Agency">Air Force Historical Research Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/American_official_war_artists" title="American official war artists">War artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Art_Program" title="United States Army Art Program">Army Art Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Art_Program" title="United States Air Force Art Program">Air Force Art Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_service_academies" title="United States service academies">Service academies</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">A</a><small> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy_Preparatory_School" title="United States Military Academy Preparatory School">prep</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">MC/N</a><small> (<a href="/wiki/Naval_Academy_Preparatory_School" title="Naval Academy Preparatory School">prep</a>)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AF/SF</a><small> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Preparatory_School" title="United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School">prep</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Academy" title="United States Coast Guard Academy">CG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy" title="United States Merchant Marine Academy">Merchant Marine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps">ROTC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Officers_Training_Corps" title="Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps">MC/N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps" title="Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps">AF/SF</a></li></ul></li> <li>Officer candidate/training school: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Army)" title="Officer Candidate School (United States Army)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidates_School_(United_States_Marine_Corps)" title="Officer Candidates School (United States Marine Corps)">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Navy)" title="Officer Candidate School (United States Navy)">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Officer_Training_School" title="Air Force Officer Training School">AF/SF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_States)" title="Warrant officer (United States)">Warrant officer</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer_Candidate_School" title="Warrant Officer Candidate School">A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Entrance_Processing_Command" title="United States Military Entrance Processing Command">MEPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Services_Vocational_Aptitude_Battery" title="Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery">ASVAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Basic_School" title="The Basic School">The Basic School</a> (MC)</li> <li>Enlisted recruit training: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Basic_Training" title="United States Army Basic Training">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Recruit_Training" title="United States Marine Corps Recruit Training">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_Training_Command,_Great_Lakes,_Illinois" title="Recruit Training Command, Great Lakes, Illinois">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Basic_Military_Training" title="United States Air Force Basic Military Training">AF/SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Training_Center_Cape_May" title="United States Coast Guard Training Center Cape May">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_education_and_training_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Military education and training in the United States">Other education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Uniforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Uniforms of the United States Armed Forces">Uniforms</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Uniforms of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Uniforms of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Uniforms of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Uniforms of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Uniforms of the United States Space Force">SF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Armed Forces">Awards & decorations</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-service_awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_military" title="Inter-service awards and decorations of the United States military">Inter-service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Navy">MC/N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Air Force">AF/SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorized_foreign_decorations_of_the_United_States_military" title="Authorized foreign decorations of the United States military">Foreign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_military_decoration_authorized_by_the_US_military" class="mw-redirect" title="International military decoration authorized by the US military">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_award_devices" title="United States military award devices">Devices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_badges_of_the_United_States" title="Military badges of the United States">Badges</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identification_badges_of_the_uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Identification badges of the uniformed services of the United States">Identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Badges of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Badges of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Badges of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Badges of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Badges of the United States Space Force">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Badges of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_comparative_military_ranks" title="List of comparative military ranks">Ranks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Officer: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Army officer rank insignia">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_rank_insignia" title="United States Marine Corps rank insignia">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Navy officer rank insignia">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Air Force officer rank insignia">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force_rank_insignia" title="United States Space Force rank insignia">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Coast Guard officer rank insignia">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_States)" title="Warrant officer (United States)">Warrant officers</a></li> <li>Enlisted: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_enlisted_rank_insignia" title="United States Army enlisted rank insignia">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_rank_insignia" title="United States Marine Corps rank insignia">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_enlisted_rates" title="List of United States Navy enlisted rates">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_enlisted_rank_insignia" title="United States Air Force enlisted rank insignia">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force_rank_insignia" title="United States Space Force rank insignia">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_enlisted_ranks" title="List of United States Coast Guard enlisted ranks">CG</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Oath: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces_oath_of_enlistment" title="United States Armed Forces oath of enlistment">Enlistment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Uniformed_Services_Oath_of_Office" title="United States Uniformed Services Oath of Office">Officer</a></li></ul></li> <li>Creeds & Codes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_the_United_States_Fighting_Force" title="Code of the United States Fighting Force">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noncommissioned_officer%27s_creed" title="Noncommissioned officer's creed">NCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier%27s_Creed" title="Soldier's Creed">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifleman%27s_Creed" title="Rifleman's Creed">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor%27s_Creed" title="Sailor's Creed">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airman%27s_Creed" title="Airman's Creed">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guardsman" title="Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Armed_Forces)" title="Service number (United States Armed Forces)">Service numbers</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Army)" title="Service number (United States Army)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Marine_Corps)" title="Service number (United States Marine Corps)">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Navy)" title="Service number (United States Navy)">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Air_Force)" title="Service number (United States Air Force)">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Coast_Guard)" title="Service number (United States Coast Guard)">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_occupation_code" title="United States military occupation code">Military Occupational Specialty</a>/<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ratings" title="List of United States Navy ratings">Rating</a>/<a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Specialty_Code" title="Air Force Specialty Code">Air Force Specialty Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_pay" title="United States military pay">Pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice" title="Uniform Code of Military Justice">Uniform Code of Military Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps" title="Judge Advocate General's Corps">Judge Advocate General's Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Health_System" title="Military Health System">Military Health System</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tricare" title="Tricare">Tricare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_(United_States_military)" title="Separation (United States military)">Separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">Veterans Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiefs_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States" title="Chiefs of Chaplains of the United States">Chiefs of Chaplains</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Chaplain of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Chaplain of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="List of equipment of the United States Armed Forces">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Army" title="List of equipment of the United States Army">A</a> (<a href="/wiki/Army_Nomenclature_System" title="Army Nomenclature System">Designations</a>)</li> <li>MC: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vehicles_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="List of vehicles of the United States Marine Corps">vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="List of weapons of the United States Marine Corps">weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_individual_equipment" title="List of United States Marine Corps individual equipment">other</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of equipment of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="List of equipment of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="List of equipment of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Land</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_weapons_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces" title="List of individual weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces">Individual weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crew-served_weapons_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces" title="List of crew-served weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces">Crew-served weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_land_vehicles_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="List of land vehicles of the U.S. Armed Forces">Vehicles</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_currently_active_United_States_military_land_vehicles" title="List of currently active United States military land vehicles">active</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Sea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_currently_active_United_States_military_watercraft" title="List of currently active United States military watercraft">All watercraft</a></li> <li>Ships: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_United_States_Army" title="List of ships of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships" title="List of United States Navy ships">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of current ships of the United States Navy">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ships_of_the_United_States_Navy#Future_ships" title="List of current ships of the United States Navy">future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="List of ships of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_cutters" title="List of United States Coast Guard cutters">CG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Military_Sealift_Command_ships" title="List of Military Sealift Command ships">MSC</a></li></ul></li> <li>Weapons: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_weapons" title="List of United States Navy weapons">N</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_naval_reactors" title="United States naval reactors">Reactors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States" title="Lists of military aircraft of the United States">Aircraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_undesignated_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States" title="List of undesignated military aircraft of the United States">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_United_States_military_aircraft" title="List of active United States military aircraft">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_future_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States" title="List of future military aircraft of the United States">future</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_aircraft_designation_systems" title="United States military aircraft designation systems">Aircraft designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._helicopter_armament_subsystems" title="U.S. helicopter armament subsystems">Helicopter arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Army_during_World_War_II" title="List of equipment of the United States Army during World War II">WWII equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_football" title="Nuclear football">Nuclear football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_electronics_of_the_United_States" title="List of military electronics of the United States">Electronics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joint_Electronics_Type_Designation_System" title="Joint Electronics Type Designation System">designations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Flags of the United States Armed Forces">Flags</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Flag of the United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Flag of the United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Flag of the United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Flag of the United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Flag of the United States Space Force">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Flag of the United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_of_the_United_States" title="Ensign of the United States">Ensign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_of_the_United_States" title="Jack of the United States">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidon_(United_States)" title="Guidon (United States)">Guidons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_ration" title="United States military ration">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United States and weapons of mass destruction">WMDs</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_States" title="Nuclear weapons of the United States">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_biological_weapons_program" title="United States biological weapons program">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._chemical_weapons_topics" title="List of U.S. chemical weapons topics">Chemical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Military of the United States">Category</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Army" title="Category:United States Army">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Category:United States Marine Corps">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Navy" title="Category:United States Navy">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Air_Force" title="Category:United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Space_Force" title="Category:United States Space Force">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Category:United States Coast Guard">CG</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> Navboxes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Army_navbox" title="Template:US Army navbox">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Marine_Corps_navbox" title="Template:US Marine Corps navbox">MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Navy_navbox" title="Template:US Navy navbox">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Air_Force" title="Template:United States Air Force">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Space_Force" title="Template:United States Space Force">SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Coast_Guard_navbox" title="Template:US Coast Guard navbox">CG</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Colorado&#124;link=Colorado_Colorado_colleges_and_universities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colorado_colleges_and_universities" title="Template:Colorado colleges and universities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colorado_colleges_and_universities" title="Template talk:Colorado colleges and universities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colorado_colleges_and_universities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colorado colleges and universities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Colorado&#124;link=Colorado_Colorado_colleges_and_universities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado"><img alt="Colorado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Colorado" title="List of colleges and universities in Colorado">Colorado colleges and universities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colorado#Education" title="Colorado">Collegiate institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_State_University" title="Adams State University">Adams State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapahoe_Community_College" title="Arapahoe Community College">Arapahoe Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_Institute_of_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="The Art Institute of Colorado">The Art Institute of Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Christian_University" title="Colorado Christian University">Colorado Christian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_College" title="Colorado College">Colorado College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Mesa_University" title="Colorado Mesa University">Colorado Mesa University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Mountain_College" title="Colorado Mountain College">Colorado Mountain College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Northwestern_Community_College" title="Colorado Northwestern Community College">Colorado Northwestern Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_School_of_Mines" title="Colorado School of Mines">Colorado School of Mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_State_University" title="Colorado State University">Colorado State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_State_University%E2%80%93Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado State University–Pueblo">Colorado State University-Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Technical_University" title="Colorado Technical University">Colorado Technical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_College_of_Aurora" title="Community College of Aurora">Community College of Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_College_of_Denver" title="Community College of Denver">Community College of Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Griffith_Opportunity_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Emily Griffith Opportunity School">Emily Griffith Opportunity School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lewis_College" title="Fort Lewis College">Fort Lewis College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Range_Community_College" title="Front Range Community College">Front Range Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iliff_School_of_Theology" title="Iliff School of Theology">Iliff School of Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Community_College" title="Lamar Community College">Lamar Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_State_University_of_Denver" title="Metropolitan State University of Denver">Metropolitan State University of Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Community_College" title="Morgan Community College">Morgan Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa_University" title="Naropa University">Naropa University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_Bible_College" title="Nazarene Bible College">Nazarene Bible College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Junior_College" title="Northeastern Junior College">Northeastern Junior College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otero_College" title="Otero College">Otero College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikes_Peak_State_College" title="Pikes Peak State College">Pikes Peak State College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Community_College" title="Pueblo Community College">Pueblo Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regis_University" title="Regis University">Regis University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Rocks_Community_College" title="Red Rocks Community College">Red Rocks Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_College_of_Art_and_Design" title="Rocky Mountain College of Art and Design">Rocky Mountain College of Art and Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Vista_University_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine">Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_State_College" title="Trinidad State College">Trinidad State College</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States Air Force Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_System" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado System">University of Colorado System</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">Boulder</a> - <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Colorado_Springs" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado at Colorado Springs">Colorado Springs</a> - <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Denver" title="University of Colorado Denver">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Denver" title="University of Denver">University of Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Northern_Colorado" title="University of Northern Colorado">University of Northern Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Colorado_Community_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Colorado Community College">Western Colorado Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Colorado_University" title="Western Colorado University">Western Colorado University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mountain_West_Conference" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#4F2D7F;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #AFAFAF, inset -2px -2px 0 #AFAFAF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mountain_West_Conference_navbox" title="Template:Mountain West Conference navbox"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mountain_West_Conference_navbox" title="Template talk:Mountain West Conference navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mountain_West_Conference_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mountain West Conference navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mountain_West_Conference" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference" title="Mountain West Conference"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Mountain West Conference</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#4F2D7F;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #AFAFAF, inset -2px -2px 0 #AFAFAF;;width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons" title="Air Force Falcons">Air Force Falcons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boise_State_Broncos" title="Boise State Broncos">Boise State Broncos</a> <i>(leaving in 2026)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_State_Rams" title="Colorado State Rams">Colorado State Rams</a> <i>(leaving in 2026)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno_State_Bulldogs" title="Fresno State Bulldogs">Fresno State Bulldogs</a> <i>(leaving in 2026)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Wolf_Pack" title="Nevada Wolf Pack">Nevada Wolf Pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Lobos" title="New Mexico Lobos">New Mexico Lobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_State_Aztecs" title="San Diego State Aztecs">San Diego State Aztecs</a> <i>(leaving in 2026)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_State_Spartans" title="San Jose State Spartans">San Jose State Spartans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNLV_Rebels" title="UNLV Rebels">UNLV Rebels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_State_Aggies" title="Utah State Aggies">Utah State Aggies</a> <i>(leaving in 2026)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Cowboys_and_Cowgirls" title="Wyoming Cowboys and Cowgirls">Wyoming Cowboys and Cowgirls</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_West_Conference_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Mountain_West_Conference_logo.svg/100px-Mountain_West_Conference_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Mountain_West_Conference_logo.svg/150px-Mountain_West_Conference_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Mountain_West_Conference_logo.svg/200px-Mountain_West_Conference_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="141" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#4F2D7F;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #AFAFAF, inset -2px -2px 0 #AFAFAF;;width:1%">Future members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Antelopes" title="Grand Canyon Antelopes">Grand Canyon Antelopes</a> (non-football; joining no later than 2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTEP_Miners" title="UTEP Miners">UTEP Miners</a> (joining in 2026)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#4F2D7F;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #AFAFAF, inset -2px -2px 0 #AFAFAF;;width:1%">Football associate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Rainbow_Warriors_football" title="Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football">Hawaii Rainbow Warriors</a> <i>(becoming full member in 2026)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#4F2D7F;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #AFAFAF, inset -2px -2px 0 #AFAFAF;;width:1%">Women's soccer associate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_College_Tigers" title="Colorado College Tigers">Colorado College Tigers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#4F2D7F;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #AFAFAF, inset -2px -2px 0 #AFAFAF;;width:1%">Baseball & women's swimming associate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Cougars" title="Washington State Cougars">Washington State Cougars</a> <i>(leaving in 2026)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#4F2D7F;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #AFAFAF, inset -2px -2px 0 #AFAFAF;;width:1%">Championships & awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mountain_West_Conference_champions" title="List of Mountain West Conference champions">List of Mountain West Conference champions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#4F2D7F;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #AFAFAF, inset -2px -2px 0 #AFAFAF;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932013_Mountain_West_Conference_realignment" title="2010–2013 Mountain West Conference realignment">2010–2013 Mountain West Conference realignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932026_NCAA_conference_realignment" title="2021–2026 NCAA conference realignment">2021–2026 NCAA conference realignment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Atlantic_Hockey_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#131f69;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #b18837, inset -2px -2px 0 #b18837;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Atlantic_Hockey_America" title="Template:Atlantic Hockey America"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atlantic_Hockey_America" title="Template talk:Atlantic Hockey America"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atlantic_Hockey_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atlantic Hockey America"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Atlantic_Hockey_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Hockey_America" title="Atlantic Hockey America"><span style="color:white">Atlantic Hockey America</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#131f69;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #b18837, inset -2px -2px 0 #b18837;;width:1%">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons" title="Air Force Falcons">Air Force Falcons</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Air Force Falcons men's ice hockey">men</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/American_International_Yellow_Jackets" title="American International Yellow Jackets">American International Yellow Jackets</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_International_Yellow_Jackets_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="American International Yellow Jackets men's ice hockey">men</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Army_Black_Knights" title="Army Black Knights">Army Black Knights</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Black_Knights_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Army Black Knights men's ice hockey">men</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bentley_Falcons" title="Bentley Falcons">Bentley Falcons</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bentley_Falcons_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Bentley Falcons men's ice hockey">men</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canisius_Golden_Griffins" title="Canisius Golden Griffins">Canisius Golden Griffins</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canisius_Golden_Griffins_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Canisius Golden Griffins men's ice hockey">men</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Crusaders" title="Holy Cross Crusaders">Holy Cross Crusaders</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Crusaders_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Holy Cross Crusaders men's ice hockey">men</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lindenwood_Lions" title="Lindenwood Lions">Lindenwood Lions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lindenwood_Lady_Lions_ice_hockey" title="Lindenwood Lady Lions ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mercyhurst_Lakers" title="Mercyhurst Lakers">Mercyhurst Lakers</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercyhurst_Lakers_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Mercyhurst Lakers men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercyhurst_Lakers_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Mercyhurst Lakers women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Purple_Eagles" title="Niagara Purple Eagles">Niagara Purple Eagles</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Purple_Eagles_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Niagara Purple Eagles men's ice hockey">men</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Penn_State_Nittany_Lions" title="Penn State Nittany Lions">Penn State Nittany Lions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Penn State Nittany Lions women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/RIT_Tigers" title="RIT Tigers">RIT Tigers</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RIT_Tigers_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="RIT Tigers men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIT_Tigers_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="RIT Tigers women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_Colonials" title="Robert Morris Colonials">Robert Morris Colonials</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_Colonials_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Robert Morris Colonials men's ice hockey">men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_Colonials_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Robert Morris Colonials women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Pioneers" title="Sacred Heart Pioneers">Sacred Heart Pioneers</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Pioneers_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Sacred Heart Pioneers men's ice hockey">men</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Orange" title="Syracuse Orange">Syracuse Orange</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Orange_women%27s_ice_hockey" title="Syracuse Orange women's ice hockey">women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#131f69;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #b18837, inset -2px -2px 0 #b18837;;width:1%">Future teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Fightin%27_Blue_Hens" title="Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens">Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Fightin%27_Blue_Hens_women%27s_ice_hockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens women's ice hockey">women</a>, joining in 2025</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#131f69;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #b18837, inset -2px -2px 0 #b18837;;width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_Ice_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadet Ice Arena">Cadet Ice Arena</a> (Air Force)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MassMutual_Center" title="MassMutual Center">MassMutual Center</a> (American International)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_Rink" title="Tate Rink">Tate Rink</a> (Army)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentley_Arena" title="Bentley Arena">Bentley Arena</a> (Bentley)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LECOM_Harborcenter" title="LECOM Harborcenter">LECOM Harborcenter</a> (Canisius)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Hart Center">Hart Center</a> (Holy Cross)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centene_Community_Ice_Center" title="Centene Community Ice Center">Centene Community Ice Center</a> (Lindenwood)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercyhurst_Ice_Center" title="Mercyhurst Ice Center">Mercyhurst Ice Center</a> (Mercyhurst)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwyer_Arena" title="Dwyer Arena">Dwyer Arena</a> (Niagara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegula_Ice_Arena" title="Pegula Ice Arena">Pegula Ice Arena</a> (Penn State)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Polisseni_Center" title="Gene Polisseni Center">Gene Polisseni Center</a> (RIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearview_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Clearview Arena">Clearview Arena</a> (Robert Morris)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martire_Family_Arena" title="Martire Family Arena">Martire Family Arena</a> (Sacred Heart)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennity_Ice_Skating_Pavilion" title="Tennity Ice Skating Pavilion">Tennity Ice Skating Pavilion</a> (Syracuse)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#131f69;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #b18837, inset -2px -2px 0 #b18837;;width:1%">Future venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Rust_Ice_Arena" title="Fred Rust Ice Arena">Fred Rust Ice Arena</a> (Delaware)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#131f69;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #b18837, inset -2px -2px 0 #b18837;;width:1%">Men's seasons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024%E2%80%9325_Atlantic_Hockey_America_men%27s_season" title="2024–25 Atlantic Hockey America men's season">2024–25</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#131f69;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #b18837, inset -2px -2px 0 #b18837;;width:1%">Women's seasons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2024%E2%80%9325_Atlantic_Hockey_America_women%27s_season&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2024–25 Atlantic Hockey America women's season (page does not exist)">2024–25</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#131f69;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #b18837, inset -2px -2px 0 #b18837;;width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Hockey" title="Atlantic Hockey">Atlantic Hockey Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Hockey_America" title="College Hockey America">College Hockey America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#131f69;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #b18837, inset -2px -2px 0 #b18837;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association"><span style="color:white">NCAA</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Hockey_America#Champions" title="Atlantic Hockey America"><span style="color:white">List of champions</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colorado_Springs_colleges_and_high_schools" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colorado_Springs_Schools" title="Template:Colorado Springs Schools"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colorado_Springs_Schools" title="Template talk:Colorado Springs Schools"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colorado_Springs_Schools" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colorado Springs Schools"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colorado_Springs_colleges_and_high_schools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs</a> colleges and high schools</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colleges and universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Air Force Academy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colorado_College" title="Colorado College">Colorado College</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Technical_University" title="Colorado Technical University">Colorado Technical University</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pikes_Peak_State_College" title="Pikes Peak State College">Pikes Peak State College</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Colorado_Springs" title="University of Colorado Colorado Springs">University of Colorado Colorado Springs</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Air_Academy_High_School" title="Air Academy High School">Air Academy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aspen_Valley_High_School" title="Aspen Valley High School">Aspen Valley</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_Mountain_High_School" title="Cheyenne Mountain High School">Cheyenne Mountain</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colorado_School_for_the_Deaf_and_Blind" title="Colorado School for the Deaf and Blind">Colorado School for the Deaf and Blind</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs_Christian_Schools" title="Colorado Springs Christian Schools">Colorado Springs Christian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Colorado_Springs_School" title="The Colorado Springs School">Colorado Springs School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coronado_High_School_(Colorado)" title="Coronado High School (Colorado)">Coronado</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Doherty_High_School_(Colorado)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doherty High School (Colorado)">Doherty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Falcon_High_School" title="Falcon High School">Falcon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fountain_Valley_School_of_Colorado" title="Fountain Valley School of Colorado">Fountain Valley</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harrison_High_School_(Colorado)" title="Harrison High School (Colorado)">Harrison</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hilltop_Baptist_School" title="Hilltop Baptist School">Hilltop Baptist</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liberty_High_School_(Colorado_Springs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty High School (Colorado Springs)">Liberty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Ridge_High_School" title="Mesa Ridge High School">Mesa Ridge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_High_School_(Colorado)" title="Mitchell High School (Colorado)">Mitchell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Palmer_High_School_(Colorado)" title="Palmer High School (Colorado)">Palmer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pine_Creek_High_School" title="Pine Creek High School">Pine Creek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rampart_High_School" title="Rampart High School">Rampart</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_High_School_(Colorado_Springs)" title="St. Mary's High School (Colorado Springs)">St. Mary's</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_High_School" title="Sand Creek High School">Sand Creek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sierra_High_School_(Colorado)" title="Sierra High School (Colorado)">Sierra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Vanguard_School_(Colorado)" title="The Vanguard School (Colorado)">Vanguard</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wasson_High_School_(Colorado)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasson High School (Colorado)">Wasson</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331280#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331280#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331280#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000107228794">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134468964">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/537093/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/870-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79109909">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930608w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930608w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36120805">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90229409">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000175558&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=247697">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB202011294">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269139505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w3id.org/isil/US-coca">ISIL</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027215598">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&oldid=1258996409">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&oldid=1258996409</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="Category:United States Air Force Academy">United States Air Force Academy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1954_establishments_in_Colorado" title="Category:1954 establishments in Colorado">1954 establishments in Colorado</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Air_force_academies" title="Category:Air force academies">Air force academies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Direct_reporting_units_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Category:Direct reporting units of the United States Air Force">Direct reporting units of the United States Air Force</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Category:Economy of Colorado Springs, Colorado">Economy of Colorado Springs, Colorado</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_El_Paso_County,_Colorado" title="Category:Education in El Paso County, Colorado">Education in El Paso County, Colorado</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Universities_and_colleges_established_in_1954" title="Category:Universities and colleges established in 1954">Universities and colleges established in 1954</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Installations_of_the_United_States_Air_Force_in_Colorado" title="Category:Installations of the United States Air Force in Colorado">Installations of the United States Air Force in Colorado</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_academies_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Military academies of the United States">Military academies of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_El_Paso_County,_Colorado" title="Category:Military history of El Paso County, Colorado">Military history of El Paso County, Colorado</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_based_in_Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Category:Organizations based in Colorado Springs, Colorado">Organizations based in Colorado Springs, Colorado</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_El_Paso_County,_Colorado" title="Category:Tourist attractions in El Paso County, Colorado">Tourist attractions in El Paso County, Colorado</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_military_service_academies" title="Category:United States military service academies">United States military service academies</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2017">Articles with dead external links from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_August_2022" title="Category:Use American English from August 2022">Use American English from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2022">Use dmy dates from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_university_with_the_superintendent_parameter" title="Category:Pages using infobox university with the superintendent parameter">Pages using infobox university with the superintendent parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_university" title="Category:Articles using infobox university">Articles using infobox university</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_university_with_the_nickname_alias" title="Category:Pages using infobox university with the nickname alias">Pages using infobox university with the nickname alias</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2023">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2011" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2011">Articles needing additional references from August 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2015" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2015">Articles needing additional references from December 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_April_2023" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from April 2023">Vague or ambiguous time from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia" title="Category:Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia">Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 20:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-chdqs","wgBackendResponseTime":169,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.692","walltime":"2.237","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14227,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":737280,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":131356,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":26,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":532770,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1739.245 1 -total"," 37.30% 648.742 2 Template:Reflist"," 20.17% 350.886 79 Template:Cite_web"," 10.25% 178.328 2 Template:Infobox"," 9.74% 169.429 1 Template:Infobox_university"," 7.94% 138.121 19 Template:Military_navigation"," 7.38% 128.281 17 Template:Fix"," 5.89% 102.510 1 Template:US_Air_Force_navbox"," 5.52% 96.038 13 Template:Citation_needed"," 4.72% 82.151 1 Template:Navboxes"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.890","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14438655,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-fqvl5","timestamp":"20241123033423","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"United States Air Force Academy","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Air_Force_Academy","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1331280","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1331280","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-29T15:03:59Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T20:31:22Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ec\/US-AirForceAcademy-Shield.svg","headline":"military academy near Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA"}</script> </body> </html>