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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anterior_cingulate_cortex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anterior_cingulate_cortex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Anterior cingulate cortex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anterior_cingulate_cortex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posterior_cingulate_cortex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posterior_cingulate_cortex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Posterior cingulate cortex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posterior_cingulate_cortex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inputs_of_the_anterior_cingulate_gyrus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inputs_of_the_anterior_cingulate_gyrus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Inputs of the anterior cingulate gyrus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inputs_of_the_anterior_cingulate_gyrus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outputs_of_the_anterior_cingulate_gyrus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outputs_of_the_anterior_cingulate_gyrus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Outputs of the anterior cingulate gyrus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outputs_of_the_anterior_cingulate_gyrus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outputs_of_the_posterior_cingulate_gyrus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outputs_of_the_posterior_cingulate_gyrus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Outputs of the posterior cingulate gyrus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outputs_of_the_posterior_cingulate_gyrus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_connections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_connections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Other connections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_connections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schizophrenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schizophrenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Schizophrenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schizophrenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Depression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قشرة حزامية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قشرة حزامية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiru_cingul%C3%A1u" title="Xiru cinguláu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xiru cinguláu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cingul%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_kortex" title="Cingulární kortex – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cingulární kortex" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrus_cinguli" title="Gyrus cinguli – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gyrus cinguli" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6%C3%B6k%C3%A4%C3%A4r" title="Vöökäär – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vöökäär" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_cingulado" title="Giro cingulado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Giro cingulado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="قشر سینگولیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قشر سینگولیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrus_cingulaire" title="Gyrus cingulaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gyrus cingulaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%A0%EC%9D%B4%EB%9E%91" title="띠이랑 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="띠이랑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="פיתול החגורה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיתול החגורה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrus_cinguli" title="Gyrus cinguli – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gyrus cinguli" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%AF%E7%8A%B6%E5%9B%9E" title="帯状回 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="帯状回" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakr%C4%99t_obr%C4%99czy" title="Zakręt obręczy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zakręt obręczy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_do_c%C3%ADngulo" title="Giro do cíngulo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Giro do cíngulo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girusul_cingular" title="Girusul cingular – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Girusul cingular" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Поясная кора – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поясная кора" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cingulate_cortex" title="Cingulate cortex – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cingulate cortex" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6rdelvindlingen" title="Gördelvindlingen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gördelvindlingen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singulat_korteks" title="Singulat korteks – Turkish" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lemonchiffon">Cingulate cortex</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray727_cingulate_gyrus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gray727_cingulate_gyrus.png/250px-Gray727_cingulate_gyrus.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gray727_cingulate_gyrus.png/375px-Gray727_cingulate_gyrus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gray727_cingulate_gyrus.png/500px-Gray727_cingulate_gyrus.png 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="598" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Medial surface of left cerebral hemisphere, with cingulate gyrus and cingulate sulcus highlighted.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">Cerebral cortex</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_cerebral_artery" title="Anterior cerebral artery">Anterior cerebral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Superior_sagittal_sinus" title="Superior sagittal sinus">Superior sagittal sinus</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>cortex cingularis, gyrus cinguli</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Acronym(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Cg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D006179">D006179</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroNames" title="NeuroNames">NeuroNames</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=159">159</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroLex" title="NeuroLex">NeuroLex</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/birnlex_798">birnlex_798</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.09.231%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.09.231</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=5513">5513</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma62434">62434</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1892702" class="extiw" title="d:Q1892702">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MRI_cingulate_cortex.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sagittal MRI slice with highlighting indicating location of the cingulate cortex." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/MRI_cingulate_cortex.png/220px-MRI_cingulate_cortex.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/MRI_cingulate_cortex.png/330px-MRI_cingulate_cortex.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/MRI_cingulate_cortex.png/440px-MRI_cingulate_cortex.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>Sagittal MRI slice with highlighting indicating location of the cingulate cortex.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray743_cingulate_gyrus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gray743_cingulate_gyrus.png/250px-Gray743_cingulate_gyrus.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gray743_cingulate_gyrus.png/375px-Gray743_cingulate_gyrus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Gray743_cingulate_gyrus.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coronal_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronal section">Coronal section</a> of brain. Cingulate cortex is shown in yellow.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>cingulate cortex</b> is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> situated in the medial aspect of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a>. The cingulate cortex includes the entire <b>cingulate gyrus</b>, which lies immediately above the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_callosum" title="Corpus callosum">corpus callosum</a>, and the continuation of this in the <a href="/wiki/Cingulate_sulcus" title="Cingulate sulcus">cingulate sulcus</a>. The cingulate cortex is usually considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Limbic_lobe" title="Limbic lobe">limbic lobe</a>. </p><p>It receives inputs from the <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Neocortex" title="Neocortex">neocortex</a>, and projects to the <a href="/wiki/Entorhinal_cortex" title="Entorhinal cortex">entorhinal cortex</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Cingulum_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cingulum (anatomy)">cingulum</a>. It is an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">limbic system</a>, which is involved with emotion formation and processing,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> learning,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and memory.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination of these three functions makes the cingulate gyrus highly influential in linking motivational outcomes to behavior (e.g. a certain action induced a positive emotional response, which results in learning).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This role makes the cingulate cortex highly important in disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a><sup id="cite_ref-Drevets_2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drevets_2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2007_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also plays a role in <a href="/wiki/Executive_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive function">executive function</a> and respiratory control. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray727-Brodman.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gray727-Brodman.png/220px-Gray727-Brodman.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gray727-Brodman.png/330px-Gray727-Brodman.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gray727-Brodman.png/440px-Gray727-Brodman.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Brodmann areas of a medial section of the right hemisphere.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cingulate_cortex&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on <a href="/wiki/Cytoarchitectonics_of_the_cerebral_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytoarchitectonics of the cerebral cortex">cerebral cytoarchitectonics</a> it has been divided into the <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area" title="Brodmann area">Brodmann areas</a> <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_23" title="Brodmann area 23">23</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_24" title="Brodmann area 24">24</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_26" title="Brodmann area 26">26</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_29" title="Brodmann area 29">29</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_30" title="Brodmann area 30">30</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_31" title="Brodmann area 31">31</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_32" title="Brodmann area 32">32</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_33" title="Brodmann area 33">33</a>. The areas <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_26" title="Brodmann area 26">26</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_29" title="Brodmann area 29">29</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_30" title="Brodmann area 30">30</a> are usually referred to as the retrosplenial areas. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spindle_neurons_-_very_high_mag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Spindle_neurons_-_very_high_mag.jpg/220px-Spindle_neurons_-_very_high_mag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Spindle_neurons_-_very_high_mag.jpg/330px-Spindle_neurons_-_very_high_mag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Spindle_neurons_-_very_high_mag.jpg/440px-Spindle_neurons_-_very_high_mag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a> showing <a href="/wiki/Spindle_neuron" class="mw-redirect" title="Spindle neuron">spindle neurons</a> of the cingulate cortex. <a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">HE</a>-<a href="/wiki/LFB_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="LFB stain">LFB stain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anterior_cingulate_cortex">Anterior cingulate cortex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cingulate_cortex&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anterior cingulate cortex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex" title="Anterior cingulate cortex">Anterior cingulate cortex</a></div> <p>This corresponds to areas 24, 32 and 33 of Brodmann and LA of <a href="/wiki/Constantin_von_Economo" title="Constantin von Economo">Constantin von Economo</a> and Bailey and von Bonin. It is continued anteriorly by the <b>subgenual area</b> (<a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_25" title="Brodmann area 25">Brodmann area 25</a>), located below the <a href="/wiki/Genu_of_the_corpus_callosum" class="mw-redirect" title="Genu of the corpus callosum">genu of the corpus callosum</a>). It is cytoarchitectonically <a href="/wiki/Agranular_cortex" title="Agranular cortex">agranular</a>. It has a <a href="/wiki/Gyrus" title="Gyrus">gyral</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Sulcus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Sulcus (neuroanatomy)">sulcal</a> part. <a href="/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex" title="Anterior cingulate cortex">Anterior cingulate cortex</a> can further be divided in the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (near the genu) and midcingulate cortex. The anterior cingulate cortex receives primarily its afferent axons from the <a href="/wiki/Intralaminar_nuclei_of_thalamus" class="mw-redirect" title="Intralaminar nuclei of thalamus">intralaminar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midline_nuclear_group" title="Midline nuclear group">midline</a> thalamic nuclei (see <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a>). The nucleus anterior receives mamillo-thalamic afferences. The mamillary neurons receive axons from the <a href="/wiki/Subiculum" title="Subiculum">subiculum</a>. The whole forms a <a href="/wiki/Neural_circuit" title="Neural circuit">neural circuit</a> in the limbic system known as the <a href="/wiki/Papez_circuit" title="Papez circuit">Papez circuit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anterior cingulate cortex sends axons to the anterior nucleus and through the <a href="/wiki/Cingulum_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cingulum (anatomy)">cingulum</a> to other Broca's limbic areas. The ACC is involved in error and conflict detection processes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posterior_cingulate_cortex">Posterior cingulate cortex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cingulate_cortex&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Posterior cingulate cortex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Posterior_cingulate_cortex" title="Posterior cingulate cortex">Posterior cingulate cortex</a></div> <p>This corresponds to areas 23 and 31 of Brodmann LP of von Economo and Bailey and von Bonin. Its cellular structure is granular. It is followed posteriorly by the retrosplenial cortex (area 29).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Dorsally is the granular area 31. The posterior cingulate cortex receives a great part of its afferent axons from the superficial nucleus (or nucleus superior- falsely LD-<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>) of the thalamus (see <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a>), which itself receives axons from the subiculum. To some extent it thus duplicates Papez' circuit. It receives also direct afferents from the subiculum of the hippocampus. Posterior cingulate cortex hypometabolism (with 18F-FDG PET) has been defined in Alzheimer's disease. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inputs_of_the_anterior_cingulate_gyrus">Inputs of the anterior cingulate gyrus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cingulate_cortex&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inputs of the anterior cingulate gyrus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A retrograde tracing experiment on macaque monkeys revealed that the <a href="/wiki/Ventral_anterior_nucleus" title="Ventral anterior nucleus">ventral anterior nucleus</a> (VA) and the <a href="/wiki/Ventral_lateral_nucleus" title="Ventral lateral nucleus">ventral lateral nucleus</a> (VL) of the thalamus are connected with motor areas of the cingulate sulcus.<sup id="cite_ref-McFarland_2000_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McFarland_2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The retrosplenial region (Brodmann's area 26, 29 and 30) of cingulate gyrus can be divided into three parts: <i>i.e.</i>, retrosplenial granular cortex A, retrosplenial granular cortex B and retrosplenial dysgranular cortex. The hippocampal formation sends dense projections to retrosplenial granular cortex A and B and fewer projections to the retrosplenial dysgranular cortex. The postsubiculum sends projections to retrosplenial granular cortex A and B and to the retrosplenial dysgranular cortex. The dorsal subiculum sends projections to retrosplenial granular cortex B, while ventral subiculum sends projections to retrosplenial granular cortex A. Entorhinal cortex – caudal parts – sends projections to the retrosplenial dysgranular cortex.<sup id="cite_ref-Wyss_1999_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyss_1999-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outputs_of_the_anterior_cingulate_gyrus">Outputs of the anterior cingulate gyrus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cingulate_cortex&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Outputs of the anterior cingulate gyrus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rostral cingulate gyrus (Brodmanns's area 32) projects to the rostral superior temporal gyrus, midorbitofrontal cortex and lateral prefrontal cortex.<sup id="cite_ref-Pandya_1981_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pandya_1981-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ventral anterior cingulate (Brodmann's area 24) sends projections to the anterior insular cortex, premotor cortex (Brodmann's area 6), Brodmann's area 8, the perirhinal area, the orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 12), the laterobasal nucleus of amygdala, and the rostral part of the inferior parietal lobule.<sup id="cite_ref-Pandya_1981_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pandya_1981-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Injecting <a href="/wiki/Wheat_germ_agglutinin" title="Wheat germ agglutinin">wheat germ agglutinin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horseradish_peroxidase" title="Horseradish peroxidase">horseradish peroxidase</a> conjugate into the anterior cingulate gyrus of cats, revealed that the anterior cingulate gyrus has reciprocal connections with the rostral part of the thalamic posterior lateral nucleus and rostral end of the <a href="/wiki/Pulvinar_nuclei" title="Pulvinar nuclei">pulvinar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fujii_1983_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fujii_1983-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The postsubiculum receives projections from the retrosplenial dysgranular cortex and the retrosplenial granular cortex A and B. The parasubiculum receives projections from the retrosplenial dysgranular cortex and retrosplenial granular cortex A. Caudal and lateral parts of the entorhinal cortex get projections from the retrosplenial dysgranular cortex, while the caudal medial entorhinal cortex receives projections from the retrosplenial granular cortex A. The retrosplenial dysgranular cortex sends projections to the perirhinal cortex. The retrosplenial granular cortex A sends projection to the rostral presubiculum.<sup id="cite_ref-Wyss_1999_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyss_1999-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outputs_of_the_posterior_cingulate_gyrus">Outputs of the posterior cingulate gyrus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cingulate_cortex&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Outputs of the posterior cingulate gyrus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The posterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann's area 23) sends projections to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 9), anterior prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 10), orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmanns’ area 11), the parahippocampal gyrus, posterior part of the inferior parietal lobule, the presubiculum, the superior temporal sulcus and the retrosplenial region.<sup id="cite_ref-Pandya_1981_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pandya_1981-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The retrosplenial cortex and caudal part of the cingulate cortex are connected with rostral prefrontal cortex via cingulate fascicule in macaque monkeys<sup id="cite_ref-Petrides_2007_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrides_2007-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ventral posterior cingulate cortex was found to be reciprocally connected with the caudal part of the posterior parietal lobe in rhesus monkeys.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavada_1989_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavada_1989-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also the medial posterior parietal cortex is connected with posterior ventral bank of the cingulate sulcus.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavada_1989_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavada_1989-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_connections">Other connections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cingulate_cortex&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other connections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The anterior cingulate is connected to the posterior cingulate at least in rabbits. Posterior cingulate gyrus is connected with retrosplenial cortex and this connection is part of the dorsal splenium of the corpus callosum. The anterior and posterior cingulate gyrus and retrosplenial cortex send projections to subiculum and presubiculum.<sup id="cite_ref-Adey_1951_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adey_1951-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cingulate_cortex&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cingulate_cortex&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Schizophrenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Summarize_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Section_size_policies" title="Help:Section">too long</a> and excessively detailed.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider summarizing the material.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Using a three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging procedure to measure the volume of the rostral anterior cingulate gyrus (perigenual cingulate gyrus), Takahashi et al. (2003) found that the rostral anterior cingulate gyrus is larger in control (healthy) females than males, but this sex difference was not found in people with schizophrenia. People with schizophrenia also had a smaller volume of perigenual cingulate gyrus than control subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-Takahashi_2003_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takahashi_2003-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haznedar et al. (2004) studied metabolic rate of glucose in anterior and posterior cingulate gyrus in people with schizophrenia, <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">schizotypal personality disorder</a> (SPD) and compared them with a control group. The metabolic rate of glucose was found to be lower in the left anterior cingulate gyrus and the right posterior cingulate gyrus in people with schizophrenia relative to controls. Although people with SPD were expected to show a glucose metabolic rate somewhere between the individual with schizophrenia and controls, they actually had higher metabolic glucose rate in the left posterior cingulate gyrus. The volume of the left anterior cingulate gyrus was reduced in people with schizophrenia as compared with controls, but there was not any difference between people with SPD and people with schizophrenia. From these results it appears that the schizophrenia and SPD are two different disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-Haznedar_2004_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haznedar_2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study of the volume of the gray and white matter in the anterior cingulate gyrus in people with schizophrenia and their healthy first and second degree relatives revealed no significant difference in the volume of the white matter in the people with schizophrenia and their healthy relatives. Nonetheless a significant difference in the volume of gray matter was detected, people with schizophrenia had smaller volume of gray matter than their second degree relatives, but not relative to their first degree relatives. Both the person with schizophrenia and their first degree healthy relatives have smaller gray matter volume than the second degree healthy relatives. It appears that genes are responsible for the decreased volume of gray matter in people with schizophrenia.<sup id="cite_ref-Costain_2010_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Costain_2010-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fujiwara et al. (2007) did an experiment in which they correlated the size of anterior cingulate gyrus in people with schizophrenia with their functioning on social cognition, psychopathology and emotions with control group. The smaller the size of anterior cingulate gyrus, the lower was the level of social functioning and the higher was the psychopathology in the people with schizophrenia. The anterior cingulate gyrus was found to be bilaterally smaller in people with schizophrenia as compared with control group. No difference in IQ tests and basic visuoperceptual ability with facial stimuli was found between people with schizophrenia and the control.<sup id="cite_ref-Fujiwara_2007_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fujiwara_2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Summary">Summary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cingulate_cortex&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People with schizophrenia have differences in the anterior cingulate gyrus when compared with controls. The anterior cingulate gyrus was found to be smaller in people with schizophrenia.<sup id="cite_ref-Fujiwara_2007_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fujiwara_2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The volume of the gray matter in the anterior cingulate gyrus was found to be lower in people with schizophrenia.<sup id="cite_ref-Haznedar_2004_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haznedar_2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Costain_2010_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Costain_2010-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Healthy females have larger rostral anterior cingulate gyrus than males, this sex difference in size is absent in people with schizophrenia.<sup id="cite_ref-Takahashi_2003_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takahashi_2003-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metabolic rate of glucose was lower in the left anterior cingulate gyrus and in the right posterior cingulate gyrus.<sup id="cite_ref-Haznedar_2004_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haznedar_2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to changes in the cingulate cortex more brain structures show changes in people with schizophrenia as compared to controls. The hippocampus in people with schizophrenia was found to be smaller in size when compared with controls of the same age group,<sup id="cite_ref-Koolschijn_2010_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koolschijn_2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, similarly, the caudate and putamen were found to be smaller in volume in a longitudinal study of people with schizophrenia.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitelman_2009_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitelman_2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the volume of gray matter is smaller, the size of the lateral and third ventricles is larger in people with schizophrenia.<sup id="cite_ref-Kempton_2010_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kempton_2010-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depression">Depression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cingulate_cortex&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Depression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cingulate gyrus is heavily implicated in <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depressive disorders</a>. The subgenual region, which lies below the genu of the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_callosum" title="Corpus callosum">corpus callosum</a>, is especially important.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This site is the target of <a href="/wiki/Deep_brain_stimulation" title="Deep brain stimulation">deep-brain stimulation therapy</a> for depression, an invasive therapy used when all other treatment methods have failed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Isolated <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> of the cingulate gyrus has also been found to induce depression, potentially implicating this region in <a href="/wiki/Post-stroke_depression" title="Post-stroke depression">post-stroke depression</a> which may occur following stroke of a larger part of the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cingulate_cortex&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cingulum_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cingulum (anatomy)">Cingulum</a></i> means "belt" in Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was likely chosen because this cortex, in great part, surrounds the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_callosum" title="Corpus callosum">corpus callosum</a>. The cingulate cortex is a part of the <i>"grand lobe limbique"</i> of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Broca" title="Paul Broca">Broca (1878)</a> that consisted of a superior cingulate part (supracallosal) and an inferior hippocampic part (infracallosal).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Limbic_lobe" title="Limbic lobe">limbic lobe</a> was separated from the remainder of the cortex by Broca for two reasons: first because it is not convoluted, and second because the gyri are directed parasagittally (contrary to the transverse <a href="/wiki/Gyrification" title="Gyrification">gyrification</a>). Since the parasagittal gyrification is observed in non-primate species, the limbic lobe was thus declared to be "bestial". As with other parts of the cortex, there have been and continue to be discrepancies concerning boundaries and naming. <a href="/wiki/Korbinian_Brodmann" title="Korbinian Brodmann">Brodmann (1909)</a> further distinguished Areas 24 (anterior cingulate) and 23 (posterior) based on granularity. More recently, it was included as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Limbic_lobe" title="Limbic lobe">limbic lobe</a> in the Terminologia Anatomica (1998)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following von Economo's (1925) system.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cingulate_cortex&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide2ZEN.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere. Medial view. Deep dissection."><img alt="Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere. Medial view. Deep dissection." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Slide2ZEN.JPG/120px-Slide2ZEN.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Slide2ZEN.JPG/180px-Slide2ZEN.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Slide2ZEN.JPG/240px-Slide2ZEN.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere. Medial view. Deep dissection.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide3ZEN.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere. Medial view. Deep dissection."><img alt="Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere. Medial view. Deep dissection." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Slide3ZEN.JPG/120px-Slide3ZEN.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Slide3ZEN.JPG/180px-Slide3ZEN.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Slide3ZEN.JPG/240px-Slide3ZEN.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere. Medial view. Deep dissection.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide4ZE.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere. Medial view. Deep dissection."><img alt="Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere. Medial view. Deep dissection." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Slide4ZE.JPG/120px-Slide4ZE.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Slide4ZE.JPG/180px-Slide4ZE.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Slide4ZE.JPG/240px-Slide4ZE.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere. Medial view. Deep dissection.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cingulate_cortex.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="3D view of the cingulate gyrus (green) and paracingulate gyrus (yellow) in an average human brain"><img alt="3D view of the cingulate gyrus (green) and paracingulate gyrus (yellow) in an average human brain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Cingulate_cortex.gif/120px-Cingulate_cortex.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Cingulate_cortex.gif/180px-Cingulate_cortex.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Cingulate_cortex.gif/240px-Cingulate_cortex.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">3D view of the cingulate gyrus (green) and paracingulate gyrus (yellow) in an average human brain</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cingulate_cortex&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHadlandRushworth_M.F.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hadland, K. 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font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broca, P (1878). "Anatomie comparee des circonvolutions cerebrales: Le grand lobe limbique et la scissure limbique dans la serie des mammifères". <i>Revue d'Anthropologie</i>. <b>1</b>: 385–498</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.09.230%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.09.230</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Economo, C., Koskinas, G.N. (1925).</i> Die Cytoarchitektonik der Hirnrinde des erwachsenen Menschen. Wien: Springer Verlag.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cingulate_cortex&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cingulate_cortex" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cingulate cortex">Cingulate_cortex</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923110052/http://www.thehumanbrain.org/Vogt.htm">Four Regions of Cingulate Cortex and Disease Vulnerability</a>, Brent A. Vogt.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brainmaps.org/index.php?q=Cingulate">Stained brain slice images which include the "Cingulate"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BrainMaps" title="BrainMaps">BrainMaps project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-05/bcom-ma051506.php">Mapping 'self' and 'other' in the brain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glittra.com/yvonne/neuropics/cingulateparts.jpg">A nice picture of the cingulate cortex and its parts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711100427/http://www.glittra.com/yvonne/neuropics/cingulateparts.jpg">Archived</a> 2011-07-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cerebral_cortex" title="Template:Cerebral cortex"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cerebral_cortex" title="Template talk:Cerebral cortex"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cerebral_cortex" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cerebral cortex"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_cerebral_cortex_of_the_human_brain304" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe" title="Frontal lobe">Frontal lobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superolateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">Prefrontal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_frontal_gyrus" title="Superior frontal gyrus">Superior frontal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_4" title="Brodmann area 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_6" title="Brodmann area 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_8" title="Brodmann area 8">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_frontal_gyrus" title="Middle frontal gyrus">Middle frontal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_9" title="Brodmann area 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_10" title="Brodmann area 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_46" title="Brodmann area 46">46</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_frontal_gyrus" title="Inferior frontal gyrus">Inferior frontal gyrus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_11" title="Brodmann area 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_47" title="Brodmann area 47">47</a>-<a href="/wiki/Orbital_part_of_inferior_frontal_gyrus" title="Orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus">Pars orbitalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broca%27s_area" title="Broca's area">Broca's area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_44" title="Brodmann area 44">44</a>-<a href="/wiki/Opercular_part_of_inferior_frontal_gyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus">Pars opercularis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_45" title="Brodmann area 45">45</a>-<a href="/wiki/Triangular_part_of_inferior_frontal_gyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus">Pars triangularis</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_frontal_sulcus" title="Superior frontal sulcus">Superior frontal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_frontal_sulcus" title="Inferior frontal sulcus">Inferior frontal sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precentral_gyrus" title="Precentral gyrus">Precentral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precentral_gyrus" title="Precentral gyrus">Precentral gyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precentral_sulcus" title="Precentral sulcus">Precentral sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medial/inferior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">Prefrontal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_frontal_gyrus" title="Superior frontal gyrus">Superior frontal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_4" title="Brodmann area 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_6" title="Brodmann area 6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_frontal_gyrus" title="Medial frontal gyrus">Medial frontal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_8" title="Brodmann area 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_9" title="Brodmann area 9">9</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paraterminal_gyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraterminal gyrus">Paraterminal gyrus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paraolfactory_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraolfactory area">Paraolfactory area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_12" title="Brodmann area 12">12</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_gyrus" title="Straight gyrus">Straight gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_11" title="Brodmann area 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_gyri" title="Orbital gyri">Orbital gyri</a>/<a href="/wiki/Orbitofrontal_cortex" title="Orbitofrontal cortex">Orbitofrontal cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_10" title="Brodmann area 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_11" title="Brodmann area 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_12" title="Brodmann area 12">12</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex" title="Ventromedial prefrontal cortex">Ventromedial prefrontal cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_10" title="Brodmann area 10">10</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcallosal_area" title="Subcallosal area">Subcallosal area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_25" title="Brodmann area 25">25</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory sulcus">Olfactory sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_sulcus" title="Orbital sulcus">Orbital sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precentral_gyrus" title="Precentral gyrus">Precentral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracentral_lobule" title="Paracentral lobule">Paracentral lobule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_4" title="Brodmann area 4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracentral_sulcus" title="Paracentral sulcus">Paracentral sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_motor_cortex" title="Primary motor cortex">Primary motor cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_4" title="Brodmann area 4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premotor_cortex" title="Premotor cortex">Premotor cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_6" title="Brodmann area 6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_motor_area" title="Supplementary motor area">Supplementary motor area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_6" title="Brodmann area 6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_eye_field" title="Supplementary eye field">Supplementary eye field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_6" title="Brodmann area 6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontal_eye_fields" title="Frontal eye fields">Frontal eye fields</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_8" title="Brodmann area 8">8</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parietal_lobe" title="Parietal lobe">Parietal lobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superolateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_parietal_lobule" title="Superior parietal lobule">Superior parietal lobule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_5" title="Brodmann area 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_7" title="Brodmann area 7">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_parietal_lobule" title="Inferior parietal lobule">Inferior parietal lobule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_40" title="Brodmann area 40">40</a>-<a href="/wiki/Supramarginal_gyrus" title="Supramarginal gyrus">Supramarginal gyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_39" title="Brodmann area 39">39</a>-<a href="/wiki/Angular_gyrus" title="Angular gyrus">Angular gyrus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parietal_operculum" class="mw-redirect" title="Parietal operculum">Parietal operculum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_43" title="Brodmann area 43">43</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intraparietal_sulcus" title="Intraparietal sulcus">Intraparietal sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medial/inferior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracentral_lobule" title="Paracentral lobule">Paracentral lobule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann area 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann area 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann area 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_5" title="Brodmann area 5">5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precuneus" title="Precuneus">Precuneus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_7" title="Brodmann area 7">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_sulcus" title="Marginal sulcus">Marginal sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postcentral_gyrus" title="Postcentral gyrus">Postcentral gyrus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Primary_somatosensory_cortex" title="Primary somatosensory cortex">Primary somatosensory cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_areas_3,_1_and_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2">3, 1 and 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_somatosensory_cortex" title="Secondary somatosensory cortex">Secondary somatosensory cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_5" title="Brodmann area 5">5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_parietal_cortex" title="Posterior parietal cortex">Posterior parietal cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_7" title="Brodmann area 7">7</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occipital_lobe" title="Occipital lobe">Occipital lobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superolateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere#Poles" title="Cerebral hemisphere">Occipital pole of cerebrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_gyri" title="Occipital gyri">Occipital gyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_occipital_sulcus" title="Lateral occipital sulcus">Lateral occipital gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_18" title="Brodmann area 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_19" title="Brodmann area 19">19</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunate_sulcus" title="Lunate sulcus">Lunate sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_occipital_sulcus" title="Transverse occipital sulcus">Transverse occipital sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medial/inferior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">Visual cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_17" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann area 17">17</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneus" title="Cuneus">Cuneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingual_gyrus" title="Lingual gyrus">Lingual gyrus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcarine_sulcus" title="Calcarine sulcus">Calcarine sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">Temporal lobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superolateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_temporal_gyrus" title="Transverse temporal gyrus">Transverse temporal gyrus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Auditory_cortex" title="Auditory cortex">Auditory cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_areas_41_and_42" title="Brodmann areas 41 and 42">41 and 42</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_temporal_gyrus" title="Superior temporal gyrus">Superior temporal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_38" title="Brodmann area 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_22" title="Brodmann area 22">22</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wernicke%27s_area" title="Wernicke's area">Wernicke's area</a> (<a href="/wiki/Planum_temporale" title="Planum temporale">Planum temporale</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_temporal_sulcus" title="Superior temporal sulcus">Superior temporal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_temporal_gyrus" title="Middle temporal gyrus">Middle temporal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_21" title="Brodmann area 21">21</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medial/inferior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occipitotemporal_sulcus" title="Occipitotemporal sulcus">Occipitotemporal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusiform_gyrus" title="Fusiform gyrus">Fusiform gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_37" title="Brodmann area 37">37</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_temporal_lobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial temporal lobe">Medial temporal lobe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_27" title="Brodmann area 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_28" title="Brodmann area 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_34" title="Brodmann area 34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_35" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann area 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_36" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann area 36">36</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_temporal_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior temporal sulcus">Inferior temporal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_temporal_gyrus" title="Inferior temporal gyrus">Inferior temporal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_20" title="Brodmann area 20">20</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulcus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Sulcus (neuroanatomy)">Interlobar<br />sulci/fissures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superolateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_sulcus" title="Central sulcus">Central (frontal+parietal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_sulcus" title="Lateral sulcus">Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parieto-occipital_sulcus" title="Parieto-occipital sulcus">Parieto-occipital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preoccipital_notch" title="Preoccipital notch">Preoccipital notch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medial/inferior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_fissure" title="Longitudinal fissure">Longitudinal fissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cingulate_sulcus" title="Cingulate sulcus">Cingulate (frontal+cingulate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_fissure" title="Collateral fissure">Collateral (temporal+occipital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callosal_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Callosal sulcus">Callosal sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limbic_lobe" title="Limbic lobe">Limbic lobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parahippocampal_gyrus" title="Parahippocampal gyrus">Parahippocampal gyrus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>anterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entorhinal_cortex" title="Entorhinal cortex">Entorhinal cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perirhinal_cortex" title="Perirhinal cortex">Perirhinal cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postrhinal_cortex" title="Postrhinal cortex">Postrhinal cortex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_parahippocampal_gyrus" title="Posterior parahippocampal gyrus">Posterior parahippocampal gyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepyriform_area" title="Prepyriform area">Prepyriform area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cingulate cortex</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cingulate_gyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cingulate gyrus">gyrus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subgenual_area_25" class="mw-redirect" title="Subgenual area 25">Subgenual area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_25" title="Brodmann area 25">25</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex" title="Anterior cingulate cortex">Anterior cingulate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_24" title="Brodmann area 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_32" title="Brodmann area 32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_33" title="Brodmann area 33">33</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_cingulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior cingulate">Posterior cingulate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_23" title="Brodmann area 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_31" title="Brodmann area 31">31</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_cingulate_gyrus" title="Isthmus of cingulate gyrus">Isthmus of cingulate gyrus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Retrosplenial_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrosplenial region">Retrosplenial cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_26" title="Brodmann area 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_29" title="Brodmann area 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_30" title="Brodmann area 30">30</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hippocampal_formation" title="Hippocampal formation">Hippocampal formation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampal_sulcus" title="Hippocampal sulcus">Hippocampal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbria_of_hippocampus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fimbria of hippocampus">Fimbria of hippocampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentate_gyrus" title="Dentate gyrus">Dentate gyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinal_sulcus" title="Rhinal sulcus">Rhinal sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indusium_griseum" title="Indusium griseum">Indusium griseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncus" title="Uncus">Uncus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">Amygdala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_cortex" title="Insular cortex">Insular cortex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_cortex" title="Insular cortex">Insular cortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(brain)" title="Operculum (brain)">Operculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere#Poles" title="Cerebral hemisphere">Poles of cerebral hemispheres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><i>Some categorizations are approximations, and some <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area" title="Brodmann area">Brodmann areas</a> span gyri.</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Obsessive–compulsive_disorder225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Template:Obsessive–compulsive disorder"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Template talk:Obsessive–compulsive disorder"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Obsessive–compulsive disorder"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Obsessive–compulsive_disorder225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">Obsessive–compulsive disorder</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimensional_Obsessive-Compulsive_Scale" title="Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale">Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale%E2%80%93Brown_Obsessive_Compulsive_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale">Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCD_Awareness_Week" title="OCD Awareness Week">OCD Awareness Week</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology_of_obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Biology of obsessive–compulsive disorder">Biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Neuroanatomy21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neuroanatomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia" title="Basal ganglia">Basal ganglia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">striatum</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbitofrontal_cortex" title="Orbitofrontal cortex">Orbitofrontal cortex</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cingulate cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor" title="Brain-derived neurotrophic factor">Brain-derived neurotrophic factor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Receptors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1D_receptor" title="5-HT1D receptor">5-HT<sub>1D</sub>β</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">5-HT<sub>2A</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor" title="5-HT2C receptor">5-HT<sub>2C</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ Opioid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H2_receptor" title="Histamine H2 receptor">H<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_1" title="Tachykinin receptor 1">NK<sub>1</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M4" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4">M<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor">NMDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symptoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrusive_thoughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrusive thoughts">Obsessions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">associative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochondriasis" title="Hypochondriasis">diagnostic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">injurious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysophobia" title="Mysophobia">pathogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_obsessions" title="Sexual obsessions">sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrupulosity" title="Scrupulosity">scrupulous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">symmetry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsive_behavior" title="Compulsive behavior">Compulsions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Impulse_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Impulse (psychology)">impulses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tic" title="Tic">tics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought_suppression" title="Thought suppression">Thought suppression</a> (<a href="/wiki/Experiential_avoidance" title="Experiential avoidance">Experiential avoidance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoarding" title="Hoarding">Hoarding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Animal_hoarding" title="Animal hoarding">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliomania" title="Bibliomania">books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_hoarding" title="Digital hoarding">data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoarding_disorder" title="Hoarding disorder">possessions</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Serotonergics42" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonergics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors182" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">Escitalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">Fluvoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">Paroxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">Sertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citalopram" title="Citalopram">Citalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitor">Monoamine oxidase inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phenelzine" title="Phenelzine">Phenelzine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">Clomipramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">Aripiprazole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inositol" title="Inositol">Inositol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_brain_stimulation" title="Deep brain stimulation">Deep brain stimulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Behavioral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy" title="Acceptance and commitment therapy">Acceptance and commitment therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Exposure_and_response_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposure and response prevention">Exposure and response prevention</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inference-based_therapy" title="Inference-based therapy">Inference-based therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacognitive_therapy" title="Metacognitive therapy">Metacognitive therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Matchstick_Men" title="Matchstick Men">Matchstick Men</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plyushkin" title="Plyushkin">Plyushkin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xenocide" title="Xenocide">Xenocide</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonfiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Everything_in_Its_Place" class="mw-redirect" title="Everything in Its Place">Everything in Its Place</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Just_Checking:_Scenes_From_the_Life_of_an_Obsessive-Compulsive" title="Just Checking: Scenes From the Life of an Obsessive-Compulsive">Just Checking</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/As_Good_as_It_Gets" title="As Good as It Gets">As Good as It Gets</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Aviator_(2004_film)" title="The Aviator (2004 film)">The Aviator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matchstick_Men" title="Matchstick Men">Matchstick Men</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Monk" title="Adrian Monk">Adrian Monk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pure_(British_TV_series)" title="Pure (British TV series)">Pure</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/$pringfield_(or,_How_I_Learned_to_Stop_Worrying_and_Love_Legalized_Gambling)" title="$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)">$pringfield</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Straight_Up_(2019_film)" title="Straight Up (2019 film)">Straight Up</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Category:Obsessive–compulsive disorder">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt (emotion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusion_of_control" title="Illusion of control">Illusion of control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder">Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessional_jealousy" title="Obsessional jealousy">Obsessional jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PANDAS" title="PANDAS">PANDAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primarily_Obsessional_OCD" class="mw-redirect" title="Primarily Obsessional OCD">Primarily Obsessional OCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questionable_cause" title="Questionable cause">Questionable cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Relationship obsessive–compulsive disorder">Relationship obsessive–compulsive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida_Obsessive%E2%80%93Compulsive_Disorder_Program" title="University of Florida Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder Program">University of Florida Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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